521:, stating that it considers the ETA-IL to be a violation of the existing visa-free agreement between the two nations that had been in place since 2010. In response to Israel's decision, Ukraine announced it would implement similar pre-approval requirements for Israeli citizens. This reciprocal action was confirmed by the Ukrainian Embassy in Israel on June 20, 2024. These measures are intended to mirror the additional requirements imposed by Israel, including the requirement for visitors to the Rosh Hashana kibbutz.
35:
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510:) in 2018 that an Israeli diplomat told him that "roughly only half of those who come to Uman do so for religious reasons, and the other half are simply the dregs who come to get drunk" Pfeffer himself did not find any evidence of prostitution in Uman. In September 2010, ten Hasidic pilgrims were deported back to Israel and banned from Ukraine.
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In
September 2013, three Israeli police officers were deported after getting involved in a bar brawl during the Rosh Hashanah gathering in Uman. In the 2014 pilgrimage, organizers were fined $ 15,000 by the city of Uman for illegally operating a "tent city" to house 2,500 pilgrims. The controversy is
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in Moscow became the official organizer of the Rosh
Hashana kibbutz. Hasidim from throughout the Soviet Union would contact him for details about each year's event, and he wrote letters to others, encouraging them to continue this practice of being with Rebbe Nachman for Rosh Hashana despite the long
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Despite the
Communist ban on public prayer gatherings, Breslover Hasidim in the Soviet Union continued to gather clandestinely every Rosh Hashana during the 1920s and 1930s. In 1934, the Soviets ostensibly granted permission for 28 Hasidim to travel to Uman for Rosh Hashana. In fact, it was a ruse to
444:
opened the gates entirely. Between 700 and 900 Hasidim gathered in Uman for Rosh
Hashana 1989. In 1990, 2,000 Hasidim attended. Large factory sites were called into service to house the crowd. The numbers have continued to grow apace. The Rosh Hashana kibbutz in Uman surpassed the 10,000-person mark
128:
lessons taught by the Rebbe. When asked why Rosh
Hashana was so significant, Rebbe Nachman explained, "My Rosh Hashana is greater than everything. I cannot understand how it is that if my followers really believe in me, they are not all scrupulous about being with me for Rosh Hashana. No one should
236:
The annual Rosh
Hashana pilgrimage effectively redirected the focus of Breslover Hasidut from the town of Breslov to the town of Uman. Today, the town of Breslov is considered a side-trip for visitors to Ukraine, as the only sites of interest to Breslover Hasidim there are the graves of Reb Nosson
537:
pilots have complained about pilgrims abusing drugs and hard liquor and harassing fellow passengers to
Ukraine. Common complaints from Uman residents relate to the loud noise, singing, rowdiness, widespread drinking, drug use, and fighting the pilgrims cause. Locals have also complained about the
491:
In
September 2014, a statement issued by the association of Breslov rabbis called on women to cease visiting the gravesite because the presence of women could detract from the sacredness of prayers said by male worshippers. According to the statement the increasing presence of women has created a
164:
We see that on Rosh
Hashana, Jews flock to the synagogue, to their leaders. They come from all the towns and villages to be together on Rosh Hashana. This is because the Jewish People are likened to a flock of sheep who gather around their shepherd. When the shepherd wishes to call his flock, he
564:
to preach their faith, leading to 10 pilgrims being deported. A few days later, ten pilgrims were deported back to Israel and banned from
Ukraine for five years for disrupting public order and causing bodily harm to citizens. At the end of September 2010, an Israeli was stabbed and killed in an
136:
after Rosh Hashana, when he would have more space to pray, eat and sleep, the Rebbe replied, "Whether you eat or don't eat; whether you sleep or don't sleep; whether you pray or don't pray (i.e. with the proper concentration); just make sure to be with me for Rosh Hashana, no matter what!"
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in 2018 that an Israeli diplomat told him that "roughly only half of those who come to Uman do so for religious reasons, and the other half are simply the dregs who come to get drunk, take drugs and visit prostitutes," Pfeffer himself did not find any evidence of prostitution in Uman.
582:
In 2010, an Israeli police officer sent to monitor security commented "people get drunk and act crazy in the streets, go out to pubs and hit on women and harass them. They do all types of things that they would never do in Israel, but they come out here and feel like they can do it."
492:"huge spiritual interruption." Others defend their position stating that the enormous volume of male worshippers would mitigate the possibility of proper separation of the genders. They say that this separation is necessary to stay focused on the sacred mission of the pilgrimage.
144:
on Rosh Hashana is a time-honored practice which helps to mitigate and "sweeten" Heavenly decrees at their source, at the beginning of the new year. The Rebbe also mentioned before the last Rosh Hashana of his life (in 1810) that there were people who were unable to achieve their
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The Rosh Hashana pilgrimage resumed on a drastically smaller scale in 1948, when 11 Hasidim independently traveled from cities throughout the Soviet Union to Uman for Rosh Hashana. From then until the 1970s, when most of the remaining Hasidim were permitted to emigrate to
173:
that Rebbe Nachman had stressed the importance of the Rosh Hashana kibbutz that year because he wanted them to continue to "be with him" for the holiday even after his death. He encouraged them to continue to gather at the Rebbe's gravesite in Uman every Rosh Hashana.
202:
was unable to accommodate them. Fearing that people would stop attending the kibbutz, Reb Noson acquired a property, applied for a government permit, raised funds and oversaw the construction of a large Breslover synagogue in Uman in 1834. Also defined as a
495:
In recent years there has been frequent friction between the predominantly Israeli Hasidic pilgrims and Uman locals, many of whom resent the cordoning off of neighborhoods by police and the internal trade that has developed among pilgrims. Sources at
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Hasidim made their way to Uman, both legally and illegally, to pray at the grave of Rebbe Nachman. Sometimes the government issued individual tourist visas to Uman, but no one was allowed to stay in the city overnight. In 1975, however, Rabbi
374:
In the 1960s, when the majority of Hasidim in the Breslover movement resided outside the Soviet Union, Rebbe Nachman's gravesite began to turn from being an internal Russian destination to an international one. A young New York Hasid named
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discover their identities - 16 were murdered while still in Uman and 12 were exiled to Siberia. Only four of the exiles survived. In 1936, the authorities shut down the kloyz built by Reb Noson and turned it into a metalworking factory.
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in 2000. In 2005, approximately 20,000 men and boys from all countries and all backgrounds converged on the town for the annual event. In 2008, the numbers reached 25,000. In 2018 40,000 Jews, nearly entirely men, visit Uman.
92:
gatherings of Breslover Hasidim in other locales around the world. In recent years the pilgrimage to Uman has attracted Jewish seekers from all levels of religious observance and affiliation, including introducing
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ceremony, held on the afternoon of the holiday. Thousands of Hasidim, dressed entirely in white, sing and dance through the streets of Uman as they make their way down to the river to perform this holiday ritual.
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blows his horn. This is the reason for the blowing of the shofar on Rosh Hashana. The shepherd, the true tzaddik, is calling his "flock" together, seeking ways to help each one of them fulfill his destiny."
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and that he did not speak Yiddish or Russian in order to protect his identity. Had the participants known that a foreign citizen was in their midst, they would have quit the kibbutz immediately.
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In 1947, the city of Uman planned to raze the cemetery and build a housing project in its stead. Hasidim of Breslov, led by Zanvil Lubarski, mobilized to buy the property. With the assistance of
182:
Reb Nosson arranged the first Rosh Hashana kibbutz the following year (1811) and continued to run it until his death in 1844. In the following decades, hundreds of Hasidim arrived annually from
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The pilgrimage has led to several clashes over the years. In September 2010, several cases of violence and riots broke out among pilgrims after members of the Evangelical Church arrived from
903:
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Despite the dormitory-style accommodations, the gathering is infused with much spiritual devotion and unity of purpose. Besides the communal prayer services, Torah classes are conducted in
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altercation that broke out following the vandalism of a car owned by Jews. Allegedly, his stabbing was a retaliation for the stabbing and wounding of a local (Ukrainian) by an Israeli.
363:, only between 9 and 13 Hasidim braved the annual trip. They were often forced to change the location of their prayer services from year to year to escape discovery by the authorities.
575:. In 2015, pilgrims staying in a residential tower began tossing rocks and bottles from above onto a car, and when at one point a local policeman's hat was knocked off, police with
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160:("Reb Noson"), the Rebbe's closest disciple and leader of the movement after the Rebbe's death, expounded on the meaning of Rebbe Nachman's Rosh Hashana in this way:
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In each generation, the most pious representatives of the movement were honored with leading the prayer services at the annual Rosh Hashana kibbutz. They included:
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264:, a Breslover Hasid in Poland who drew thousands of his countrymen closer to the Hasidut in the 1920s and 1930s, established a Rosh Hashana kibbutz in
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Reb Noson once said, "Even if the road to Uman were paved with knives, I would crawl there — just so I could be with my Rebbe on Rosh Hashanah!"
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smoking is prevalent amongst the pilgrims, many of them young men, with some describing it as a party event. Participants have been seen taking
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and continuing international pressure finally forced the Soviet government to permit 250 foreign citizens to stay in Uman over Rosh Hashana.
391:, not to Uman. Fleer returned to Uman in 1965 to join the Rosh Hashana kibbutz with 12 other Soviet Hasidim. Fleer pretended to be from the
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the property was purchased from the city. Lubarski then located the gravesite by finding the wooden beams that were part of the structure.
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was the first foreign citizen to enter Uman without permission in 1963, with Dorfman's help. The Soviets would only issue tourist
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Rebbe Nachman died in October 1810 and was buried in the Uman cemetery. Afterwards, Reb Noson explained to the other
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at the Rebbe's gravesite on the eve of Rosh Hashana with 11 other men and spent the holiday in the city. In 1988,
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around 1929. He participated in three Rosh Hashana kibbutzim in Uman before he was discovered and arrested for
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during his lifetime. He strongly encouraged his followers to spend each Rosh Hashana with him in the town of
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on the pilgrimage. Dancing in the streets to trance music is common and the event has been likened to the
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have also complained about Hasidic pilgrim “passengers who arrive to the plane drunk, or even drugged".
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The Rosh Hashana kibbutz was relocated to a rented apartment in 1936 and 1937. The last kibbutz before
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315:. After spending three months in a Soviet prison, Horowitz was released with the intervention of the
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cordoning off of neighborhoods by police and the internal trade that has developed among pilgrims.
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774:
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How Do You Say Shofar in Ukrainian? The strange and wonderful Hasidic pilgrimage to Uman, Ukraine.
149:(self-rectification) all year, nor was he able to help them then. On Rosh Hashana, however, these
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124:. Hundreds of followers would gather for the holiday prayer service, festive meals, and special
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415:, the official American representative of Breslover Hasidut, received permission to conduct a
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My Pilgrimage Into the Jewish Future: Partying, Praying, Prostitution and Absolution in Uman
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was held in 1938. Twenty-seven Hasidim risked their lives to participate in this gathering.
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260:. Uman became a "closed city" and foreigners were strictly prohibited from entering. Rabbi
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984:"Uman: Riot erupts between pilgrims and Ukrainian police - Jewish World - Jerusalem Post"
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284:), which continue to this day. Later, other Rosh Hashana kibbutzim were established in
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88:, (annually 40,000 Jews, nearly entirely men visit Uman) but also refers to sizable
1062:"Yanukovych orders to control investigation into murder of Israeli citizen in Uman"
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873:"Women asked not to visit Breslov rabbi's grave - Israel Jewish Scene, Ynetnews"
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307:, was the last foreign citizen to sneak across the Polish border into the
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Ukraine declared its independence from the Soviet Union on 24 August 1991
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holiday meals for all participants, temporary lodgings, an infirmary and
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58:: קיבוצים, "gathering" or "ingathering") is a large prayer assemblage of
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decimated the numbers of Breslover Hasidim living in the Soviet Union.
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Large prayer assemblage of Breslover Hasidim held on the Jewish New Year
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Hasidic pilgrims and local Uman residents annually come into conflict.
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In first, Israel sets up temporary consulate in Uman for Rosh Hashanah
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800:"אל אוקראינה: ההיסטוריה של גילוי קבר רבי נחמן והנסיעה ההמונית לאומן"
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1126:""A tale of wandering souls" - interview with Krzysztof Kopczyński"
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Watch: Fighting on Uman-bound flight, shenanigans at Kiev airport
1105:"Uman fines Jewish community for pilgrims' unlicensed tent city"
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To one follower who said he preferred to visit the Rebbe on the
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Coordinators of the Rosh Hashana kibbutz fly in fully catered,
207:, it housed the annual Rosh Hashana kibbutz through the 1930s.
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66:
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930:"Uman: Riot erupts between pilgrims and Ukrainian police"
198:. So many joined the pilgrimage, in fact, that the local
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Through Fire and Water: The Life of Reb Noson of Breslov
483:. A visual highlight of the Rosh Hashana kibbutz is the
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Elsewhere, Rebbe Nachman explained that traveling to a
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Ayelet Hashachar: Kibbutzim & Community Synagogues
248:
The Rosh Hashana pilgrimage ground to a halt with the
116:
The first Rosh Hashana kibbutz was initiated by Rebbe
1226:
Uman: What you Need to Know About the City of Souls
371:journey and the threat of government surveillance.
156:In 1843, on the last Rosh Hashana of his own life,
513:In June 2024, Ukraine declared its stance on the
1022:By NATAN ODENHEIMER, 10/02/2016, Jerusalem Post
977:
975:
129:be missing! Rosh Hashana is my whole mission."
771:A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples
101:. This has added to Breslov's position in the
1083:"Israeli cops sent home after Uman bar fight"
969:Itay Blumental|Published: 06.10.16, ynetnews
8:
904:"Ten Hasidic pilgrims deported from Ukraine"
956:Israel, Ukraine to suspend visa-free regime
569:the subject of the 2015 documentary film,
923:
921:
252:of 1917, which sealed the border between
838:"Hasidic Jews celebrate holiday in Uman"
515:Electronic Travel Authorization (ETA-IL)
634:
603:
1020:Rosh Hashana in Uman: A Jewish anarchy
897:
895:
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280:(the latter at the gravesite of Rabbi
272:established Rosh Hashana kibbutzim in
572:The Dybbuk. A Tale of Wandering Souls
7:
398:From the 1960s until the end of the
178:Pilgrimage established by Reb Nosson
988:The Jerusalem Post | Jpost.com
871:Heller, Moshe (24 September 2014).
850:, 2008-10-02. Retrieved 2009-07-31.
579:were called to scatter the crowd.
51:
14:
1289:Jewish Russian and Soviet history
902:Interfax-Ukraine (Sep 10, 2010).
743:Likutey Halachos, Netilas Yadayim
860:Uman Emergency Clinic home page.
427:Pilgrimage since the end of the
72:. It specifically refers to the
1103:Reback, Gedalyah (2014-09-25).
1081:Reback, Gedalyah (2013-09-08).
1048:Breslov Hasid murdered in Uman
268:for their benefit. Hasidim who
112:Rosh Hashana with Rebbe Nachman
806:(in Hebrew). 10 September 2017
1:
1299:Israel–Soviet Union relations
533:, other Israeli tourists and
454:emergency medical technicians
299:Shmuel Horowitz, a native of
237:and other Breslover figures.
789:(page 563/564 & 722/723)
1167:Greenbaum, Avraham (1987).
779:University of Toronto Press
1315:
1279:Hasidic Judaism in Ukraine
1274:History of Cherkasy Oblast
1211:Breslov Research Institute
1192:Breslov Research Institute
1188:Crossing the Narrow Bridge
1173:Breslov Research Institute
1155:Breslov Research Institute
1008:Rabbi rolling in his grave
719:Crossing the Narrow Bridge
433:
393:Soviet Republic of Georgia
848:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
1294:Israel–Ukraine relations
1284:Jewish Ukrainian history
1149:Fleer, Gedaliah (2005).
1010:, Akiva Novick, 14.09.10
745:6:89, quoted in Kramer,
366:Beginning in the 1950s,
323:, and returned in 1933.
76:of tens of thousands of
1224:Levine, Rabbi Menachem
440:In 1989 the end of the
436:Uman § Controversy
1186:Kramer, Chaim (1989).
747:Through Fire and Water
517:system implemented by
402:1989, several hundred
383:to larger cities like
319:of Mandate Palestine,
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39:
31:
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103:Baal teshuva movement
37:
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250:Bolshevik Revolution
223:Levi Yitzchok Bender
105:of Jewish outreach.
99:Hasidic spirituality
44:Rosh Hashana kibbutz
1107:. Timesofisrael.com
1085:. Timesofisrael.com
775:Paul Robert Magocsi
684:(15 September 2018)
657:The Times of Israel
270:emigrated to Israel
153:could be effected.
38:The kibbutz in 2010
1264:Jewish pilgrimages
935:The Jerusalem Post
843:2010-05-14 at the
543:alcoholic drinking
531:Ben Gurion airport
498:Ben Gurion airport
321:Abraham Isaac Kook
241:Pilgrimage in the
219:Abraham Sternhartz
118:Nachman of Breslov
40:
32:
29:Nachman of Breslov
23:Pilgrimage to the
1163:978-1-928822-05-9
413:Herschel Wasilski
305:Mandate Palestine
282:Shimon bar Yochai
158:Nathan of Breslov
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1254:Breslov Hasidism
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