205:, the rate of fire is primarily a mechanical property. A high cyclic firing rate is advantageous for use against targets that are exposed to a machine gun for a limited time span, like aircraft or targets that minimize their exposure time by quickly moving from cover to cover. For targets that can be fired on by a machine gun for longer periods than just a few seconds the cyclic firing rate becomes less important.
43:
190:. This is because the crew operating in the open can move more freely and can stack ammunition where it is most convenient. Inside a vehicle, ammunition storage may not be optimized for fast handling due to other design constraints, and crew movement may be constricted. Artillery rates of fire were increased in the late 19th century by innovations including
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guns can sustain fire far longer than ground-based counterparts, firing close to their cyclic rate of fire. However, due to the weight of the ammunition, sustained fire is constrained by ammunition payload, as many aircraft cannons only carry enough ammunition for a few seconds' worth of firing; for
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is capable of firing up to 6,000 rpm. Realistically, firing the weapon for a continuous sixty seconds would likely melt parts of the weapon. Sustained rate-of-fire depends on several factors, including reloading, aiming, barrel changes, cartridge fired, and user expertise. Knowing the effective rate
212:, the rate of fire is primarily governed by the ability of the operator to actively pull the trigger and, for aimed fire, the operator's shot-to-shot recovery time. No other factors significantly contribute to the rate of fire. Generally, a semi-automatic firearm automatically chambers a round using
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Rapid or sustained rate of fire may be considered a weapon's absolute maximum firing rate. The term sustained refers to firing a fully-automatic weapon continuously, while rapid is limited to semi-automatic or manually operated firearms. Rapid and sustained fire are usually reserved for close-range
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There are three different measurements for the rate of fire: cyclic, sustained, and rapid. Cyclic is the maximum rate of fire given only mechanical function, not taking into account degradation of function due to heat, wear, or ammunition constraints. Sustained is the maximum efficient rate of fire
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can fire or launch its projectiles. This can be influenced by several factors, including operator training level, mechanical limitations, ammunition availability, and weapon condition. In modern weaponry, it is usually measured in rounds per minute (RPM or round/min) or rounds per second (RPS or
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of fire for a weapon can be useful for determining ammunition reserve and resupply requirements. Machine guns are typically fired in short bursts to preserve ammunition and barrel life, reserving long strings of fire for emergencies. Sustained rate-of-fire also applies to box magazine fed
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around the barrel to cool the weapon. A modern machine gun team will carry at least one spare barrel for their weapon, which can be swapped out within a few seconds by a trained crew. Problems with overheating can range from ammunition firing unintentionally
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carries a similar amount at 480 rounds, which equates to roughly five seconds of firing at the M61 Vulcan's 6000 rpm (100 rounds per second) cyclic rate. (Some aircraft, due to the purpose of the design, do carry more, such as the
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design, which saw service both on the air and ground during World War I and World War II. Due to their disadvantages, water-cooled weapons have gradually been replaced by much lighter air-cooled weapons. For weapons mounted on
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The major limitation in higher rates of fire arises due to the problem of heat. Even a manually operated rifle generates heat as rounds are fired. A machine gun builds up heat so rapidly that steps must be taken to prevent
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energy, but does not fire the new round until the trigger is released to a reset point and actively pulled again. A semi-automatic's rate of fire is significantly different from and should not be confused with a
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given the time taken to load the weapon and keep it cool enough to operate. Finally, rapid is the maximum reasonable rate of fire in an emergency when the rate of fire need not be upheld for long periods.
352:. Such scenarios trade control, ammunition, and even aiming for sheer volume of fire. These fire rates push weapons and soldiers to their physical limits and cannot be sustained for long periods.
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This measures how quickly an automatic or semi-automatic firearm can fire a single cartridge. At the end of a cycle, the weapon should be ready to fire or begin firing another round. In an
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who have to carry a reasonable supply of ammunition with them. For this and other reasons, weapons with such high rates of fire are typically only found on vehicles or fixed emplacements.
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weapon, this starts with pulling the trigger to release the bolt. The bolt pushes a cartridge into the barrel from a magazine and fires it. The energy propelling the bullet also
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Water-cooled weapons can achieve very high effective rates of fire (approaching their cyclic rate) but are very heavy and vulnerable to damage. A well-known example is the
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than much larger units equipped with older weapons. Over the 20th century, this increased firepower was due almost entirely to the higher rate of fire of modern weapons.
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pieces, the rate of fire is governed primarily by the training of the operator or crew, within some mechanical limitations. Rate of fire may also be affected by
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This is the duration of firing that a weapon could be expected to realistically withstand or output in a realistic environment. On paper, the
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pieces, a gun on a towed mount can usually achieve a higher rate of fire than the same weapon mounted within the cramped confines of a
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would use approximately 6.3 kilograms (14 lb) of 7.62 mm ammunition; this alone would make it an impractical weapon for
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There are diverse measurements of rate of fire. The speed of the fire will vary depending on the type of automatic weapon.
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Another factor influencing rate of fire is the supply of ammunition. At 50 rps (3,000 rpm), a five-second burst from an
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mounted on the A-10 Thunderbolt, which carries 1,150 rounds of ammunition sufficient for 17 seconds of firing).
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ended in 1918. Its performance was improved during that time mainly by advances in the field of
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and other combat vehicles can achieve rates of fire of over 100 rounds per second (6,000 rpm).
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heavy machine gun, which is still in service, as well as many adaptions, such as the
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For a third hybrid class of weapons, common in handguns and rifles, known as a
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feature that 'downgrades' them to semi-automatic mode by changing a switch.
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factors. For rifles, ease-of-use features such as the design of the bolt or
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machine gun, used by US forces throughout World War II, as well as the
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unit armed with modern rifles and machine guns can generate more
416:. Another legendarily reliable heavy machine gun is the British
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Over time, weapons have attained higher rates of fire. A small
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and its variants carry 511 rounds of 20mm ammunition, and the
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30:"Firing rate" redirects here. For firing rate in neurons, see
492:"United States of America 0.50"/90 (12.7 mm) M2 Browning MG"
290:. Typical cyclic rates of fire are 600–1100 rpm for
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67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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397:. It became the basis of the much more common
243:An example of increase in rate of fire is the
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247:that was developed in 1884 and used until
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
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159:For manually operated weapons such as
221:'s rate of fire. Many full-automatic
175:release can affect the rate of fire.
142:is the frequency at which a specific
7:
65:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
41:
52:needs additional citations for
282:the bolt rearward against the
201:For automatic weapons such as
1:
2700:Firearms by country
2615:Civilian Marksmanship Program
393:and used by US forces during
412:aircraft machine gun during
348:defense against ambushes or
2871:Federal Assault Weapons Ban
2769:Campaign Against Arms Trade
365:. Solutions include making
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1951:Mean time between failures
383:M1917 Browning machine gun
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2200:Improved Military Rifle
1906:Circular error probable
825:Personal defence weapon
472:Multiple-barrel firearm
343:Sustained or rapid rate
2549:Civilian gun ownership
2078:Firing (Shooting)
210:semi-automatic firearm
2023:Handgun effectiveness
1956:Minute of Angle (MOA)
1832:Ballistic coefficient
808:Semi-automatic pistol
356:Technical limitations
333:semi-automatic rifles
2640:in the United States
2298:Armour piercing
1859:Rangefinding/keeping
1771:Push/Controlled feed
1563:Synchronization gear
1298:Blank-firing adapter
1149: or famous
310:Miniguns mounted on
61:improve this article
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2695:Firearm brands
2581:State firearms
2561:Exhibition shooting
2544:Celebratory gunfire
2403:Plastic tipped
2333:High explosive
1854:Physics of firearms
418:Vickers machine gun
294:, 400–1400 rpm for
2830:Right to bear arms
2776:Featureless rifles
2722:Improvised firearm
2683:3D printed firearm
2571:United States
2466:Fully powered
2373:Total metal jacket
2013:Stock measurements
736:Underwater firearm
632: versus
350:human wave attacks
337:light machine guns
312:attack helicopters
188:self-propelled gun
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1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
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1143:
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1139:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1065:Combat shotgun
1062:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1034:
1033:
1030:
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1027:
1026:
1021:
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986:
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917:
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893:
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886:
876:
871:
865:
859:
848:
847:
845:
844:
839:
834:
833:
832:
830:Submachine gun
827:
820:Pistol caliber
817:
816:
815:
805:
804:
803:
793:
788:
783:
778:
777:
776:
766:
761:
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733:
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723:
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708:
703:
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651:
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623:
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582:
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556:
538:
536:
535:
528:
521:
513:
505:
504:
482:
481:
479:
476:
475:
474:
467:
464:
399:Browning M1919
357:
354:
344:
341:
329:assault rifles
319:
318:Effective rate
316:
292:assault rifles
268:
265:
260:
257:
227:selective fire
219:full-automatic
192:breech-loading
156:
153:
135:
134:
76:"Rate of fire"
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2922:
2911:
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2756:
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2744:
2738:
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2733:
2730:
2728:
2727:Most-produced
2725:
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2711:
2708:
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2028:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
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1981:
1977:
1974:
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1969:
1967:
1964:
1963:
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1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1756:Muzzleloading
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1721:Breechloading
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1690:
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1524:
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1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1486:Muzzle shroud
1484:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1474:Stripper clip
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1464:High-capacity
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
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1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
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1326:
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1301:
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1279:
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1269:
1267:
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1246:
1242:
1236:
1232:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1191:Mauser rifles
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
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1154:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1116:Shotgun shell
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
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1066:
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1061:
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1056:
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1046:
1043:
1039:
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1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
999:
997:
993:
985:
982:
981:
980:
977:
975:
972:
968:
965:
964:
963:
960:
958:
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951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
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928:
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926:
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914:
911:
910:
909:
906:
902:
899:
898:
897:
894:
892:
889:
885:
882:
881:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
869:Anti-materiel
867:
866:
863:
860:
857:
853:
849:
843:
840:
838:
835:
831:
828:
826:
823:
822:
821:
818:
814:
811:
810:
809:
806:
802:
799:
798:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
775:
772:
771:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
751:
749:
747:
743:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
686:
682:
679:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
661:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
631:
628:
627:
624:
620:
615:
611:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
574:
571:
570:
569:
566:
565:
562:
558:
553:
549:
545:
541:
534:
529:
527:
522:
520:
515:
514:
511:
493:
487:
484:
477:
473:
470:
469:
465:
463:
461:
457:
452:
450:
449:GAU-8 Avenger
445:
441:
438:example, the
436:
432:
428:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
404:
400:
396:
392:
391:John Browning
388:
384:
379:
377:
372:
371:water jackets
368:
364:
355:
353:
351:
342:
340:
338:
334:
330:
325:
317:
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
284:recoil spring
281:
277:
274:
266:
264:
258:
256:
254:
250:
246:
241:
239:
235:
230:
228:
224:
220:
215:
211:
206:
204:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
154:
152:
148:
145:
141:
131:
128:
120:
117:December 2007
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
2747:Arms control
2627:Gun violence
2594:Jungle style
2593:
2566:Gun cultures
2471:Intermediate
2148:Fire forming
1998:Rate of fire
1997:
1869:Stadiametric
1847:Transitional
1791:Self-loading
1746:Gas-operated
1706:Blow-forward
1638:Red dot
1548:Squeeze bore
1496:Pistol slide
1481:Muzzle brake
1449:Bottom metal
996:Machine guns
654:Line thrower
634:muzzleloader
630:Breechloader
497:December 19,
495:. Retrieved
486:
456:M134 Minigun
453:
435:Gatling-type
414:World War II
389:designed by
380:
359:
346:
321:
304:machine guns
270:
267:Cyclic rate
262:
242:
231:
207:
203:machine guns
200:
177:
158:
149:
140:Rate of fire
139:
138:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
2861:Legislation
2813:in the U.S.
2764:Disarmament
2759:Gun control
2456:Handloading
2243:Dummy round
2115:Cooking off
2110:Malfunction
2098:Field strip
2093:Maintenance
1983:Penetration
1946:Match grade
1864:Mathematics
1796:Single-shot
1736:Closed bolt
1650:Scope mount
1613:Holographic
1603:Finderscope
1491:Pistol grip
1469:Speedloader
1323:Telescoping
1303:Breechblock
1176:Gatling gun
1075:Pump action
716:Single-shot
639:Combination
444:F-22 Raptor
440:F-16 Falcon
406:.50 caliber
403:Browning M2
363:overheating
259:Measurement
249:World War I
161:bolt-action
2900:Ammunition
2894:Categories
2665:Gun safety
2660:Gunfighter
2451:Centrefire
2433:Cartridges
2413:Snake shot
2353:Round shot
2343:Projectile
2328:Incendiary
2226:Ammunition
2185:Propellant
2153:Obturation
2125:Squib load
2053:ammunition
1891:Accurizing
1827:Ballistics
1741:Electronic
1660:Telescopic
1511:Recoil pad
1370:Firing pin
1345:Bump stock
1308:Breechface
1249:Components
1241:components
1094:Ammunition
842:Wallet gun
786:Pepper-box
731:Spring-gun
726:Smoothbore
721:Sleeve gun
478:References
431:autocannon
223:small arms
163:rifles or
147:round/s).
87:newspapers
2910:Frequency
2705:Gun shops
2655:Forensics
2630:and
2576:Gun shows
2318:Frangible
2308:Expanding
2260:Gas check
2255:Flechette
2238:Cannelure
2163:Gunpowder
2120:Hang fire
2088:Firefight
1941:Lock time
1931:Headspace
1896:Bore axis
1781:Repeating
1731:Open bolt
1645:Magnifier
1531:Auto sear
1437:Wheellock
1432:Flintlock
1410:Half-cock
1365:Extractor
1266:Feed ramp
1196:Tommy Gun
1186:M1 Garand
1121:.410 bore
1085:Sawed-off
1060:Coach gun
974:Repeating
967:Polygonal
891:Automatic
874:Anti-tank
759:Derringer
649:Flare gun
273:open bolt
238:firepower
180:artillery
169:ergonomic
165:artillery
2866:Politics
2786:Gun laws
2717:Gunsmith
2605:Politics
2524:industry
2446:Caseless
2248:Snap cap
2141:Ignition
2132:Ricochet
2073:Dry fire
2049:Shooting
1976:Velocity
1842:Terminal
1837:External
1801:Slamfire
1786:Revolver
1701:Blowback
1568:Tapering
1543:Silencer
1506:Receiver
1444:Magazine
1400:Foregrip
1390:Freebore
1360:Cylinder
1318:Rotating
1281:Trunnion
1147:Historic
1038:Shotguns
957:Marksman
935:Elephant
837:Starting
796:Revolver
764:Duelling
754:Cane gun
746:Handguns
706:Riot gun
674:Takedown
659:Long gun
644:Elephant
548:glossary
540:Firearms
466:See also
460:infantry
427:aircraft
376:cook-off
234:infantry
214:blowback
173:magazine
155:Overview
2853: (
2820:License
2588:Hunting
2536:Society
2516:Society
2493:Wildcat
2488:Pinfire
2418:Spitzer
2348:Raufoss
2290:Bullets
2280:Wadding
2195:Cordite
2173:Rimfire
2103:Fouling
2083:Gunshot
2061:Gunshot
1901:Caliber
1884:Metrics
1815:Physics
1716:Boxlock
1689:Actions
1675:Zeroing
1670:Thermal
1628:Reticle
1598:Diopter
1573:Trigger
1420:Striker
1395:Forearm
1380:Fluting
1350:Chamber
1338:Tilting
1328:Flapper
1288:Bayonet
1276:Threads
1040: (
962:Rifling
950:Varmint
940:Express
930:Buffalo
925:Hunting
908:Carbine
879:Assault
854: (
781:Machine
701:Pen gun
696:Net gun
691:Needler
683: (
664:Carbine
585:History
568:Firearm
542: (
367:barrels
253:cooling
225:have a
101:scholar
2650:Deaths
2632:safety
2520:safety
2398:Meplat
2378:Tracer
2205:Ramrod
2158:Primer
2003:Recoil
1966:Energy
1961:Muzzle
1633:Reflex
1590:Sights
1538:Shroud
1521:Safety
1415:Linear
1405:Hammer
1333:Roller
1261:Barrel
1014:Medium
979:Sniper
920:Double
896:Battle
852:Rifles
791:Pocket
769:Pistol
711:Rotary
669:Musket
600:Weapon
590:Safety
552:topics
550:, and
410:Ho-103
280:pushes
144:weapon
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
2483:Paper
2441:Blank
2408:ABCBC
2393:Minié
2338:HEIAP
2323:Green
2275:Sabot
2008:Group
1916:Gauge
1751:Lever
1726:Break
1623:Laser
1608:Globe
1578:guard
1558:Stock
1553:Choke
1221:Glock
1216:M1911
1201:MP 40
1161:AR-15
1156:AK-47
1019:Heavy
1009:Light
573:lists
108:JSTOR
94:books
2851:Laws
2755:Arms
2710:list
2688:list
2528:laws
2476:list
2358:SLAP
2303:Cast
2051:and
1971:Rise
1766:Pump
1711:Bolt
1655:Tang
1618:Iron
1526:Sear
1459:Drum
1454:Clip
1427:Lock
1313:Bolt
1293:Belt
1271:Slug
1133:Slug
1128:Shot
1080:Riot
1042:list
984:list
945:Punt
913:list
901:list
884:list
856:list
813:list
801:list
774:list
685:list
544:list
499:2012
385:, a
331:and
324:M134
308:M134
298:and
288:sear
194:and
184:tank
178:For
80:news
2423:VLD
2270:PCA
1516:Rim
1206:Uzi
1166:M16
1024:SAW
595:War
580:Gun
433:or
395:WWI
186:or
63:by
2896::
2522:,
2518:,
546:,
339:.
306:.
255:.
198:.
2857:)
1044:)
858:)
687:)
554:)
532:e
525:t
518:v
501:.
374:(
130:)
124:(
119:)
115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
57:.
34:.
20:)
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