1036:
1379:
1017:
1234:
1416:
1397:
1162:
41:
1198:
1180:
998:
1324:
1270:
1054:
962:
1288:
1144:
1126:
1252:
1108:
1090:
980:
138:
1216:
1361:
1306:
1072:
1342:
928:
The
Rotterdam Rules will enter into effect a year after 20 countries have ratified that treaty. As of 9 August 2011, there were 24 signatories to the treaty. The most recent country to sign the treaty was Sweden, which signed on 20 July 2011. Spain was the first country to ratify the convention in
850:
was barely acknowledged. The 1978 Hamburg Rules were introduced to provide a framework that was both more modern, and less biased in favour of ship operators. Although the
Hamburg Rules were readily adopted by developing countries, the new convention was shunned by richer countries who stuck with
832:
Although the final text was greeted with much enthusiasm, a decade later, little has happened. As of
December 2019, the rules are not yet in force as they have been ratified by only five states, four of which are minor West African states which possess relatively little global influence. The
862:
on 23 September 2009. Signatories included the United States, France, Greece, Denmark, Switzerland and the
Netherlands; in all, signatures were obtained from countries said to make up 25 percent of world trade by volume. Signatures were allowed after the ceremony at the
845:
The Hague Rules of 1924 were updated in 1968 to become the Hague-Visby Rules, but the changes were modest. The modified convention still covered only "tackle to tackle" carriage contracts, with no provision for multimodal transport. The industry-changing phenomenon of
833:
Rotterdam Rules are extensive, with nearly ten times as many
Articles as existing "tackle-to-tackle only" Rules. Although some have argued that the new Rules have flaws, the Hague-Visby Rules which dominate the sector are insufficient for modern
685:
696:
874:
is a prominent supporter of the
Rotterdam Rules. In 2010, the American Bar Association House of Delegates approved a resolution supporting U.S. ratification of the Rotterdam Rules.
704:
855:
919:
It obliges carriers to keep ships seaworthy and properly crewed throughout the voyage. The standard of care is not "strict", but "due diligence" (as with the Hague Rules).
889:
It extends the period that carriers are responsible for goods, to cover the time between the point where the goods are received to the point where the goods are delivered.
1590:
652:
1746:
577:
207:
886:
The Rules apply only if the carriage includes a sea leg; other multimodal carriage contracts which have no sea leg are outside of the scope of the Rules.
325:
851:
Hague and Hague-Visby. It had been expected that a Hague/Hamburg compromise might arise, but instead the vast (96 articles) Rotterdam Rules appeared.
1544:
1741:
761:
735:
110:
690:
1716:
899:
It increases the limit liability of carriers to 875 units of account per shipping unit or three units of account per kilogram of gross weight.
909:
It extends the time that legal claims can be filed to two years following the day the goods were delivered or should have been delivered.
1736:
725:
680:
646:
527:
1471:"2008 – United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea – the 'Rotterdam Rules'"
864:
1771:
1766:
1761:
730:
1731:
175:
1470:
1687:
1599:
1525:
There are issues needing clarifications such as the description of the maritime performing party and the volume contract.
1639:
754:
1751:
641:
567:
1669:
1756:
450:
663:
379:
794:
793:
The aim of the convention is to extend and modernize existing international rules and achieve uniformity of
1552:
1500:
813:. The convention establishes a comprehensive, uniform legal regime governing the rights and obligations of
871:
747:
932:
Upon entry into force of the convention for a country, it should denounce the conventions governing the
540:
394:
1656:
1592:
United
Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea
780:
United
Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea
34:
United
Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea
834:
610:
356:
159:
20:
902:
It eliminates the "nautical fault defence" which had protected carriers and crew from liability for
1448:
303:
1700:
419:
288:
219:
166:
1438:
933:
806:
709:
626:
515:
460:
315:
270:
224:
152:
858:, was adopted by the United Nations on 11 December 2008, and a signing ceremony was held in
847:
670:
477:
335:
320:
277:
202:
186:
837:. One possible way forward might be the interim adoption of a "Rotterdam-Lite Convention".
605:
550:
545:
505:
298:
790:. The Rules primarily address the legal relationship between carriers and cargo-owners.
818:
787:
534:
510:
470:
465:
384:
293:
260:
40:
1725:
1443:
937:
810:
798:
783:
631:
443:
409:
374:
369:
265:
250:
212:
181:
129:
882:
The following are critical provisions and law changes found in the
Rotterdam Rules:
1598:, 9 (9 ed.), U.N. Commission for International Trade Law, 2008, archived from
826:
675:
360:
243:
238:
782:) is a treaty proposing new international rules to revise the legal framework for
802:
522:
399:
389:
345:
893:
572:
283:
255:
903:
859:
822:
589:
562:
557:
482:
425:
404:
340:
308:
137:
929:
January 2011. An overview of signatures and ratifications is shown below:
814:
940:
as the convention does not come into effect without such denouncements.
913:
489:
455:
433:
414:
582:
330:
854:
The final draft of the Rotterdam Rules, which was assembled by the
233:
228:
438:
1573:
102:
5 (Republic of the Congo, Spain, Togo, Cameroon and Benin)
801:
carriage, updating or replacing many provisions in the
912:
It allows parties to so-called "Volume Contracts" to
120:
Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish
896:
and approves more forms of electronic documentation.
856:
United Nations Commission on International Trade Law
829:
shipments that involve international sea transport.
116:
106:
98:
90:
82:
74:
66:
58:
50:
33:
1658:Maritime Bar Association Endorses Rotterdam Rules
1683:
1681:
1679:
916:of some liability rules set in the convention.
755:
8:
1640:"UN shipping convention ready for Australia"
28:
1494:
1492:
45:Signatories (red) and Ratifications (green)
1475:U.N. Commission on International Trade Law
942:
762:
748:
125:
27:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1671:Law Professors Address International Law
1585:
1583:
1459:
736:London Maritime Arbitrators Association
717:
618:
597:
497:
355:
194:
144:
128:
691:International Convention on Load Lines
1747:Treaties of the Republic of the Congo
1534:Hague-Visby Rules: Article IV Rule 5c
7:
1501:"Rotterdam Rules Signature Ceremony"
1465:
1463:
726:International Maritime Organization
681:Ballast Water Management Convention
647:International Convention on Salvage
528:The captain goes down with the ship
924:Entry into force and ratifications
14:
1638:Adeline Teoh (16 November 2009).
1041:Democratic Republic of the Congo
867:in New York City, United States.
1505:Rotterdam Rules 2009 Secretariat
1414:
1395:
1377:
1359:
1340:
1322:
1304:
1286:
1268:
1250:
1232:
1214:
1196:
1178:
1160:
1142:
1124:
1106:
1088:
1070:
1052:
1034:
1015:
996:
978:
960:
136:
39:
1742:Treaties not entered into force
906:ship management and navigation.
176:Ordinamenta et consuetudo maris
1:
1575:The Jackson Parton Miscellany
731:Comité Maritime International
697:International Regulations for
653:United Nations Convention on
16:2009 admiralty law convention
699:Preventing Collisions at Sea
19:Not to be confused with the
718:International organizations
1788:
1737:Treaties concluded in 2009
642:Maritime Labour Convention
18:
619:International conventions
86:Ratification by 20 states
38:
788:carriage of goods by sea
664:International piracy law
655:the Law of the Sea
1772:International trade law
1767:2009 in the Netherlands
1762:United Nations treaties
1702:U.N. Press Release 2011
954:Ratification/Accession
795:International trade law
686:Anti-fouling Convention
1732:Admiralty law treaties
1507:. Rotterdam Rules 2009
872:World Shipping Council
784:maritime affreightment
70:Rotterdam and New York
1689:U.N. Transport Treaty
825:under a contract for
835:multimodal transport
611:Vice admiralty court
357:Contract of carriage
160:Corpus Juris Civilis
111:UN Secretary-General
21:Rotterdam convention
1449:Seaworthiness (law)
944:
892:It allows for more
30:
1605:on 24 January 2011
1424:23 September 2009
1405:23 September 2009
1387:23 September 2009
1350:23 September 2009
1332:23 September 2009
1314:23 September 2009
1296:23 September 2009
1278:23 September 2009
1242:23 September 2009
1206:25 September 2009
1170:24 September 2013
1152:23 September 2009
1134:23 September 2009
1116:23 September 2009
1098:23 September 2009
1080:23 September 2009
1062:23 September 2009
1044:23 September 2010
1025:23 September 2009
1006:29 September 2009
970:29 September 2009
943:
220:Maritime transport
78:(not yet in force)
1752:Treaties of Spain
1547:Hague-Visby Rules
1499:Susan Husselman.
1439:Hague-Visby Rules
1430:
1429:
934:Hague-Visby Rules
865:U.N. Headquarters
807:Hague-Visby Rules
778:" (formally, the
772:
771:
710:Athens Convention
676:MARPOL Convention
627:Hague-Visby Rules
516:Freight forwarder
461:Proof of delivery
316:Maritime security
153:Code of Hammurabi
124:
123:
62:23 September 2009
1779:
1757:Treaties of Togo
1705:
1698:
1692:
1685:
1674:
1667:
1661:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1635:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1604:
1597:
1587:
1578:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1551:. Archived from
1541:
1535:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1496:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1467:
1420:
1418:
1417:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1353:19 January 2011
1346:
1344:
1343:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1260:22 October 2009
1256:
1254:
1253:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1224:26 October 2009
1220:
1218:
1217:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1166:
1164:
1163:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1040:
1038:
1037:
1028:28 January 2014
1021:
1019:
1018:
1009:11 October 2017
1002:
1000:
999:
990:7 November 2019
984:
982:
981:
966:
964:
963:
945:
848:containerization
797:in the field of
764:
757:
750:
671:SOLAS Convention
658:
523:Captain (Master)
321:Letter of marque
278:Marine insurance
187:Hanseatic League
140:
126:
54:11 December 2008
43:
31:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1722:
1721:
1713:
1708:
1699:
1695:
1686:
1677:
1668:
1664:
1655:
1651:
1637:
1636:
1617:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1581:
1572:
1568:
1558:
1556:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1510:
1508:
1498:
1497:
1490:
1480:
1478:
1469:
1468:
1461:
1457:
1435:
1415:
1413:
1396:
1394:
1378:
1376:
1360:
1358:
1341:
1339:
1323:
1321:
1305:
1303:
1287:
1285:
1269:
1267:
1251:
1249:
1233:
1231:
1215:
1213:
1197:
1195:
1188:31 August 2010
1179:
1177:
1161:
1159:
1143:
1141:
1125:
1123:
1107:
1105:
1089:
1087:
1071:
1069:
1053:
1051:
1035:
1033:
1016:
1014:
997:
995:
979:
977:
961:
959:
936:as well as the
926:
880:
878:Main provisions
843:
776:Rotterdam Rules
768:
701:
698:
660:
656:
654:
637:Rotterdam Rules
606:Admiralty court
546:Freight company
537:
299:General average
280:
251:Merchant marine
157:
46:
29:Rotterdam Rules
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1785:
1783:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1712:
1711:External links
1709:
1707:
1706:
1693:
1675:
1662:
1649:
1644:Dynamic Export
1615:
1579:
1566:
1555:on 8 July 2007
1536:
1527:
1518:
1488:
1477:. UNCITRAL.org
1458:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1421:United States
1410:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1167:Guinea-Bissau
1156:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1004:
992:
991:
988:
986:
974:
973:
971:
968:
956:
955:
952:
949:
925:
922:
921:
920:
917:
910:
907:
900:
897:
890:
887:
879:
876:
842:
839:
770:
769:
767:
766:
759:
752:
744:
741:
740:
739:
738:
733:
728:
720:
719:
715:
714:
713:
712:
707:
705:SAR Convention
702:
695:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
667:
666:
651:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
621:
620:
616:
615:
614:
613:
608:
600:
599:
595:
594:
593:
592:
587:
586:
585:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
554:
553:
548:
543:
532:
531:
530:
520:
519:
518:
513:
500:
499:
495:
494:
493:
492:
487:
486:
485:
475:
474:
473:
463:
458:
453:
448:
447:
446:
436:
431:
430:
429:
422:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
385:Bill of lading
382:
377:
372:
364:
363:
353:
352:
351:
350:
349:
348:
346:Wartime prizes
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
313:
312:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
275:
274:
273:
268:
263:
261:Passenger ship
258:
248:
247:
246:
241:
236:
231:
217:
216:
215:
210:
197:
196:
192:
191:
190:
189:
184:
179:
172:
171:
170:
155:
147:
146:
142:
141:
133:
132:
122:
121:
118:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
100:
96:
95:
92:
88:
87:
84:
80:
79:
76:
72:
71:
68:
64:
63:
60:
56:
55:
52:
48:
47:
44:
36:
35:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1784:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1718:
1717:ratifications
1715:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1653:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1601:
1594:
1593:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1570:
1567:
1554:
1550:
1548:
1540:
1537:
1531:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1506:
1502:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1476:
1472:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1444:Hamburg Rules
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1412:
1411:
1408:17 July 2012
1407:
1404:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1369:20 July 2011
1368:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1005:
994:
993:
989:
987:
976:
975:
972:
969:
958:
957:
953:
950:
947:
946:
941:
939:
938:Hamburg Rules
935:
930:
923:
918:
915:
911:
908:
905:
901:
898:
895:
891:
888:
885:
884:
883:
877:
875:
873:
868:
866:
861:
857:
852:
849:
840:
838:
836:
830:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
811:Hamburg Rules
808:
804:
800:
796:
791:
789:
785:
781:
777:
765:
760:
758:
753:
751:
746:
745:
743:
742:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
723:
722:
721:
716:
711:
708:
706:
703:
700:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
665:
662:
661:
659:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
632:Hamburg Rules
630:
628:
625:
624:
623:
622:
617:
612:
609:
607:
604:
603:
602:
601:
596:
591:
588:
584:
581:
580:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
538:
536:
533:
529:
526:
525:
524:
521:
517:
514:
512:
509:
508:
507:
504:
503:
502:
501:
496:
491:
488:
484:
483:International
481:
480:
479:
476:
472:
469:
468:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
445:
442:
441:
440:
437:
435:
432:
428:
427:
423:
421:
418:
417:
416:
413:
411:
410:Force majeure
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
370:Affreightment
368:
367:
366:
365:
362:
358:
354:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
318:
317:
314:
310:
307:
305:
304:Seaworthiness
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
281:
279:
276:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
253:
252:
249:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
226:
223:
222:
221:
218:
214:
213:Fisheries law
211:
209:
206:
205:
204:
201:
200:
199:
198:
193:
188:
185:
183:
182:Amalfian Laws
180:
178:
177:
173:
169:
168:
164:
163:
162:
161:
156:
154:
151:
150:
149:
148:
143:
139:
135:
134:
131:
130:Admiralty law
127:
119:
115:
112:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
42:
37:
32:
26:
22:
1701:
1696:
1688:
1670:
1665:
1657:
1652:
1643:
1607:, retrieved
1600:the original
1591:
1574:
1569:
1557:. Retrieved
1553:the original
1546:
1539:
1530:
1521:
1509:. Retrieved
1504:
1479:. Retrieved
1474:
1384:Switzerland
1382:
1239:Netherlands
931:
927:
881:
869:
853:
844:
831:
827:door-to-door
792:
779:
775:
773:
636:
456:Packing list
424:
361:Charterparty
271:Registration
244:Shipbuilding
174:
165:
158:
25:
1609:16 November
1511:16 November
1481:16 November
1203:Madagascar
1185:Luxembourg
803:Hague Rules
598:Judiciaries
400:Consignment
91:Signatories
1726:Categories
1559:1 November
1455:References
951:Signature
894:e-commerce
823:consignees
420:Commercial
395:Chartering
309:Total loss
284:Act of God
256:Cargo ship
107:Depositary
1003:Cameroon
904:negligent
860:Rotterdam
590:Stevedore
568:Principal
563:Consignor
558:Consignee
541:Charterer
426:Pro forma
405:Demurrage
390:Brokerage
341:Smuggling
336:Pollution
294:Collision
117:Languages
99:Ratifiers
83:Condition
75:Effective
1433:See also
1329:Senegal
1275:Nigeria
1059:Denmark
967:Armenia
948:Country
819:carriers
815:shippers
799:maritime
657:(UNCLOS)
451:Manifest
444:Maritime
380:Barratry
266:Mortgage
225:Shipping
195:Features
67:Location
1366:Sweden
1311:Poland
1293:Norway
1149:Guinea
1131:Greece
1077:France
914:opt-out
841:History
551:Manager
535:Carrier
498:Parties
490:Waybill
466:Salvage
434:Laytime
415:Invoice
239:Freight
208:Illegal
203:Fishing
167:Digesta
145:History
51:Drafted
1419:
1400:
1364:
1347:Spain
1345:
1327:
1309:
1291:
1273:
1257:Niger
1255:
1237:
1219:
1201:
1183:
1165:
1147:
1129:
1113:Ghana
1111:
1095:Gabon
1093:
1075:
1057:
1039:
1022:Congo
1020:
1001:
985:Benin
983:
965:
583:Mutiny
578:Seaman
511:Factor
375:Agency
331:Piracy
59:Signed
1603:(PDF)
1596:(PDF)
1402:Togo
1221:Mali
774:The "
573:Owner
506:Agent
478:Terms
326:Drugs
289:Cargo
234:Cargo
229:Ferry
1611:2009
1561:2015
1513:2009
1483:2009
870:The
821:and
809:and
786:and
439:Lien
471:Law
1728::
1678:^
1642:.
1618:^
1582:^
1503:.
1491:^
1473:.
1462:^
817:,
805:,
94:25
1646:.
1563:.
1549:"
1545:"
1515:.
1485:.
763:e
756:t
749:v
359:/
227:/
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
