1039:
84:
236:
59:
31:
716:
1109:
in the region. In the southwestern
Atlantic, the roughtail stingray and other large rays are heavily fished using demersal trawls, gillnets, longlines, and hook-and-line; this fishing pressure is liable to increase due to growing commercial interest in using large stingrays for minced fish products.
751:
have nearly straight margins and angular tips. The tail is long and whip-like, measuring some 2.5 times the length of the disc. A long, saw-toothed spine is placed atop the tail at around half a disc length back from the tail base; sometimes one or two replacement spines are also present in front of
756:
or bucklers (flat-based thorns) over the middle of the back from the snout to the tail base, as well as dorsal and lateral rows of thorns on the tail. The bucklers vary in size, with the largest of equal diameter to the eye, and may bear up to three thorns each. This species is a uniform dark brown
739:
with a finely fringed posterior margin. The mouth is bow-shaped with a row of six papillae (nipple-like structures) across the floor. The seven upper and 12–14 lower tooth rows at the center are functional, though the total number of tooth rows is much greater. The teeth are arranged with a
563:). The close relationship between the roughtail and southern stingrays was upheld by a genetic analysis published by Leticia de Almeida Leao Vaz and colleagues in 2006. The roughtail and broad stingrays are found in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans respectively, and therefore likely
757:
or olive above, and off-white below without dark fin margins. Among the largest members of its family, the roughtail stingray can reach 2.6 m (8.5 ft) across, 4.3 m (14 ft) long, and 360 kg (800 lb) in weight. Females grow larger than males.
752:
the existing one. Behind the spine, there is a long ventral fin fold that is much lower than that of the southern stingray. Individuals under 46–48 cm (18–19 in) across have completely smooth skin. Larger rays develop increasing numbers of distinctive
1147:
Carlson, J.; Charvet, P.; Avalos, C.; Briones Bell-lloch, A.; Cardenosa, D.; Espinoza, E.; Herman, K.; Morales-Saldaña, J.M.; Naranjo-Elizondo, B.; Pacoureau, N.; Pilar Blasco, M.; Pérez Jiménez, J.C.; Schneider, E.V.C.; Simpson, N.J.; Talwar, B.S. (2020).
1029:
of 9–11 months, females give birth to 4–6 (typically five) young in fall or early winter. The newborns measure 34–37 cm (13–15 in) across. Males and females mature at 130–150 cm (51–59 in) and 140–160 cm (55–63 in) across respectively,
1050:
spine, the roughtail stingray can inflict a severe wound and can be very dangerous for fishers to handle. However, it is not aggressive and usually occurs too deep to be encountered by beachgoers. It has been reported to damage
403:
for summer. The largest whip-tail stingray in the
Atlantic, the roughtail stingray grows up to 2.6 m (8.5 ft) across and 360 kg (800 lb) in weight. It is plain in color, with an angular, diamond-shaped
644:
One of the deepest-diving stingrays, the roughtail stingray has been recorded to a depth of 274 m (899 ft) in the
Bahamas. However, it is most common at a depth of 15–50 m (49–164 ft). This
1459:
Last, P.R.; Naylor, G.J.; Manjaji-Matsumoto, B.M. (2016). "A revised classification of the family
Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights".
731:
margins, rather angular outer corners, and a moderately long, obtuse snout. The eyes are proportionally smaller than other stingrays in its range and immediately followed by larger
772:
whose diet generally reflects the most available prey in its environment. It mainly captures prey off the bottom, but also opportunistically takes free-swimming prey. A variety of
663:
The favored temperature range of the roughtail stingray is 15–22 °C (59–72 °F), which is the most important factor determining its distribution. It conducts seasonal
1304:
408:
disc and a long, whip-like tail bearing a subtle fin fold underneath. The many thorns on its back and tail serve to distinguish it from other stingrays that share its
2360:
2189:
1072:
450:
2228:
1105:. Though no specific data is available on this species, declines of other species and its intrinsic susceptibility to depletion have led it to be assessed as
2031:
1025:
are functional in adult females. Off the eastern United States, reproduction occurs on an annual cycle with mating in winter and early spring. After a
2403:
2347:
2163:
2202:
1929:
Campbell, R.A. (June 1970). "Notes on
Tetraphyllidean Cestodes from the Atlantic Coast of North America, with Descriptions of Two New Species".
1847:
1675:
1607:
1529:
1288:
744:
pattern into flattened surfaces; each has a tetragonal base with a blunt crown in juveniles and females, and a pointed cusp in adult males.
687:, with larger rays occurring further south than smaller ones. In the spring, the population moves north of Cape Hatteras to the waters off
601:
The roughtail stingray is broadly but discontinuously distributed in the coastal waters of the western
Atlantic Ocean. It occurs from the
2413:
1436:
de
Almeida Leao Vaz, L.; C.R. Porto Carreiro; L.R. Goulart-Filho & M.A.A. Furtado-Neto (2006). "Phylogenetic relationships in rays (
2334:
2150:
1867:
Dollfus, 1929 (Cestoda: Trypanorhyncha: Eutetrarhynchidae), the description of two new species and comments on its classification".
766:
416:
1328:
2373:
2280:
1207:
2418:
2207:
1902:
Campbell, R.A. & I. Beveridge (1996). "Revision of the family
Pterobothriidae Pintner, 1931 (Cestoda: Trypanorhyncha)".
707:, though preserving the north-south gradient of body sizes. Pregnant females tend to be found apart from other individuals.
1368:
1082:
In the northwestern
Atlantic, the roughtail stingray is listed under Least Concern; it is not targeted or utilized by
83:
2233:
1964:
Cheung, P. & W. Brent (1993). "A new dendromonocotylinid (monogenean) from the skin of the roughtail stingray,
2055:
1235:
2115:
656:), and also frequents adjacent open areas of sand or mud. Rays in the northwestern Atlantic do not usually enter
515:
northwestern
Atlantic and southwestern Atlantic populations differing in life history and perhaps representing a
504:. This ray may also be referred to as rough-tailed stingray, rough-tailed northern stingray, or thorny stingray.
1414:
719:
The roughtail stingray is characterized by the angular shape of its disc and the thorns over its body and tail.
1079:
worldwide, while noting that as a large, slow-reproducing species it is susceptible to population depletion.
692:
606:
1397:
Rosenberger, L.J.; Schaefer, S. A. (August 6, 2001). "Phylogenetic Relationships within the Stingray Genus
765:
The roughtail stingray is reportedly not highly active, spending much time buried in the sediment. It is a
2077:
732:
580:
2254:
983:
894:
845:
688:
512:
434:
208:
2272:
1195:
1172:
868:
2378:
2285:
2124:
2003:
1640:
1561:
1083:
854:
528:
2408:
650:
630:
48:
2220:
1946:
1884:
1817:
1778:
1720:
1656:
1577:
1418:
1115:
1111:
859:
508:
248:
225:
78:
63:
882:
175:
2365:
2259:
2194:
2321:
2137:
1989:"Marine leeches of the eastern United States and the Gulf of Mexico with a key to the species"
1843:
1603:
1525:
1476:
1284:
1249:
672:
568:
556:
548:
235:
165:
1738:
Schwartz, F.J. (2004). "Five species of sharksuckers (family Echeneidae) in North Carolina".
1280:
1273:
1042:
A roughtail stingray caught in the Gulf of Mexico; this was fished from United States waters.
2011:
1938:
1911:
1876:
1809:
1800:
Linton, 1890 (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea) and taxonomic information on five proposed members".
1770:
1712:
1648:
1569:
1468:
1410:
1167:
1098:
1026:
923:
915:
715:
589:
474:
377:
2129:
649:
species favors live-bottom habitat (patches of rough terrain that are densely encrusted by
500:("pricker") in reference to its thorns. Subsequent authors moved this species to the genus
243:
Range of the roughtail stingray before reclassification of the eastern Atlantic population
2241:
2043:
1106:
1068:
905:
850:
516:
409:
373:
155:
1988:
1623:
Dulcic, J.; I. Jardas; V. Onofri & J. Bolotin (August 2003). "The roughtail stingray
2007:
1644:
1565:
1309:. Catalog of Fishes electronic version (February 19, 2010). Retrieved on March 23, 2010.
1238:. Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department. Retrieved on March 23, 2009.
1149:
1038:
1060:
1056:
798:
680:
664:
657:
618:
536:
532:
494:
396:
384:
135:
125:
2397:
1324:
1158:
1076:
789:
676:
668:
486:
466:
68:
1888:
1821:
1660:
1581:
1422:
2326:
2142:
837:
833:
773:
724:
653:
602:
520:
426:
405:
392:
388:
383:, with separate populations in coastal waters of the northwestern and southwestern
30:
2312:
1548:
Capapé, C. (1993). "New data on the reproductive biology of the thorny stingray,
671:: from December to May, this ray is found over the middle and outer parts of the
2215:
2176:
2109:
1703:
Hess, P.W. (June 19, 1961). "Food Habits of Two Dasyatid Rays in Delaware Bay".
1052:
808:
482:
470:
415:
Often found lying on the bottom buried in sediment, the roughtail stingray is a
185:
1652:
2015:
1472:
1102:
1014:
995:
877:
781:
748:
576:
564:
462:
380:
2339:
2155:
2100:
2065:
449:
tail spine of the roughtail stingray is potentially dangerous to humans. The
1676:"Monstrous 800 lb roughtail stingray, not hookskate, caught off Miami Beach"
966:
818:
813:
777:
704:
626:
622:
430:
95:
1480:
2246:
1509:. Sears Foundation for Marine Research, Yale University. pp. 352–362.
728:
461:
The first description of the roughtail stingray was published by American
2306:
2094:
1863:
Toth, L.M.; R.A. Campbell & G.D. Schmidt (July 1992). "A revision of
1337:
1095:
1064:
1055:
beds. The pectoral fins or "wings" are sold for human consumption fresh,
935:
931:
900:
888:
873:
769:
753:
741:
445:, and later from histotroph ("uterine milk") produced by the mother. The
419:
145:
115:
2352:
2168:
1950:
1880:
1813:
1782:
1724:
1573:
1087:
999:
858:; the overall dietary composition there is nearly identical to that of
803:
736:
684:
646:
614:
610:
423:
400:
369:
1915:
1369:"Observations on the Biology and Distribution of the Thorny Stingray,
2181:
2038:
1711:(2). American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists: 239–241.
1022:
1011:
987:
841:
828:
634:
438:
395:
cover, at a depth of 15–50 m (49–164 ft). It is seasonally
105:
2071:
1942:
1774:
1716:
2267:
1633:
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
1254:
Transactions of the Literary and Philosophical Society of New York
1091:
1047:
1037:
1018:
1007:
1003:
973:
911:
823:
714:
700:
638:
544:
479:
Transactions of the Literary and Philosophical Society of New York
446:
2059:
1987:
Sawyer, R.T.; A.R. Lawler & R.M. Oversrteet (December 1975).
1010:) delivered by the mother through finger-like projections of the
991:
793:
785:
442:
391:
species typically inhabits sandy or muddy areas with patches of
2075:
1600:
Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes
2050:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
696:
1114:
of this species are decreasing, leading to an assessment of
727:
disk 1.2–1.3 times as wide as long, with straight to gently
1415:
10.1643/0045-8511(2001)001[0615:PRWTSG]2.0.CO;2
399:, overwintering in offshore waters and moving into coastal
511:
of the roughtail stingray is not fully resolved, with the
1593:
1591:
2060:
Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department
1631:(Pisces : Gymnuridae) from the southern Adriatic".
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1937:(3). The American Society of Parasitologists: 498–508.
1769:(5). The American Society of Parasitologists: 656–661.
1063:; the rest of the ray may also be processed to obtain
453:(IUCN) has listed this species as vulnerable overall.
481:. Mitchell based his account on specimens caught off
1761:(Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea) from the Gulf of Mexico".
1552:(Pisces: Dasyatidae) from off the Tunisian coasts".
2296:
2084:
1838:Timothy, D.; J. Littlewood & R.A. Bray (2001).
1627:(Pisces : Dasyatidae) and spiny butterfly ray
1522:Sharks & Rays: Elasmobranch Guide of the World
1272:
1173:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T104065040A3122808.en
1075:(IUCN) has assessed the roughtail stingray as of
930:) is sometimes found attached to its body. Known
1833:
1831:
1740:Journal of the North Carolina Academy of Science
982:Like other stingrays, the roughtail stingray is
1250:"The fishes of New York described and arranged"
1101:. Historically, it was sometimes ground up for
1073:International Union for Conservation of Nature
519:of different species. Lisa Rosenberger's 2001
451:International Union for Conservation of Nature
1970:Journal of Aquariculture and Aquatic Sciences
1598:McEachran, J.D. & Fechhelm, J.D. (1998).
1440:, Elasmobranchii) from Ceara State, Brazil".
1392:
1390:
8:
1757:Goldstein, R.J. (October 1964). "Species of
1507:Fishes of the Western North Atlantic, Part 2
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
723:The roughtail stingray has a diamond-shaped
1505:Bigelow, H.B. & W.C. Schroeder (1953).
583:review in 2016 led to the eastern Atlantic
531:, found that the roughtail stingray is the
2072:
1602:. University of Texas Press. p. 175.
1319:
1317:
1315:
1279:. University of California Press. p.
914:and other large fishes, in particular the
234:
57:
29:
20:
1840:Interrelationships of the Platyhelminthes
1543:
1541:
1275:Marine Food and Game Fishes of California
1271:Fitch, J.E. & R.J. Lavenberg (1971).
1171:
922:), prey upon the roughtail stingray. The
735:. There is a curtain of skin between the
609:following warm ocean waters southward to
840:, most of its diet consists of the sand
621:; there are also scattered reports from
2056:Biological Profiles: Roughtail Stingray
1698:
1696:
1524:. IKAN-Unterwasserarchiv. p. 252.
1236:Biological Profiles: Roughtail Stingray
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1126:
465:Samuel Mitchell in one of the earliest
1796:Ruhnke, T.R. (1994). "Resurrection of
1086:, though inconsequential numbers are
1017:called "trophonemata". Only the left
441:receiving nourishment initially from
255:
7:
2273:4905D7A1-D1E4-94AA-78A7-B644A8976119
567:before or with the formation of the
473:, a short treatise on the fishes of
1159:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
42:) at McGrail Bank, Gulf of Mexico
14:
866:) that share the bay. The shrimp
2404:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
1208:World Register of Marine Species
788:, are known to be consumed. Off
641:was likely a misidentification.
82:
1554:Environmental Biology of Fishes
1401:(Chondrichthyes: Dasyatidae)".
1110:Anecdotal reports suggest that
485:, though did not designate any
1674:Lang, I. (November 26, 2013).
1046:With its large size and long,
1:
1367:Struhsaker, P. (April 1969).
908:are the most important prey.
16:Species of cartilaginous fish
998:("uterine milk", containing
934:of this species include the
489:, and named the new species
477:in the 1815 first volume of
1931:The Journal of Parasitology
1763:The Journal of Parasitology
1442:Arquivos de Ciencias do Mar
970:Dendromonocotyle centrourae
872:is a major food source off
422:that feeds on a variety of
2435:
2414:Fish of the Atlantic Ocean
1996:Journal of Natural History
1842:. CRC Press. p. 153.
1653:10.1017/S0025315403007926h
1377:Bulletin of Marine Science
990:is initially sustained by
939:Acanthobothrium woodsholei
2016:10.1080/00222937500770531
1473:10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2
959:Pterobothrium senegalense
254:
247:
242:
233:
214:
207:
79:Scientific classification
77:
55:
46:
37:
28:
23:
1520:Hennemann, R.M. (2001).
1327:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
1194:Bailly, Nicolas (2017).
1166:: e.T104065040A3122808.
963:Rhinebothrium maccallumi
597:Distribution and habitat
543:), and that they form a
349:Müller & Henle, 1841
1869:Systematic Parasitology
1802:Systematic Parasitology
1248:Mitchill, S.L. (1815).
977:Branchellion torpedinis
943:Anthocephalum centrurum
695:towards the coast into
693:Cape Cod, Massachusetts
633:. A single record from
617:, and the northeastern
607:Cape Cod, Massachusetts
2419:Fish described in 1815
1303:Eschmeyer, W.N. (ed.)
1043:
720:
631:Barrier reef in Belize
587:being redesignated as
581:Molecular phylogenetic
457:Taxonomy and phylogeny
2255:Paleobiology Database
2116:Bathytoshia centroura
2068:on Sealife Collection
1904:Invertebrate Taxonomy
1373:(Pisces: Dasyatidae)"
1341:. March 2009 version.
1198:Bathytoshia centroura
1152:Bathytoshia centroura
1088:captured incidentally
1041:
984:aplacental viviparous
895:Sicyonia brevirostris
846:Crangon septemspinosa
718:
689:Long Island, New York
435:aplacental viviparous
365:Bathytoshia centroura
218:Bathytoshia centroura
40:Bathytoshia centroura
2047:(Roughtail Stingray)
2035:, Roughtail stingray
1084:commercial fisheries
855:Glycera dibranchiata
792:, the main prey are
38:Roughtail stingray (
2008:1975JNatH...9..633S
1645:2003JMBUK..83..871D
1566:1993EnvBF..38...73C
860:bluntnose stingrays
761:Biology and ecology
338:Trygon spinosissima
282:Pastinaca acanthura
49:Conservation status
24:Roughtail stingray
2130:Dasyatis_centroura
2086:Dasyatis centroura
2066:Roughtail stingray
2045:Dasyatis centroura
2033:Dasyatis centroura
1966:Dasyatis centroura
1881:10.1007/BF00009664
1814:10.1007/bf00009673
1625:Dasyatis centroura
1574:10.1007/BF00842905
1550:Dasyatis centroura
1371:Dasyatis Centroura
1331:Dasyatis centroura
1044:
1034:Human interactions
951:Oncomegas wageneri
928:Echeneis naucrates
721:
553:Hypanus americanus
527:species, based on
360:roughtail stingray
266:Dasyatis centroura
2389:
2388:
2078:Taxon identifiers
1916:10.1071/IT9960617
1849:978-0-7484-0903-7
1609:978-0-292-75206-1
1531:978-3-925919-33-6
1290:978-0-520-01831-0
1200:(Mitchill, 1815)"
986:: the developing
673:continental shelf
569:Isthmus of Panama
557:longtail stingray
549:southern stingray
356:
355:
350:
342:
334:
333:(Mitchill, 1815)
326:
318:
314:Trygon aldrovandi
310:
302:
294:
286:
278:
274:Dasybatus marinus
270:
269:(Mitchill, 1815)
262:
200:B. centroura
72:
2426:
2382:
2381:
2369:
2368:
2356:
2355:
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2342:
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2317:
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2211:
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1680:National Monitor
1671:
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1629:Gymnura altavela
1620:
1614:
1613:
1595:
1586:
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1545:
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1517:
1511:
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1219:
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1216:
1214:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1175:
1144:
1061:dried and salted
1053:farmed shellfish
1027:gestation period
924:live sharksucker
920:Sphyrna mokarran
916:great hammerhead
906:polychaete worms
869:Upogebia affinis
667:off the eastern
590:Bathytoshia lata
348:
346:Trygon thalassia
340:
332:
325:Bonaparte, 1834
324:
316:
308:
300:
292:
290:Pastinaca aspera
284:
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87:
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66:
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60:
33:
21:
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2242:Observation.org
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1991:
1986:
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1963:
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1943:10.2307/3277613
1928:
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1794:
1790:
1775:10.2307/3276123
1759:Acanthobothrium
1756:
1755:
1751:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1717:10.2307/1440016
1702:
1701:
1694:
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1673:
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1306:centroura, Raja
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1124:
1107:Near Threatened
1036:
876:. Off Florida,
763:
713:
647:bottom-dwelling
599:
523:analysis of 14
459:
389:bottom-dwelling
330:Trygon centrura
309:Mitchill, 1815
261:(Cuvier, 1816)
258:Dasyatis aspera
229:
222:
216:
203:
156:Myliobatiformes
81:
73:
62:
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17:
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2298:Raja centroura
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2026:External links
2024:
2022:
2021:
2002:(6): 633–667.
1979:
1956:
1921:
1910:(3): 617–662.
1894:
1875:(3): 167–187.
1855:
1848:
1827:
1808:(3): 159–176.
1788:
1749:
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1692:
1666:
1639:(4): 871–872.
1615:
1608:
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1560:(1–3): 73–80.
1537:
1530:
1512:
1486:
1467:(3): 345–368.
1451:
1428:
1409:(3): 615–627.
1386:
1344:
1325:Froese, Rainer
1311:
1296:
1289:
1263:
1240:
1220:
1186:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1035:
1032:
955:Polypocephalus
947:Lecanicephalum
762:
759:
712:
709:
703:, and saltier
681:North Carolina
658:brackish water
619:Gulf of Mexico
598:
595:
537:broad stingray
533:sister species
491:Raja centroura
467:North American
458:
455:
385:Atlantic Ocean
354:
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341:Duméril, 1865
335:
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1823:
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1798:Anthocephalum
1792:
1789:
1784:
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1077:Least Concern
1074:
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831:
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815:
811:
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795:
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790:Massachusetts
787:
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776:, as well as
775:
774:invertebrates
771:
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669:United States
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347:
344:
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331:
328:
323:
322:Trygon brucco
320:
315:
312:
307:
304:
301:Cuvier, 1829
299:
296:
293:Cuvier, 1816
291:
288:
285:Gronow, 1854
283:
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277:Garman, 1913
275:
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209:Binomial name
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41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
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2044:
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1999:
1995:
1982:
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1969:
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1934:
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1903:
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1708:
1704:
1685:November 27,
1683:. Retrieved
1679:
1669:
1636:
1632:
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1624:
1618:
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1557:
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1380:
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1336:
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1305:
1299:
1274:
1266:
1257:
1253:
1243:
1211:. Retrieved
1203:
1197:
1189:
1177:. Retrieved
1163:
1157:
1151:
1081:
1045:
981:
976:
969:
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881:
867:
863:
853:
844:
838:Delaware Bay
827:
817:
807:
797:
764:
746:
725:pectoral fin
722:
662:
643:
603:Georges Bank
600:
588:
585:B. centroura
584:
572:
560:
552:
540:
524:
521:phylogenetic
506:
501:
497:
490:
478:
460:
414:
406:pectoral fin
393:invertebrate
364:
363:
359:
357:
345:
337:
329:
321:
317:Risso, 1827
313:
305:
298:Raia gesneri
297:
289:
281:
273:
265:
257:
217:
215:
199:
198:
186:
142:Superorder:
39:
18:
2216:NatureServe
2177:iNaturalist
2110:Wikispecies
1976:(3): 63–68.
1968:Mitchill".
1746:(2): 44–49.
1179:19 November
878:crustaceans
864:Hypanus say
778:bony fishes
749:pelvic fins
711:Description
629:and on the
493:, from the
483:Long Island
471:ichthyology
437:, with the
431:bony fishes
187:Bathytoshia
172:Subfamily:
2409:Dasyatidae
2398:Categories
2064:Photos of
1260:: 355–492.
1234:Eagle, D.
1122:References
1116:Vulnerable
1103:fertilizer
1015:epithelium
996:histotroph
972:, and the
967:monogenean
883:Rananoides
851:blood worm
814:gastropods
782:sand lance
767:generalist
665:migrations
555:) and the
529:morphology
463:naturalist
417:generalist
381:Dasyatidae
176:Dasyatinae
166:Dasyatidae
132:Subclass:
64:Vulnerable
2313:Q28927302
1865:Oncomegas
1099:longlines
1069:liver oil
936:tapeworms
932:parasites
819:Polinices
754:tubercles
733:spiracles
705:estuaries
627:Argentina
623:Venezuela
547:with the
469:works on
397:migratory
194:Species:
102:Kingdom:
96:Eukaryota
2366:10498061
2307:Wikidata
2221:2.105548
2195:10761413
2095:Wikidata
2039:FishBase
1889:36182840
1822:45969813
1661:84139793
1582:19670885
1481:27470808
1448:: 86–88.
1438:Dasyatis
1423:85657403
1399:Dasyatis
1338:FishBase
1112:landings
1096:demersal
1065:fishmeal
1048:venomous
1000:proteins
901:Portunus
889:Ovalipes
874:Virginia
849:and the
804:bivalves
780:such as
770:predator
742:quincunx
737:nostrils
565:diverged
561:H. longa
525:Dasyatis
513:disjunct
509:taxonomy
502:Dasyatis
475:New York
447:venomous
433:. It is
420:predator
401:habitats
374:stingray
249:Synonyms
226:Mitchill
162:Family:
146:Batoidea
116:Chordata
112:Phylum:
106:Animalia
92:Domain:
69:IUCN 3.1
2353:5215834
2169:2419499
2101:Q137628
2004:Bibcode
1951:3277613
1783:3276123
1725:1440016
1641:Bibcode
1562:Bibcode
1461:Zootaxa
1213:12 July
1094:and on
1012:uterine
729:sinuous
685:Florida
651:sessile
615:Bahamas
611:Florida
541:B. lata
535:to the
517:complex
498:centoro
439:embryos
424:benthic
387:. This
376:in the
370:species
368:) is a
228:, 1815)
182:Genus:
152:Order:
122:Class:
67: (
2379:298880
2340:123078
2286:105850
2247:240079
2234:596105
2208:160952
2156:124371
1949:
1887:
1846:
1820:
1781:
1723:
1705:Copeia
1659:
1606:
1580:
1528:
1479:
1421:
1403:Copeia
1287:
1092:trawls
1071:. The
1057:smoked
1023:uterus
1006:, and
1004:lipids
988:embryo
965:, the
961:, and
912:Sharks
904:) and
898:, and
842:shrimp
832:) and
829:Loligo
799:Cancer
701:inlets
635:Kollam
613:, the
579:).. A
378:family
2374:WoRMS
2361:IRMNG
2335:EUNIS
2327:6WRMW
2281:WoRMS
2268:Plazi
2260:83119
2190:IRMNG
2182:99094
2151:EUNIS
2143:6CBT3
1992:(PDF)
1947:JSTOR
1885:S2CID
1818:S2CID
1779:JSTOR
1721:JSTOR
1657:S2CID
1578:S2CID
1419:S2CID
1204:WoRMS
1059:, or
1019:ovary
1008:mucus
974:leech
957:sp.,
949:sp.,
836:. In
824:squid
794:crabs
675:from
639:India
545:clade
495:Greek
487:types
410:range
2348:GBIF
2229:NCBI
2203:ITIS
2164:GBIF
1844:ISBN
1709:1961
1687:2013
1604:ISBN
1526:ISBN
1477:PMID
1465:4139
1407:2001
1285:ISBN
1215:2023
1181:2021
1164:2020
1067:and
1021:and
992:yolk
786:scup
784:and
747:The
697:bays
691:and
605:off
507:The
443:yolk
429:and
358:The
2322:CoL
2138:CoL
2125:ADW
2058:at
2049:at
2037:at
2012:doi
1939:doi
1912:doi
1877:doi
1810:doi
1771:doi
1744:120
1713:doi
1649:doi
1570:doi
1469:doi
1411:doi
1168:doi
1090:in
822:),
812:),
809:Mya
802:),
683:to
679:in
625:to
372:of
2400::
2376::
2363::
2350::
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2324::
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2283::
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2257::
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2231::
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2205::
2192::
2179::
2166::
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2140::
2127::
2112::
2097::
2010:.
1998:.
1994:.
1972:.
1945:.
1935:56
1933:.
1908:10
1906:.
1883:.
1873:22
1871:.
1830:^
1816:.
1806:29
1804:.
1777:.
1767:50
1765:.
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1719:.
1707:.
1695:^
1678:.
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1647:.
1637:83
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1463:.
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1129:^
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1002:,
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953:,
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637:,
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577:Ma
575:3
573:c.
412:.
2018:.
2014::
2006::
2000:9
1974:6
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1941::
1918:.
1914::
1891:.
1879::
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1824:.
1812::
1785:.
1773::
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1715::
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1663:.
1651::
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1572::
1564::
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1413::
1333:"
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1170::
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
