986:
771:
693:
942:, butterflies, moths, spiders, caterpillars, slugs and snails on the ground. They will also feed on berries and seeds. To find prey, the great spotted kiwi use their scenting skills or feel vibrations caused by the movement of their prey. To do the latter, a kiwi would stick its beak into the ground, then use its beak to dig into the ground. As they are nocturnal, they do not emerge until thirty minutes after sunset to begin the hunt. Kiwis will also swallow small stones, which aid in digestion.
357:
91:
767:
five kiwis live in a square kilometre. One pair's territory can be 25 hectares (62 acres) in size. It is not known how they defend such a large territory in proportion to their size. They will call, chase, or fight intruders out. Vocalisations of the great spotted kiwi include growls, hisses, and bill snapping. Great spotted kiwi males have a call that resembles a warbling whistle, while the female call is harsh raspy, and also warbling.
905:. The breeding season begins in June and ends in March, as this is when food is plentiful. Males reach sexual maturity at 18 months in captivity, while females are able to lay eggs after three years. In the wild, sexual maturity for both sexes is between ages three and five. Great spotted kiwi males chase females around until the females either run off or mate. The pair mates about two to three times during peak activity. The
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42:
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66:
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3.3 kg (3.3 and 7.3 lb) for females. The body is pear-shaped, while the head and neck is small with a long slender ivory bill. The great spotted kiwi, along with the other kiwi species, is the only bird with nostrils at the end of its bill. The eyes are small and do not see well, as it relies mostly on its sense of smell. The legs are short, with three toes per foot. It has a
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on fat stored from the previous five months to survive. Because of the large size of the egg, gestation is uncomfortable for the female, and they do not move much. To relieve the pain, females soak themselves in water when they come out of the burrows by dipping their abdomens into puddles. The egg-laying season is between August and
January.
997:
survival rate. It has more of an advantage than other kiwi species over these predators because it lives in high altitude areas, where the wet upland population thrives. However, there has been a decrease in population of 43% in the past 45 years, and has declined 90% since 1900. Humans have also endangered the species by
348:, and will sleep during the day in burrows. At night, they feed on invertebrates and will also eat plants. Great spotted kiwi breed between June and March. The egg is the largest of all birds in proportion to the size of the bird. Chicks take 75 to 85 days to hatch, and after hatching, they are abandoned by their parents.
329:. Because of this, populations of this species have been less seriously affected by the predations of these invasive species compared to other kiwi. Nonetheless, there has been a 43% decline in population in the past 45 years, due to these predators and habitat destruction. This has led it to be classified as
950:
Because adult great spotted kiwis are large and powerful, they are able to fend off most predators that attack them, such as stoats, ferrets, weasels, pigs, brush possums and cats, all of which are invasive species in New
Zealand. However, dogs are able to kill even adults. Stoats, ferrets, possums,
913:
After the female lays the egg, the male incubates the egg while the female guards the nest. Males only leave the nest for a few hours to hunt, and during this time, the female takes over. It takes 75 to 85 days for the egg to hatch. The kiwi chick takes 2 to 3 days simply to get out of its egg.
909:
period is about a month. Females do not eat during this period, as the eggs will take up a fourth of a kiwi's body mass. The yolk takes up 65% of the egg. In most bird eggs, the yolk takes up about 35 to 40% of the egg. This makes the kiwi egg the largest in proportion to the body. Females must rely
1027:
cats, dogs and pigs The most threatened populations are in the southern areas of the species' range. Less than 16,000 great spotted kiwis remain. Movements for saving the kiwi are in place, and sanctuaries for the great spotted kiwi have been made. Thanks to intensive trapping and poisoning efforts
766:
The great spotted kiwi is nocturnal in behaviour. If the kiwis live in an area lacking predators, they will come out in the day. At night, they come out to feed. Like other species of kiwi, they have a good sense of smell, which is unusual in birds. Males are fiercely territorial. At most, four to
659:
Great spotted kiwis are the largest of the kiwis; the male is 45 cm (18 in) tall, while the female is 50 cm (20 in) tall. Bill length ranges from 9 to 12 cm (3.5–4.7 in), while weight ranges between 1.2 and 2.6 kg (2.6 and 5.7 lb) for males and 1.5 and
996:
The great spotted kiwi population started declining when
European settlers first arrived in New Zealand. Before settlers arrived, about 12 million great spotted kiwis lived in New Zealand. This bird is often preyed upon by invasive pigs, dogs, ferrets and stoats, leading to a 5% chick
918:, and are abandoned by their parents after hatching. After ten days, chicks venture out of the burrow to hunt. Most chicks are killed by predators in the first six months of their life. Great spotted kiwis reach full size at year six. Unlike most birds, female great spotted kiwis have two
740:
Mainland Island. The
Southern Alps population is particularly isolated. Great spotted kiwis reside in complex, maze-like burrows that they construct. Up to fifty burrows can exist in one bird's territory. They will often move around, staying in a different burrow every day.
951:
cats and dogs will feed on the eggs and chicks, meaning most chicks die within their first five months of life. Before the arrival of mammalian predators, the great spotted kiwi's natural predators would have been birds of prey like the extinct
1013:. This kiwi has an occurrence range of 8,500 km (3,300 sq mi), and in 2000 an estimated 22,000 adult birds remained. They have been trending down about 5.8% a year. The main threat is from invasive predators including
434:
of
Madagascar. All ratites are flightless. While it was long presumed that kiwi were closely related to moa, recent DNA research identified elephant birds as kiwi's closest relatives. Additionally, kiwi are more closely related to
2035:
680:. The common name of this bird comes from black spots on its feathers. They use their powerful legs and claws for defence against predators like stoats or ferrets. Kiwis are flightless birds, and hence lack hollow bones, lack a
745:
sometimes grows in these burrows. Their habitat ranges in elevation from sea level to 1,500 m (4,900 ft), but the majority are concentrated in a range from 700 to 1,100 m (2,300–3,600 ft) in a
922:. Most birds have only one. Great spotted kiwis are distinguishable from other kiwi species by the fact that they can only produce one egg a year, as it takes so much energy to produce the massive egg.
985:
2063:
597:
Before the great spotted kiwi was known to science, several stories circulated about the existence of a large kiwi called the Maori roaroa. In 1871, two specimens were brought to the
2187:
1991:
1927:
1168:
317:, is flightless. It is the largest of the kiwi. The rugged topography and harsh climate of the high altitude alpine part of its habitat render it inhospitable to a number of
3726:
2241:
3765:
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to which wing muscles anchor, and have tiny wings. This species also has a low body temperature compared to other birds. Average lifespan is 30 to 40 years.
1615:
3888:
2152:
3700:
1225:
3739:
716:, the remaining kiwi are now restricted to three localities. These kiwi live in higher altitude areas. Populations are present from northwestern
3923:
2024:
1499:
2184:
1999:
1935:
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1001:
by logging forests and building mines. Previously, humans hunted these kiwis for feathers and food. In 1988, the species was listed as
3898:
2234:
2196:
2141:
2107:
2088:
1176:
1957:
1255:
3913:
3393:
3116:
2083:. Vol. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 89–90, 93–94.
598:
318:
2214:
1291:
Mitchell, K. J.; Llamas, B.; Soubrier, J.; Rawlence, N. J.; Worthy, T. H.; Wood, J.; Lee, M. S. Y.; Cooper, A. (22 May 2014).
3604:
3344:
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1292:
3744:
839:
770:
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344:
This kiwi is highly aggressive, and pairs will defend their large territories against other kiwi. Great spotted kiwi are
1645:
1546:
3638:
338:
333:. There are less than 16,000 great spotted kiwis in total, almost all in the more mountainous parts of northwest
3464:
2538:
2121:
854:
3903:
3770:
3305:
215:
406:, is endemic to New Zealand; 44% of the bird species native to New Zealand are endemic. Kiwis are placed in the
90:
3317:
2884:
2872:
3423:
1704:
3865:
1623:
2937:
2925:
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2204:
2133:
990:
565:
389:
2159:
3625:
3539:
3435:
3197:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2726:
2579:
2036:"The breeding season of three species of kiwi (Apteryx ) in captivity as determined from egg-laying dates"
1770:
1462:
1233:
1028:
the chick survival rate has been raised to about 60% in areas where mammalian pest control is undertaken.
1571:
3811:
3643:
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3300:
3295:
3185:
3029:
2901:
2860:
2502:
1203:
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In the ground, they dig for earthworms and grubs, and they search for beetles, cicada, crickets, flies,
195:
742:
3829:
1798:
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1081:
3790:
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3126:
2811:
2439:
2338:
2266:
2250:
2117:
1834:
1307:
1143:
737:
1420:
601:, where they were identified as a new species and were named after the museum's curator, Dr. Haast.
3256:
3244:
2709:
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1849:
998:
898:
809:
717:
692:
489:
381:
334:
225:
55:
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3219:
3170:
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2456:
2451:
2410:
2350:
2100:
Latin Names
Explained. A Guide to the Scientific Classifications of Reptiles, Birds & Mammals
1671:
1341:
1293:"Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwi are sister taxa and clarifies ratite bird evolution"
1010:
548:
373:
330:
238:
85:
70:
3816:
3354:
1503:
364:
This large kiwi is one of five species of kiwis residing in New
Zealand. The other four are the
3731:
2632:
3757:
3661:
3447:
3418:
3408:
3381:
3268:
3012:
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2731:
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2461:
2427:
2398:
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2137:
2103:
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2055:
2020:
1906:
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3041:
3024:
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2314:
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1965:
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713:
648:
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2490:
2191:
989:
A scientist prepares to release a great spotted kiwi as part of a conservation program in
356:
3349:
2721:
2153:"Genetic variability, distribution and abundance of great spotted kiwi (Apteryx haastii)"
3591:
1829:
1311:
1058:
41:
3207:
3087:
3058:
3046:
2748:
2514:
2051:
1108:
915:
211:
665:
3882:
3752:
3180:
3175:
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3143:
3138:
3082:
1345:
1067:
1006:
1002:
960:
824:
733:
725:
628:
431:
396:). Great spotted kiwis are most closely related to the little spotted kiwi. The kiwi
142:
75:
3515:
3359:
3202:
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2949:
2823:
2685:
2550:
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1901:
1872:
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3713:
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3165:
3000:
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681:
440:
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172:
162:
152:
2034:
Cockrem, JF; Goudswaard, R; Sibley, MD; Fox, EK; Johnson, TM; Bell, MJ (1992).
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939:
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102:
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668:. The plumage can range from charcoal grey to light brown. They have large
3803:
3556:
3322:
306:
122:
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3705:
3612:
2615:
2219:
1877:
n. sp., a feather mite (Acari: Analgidae) from the great spotted kiwi,
1359:
919:
661:
531:
444:
415:
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365:
1328:
971:
The great spotted kiwi is the sole host of a species of feather mite,
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2562:
2290:
902:
407:
326:
322:
314:
112:
17:
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1024:
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929:
901:, with pairings sometimes lasting twenty years. Nests are made in
769:
704:
Greater spotted kiwis once lived in numerous areas throughout the
691:
644:
443:
than to moa; the latter are actually closest to the weakly flying
397:
355:
3692:
3280:
2743:
673:
620:
Sclater & Hochstetter 1861 in 2024. The genus is monotypic.
132:
3537:
2223:
3290:
2833:
2079:
Davies, S.J.J.F. (2003). "Kiwis". In
Hutchins, Michael (ed.).
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
436:
427:
411:
1958:"New Zealand State Coal Company Plans to Mine Kiwi Habitat"
313:
of New
Zealand. The great spotted kiwi, as a member of the
1881:
Potts, 1872 (Aves: Apterygidae); with a key to species of
2209:
1258:. Buzzle.com. Archived from the original on 15 March 2009
2019:(6th ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
3499:
1198:
1196:
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1699:
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1695:
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664:
composed of soft, hair-like feathers, which have no
3546:
3235:
3115:
2989:
2764:
2640:
2257:
2125:
1169:"Northern Brown Kiwi - BirdLife Species Factsheet"
1992:"Great Spotted Kiwi - BirdLife Species Factsheet"
1928:"Great Spotted Kiwi - BirdLife Species Factsheet"
1082:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22678132A92756666.en
2017:The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
2210:Great Spotted Kiwi & Paparoa Wildlife Trust
1793:
1791:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
616:, New Zealand, and changed to the resurrected
604:The great spotted kiwi was first described as
2235:
1746:"Great Spotted Kiwi Interactions With Others"
360:Illustration of an immature and an adult male
8:
2197:Images and movies of the great spotted kiwi
1922:
1920:
1103:
1101:
1099:
3485:
3468:
3456:
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2402:
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2366:
2354:
2342:
2330:
2318:
2306:
2294:
2282:
2270:
1771:"Great Spotted Kiwi :: Kiwis for kiwi"
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
3534:
2242:
2228:
2220:
1709:The Arthur's Pass Outdoor Education Centre
224:
64:
40:
31:
1900:
1327:
1138:
1136:
1080:
27:Species of flightless bird in New Zealand
1574:. Paparoa Wildlife Trust. Archived from
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
782:
700:, which great spotted kiwis will inhabit
3506:
1541:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1230:United States Department of Agriculture
1036:
2102:. London: Facts on File. p. 181.
1830:"Apteryx haastii (Great spotted kiwi)"
1765:
1763:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1463:"Great Spotted Kiwi interesting facts"
1269:
676:, and they have no tail, only a small
341:. A minority live on island reserves.
2132:(Abridged ed.). United Kingdom:
1392:Liddell, H. G. & Scott, R. (1980)
1144:"Biological diversity in New Zealand"
934:Stuffed specimen from Auckland Museum
7:
3866:97125D23-BD76-4B8F-9E9B-1144A4759763
3830:5473AFB5-DE0F-5821-270F-452A44C8ECD4
3791:fa337bec-c454-42ed-bd5c-bcb680f4d089
1109:"Taxonomic Updates IOC Version 14.2"
1005:. It is currently classified by the
612:, in 1872, based on a specimen from
1204:"Great Spotted Kiwi Classification"
1068:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
523:
466:
458:
450:
2081:Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia
2052:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1992.tb06129.x
1226:"Ratites (Emu, Ostrich, and Rhea)"
25:
1799:"Great Spotted Kiwi Reproduction"
1648:. MontereyBay.com. Archived from
1502:. Centralpets.com. Archived from
3889:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
3521:
3509:
3394:North Island little spotted kiwi
2631:
1990:BirdLife International (2008a).
1452:BirdLife International (2008)(a)
410:family, which also includes the
233:Range of the great spotted kiwi
89:
1057:BirdLife International (2016).
750:zone. These kiwis will live in
337:, the northwest coast, and the
3345:North Island stout-legged wren
3340:South Island stout-legged wren
2151:McLennan, John; McCann, Tony.
2098:Gotch, A.F. (1995) . "Kiwis".
1964:. 12 July 2004. Archived from
1902:10.1080/03014223.1984.10428237
1889:New Zealand Journal of Zoology
1850:"Great Spotted Kiwi Nutrition"
1819:Cockrem, J. F. , et al. (1992)
1616:"About The Bird:Great Spotted"
1596:McLennann, J. & McCann, T.
785:Breeding Population and Trends
319:introduced mammalian predators
1:
2215:NZ Department of Conservation
1421:"Great Spotted Kiwi Adaption"
1364:New Zealand birds and birding
647:form of the last name of Sir
3924:Endemic birds of New Zealand
1672:"Great Spotted Kiwi Habitat"
2185:BirdLife Species Factsheet.
840:Arthur's Pass National Park
590:Relationships in the genus
259:Hutton 1871 non-Buller 1891
3940:
3919:Taxa named by Thomas Potts
3465:New Zealand owlet-nightjar
2539:South Island oystercatcher
1962:Environmental News Service
1871:Bishop, Dallas M. (1984).
1130:Davies, S. J. J. F. (2003)
855:Nelson Lakes National Park
272:Stictapteryx owenii maxima
3899:Birds of the South Island
3306:Auckland Island merganser
2629:
1852:. University of Wisconsin
1801:. University of Wisconsin
1748:. University of Wisconsin
1674:. University of Wisconsin
1500:"Great Spotted Main Page"
1465:. University of Wisconsin
1423:. University of Wisconsin
1276:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1206:. University of Wisconsin
562:
545:
528:
521:
486:
471:
464:
456:
426:, as well as the extinct
244:
237:
232:
223:
201:
194:
86:Scientific classification
84:
62:
53:
49:Illustration of a female
48:
39:
34:
3318:Chatham Island merganser
2885:Northern royal albatross
2873:New Zealand storm petrel
2015:Clements, James (2007).
1075:: e.T22678132A92756666.
999:destroying their habitat
897:Great spotted kiwis are
774:In Otorohanga Kiwi House
758:, pasture, and forests.
736:, as well as within the
688:Distribution and habitat
3914:Birds described in 1872
2938:South Island saddleback
2926:North Island saddleback
2902:Orange-fronted parakeet
2674:North Island brown kiwi
2134:Oxford University Press
2128:A Greek-English Lexicon
1885:, and new host records"
1320:10.1126/science.1251981
991:Kahurangi National Park
724:, the northwest coast (
635:"without" or "no", and
390:North Island brown kiwi
3486:
3469:
3457:
3440:
3428:
3386:
3364:
3327:
3310:
3273:
3261:
3249:
3224:
3212:
3190:
3153:
3131:
3104:
3092:
3075:
3063:
3051:
3034:
3017:
3005:
2978:
2966:
2954:
2942:
2930:
2918:
2906:
2894:
2877:
2865:
2853:
2849:New Zealand fairy tern
2816:
2804:
2792:
2780:
2753:
2736:
2714:
2702:
2690:
2678:
2666:
2654:
2620:
2608:
2596:
2584:
2580:Variable oystercatcher
2567:
2555:
2543:
2531:
2519:
2507:
2495:
2478:
2466:
2444:
2432:
2415:
2403:
2391:
2379:
2367:
2355:
2343:
2331:
2319:
2307:
2295:
2283:
2271:
2190:5 January 2009 at the
1932:BirdLife International
1173:BirdLife International
1017:, brush-tailed possum
993:
935:
775:
701:
361:
352:Taxonomy and etymology
321:, which include dogs,
3812:Paleobiology Database
3477:New Zealand musk duck
3424:Scarlett's shearwater
3301:South Island adzebill
3296:North Island adzebill
3186:Erect-crested penguin
3030:Chatham oystercatcher
2861:New Zealand king shag
2503:New Zealand rock wren
2118:Liddell, Henry George
1148:Encyclopedia of Earth
1020:Trichosurus vulpecula
1003:Least Concern species
988:
977:, described in 1985.
933:
773:
695:
359:
3127:Antipodean albatross
3117:Subantarctic islands
2440:New Zealand dotterel
2339:Double-banded plover
2251:Birds of New Zealand
1835:Animal Diversity Web
1775:www.kiwisforkiwi.org
1572:"Great Spotted Kiwi"
1551:Animal Diversity Web
1506:on 27 September 2007
1360:"Great spotted Kiwi"
1256:"The Cassowary Bird"
779:Breeding and nesting
3436:North Island takahē
3311:rakiraki maungahuka
3257:New Zealand bittern
3245:South Island piopio
3198:Reischek's parakeet
2844:South Island kōkako
2839:North Island kōkako
2727:South Island takahē
2710:Yellow-eyed penguin
2698:Southern brown kiwi
2662:Little spotted kiwi
1968:on 20 February 2005
1646:"KIWIS Apterygidae"
1401:Gotch, A. F. (1995)
1312:2014Sci...344..898M
787:
430:of New Zealand and
382:little spotted kiwi
56:Conservation status
35:Great spotted kiwi
3781:great-spotted-kiwi
3404:South Island snipe
3399:North Island snipe
3220:Subantarctic snipe
3171:Campbell albatross
3161:Antipodes parakeet
3105:kawau o rangihaute
2776:Black-fronted tern
2650:Great spotted kiwi
2592:White-fronted tern
2457:North Island robin
2452:South Island robin
2411:Long-tailed cuckoo
2351:New Zealand falcon
2040:Journal of Zoology
1652:on 17 October 2007
1578:on 8 February 2013
1383:Clements, J (2007)
1011:vulnerable species
994:
936:
783:
776:
752:tussock grasslands
743:Bird's Nest Fungus
702:
447:of South America.
374:Okarito brown kiwi
362:
302:) is a species of
286:great spotted kiwi
3876:
3875:
3540:Taxon identifiers
3497:
3496:
3448:New Zealand goose
3269:New Zealand quail
3013:Chatham albatross
2732:Fiordland penguin
2474:Paradise shelduck
2462:New Zealand scaup
2399:Sacred kingfisher
2387:Grey-faced petrel
2279:Black-billed gull
2199:(Apteryx haastii)
2026:978-0-8014-4501-9
2002:on 5 January 2009
1938:on 5 January 2009
1875:Kiwialges haastii
1626:on 1 January 2008
1547:"Apteryx haastii"
1306:(6186): 898–900.
1179:on 2 January 2009
1111:. 28 August 2024.
974:Kiwialges haastii
895:
894:
708:, but because of
698:tussock grassland
627:, comes from the
599:Canterbury Museum
594:
586:
585:
577:
576:
510:
509:
501:
500:
370:Apteryx australis
282:
281:
276:
268:
260:
252:
79:
16:(Redirected from
3931:
3904:Flightless birds
3869:
3868:
3856:
3855:
3843:
3842:
3833:
3832:
3820:
3819:
3807:
3806:
3794:
3793:
3784:
3783:
3774:
3773:
3761:
3760:
3748:
3747:
3735:
3734:
3722:
3721:
3709:
3708:
3696:
3695:
3683:
3682:
3670:
3669:
3657:
3656:
3647:
3646:
3634:
3633:
3621:
3620:
3618:0D8B9E4061FCDF8C
3608:
3607:
3595:
3594:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3535:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3505:
3489:
3482:New Zealand swan
3472:
3460:
3443:
3431:
3389:
3367:
3335:Long-billed wren
3330:
3313:
3276:
3264:
3252:
3227:
3215:
3193:
3156:
3134:
3107:
3095:
3078:
3066:
3054:
3042:Chatham parakeet
3037:
3025:Chatham gerygone
3020:
3008:
2981:
2969:
2957:
2945:
2933:
2921:
2909:
2897:
2880:
2868:
2856:
2819:
2807:
2795:
2783:
2756:
2739:
2717:
2705:
2693:
2681:
2669:
2657:
2635:
2623:
2611:
2599:
2587:
2570:
2558:
2546:
2534:
2522:
2510:
2498:
2481:
2469:
2447:
2435:
2418:
2406:
2394:
2382:
2370:
2358:
2346:
2334:
2322:
2315:Buff-banded rail
2310:
2298:
2286:
2274:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2221:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2165:on 16 March 2012
2164:
2158:. Archived from
2157:
2147:
2131:
2113:
2094:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2062:. Archived from
2030:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1998:. Archived from
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1934:. Archived from
1924:
1915:
1914:
1904:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1826:
1820:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1795:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1767:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1742:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1715:on 3 August 2008
1711:. Archived from
1701:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1622:. Archived from
1612:
1597:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1543:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1496:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1459:
1453:
1450:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1417:
1402:
1399:
1393:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1331:
1297:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1275:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1232:. Archived from
1222:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1200:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1175:. Archived from
1165:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1140:
1131:
1128:
1113:
1112:
1105:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1084:
1054:
914:Kiwi chicks are
890:Declining -2% yr
788:
714:invasive species
696:An example of a
649:Julius von Haast
623:The genus name,
589:
524:
467:
459:
451:
394:Apteryx mantelli
274:
266:
258:
250:
228:
207:
94:
93:
73:
68:
67:
44:
32:
21:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3864:
3859:
3853:Apteryx-haastii
3851:
3846:
3838:
3836:
3828:
3823:
3815:
3810:
3802:
3799:Observation.org
3797:
3789:
3787:
3779:
3777:
3769:
3764:
3756:
3751:
3743:
3738:
3730:
3725:
3717:
3712:
3704:
3699:
3691:
3686:
3678:
3673:
3665:
3660:
3652:
3650:
3642:
3637:
3629:
3624:
3616:
3611:
3605:apteryx-haastii
3603:
3598:
3592:Apteryx_haastii
3590:
3585:
3578:Apteryx haastii
3576:
3575:
3570:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3548:Apteryx haastii
3542:
3532:
3522:
3520:
3510:
3508:
3500:
3498:
3493:
3377:Waitaha penguin
3372:Chatham penguin
3237:
3231:
3119:
3111:
2993:
2991:Chatham Islands
2985:
2914:Red-billed gull
2907:kākāriki karaka
2768:
2766:
2760:
2642:
2636:
2627:
2259:
2253:
2248:
2192:Wayback Machine
2181:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2150:
2144:
2116:
2110:
2097:
2091:
2078:
2069:
2067:
2033:
2027:
2014:
2005:
2003:
1989:
1986:
1981:
1971:
1969:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1941:
1939:
1926:
1925:
1918:
1879:Apteryx haastii
1870:
1869:
1865:
1855:
1853:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1804:
1802:
1797:
1796:
1789:
1779:
1777:
1769:
1768:
1761:
1751:
1749:
1744:
1743:
1728:
1718:
1716:
1703:
1702:
1687:
1677:
1675:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1655:
1653:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1629:
1627:
1614:
1613:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1581:
1579:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1555:
1553:
1545:
1544:
1519:
1509:
1507:
1498:
1497:
1478:
1468:
1466:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1436:
1426:
1424:
1419:
1418:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1368:
1366:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1295:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1268:
1261:
1259:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1239:
1237:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1209:
1207:
1202:
1201:
1192:
1182:
1180:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1152:
1150:
1142:
1141:
1134:
1129:
1116:
1107:
1106:
1097:
1087:
1085:
1061:Apteryx haastii
1056:
1055:
1038:
1034:
983:
969:
959:and the extant
948:
928:
781:
764:
690:
657:
606:Apteryx haastii
587:
578:
511:
502:
354:
290:great grey kiwi
264:Apteryx grandis
248:Apteryx haastii
219:
209:
203:
190:
88:
80:
69:
65:
58:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3937:
3935:
3927:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3881:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3857:
3844:
3834:
3821:
3808:
3795:
3785:
3775:
3762:
3749:
3736:
3723:
3710:
3697:
3684:
3671:
3658:
3648:
3635:
3622:
3609:
3596:
3583:
3568:
3552:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3531:
3530:
3518:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3479:
3474:
3462:
3450:
3445:
3433:
3421:
3419:Imber's petrel
3416:
3411:
3409:Forbes's snipe
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3382:Eyles' harrier
3379:
3374:
3369:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3320:
3315:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3266:
3254:
3241:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3217:
3208:Snares penguin
3205:
3200:
3195:
3191:tawaki nana hī
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3123:
3121:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3097:
3088:Magenta petrel
3085:
3080:
3068:
3059:Chatham pigeon
3056:
3047:Chatham petrel
3044:
3039:
3027:
3022:
3010:
2997:
2995:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2971:
2959:
2947:
2935:
2923:
2911:
2899:
2887:
2882:
2870:
2858:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2809:
2797:
2785:
2772:
2770:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2746:
2741:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2707:
2695:
2683:
2671:
2659:
2646:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2613:
2601:
2589:
2577:
2572:
2560:
2548:
2536:
2524:
2515:Shining cuckoo
2512:
2500:
2488:
2483:
2471:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2437:
2425:
2420:
2408:
2396:
2384:
2372:
2360:
2348:
2336:
2324:
2312:
2300:
2288:
2276:
2263:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2239:
2232:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2194:
2180:
2179:External links
2177:
2176:
2175:
2148:
2142:
2114:
2108:
2095:
2089:
2076:
2066:on 20 May 2011
2031:
2025:
2012:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1949:
1916:
1895:(3): 233–237.
1863:
1841:
1821:
1812:
1787:
1759:
1726:
1685:
1663:
1637:
1598:
1589:
1563:
1517:
1476:
1454:
1434:
1403:
1394:
1385:
1376:
1351:
1283:
1247:
1236:on 12 May 2008
1217:
1190:
1160:
1132:
1114:
1095:
1035:
1033:
1030:
982:
979:
968:
965:
957:Eyles' harrier
947:
944:
927:
924:
916:superprecocial
893:
892:
887:
882:
877:
875:, New Zealand)
867:
866:
863:
860:
857:
851:
850:
847:
845:
842:
836:
835:
832:
830:
827:
821:
820:
817:
815:
812:
802:
801:
798:
795:
792:
780:
777:
763:
760:
689:
686:
656:
653:
584:
583:
580:
579:
575:
574:
571:
570:
561:
558:
557:
554:
553:
544:
541:
540:
537:
536:
527:
522:
520:
517:
516:
513:
512:
508:
507:
504:
503:
499:
498:
495:
494:
485:
482:
481:
478:
477:
470:
465:
463:
457:
455:
449:
432:elephant birds
386:Apteryx owenii
353:
350:
299:Apteryx maxima
280:
279:
278:
277:
269:
261:
256:Apteryx maxima
253:
242:
241:
235:
234:
230:
229:
221:
220:
210:
205:Apteryx maxima
199:
198:
192:
191:
187:A. maxima
184:
182:
178:
177:
170:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
153:Apterygiformes
150:
146:
145:
140:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
82:
81:
63:
60:
59:
54:
51:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3936:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3867:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3835:
3831:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3786:
3782:
3776:
3772:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3649:
3645:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3588:
3584:
3579:
3573:
3569:
3564:
3558:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3536:
3529:
3519:
3517:
3507:
3503:
3488:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3466:
3463:
3459:
3454:
3453:Finsch's duck
3451:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3437:
3434:
3430:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3388:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3329:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3286:Haast's eagle
3284:
3282:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3258:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3234:
3226:
3221:
3218:
3214:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3181:Campbell teal
3179:
3177:
3176:Campbell shag
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3155:
3154:tētē kākāriki
3150:
3149:Auckland teal
3147:
3145:
3144:Auckland shag
3142:
3140:
3139:Auckland rail
3137:
3133:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3106:
3101:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3083:Chatham snipe
3081:
3077:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3060:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3036:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2980:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2927:
2924:
2920:
2915:
2912:
2908:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2871:
2867:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2801:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2767:endemic birds
2763:
2755:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2667:kiwi pukupuku
2663:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2639:
2634:
2622:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2593:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2520:pīpīwharauroa
2516:
2513:
2509:
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2497:
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2337:
2333:
2328:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2291:Brown creeper
2289:
2285:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2240:
2238:
2233:
2231:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2205:Save The Kiwi
2203:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2182:
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2109:0-8160-3377-3
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2101:
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2090:0-7876-5784-0
2086:
2082:
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2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2046:(1): 95–107.
2045:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1867:
1864:
1851:
1845:
1842:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1825:
1822:
1816:
1813:
1800:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1747:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
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1714:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1686:
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1667:
1664:
1651:
1647:
1641:
1638:
1625:
1621:
1620:Save the Kiwi
1617:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1564:
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1548:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
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1522:
1518:
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1493:
1491:
1489:
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1447:
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1416:
1414:
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1410:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1395:
1389:
1386:
1380:
1377:
1365:
1361:
1355:
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1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
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1301:
1294:
1287:
1284:
1279:
1273:
1257:
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1248:
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1231:
1227:
1221:
1218:
1205:
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1197:
1195:
1191:
1178:
1174:
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1164:
1161:
1149:
1145:
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1137:
1133:
1127:
1125:
1123:
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1119:
1115:
1110:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1083:
1078:
1074:
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1069:
1064:
1062:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
992:
987:
980:
978:
976:
975:
966:
964:
962:
961:Swamp harrier
958:
954:
953:Haast's eagle
945:
943:
941:
932:
925:
923:
921:
917:
911:
908:
904:
900:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
874:
869:
868:
864:
861:
858:
856:
853:
852:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
837:
833:
831:
828:
826:
825:Paparoa Range
823:
822:
818:
816:
813:
811:
807:
804:
803:
799:
796:
793:
790:
789:
786:
778:
772:
768:
761:
759:
757:
753:
749:
744:
739:
735:
734:Paparoa Range
731:
730:Arthur's Pass
727:
726:Hurunui River
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
699:
694:
687:
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
654:
652:
650:
646:
642:
639:, "wing" and
638:
634:
630:
629:Ancient Greek
626:
621:
619:
615:
611:
607:
602:
600:
595:
593:
582:
581:
573:
572:
569:
568:
567:
560:
559:
556:
555:
552:
551:
550:
543:
542:
539:
538:
535:
534:
533:
526:
525:
519:
518:
515:
514:
506:
505:
497:
496:
493:
492:
491:
484:
483:
480:
479:
476:
475:
469:
468:
461:
460:
453:
452:
448:
446:
442:
438:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
404:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
358:
351:
349:
347:
342:
340:
339:Southern Alps
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
305:
301:
300:
295:
291:
287:
275:(Hutton 1871)
273:
270:
265:
262:
257:
254:
249:
246:
245:
243:
240:
236:
231:
227:
222:
217:
213:
208:
206:
200:
197:
196:Binomial name
193:
189:
188:
183:
180:
179:
176:
175:
171:
168:
167:
164:
161:
158:
157:
154:
151:
148:
147:
144:
143:Palaeognathae
141:
138:
137:
134:
131:
128:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
114:
111:
108:
107:
104:
101:
98:
97:
92:
87:
83:
77:
72:
61:
57:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3547:
3360:Laughing owl
3355:Chatham kākā
3350:Lyall's wren
3203:Snares snipe
3071:Chatham shag
2950:Shore plover
2824:Foveaux shag
2749:Blue penguin
2686:Okarito kiwi
2649:
2551:Spotted shag
2479:pūtangitangi
2375:Grey warbler
2198:
2167:. Retrieved
2160:the original
2127:
2122:Robert Scott
2099:
2080:
2068:. Retrieved
2064:the original
2043:
2039:
2016:
2004:. Retrieved
2000:the original
1995:
1984:Bibliography
1970:. Retrieved
1966:the original
1961:
1952:
1940:. Retrieved
1936:the original
1931:
1892:
1888:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1866:
1854:. Retrieved
1844:
1833:
1824:
1815:
1803:. Retrieved
1778:. Retrieved
1774:
1750:. Retrieved
1717:. Retrieved
1713:the original
1708:
1676:. Retrieved
1666:
1654:. Retrieved
1650:the original
1640:
1628:. Retrieved
1624:the original
1619:
1592:
1580:. Retrieved
1576:the original
1566:
1554:. Retrieved
1550:
1508:. Retrieved
1504:the original
1467:. Retrieved
1457:
1425:. Retrieved
1397:
1388:
1379:
1367:. Retrieved
1363:
1354:
1303:
1299:
1286:
1260:. Retrieved
1250:
1238:. Retrieved
1234:the original
1229:
1220:
1208:. Retrieved
1181:. Retrieved
1177:the original
1172:
1163:
1151:. Retrieved
1147:
1086:. Retrieved
1072:
1066:
1060:
1018:
995:
972:
970:
949:
937:
912:
896:
889:
884:
879:
873:South Island
870:
806:Buller River
784:
765:
738:Lake Rotoiti
722:Buller River
706:South Island
703:
658:
640:
636:
632:
624:
622:
617:
610:Thomas Potts
605:
603:
596:
591:
588:
564:
563:
547:
546:
532:A. australis
530:
529:
488:
487:
473:
472:
401:
393:
385:
378:Apteryx rowi
377:
369:
363:
343:
325:, cats, and
311:South Island
298:
297:
293:
289:
285:
283:
271:
263:
255:
247:
204:
202:
186:
185:
173:
139:Infraclass:
29:
3714:iNaturalist
3572:Wikispecies
3528:New Zealand
3470:ruru hinapō
3166:Bounty shag
3001:Black robin
2788:Black stilt
2621:ngutuparore
2585:tōrea pango
2496:tītipounamu
2445:tūturiwhatu
2320:moho-pererū
1427:22 February
1088:12 November
865:Introduced
732:), and the
672:around the
666:aftershafts
655:Description
566:A. mantelli
441:cassowaries
267:Grieve 1913
216:Hochstetter
212:Sclater, PL
163:Apterygidae
3883:Categories
3848:Xeno-canto
3458:manutahora
3414:Snipe-rail
3328:mātuhituhi
2974:Yellowhead
2962:Stitchbird
2890:Otago shag
2878:takahikare
2765:Endangered
2641:Flightless
2556:pārekareka
2368:pīwakawaka
2303:Brown teal
2006:6 February
1719:21 January
1656:19 January
1630:20 January
1369:19 January
1329:2328/35953
1032:References
899:monogamous
849:Declining
834:Declining
819:Declining
794:Population
474:A. haastii
331:vulnerable
251:Potts 1872
71:Vulnerable
3213:pokotiwha
3100:Pitt shag
2955:tūturuatu
2919:tarāpunga
2866:kawau tūī
2800:Blue duck
2781:tarapiroe
2609:pōpokotea
2604:Whitehead
2527:Silvereye
2060:1469-7998
1996:Data Zone
1911:0301-4223
1883:Kiwialges
1582:24 August
1346:206555952
1015:mustelids
907:gestation
762:Behaviour
756:scrubland
748:subalpine
710:predation
678:pygostyle
670:vibrissae
618:A. maxima
490:A. owenii
424:cassowary
346:nocturnal
181:Species:
109:Kingdom:
103:Eukaryota
3758:22678132
3732:10218701
3631:22678132
3626:BirdLife
3557:Wikidata
3323:Bushwren
3225:tutukiwi
2854:tara-iti
2812:Fernbird
2769:(flying)
2568:miromiro
2508:pīwauwau
2491:Rifleman
2433:pīhoihoi
2380:riroriro
2356:kārearea
2344:pohowera
2327:Dabchick
2284:tarāpuka
2272:korimako
2267:Bellbird
2188:Archived
2124:(1980).
1556:20 April
1510:20 April
1338:24855267
1272:cite web
967:Diseases
946:Survival
791:Location
614:Westland
445:tinamous
239:Synonyms
159:Family:
123:Chordata
119:Phylum:
113:Animalia
99:Domain:
76:IUCN 3.1
3909:Ratites
3894:Apteryx
3861:ZooBank
3840:2332752
3706:2495139
3693:1178365
3680:grskiw1
3654:grskiw1
3613:Avibase
3563:Q730091
3502:Portals
3387:kērangi
3262:kaoriki
3236:Extinct
3052:ranguru
2703:tokoeka
2616:Wrybill
2467:pāpango
2416:koekoeā
2363:Fantail
2169:29 July
1972:11 July
1942:12 July
1780:30 July
1469:11 July
1308:Bibcode
1300:Science
1262:21 June
1240:21 June
1183:21 June
1153:21 June
926:Feeding
920:ovaries
903:burrows
871:Total (
859:Unknown
844:Unknown
829:Unknown
814:Unknown
720:to the
662:plumage
643:is the
625:Apteryx
592:Apteryx
549:A. rowi
462:
454:
416:ostrich
403:Apteryx
388:), and
366:tokoeka
323:ferrets
315:ratites
309:to the
307:endemic
174:Apteryx
169:Genus:
149:Order:
129:Class:
74: (
3837:uBio:
3817:399823
3788:NZOR:
3778:NZBO:
3745:553790
3600:ARKive
3429:ōiruki
3365:whēkau
3274:koreke
3250:piopio
3006:karure
2895:Matapo
2817:mātātā
2754:kororā
2737:tawaki
2722:Kākāpō
2563:Tomtit
2532:tauhou
2486:Pūkeko
2423:Kererū
2404:kōtare
2332:weweia
2308:pāteke
2296:pipipi
2258:Common
2140:
2120:&
2106:
2087:
2070:6 July
2058:
2023:
1909:
1856:9 July
1805:6 July
1752:9 July
1705:"Kiwi"
1678:9 July
1344:
1336:
1210:9 July
981:Status
880:16,000
810:Nelson
800:Trend
718:Nelson
641:haasti
637:pteryx
631:words
422:, and
408:ratite
335:Nelson
327:stoats
218:, 1861
214:&
3825:Plazi
3804:70135
3727:IRMNG
3719:20492
3675:eBird
3651:BOW:
3644:29516
3516:Birds
3487:poūwa
3238:birds
3132:Toroa
3120:birds
3093:tāiko
3076:papua
3064:parea
3035:tōrea
3018:toroa
2994:birds
2979:mōhua
2943:tīeke
2931:tīeke
2715:hoiho
2679:roroa
2655:roroa
2643:birds
2544:tōrea
2428:Pipit
2260:birds
2163:(PDF)
2156:(PDF)
1342:S2CID
1296:(PDF)
1025:feral
1009:as a
645:Latin
398:genus
294:roroa
18:Roroa
3771:8823
3766:NCBI
3753:IUCN
3740:ITIS
3701:GBIF
3667:FYYN
3639:BOLD
3441:moho
3281:Huia
2967:hihi
2829:Kākā
2805:whio
2793:kakī
2744:Weka
2691:rowi
2597:tara
2171:2008
2138:ISBN
2104:ISBN
2085:ISBN
2072:2008
2056:ISSN
2021:ISBN
2008:2009
1974:2008
1944:2008
1907:ISSN
1858:2008
1807:2008
1782:2020
1754:2008
1721:2008
1680:2008
1658:2008
1632:2008
1584:2012
1558:2008
1512:2008
1471:2008
1429:2012
1371:2008
1334:PMID
1278:link
1264:2008
1242:2008
1212:2008
1185:2008
1155:2008
1090:2021
1073:2016
1007:IUCN
955:and
940:wētā
885:2008
862:2007
797:Date
682:keel
674:gape
439:and
437:emus
420:rhea
304:kiwi
284:The
133:Aves
3688:EoL
3662:CoL
3587:ADW
3291:Moa
2834:Kea
2575:Tūī
2048:doi
2044:226
1897:doi
1324:hdl
1316:doi
1304:344
1077:doi
808:to
728:to
712:by
608:by
428:moa
412:emu
380:),
372:),
292:or
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2054:.
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1994:.
1960:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
