495:
180:
624:
backwards to go over areas that were not pulverized enough, but care must be taken to ensure that the operator does not stumble and pull the rototiller on top of themselves. Rototilling is much faster than manual tilling, but notoriously difficult to handle and exhausting work, especially in the heavier and higher power models. If the rototiller's blades catch on unseen subsurface objects, such as tree roots and buried garbage, it can cause the rototiller to abruptly and violently move in an unexpected direction.
164:
670:. Years ago they were considered only useful for rice growing areas, where they were fitted with steel cage-wheels for traction, but now the same are being used in both wetland and dryland farming all over the world. They have multiple functions with related tools for dryland or paddys, pumping, transportation, threshing, ditching, spraying pesticide. They can be used on hills, mountains, in greenhouses and orchards.
457:, especially row-crop tractors. Industrial cultivators can vary greatly in size and shape, from 10 feet (3 m) to 80 feet (24 m) wide. Many are equipped with hydraulic wings that fold up to make road travel easier and safer. Different types are used for preparation of fields before planting, and for the control of weeds between row crops. The cultivator may be an implement trailed after the tractor via a
597:
152:
47:
527:
172:
144:
441:, and it must be managed intelligently. It is still widely used, and probably will continue to be indispensable to affordable food production worldwide for the foreseeable future; but its wise management includes seeking alternate methods, such as the traditional standby of mechanical cultivation, where practical.
409:, Essex, in July 1938. Branches of this new company subsequently opened in the United States of America, South Africa, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Brazil, Malaysia, Australia and New Zealand. It later became the holding company for Howard Rotavator Co. Ltd. The Howard Group of companies was acquired by the
631:
to which soil is engaged. For a two-wheel tractor rotavator this greatly reduces the workload of the operator as compared to a rototiller. These rotavators are generally more heavy duty, come in 4–18 hp (3–13 kW) versions with either a petrol or diesel engine and can cover larger areas. The
630:
Unlike the
Rototiller, the self-propelled Howard Rotavator is equipped with a gearbox and driven forward, or held back, by its wheels. The gearbox enables the forward speed to be adjusted while the rotational speed of the tines remains constant which enables the operator to easily regulate the extent
347:. His earliest designs threw the tilled soil sideways, until he improved his invention by designing an L-shaped blade mounted on widely spaced flanges fixed to a small-diameter rotor. With fellow apprentice Everard McCleary, he established a company to make his machine, but plans were interrupted by
618:
The small rototiller is typically propelled by a 1–5 hp (1–4 kW) petrol engine rotating the tines, some have powered wheels, though they may have small transport/level control wheel(s). To keep the machine from moving forward too fast, an adjustable tine is usually fixed just behind the
436:
in the 1950s and 1960s, it played into that era's optimistic worldview in which sciences such as chemistry would usher in a new age of modernity that would leave old-fashioned practices (such as weed control via cultivators) in the dustbin of history. Thus, herbicidal weed control was adopted very
587:
Small tilling equipment, used in small gardens such as household gardens and small commercial gardens, can provide both primary and secondary tillage. For example, a rotary tiller does both the "plowing" and the "harrowing", preparing a smooth, loose seedbed. It does not provide the row-wise weed
623:
can be obtained. The operator can control the amount of friction/braking action by raising and lowering the handlebars of the tiller. Rototillers often do not have a reverse as such backwards movement towards the operator could cause serious injury. While operating, the rototiller can be pulled
481:
fields. The main function of the field cultivator is to prepare a proper seedbed for the crop to be planted into, to bury crop residue in the soil (helping to warm the soil before planting), to control weeds, and to mix and incorporate the soil to ensure the growing crop has enough water and
469:
shaft. While most cultivator are considered a secondary tillage implement, active cultivators are commonly used for primary tillage in lighter soils instead of plowing. The largest versions available are about 6 m (20 ft) wide, and require a tractor with an excess of 150 horsepower
381:
for the first time in history. Cultivating was somewhat of an afterthought in the
Fordson's design, which reflected the fact that even just bringing practical motorized tractive power alone to this market segment was in itself a milestone. This left an opportunity for others to pursue better
649:
Mini tillers are a new type of small agricultural tillers or cultivators, used by farmers or homeowners. These are also known as power tillers or garden tillers. Compact, powerful and, most importantly, inexpensive, these agricultural rotary tillers are providing alternatives to four-wheel
482:
nutrients to grow well during the growing season. The implement has many shanks mounted on the underside of a metal frame, and small narrow rods at the rear of the machine that smooth out the soil surface for easier travel later when planting. In most field cultivators, one-to-many
513:, these commonly have two center blades that cut weeds from the roots near the base of the crop and turn over soil, while two rear sweeps further outward than the center blades deal with the center of the row, and can be anywhere from 1 to 36 rows wide.
331:
developed, a proliferation of cultivator designs proceeded. These new cultivators were drawn by draft animals (such as horses, mules, or oxen) or were pushed or drawn by people, depending on the need and expense.
662:
The higher power "riding" rotavators cross out of the home garden category into farming category, especially in Europe, capable of preparing 1 hectare of land in 8–10 hours. These are also known as
619:
blades so that through friction with deeper un-tilled soil, it acts as a brake, slowing the machine and allowing it to pulverize the soils. The slower a rototiller moves forward, the more soil
611:
A small rotary hoe for domestic gardens was known by the trademark
Rototiller and another, made by the Howard Group, who produced a range of rotary tillers, was known as the Rotavator.
437:
widely, and in some cases too heavily and hastily. In subsequent decades, people overcame this initial imbalance and came to realize that herbicidal weed control has limitations and
343:. Initially using his father's steam tractor engine as a power source, he found that ground could be mechanically tilled without soil-packing occurring, as was the case with normal
287:. For two-wheel tractors, they are usually rigidly fixed and powered via couplings to the tractors' transmission. For four-wheel tractors they are usually attached by means of a
386:, which were simply modified horse-drawn shank-type cultivators with motors added for self-propulsion. This class of machines found limited market success. But by 1921
351:. In 1919 Howard returned to Australia and resumed his design work, patenting a design with 5 rotary hoe cultivator blades and an internal combustion engine in 1920.
254:, which disturbs the entire surface of the soil, cultivators are designed to disturb the soil in careful patterns, sparing the crop plants but disrupting the weeds.
893:
502:
The main function of the row crop cultivator is weed control between the rows of an established crop. Row crop cultivators are usually raised and lowered by a
401:
In
Australia, by the 1930s, Howard was finding it increasingly difficult to meet a growing worldwide demand for exports of his machines. He travelled to the
608:
a few times before planting each crop. Rotary tillers may be rented from tool rental centers for single-use applications, such as when planting grass.
1305:
382:
motorized cultivating. Between 1915 and 1920, various inventors and farm implement companies experimented with a class of machines referred to as
354:
In March 1922, Howard formed the company
Austral Auto Cultivators Pty Ltd, which later became known as Howard Auto Cultivators. It was based in
1315:
969:
808:
748:
335:
The powered rotary hoe was invented by Arthur
Clifford Howard who, in 1912, began experimenting with rotary tillage on his father's farm at
537:
937:
932:
1280:
795:
735:
494:
556:
906:
574:
130:
846:
604:
Rotary tillers are a type of cultivator. They are popular with home gardeners who want large vegetable gardens. The garden may be
303:
power is sometimes still used today, being somewhat common in developing nations although rare in more industrialized economies.
1352:
179:
1357:
800:
740:
68:
912:
111:
706:
83:
424:
In modern commercial agriculture, the amount of cultivating done for weed control has been greatly reduced via use of
64:
552:
962:
355:
336:
90:
57:
1320:
1231:
390:
had combined motorized cultivating with the other tasks of tractors (tractive power and belt work) to create the
276:. Similarly sized rotary tillers combine the functions of a harrow and cultivator into one multipurpose machine.
1362:
35:
246:
close to the crop plants kills the surrounding weeds by uprooting them, burying their leaves to disrupt their
413:
Thrige Agro Group in 1985, and in
December 2000 the Howard Group became a member of Kongskilde Industries of
327:, which while newer than the hoe are still quite ancient. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, as the
1285:
1275:
1270:
387:
97:
1310:
1300:
588:
control that cultivator teeth would. For that task, there are single-person-pushable toothed cultivators.
200:
1290:
955:
328:
79:
654:
and in the small farmers' fields in developing countries are more economical than four-wheel tractors.
1330:
1325:
1246:
1295:
265:, whereas chisel plow shanks work deep beneath the surface, breaking up the hardened layer on top.
483:
315:
or plough for millennia before any larger or more complex equipment was developed to reduce the
163:
1367:
902:
822:
814:
804:
762:
754:
744:
657:
503:
462:
458:
433:
394:, the general-purpose tractor tailored to cultivating that basically invented the category of
296:
288:
280:
548:
1087:
680:
640:
395:
465:; or mounted on a frame beneath the tractor. Active cultivator implements are driven by a
429:
374:
370:
279:
Cultivators are usually either self-propelled or drawn as an attachment behind either a
104:
1256:
1097:
1037:
895:
Harnessing and
Implements for Animal Traction : An Animal Resource Book for Africa
850:
466:
402:
320:
300:
292:
261:, but their goals are different. Cultivators' teeth work near the surface, usually for
247:
790:
730:
596:
1346:
1195:
1107:
1092:
1012:
450:
324:
316:
273:
251:
220:
151:
1210:
1200:
1144:
1032:
992:
406:
262:
216:
1251:
1241:
1185:
1154:
1132:
1102:
1047:
1022:
978:
438:
378:
348:
319:
and to speed the work. The notion of ganging several hoes together and applying
311:
The basic idea of soil scratching for weed control is ancient and was done with
269:
258:
46:
1205:
1180:
1159:
1042:
685:
636:
312:
818:
758:
17:
1082:
1052:
1007:
826:
766:
632:
425:
340:
272:
for small-scale gardening, such as for the household's own use or for small
377:
especially had made tractors affordable and practical for small and medium
268:
Small toothed cultivators pushed or pulled by a single person are used as
1236:
1002:
231:
871:
171:
143:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1027:
651:
605:
474:
454:
418:
414:
410:
391:
373:–sized monsters toward smaller, lighter, more affordable machines. The
366:
284:
243:
235:
204:
156:
874:. Worldwide Agricultural Machinery and Equipment Directory. 2006-11-14
449:
To the extent that cultivating is done commercially today (such as in
428:
instead. However, herbicides are not always desirable—for example, in
1215:
1149:
1139:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1017:
359:
344:
184:
31:
230:
Cultivators stir and pulverize the soil, either before planting (to
1190:
1127:
1057:
620:
595:
493:
178:
170:
162:
150:
142:
219:. Another sense of the name also refers to machines that use the
478:
239:
951:
947:
933:
Terminology and
Definitions for Agricultural Tillage Implements
997:
520:
40:
707:"Difference Between Cultivator And Harrow – Types & More"
257:
Cultivators of the toothed type are often similar in form to
223:
of disks or teeth to accomplish a similar result, such as a
498:
Homemade sweep. Notice the inner and outer "sweep" blades.
942:
544:
791:"Howard, Arthur Clifford (1893–1971) – Online Edition"
731:"Howard, Arthur Clifford (1893–1971) – Online Edition"
215:) that pierce the soil as they are dragged through it
486:
raise and lower the implement and control its depth.
555:, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a
1224:
1168:
985:
635:word "Rotavator" is one of the longest single-word
71:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
901:. Federal Republic of Germany: Vieweg & Sohn.
30:For the person sometimes called "cultivator", see
432:. When herbicidal weed control was first widely
238:) or after the crop has begun growing (to kill
365:Meanwhile, in North America during the 1910s,
299:hookup is also still commonly used worldwide.
207:. One sense of the name refers to frames with
963:
872:"Machinery Manufacturers - Secondary Tillage"
506:and the depth is controlled by gauge wheels.
8:
970:
956:
948:
799:. Canberra: National Centre of Biography,
784:
782:
739:. Canberra: National Centre of Biography,
405:, founding the company Rotary Hoes Ltd in
575:Learn how and when to remove this message
131:Learn how and when to remove this message
36:Momentum exchange tether § Rotavator
27:Farm implement used for secondary tillage
697:
473:Field cultivators are used to complete
938:Agricultural Machinery Management Data
536:contains content that is written like
234:the soil and prepare a smooth, loose
7:
250:or a combination of both). Unlike a
183:A cultivator pulled by a tractor in
69:adding citations to reliable sources
477:operations in many types of arable
470:(110 kW) (PTO) to drive them.
34:. For Rotavator space tethers, see
796:Australian Dictionary of Biography
736:Australian Dictionary of Biography
25:
159:C with C-254-A two-row cultivator
525:
45:
242:—controlled disturbance of the
56:needs additional citations for
801:Australian National University
741:Australian National University
1:
849:. 2007-02-03. Archived from
600:A Japanese two-wheel tractor
453:), it is usually powered by
1098:Pruning shears or secateurs
1384:
337:Gilgandra, New South Wales
323:power to drag them led to
29:
1265:
509:Sometimes referred to as
1306:Machine and metalworking
789:Langmore, Diane (1983).
369:were evolving away from
167:A tractor-mounted tiller
1316:Measuring and alignment
943:Field cultivator patent
592:Variants and trademarks
388:International Harvester
1353:Agricultural machinery
892:Starkey, Paul (1989).
847:"The Howard Rotavator"
601:
499:
201:agricultural equipment
188:
176:
168:
160:
148:
1358:Australian inventions
599:
557:neutral point of view
497:
329:Industrial Revolution
182:
174:
166:
154:
146:
1281:Cutting and abrasive
1247:Irrigation sprinkler
664:walk-behind tractors
490:Row crop cultivators
65:improve this article
549:promotional content
484:hydraulic cylinders
203:used for secondary
602:
551:and inappropriate
517:Garden cultivators
500:
189:
177:
169:
161:
149:
1340:
1339:
1169:Manual or powered
810:978-0-522-84459-7
750:978-0-522-84459-7
658:Two-wheel tractor
585:
584:
577:
511:sweep cultivators
504:three-point hitch
463:three-point hitch
461:; mounted on the
396:row-crop tractors
384:motor cultivators
289:three-point hitch
281:two-wheel tractor
195:(also known as a
147:F210 Honda tiller
141:
140:
133:
115:
16:(Redirected from
1375:
1088:Post hole digger
972:
965:
958:
949:
920:
919:
917:
911:. Archived from
900:
889:
883:
882:
880:
879:
868:
862:
861:
859:
858:
843:
837:
836:
834:
833:
786:
777:
776:
774:
773:
727:
721:
720:
718:
717:
702:
681:Cultivator No. 6
668:walking tractors
641:English language
580:
573:
569:
566:
560:
538:an advertisement
529:
528:
521:
291:and driven by a
199:) is a piece of
136:
129:
125:
122:
116:
114:
73:
49:
41:
21:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1363:Gardening tools
1343:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1335:
1261:
1220:
1164:
981:
976:
929:
924:
923:
915:
909:
898:
891:
890:
886:
877:
875:
870:
869:
865:
856:
854:
845:
844:
840:
831:
829:
811:
788:
787:
780:
771:
769:
751:
729:
728:
724:
715:
713:
704:
703:
699:
694:
677:
594:
581:
570:
564:
561:
542:
530:
526:
519:
492:
447:
430:organic farming
375:Fordson tractor
371:traction engine
309:
137:
126:
120:
117:
74:
72:
62:
50:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1381:
1379:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1345:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1271:Types of tools
1267:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1257:String trimmer
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1038:Grass Stitcher
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
989:
987:
983:
982:
977:
975:
974:
967:
960:
952:
946:
945:
940:
935:
928:
927:External links
925:
922:
921:
918:on 2021-08-06.
907:
884:
863:
838:
809:
778:
749:
722:
711:tractornews.in
696:
695:
693:
690:
689:
688:
683:
676:
673:
672:
671:
660:
655:
647:
644:
628:
625:
616:
593:
590:
583:
582:
553:external links
533:
531:
524:
518:
515:
491:
488:
467:power take-off
446:
445:Industrial use
443:
434:commercialized
403:United Kingdom
358:, a suburb of
308:
305:
293:power take-off
283:or four-wheel
274:market gardens
248:photosynthesis
175:Tines close-up
139:
138:
53:
51:
44:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1380:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1196:Hedge trimmer
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1093:Potting bench
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1013:Daisy grubber
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
990:
988:
984:
980:
973:
968:
966:
961:
959:
954:
953:
950:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
930:
926:
914:
910:
908:3-528-02053-9
904:
897:
896:
888:
885:
873:
867:
864:
853:on 2013-06-06
852:
848:
842:
839:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
806:
802:
798:
797:
792:
785:
783:
779:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
746:
742:
738:
737:
732:
726:
723:
712:
708:
701:
698:
691:
687:
684:
682:
679:
678:
674:
669:
665:
661:
659:
656:
653:
648:
645:
642:
638:
634:
629:
626:
622:
617:
614:
613:
612:
609:
607:
598:
591:
589:
579:
576:
568:
558:
554:
550:
546:
540:
539:
534:This section
532:
523:
522:
516:
514:
512:
507:
505:
496:
489:
487:
485:
480:
476:
471:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
451:truck farming
444:
442:
440:
439:externalities
435:
431:
427:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
380:
376:
372:
368:
363:
362:, from 1927.
361:
357:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
333:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
306:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
277:
275:
271:
266:
264:
260:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
228:
226:
225:rotary tiller
222:
221:rotary motion
218:
214:
211:(also called
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
186:
181:
173:
165:
158:
153:
145:
135:
132:
124:
113:
110:
106:
103:
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82: –
81:
77:
76:Find sources:
70:
66:
60:
59:
54:This article
52:
48:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
18:Rotary tiller
1211:Lawn sweeper
1201:Lawn aerator
1175:
1145:Watering can
1033:Grass shears
993:Averruncator
979:Garden tools
913:the original
894:
887:
876:. Retrieved
866:
855:. Retrieved
851:the original
841:
830:. Retrieved
794:
770:. Retrieved
734:
725:
714:. Retrieved
710:
700:
667:
663:
610:
603:
586:
571:
562:
547:by removing
543:Please help
535:
510:
508:
501:
472:
448:
423:
407:East Horndon
400:
383:
379:family farms
364:
353:
334:
321:draft animal
317:manual labor
310:
301:Draft-animal
278:
270:garden tools
267:
263:weed control
259:chisel plows
256:
229:
224:
212:
208:
196:
192:
190:
127:
118:
108:
101:
94:
87:
80:"Cultivator"
75:
63:Please help
58:verification
55:
1331:Woodworking
1252:Leaf blower
1242:Garden hose
1232:Brushcutter
1225:Power tools
1186:Earth auger
1155:Wheelbarrow
1023:Garden fork
646:Mini tiller
637:palindromes
633:trademarked
349:World War I
1347:Categories
1206:Lawn mower
1181:Dethatcher
1176:Cultivator
1160:Wood auger
986:Hand tools
878:2007-07-12
857:2007-07-12
832:2007-07-12
772:2007-07-12
716:2023-08-24
692:References
686:Pubert SAS
615:Rototiller
565:March 2021
545:improve it
426:herbicides
193:cultivator
91:newspapers
1083:Pitchfork
1053:Hori hori
1008:Broadfork
819:1833-7538
759:1833-7538
627:Rotavator
356:Northmead
345:ploughing
341:Australia
197:rotavator
121:July 2011
1368:Tractors
1286:Forestry
1276:Cleaning
1237:Chainsaw
1003:Billhook
827:70677943
767:70677943
743:. 1983.
675:See also
652:tractors
455:tractors
367:tractors
217:linearly
1311:Masonry
1301:Kitchen
1078:Pickaxe
1073:Mattock
1068:Machete
1063:Loppers
1028:Grafter
639:in the
475:tillage
459:drawbar
419:Denmark
392:Farmall
325:harrows
307:History
297:Drawbar
285:tractor
244:topsoil
236:seedbed
205:tillage
187:in 1943
157:Farmall
105:scholar
1321:Mining
1291:Garden
1216:Plough
1150:Weeder
1140:Trowel
1123:Sickle
1118:Shovel
1113:Scythe
1108:Riddle
1018:Dibber
905:
825:
817:
807:
765:
757:
747:
705:morc.
606:tilled
411:Danish
360:Sydney
252:harrow
232:aerate
213:shanks
185:Canada
107:
100:
93:
86:
78:
32:farmer
1326:Power
1191:Edger
1128:Spade
1058:Kirpi
916:(PDF)
899:(PDF)
621:tilth
415:Soroe
240:weeds
209:teeth
155:1949
112:JSTOR
98:books
1296:Hand
1103:Rake
1048:Homi
903:ISBN
823:OCLC
815:ISSN
805:ISBN
763:OCLC
755:ISSN
745:ISBN
479:crop
313:hoes
84:news
1133:Loy
1043:Hoe
998:Axe
666:or
67:by
1349::
821:.
813:.
803:.
793:.
781:^
761:.
753:.
733:.
709:.
421:.
417:,
398:.
339:,
295:.
227:.
191:A
971:e
964:t
957:v
881:.
860:.
835:.
775:.
719:.
643:.
578:)
572:(
567:)
563:(
559:.
541:.
134:)
128:(
123:)
119:(
109:·
102:·
95:·
88:·
61:.
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
