1937:
997:
100:
1044:, and Louis XVIII was returned to the throne. Realizing that the remains of the existing army had no loyalty to the restored monarchy, the government of Louis XVIII undertook a wholesale disbandment of what had been Napoleon's regiments. In their place a system of Departmental Legions was created with no historic connections to empire, republic or even the pre-1792 monarchy. His government appointed many aristocratic officers to the new army, which lost much of its morale, much as it had in 1789. In 1823, a French expeditionary force, the
86:
73:
2163:
40:
925:
banned promotion to officer status from the lower ranks of the Royal Army. This measure served to embitter long serving non-commissioned officers who could no longer aspire to reach commissioned rank, although the demands of regimental discipline and training still fell heavily upon them. Some of the now almost entirely aristocratic officer corps were still dedicated professionals but many neglected their responsibilities, preferring to spend excessive periods of leave as courtiers at
794:
128:
1333:
440:
742:
1306:, one of grenadiers and twelve of fusiliers. The 3rd and 4th battalions had each a grenadier company and 15 fusilier companies. The 5th battalion had 14 fusilier companies. The King's Bombardiers served the mortars and other heavy siege artillery and formed one battalion containing two bombardier companies and 13 fusilier companies.
891:
2004:
regiments of the Royal
Household were similarly variegated, although dark blue dominated. The change from the white or off-white uniforms, traditionally associated with the line infantry of the royal army, to dark blue was completed in 1793 after the overthrow of the monarchy. White uniforms were restored after the
1175:
fusiliers and one of grenadiers. The regimental staff included a colonel and a lieutenant-colonel with companies and a major without. Each company had a captain, a lieutenant and a sub-lieutenant and contained four sergeants, one fourier, eight corporals, eight lance-corporals, 40 fusiliers and two drummers.
1952:
were reported as wearing grey and red uniforms with silver embroidery shortly after 1661. The line infantry adopted clothing in various regimental colours decided on by their colonels, in an extended process starting in the early 1660s but not completed until the late 1670s. Cavalry wore buff leather
395:
Meanwhile, the bulk of infantry was still provided by urban or provincial militias, which were raised from an area or city to fight locally and that were named for their recruiting grounds. Gradually, the units became more permanent, and in the late 15th century, Swiss instructors were recruited, and
2003:
of individual infantry regiments. The Swiss and Irish mercenary regiments retained their red coats throughout this period, while other foreign units generally wore medium blue. Cavalry wore a variety of green, blue or red regimental uniforms, largely according to the whim of individual colonels. The
924:
By the 1780s, the political balance in France had shifted. The aristocracy had become despised by many lower-and-middle-class citizens who faced famine in the winter of 1788/89 and had almost no political freedom. At an earlier stage in his reign Louis had succumbed to pressure from the nobility and
634:
joined in
January 1674. But following English defeat and withdrawal, the French armies from 1674 to 1678, with Sweden as their only effective ally, managed to advance steadily in the southern (Spanish) Netherlands and along the Rhine, defeating the badly coordinated forces of the Grand Alliance with
1262:
and contained two lieutenant-generals of artillery commanding the two most important territorial divisions and during the campaign season also the artillery of the French armies in
Germany and Flanders respectively; twelve lieutenants of artillery (rank as colonels of infantry) commanding the other
1245:
There were 17 dragoon regiments in 1767. The seven oldest were known by their title; the others by the name of their commanders. Each regiment had four squadrons; each squadron had two troops. The regimental staff included a mestre de camp and a lieutenant-colonel with troops, and a major without a
1174:
The French line infantry contained 69 regiments in 1767. The regiments had terrirorial or otherwise permanent titles. The nineteenth most senior regiments had four battalions, most regiments had two battalions while the junior regiments had one battalion. Each battalion had nine companies, eight of
967:
Major reorganizations of the army took place in 1791 and 1792. New officers were elected and the structure of the army was changed. Battalions of volunteers were authorized and subsequently merged with surviving units of the former royal army, to form amalgamated demi-brigades. This force underwent
2129:
Three career paths existed for officers; one privileged for the high nobility, one standard for the middle and lower nobility and the higher bourgeoisie and one exceptional for promoted sergeants. The high nobility quickly reached high rank, the mean age of promotion to colonel being 36 years. The
1241:
contained 33 regiments, of which two were foreign, as well as 50 independent dragoon companies. Each regiment had three squadrons; each squadron had four companies . The regimental staff included a colonel and a lieutenant-colonel with companies, and a major without company. Each company had a
454:
When Louis XIV came to the French throne in 1661 he inherited a large but loosely organized force of about 70,000 men. Like the other
European armies of the period, it consisted of a mixture of mercenaries, guard units, local militias and levies conscripted only for specific campaigns and then
963:
committees), erosion of discipline, loss of their privileges as nobles and political mistrust, perhaps two thirds of the commissioned ranks emigrated after June 1791. They were largely replaced by experienced non-commissioned officers. In July 1791, twelve foreign regiments of mostly German
1221:. The regimental staff included a mestre de camp and a lieutenant-colonel, both of which had troops, and a major without a troop. Each troop had a captain, a lieutenant and a sub-lieutenant, as well as four quartermasters, one fourier, eight brigadiers, eight carabineers, 31 troopers and a
1390:
There were 23 foreign line regiments in 1767; eleven Swiss, seven German and five Irish. German regiments had permanent titles. The Swiss and Irish regiments were known by the name of their proprietary colonels. The Swiss and German regiments had two battalions, the Irish one.
635:
regularity. Eventually the heavy financial burdens of the war, along with the imminent prospect of
England's reentry into the conflict on the side of the Dutch and their allies, convinced Louis to make peace despite his advantageous military position. The resulting
466:, the French Royal Army was restructured into a highly disciplined and professional force made up of permanent regiments under central control. Weapons, promotion, drill, uniforms and organisation were improved or introduced and the army nearly doubled in size.
2149:
officer corps built on the petty nobility. However, the privileged career of the high nobility being retained caused the failure of the reforms. In consequence, many noblemen in the officer corps sided with the bourgeoisie in the struggle against the class
1309:
In 1767 the artillery formed the Royal Corps of
Artillery which ranked as the 47th among the foot regiments of the line. It contained seven regiments. Each regiment had five brigades of four companies each, to a total of 20 companies; two of
2089:
1246:
troop. Each troop had a captain, a lieutenant and a sub-lieutenant, as well as four quartermasters, one fourier, eight brigadiers, eight lancepessades (lance-corporals), 24 dragoons and a drummer. Of a troops 46 members, 16 served on foot.
1364:. King Louis XVI escaped with his family, but, after fighting broke out in the palace courtyard, the Swiss Guards were massacred by the mob. Some Guards, including the commander, were captured, jailed, and later guillotined.
1206:, a quartermaster, two brigadiers, two carabineers and 35 troopers. In addition each regiment had a company of carabineers outside the squadrons, filling the same elite role as the grenadier company of a foot regiment.
2130:
standard career path was based on seniority and was rather inert; the mean age of promotion to captain was 45 years. Promoted sergeants could normally not reach higher than to substantive lieutenants and captains by
754:, the great-grandson of Louis XIV, was the only direct heir alive when the elderly king died in 1715. His reign was much more peaceful than his great-grandfather's, although three major wars occurred. First was the
665:
and old enemy of Louis, was installed as the next king. James fled to France, which he used as his base for an invasion of
Ireland in 1690. As a result of James' ouster and, more directly, a French invasion of the
418:
being the only survivors. Regiments could be raised directly by the King and so be called after the region in which they were raised or by the nobility and so called after the noble or his appointed colonel. When
1302:. The King's Fusiliers contained 88 companies with 272 officers and 4,720 men. There were five battalions and twelve gunnery companies outside the battalions. The 1st and 2nd battalions each had two companies of
878:, French troops captured several settlements in India, but its allies were defeated by British troops in 1756. On the whole, the Seven Years' War went badly for the French, who were forced to sign an
2134:
although their social background significantly deviated from the rank and file; over two thirds came from the petty bourgeoisie or higher classes. The different career paths created a lack of social
1171:
of 16 companies with an authorized strength of 800 men. A garrison battalion had a varied number of companies, mostly from different regiments and was commanded by the senior company commander.
1104:. The term only appeared in 1671, though such a gathering of military units pre-dates this. Two large foot regiments of the military household participated in the campaigns of the army; the
959:, which was intended to be used as a counterweight to the royal army. The regular army was weakened by the flight of many aristocratic officers. Faced with the creation of soldiers' clubs (
1314:, four of bombardiers and 14 of gunners. Outside the brigades there was a company of artificers in each regiment. The regimental staff included a colonel, a lieutenant-colonel and five
863:, was the last of four wars that occurred in North America at the same time as a European conflict. However, by 1759, the British had gone onto the offensive in America and captured
646:
designed his intricate fortifications during Louis XIV's reign. Vauban, a genius at siege warfare, oversaw the building or improvement of many fortresses in
Flanders and elsewhere.
505:
When Louis XIV came of age in 1652, the Fronde ended and
Mazarin was permitted to return and appointed chief minister for a second time. The leader of the anti-Mazarin faction, the
2876:
1371:
line regiments in French service; six with 16 companies each in three field battalions and one garrison battalion, and four with twelve companies each in three field battalions.
263:
540:. Turenne and Conde, who had been pardoned and allowed to return to France, commanded the French army. Their forces seized much of the Spanish Netherlands but, pressured by the
2826:
231:
3058:
3743:
2816:
828:
in 1743 but the battle had little effect on the wider war and has been described as "a happy escape, rather than a great victory". A series of French victories (including
518:
223:
2056:
of 1732 standardized the artillery pieces. The
Valliere guns proved good in siege warfare but were less satisfactory in a war of movement. In 1765 it was replaced by the
3980:
463:
396:
some of the 'Bandes' (Militia) were combined to form temporary 'Legions' of up to 9000 men. The men would be paid, contracted to fight and receive military training.
1953:
coats and breeches without specific uniform features until "grey cloth lined in the same colour" and dark blue for royal mounted units was ordered in November 1671.
2886:
1159:
company had a captain, a lieutenant, two sergeants, a corporal, two lance-corporals, 44 privates and a drummer. A colonel's company in garrison had an additional
345:
system that was to be imitated throughout Europe from the mid-17th century onward. It was regarded as Europe's greatest military force for much of its existence.
1178:
In 1767 the French army also had five mixed legions of light troops. Each legion had eight dragoon companies, eight fusilier companies and a grenadier company.
1028:, was declared King Louis XVIII. Under Louis XVIII, no major changes were made to the army, beyond the recreation of several regiments of the pre-revolutionary
681:
The war ended with no major territorial gains or losses for either side, and the two alliances were at war again by 1701. Despite initial French successes at
812:
allied itself with Maria Theresa, while Louis XV forged an alliance with Frederick. Louis provided military support in the form of detachments from France's
1125:
932:
Many French soldiers sympathised with the masses from which they were drawn, and increasing numbers deserted in 1789. The bulk of the rank and file of the
726:
3027:
2896:
1936:
2871:
1217:. All regiments were known by their titles; not by the name of their commanders. Each regiment had four squadrons; each squadron divided into two
1139:
regiments in 1690. The companies were not distributed equally between the regiments; the weakest, the Périgueux, had only 15 companies, while the
690:
259:
2821:
1071:
was installed as Louis-Philippe I in what was supposed to be a constitutional monarchy. The army transferred its allegiance to Louis-Philippe's
1327:
388:
well into the 16th century, and were stationed throughout France and summoned into larger armies as needed. There was also provisions made for
901:
When Britain's North American colonies rebelled in 1775, France initially offered limited support. However, after the American victory in the
1267:; a number of provincial commissaries (rank as lieutenant-colonels of infantry) commanding the fortress artillery, and during a campaign the
952:
2856:
2796:
2240:
1045:
251:
3689:
2881:
1379:
foreign regiment with 18 companies in two battalions. There were also six German foreign regiments, seven Italian foreign regiments, five
802:
402:
further regularised the French Army by forming standing infantry regiments to replace the Militia structure. The first of them (regiments
3136:
3970:
2901:
1948:
adopted complete uniforms in the early 1660s as a substitute for the cassocks with civilian clothing worn previously. As an example the
91:
2174:
1824:
1008:
in 1793. By 1800, the First Republic, at war with much of Europe, had adopted a weak form of government that was overthrown by General
918:
3884:
3859:
3819:
3794:
3769:
3327:
3302:
3277:
3237:
2994:
2930:
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1093:
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in 1792, when an Austro-Prussian army invaded to restore the King's full powers. By now, the army was considered to be loyal to the
937:
2731:
2647:
2452:
1275:. Otherwise the gunnery cadre contained a number of ordinary commissaires (captains), extraordinary commissaries (lieutenants) and
996:
643:
639:
between France and the Grand Alliance left the Dutch Republic intact and France generously aggrandized in the Spanish Netherlands.
392:, which was a militia of bowmen and foot soldiers raised from the non-noble classes, but the units were disbanded once war ended.
3055:
2841:
981:
545:
3737:
3170:
2023:
appeared in France at the beginning of the 16th century. They were used by the army until the end of the 17th century when the
1976:, and fourteen princely regiments wore blue. The first regulations detailing specifics of uniforms is dated to 1704. Unusually,
1372:
2515:
2675:
2253:
2216:
1601:
1349:
1140:
875:
771:
759:
722:
403:
166:
138:
3566:Ágoston, Gabor (2010), "Ottoman-Habsburg rivalry and military transformation." In: Tallet, Frank & Trim, D.B.J. (eds.).
2072:, by making them lighter, without sacrificing range. The new guns contributed to French military victories even during the
1190:
regiments, including 105 French and seven foreign. There were also 43 independent companies of horse. 27 regiments had two
564:
were considered essential to reinforce France's vulnerable northern border and remain French to this day. The retention of
2484:
2266:
2204:
2005:
1587:
1032:. However, when Napoleon returned from exile in 1815, the army, for the most part, went over to his side, and Louis fled.
847:, which officially began in 1756, when Prussia and Austria again went to war. This time, however, France and Austria were
718:
619:
158:
105:
58:
2713:
2655:
2563:
2380:
2365:
2329:
2210:
2167:
1380:
1226:
755:
162:
3255:
486:, ordered the arrest of legislative opponents, causing the enmity of many nobles and common citizens. When the bloody
3837:
2891:
2748:
2053:
2735:
2335:
2323:
2287:
2272:
2228:
1143:
had 210. The regimental staff included a colonel and a lieutenant colonel both of which also nominally commanded a
783:
721:, he was removed from command and Britain sought to end the war. France's fortune returned under the leadership of
381:
243:
174:
940:
and the permanent garrison of Paris, refused to obey their officers at a crucial point in the early stages of the
709:. In Spain (the succession to that nation's throne was the war's cause), Spanish forces allied to the French lost
410:(The Old Corps). It was normal policy to disband regiments after a war was over as a cost-saving measure with the
3985:
3975:
2789:
2778:
2707:
2476:
2464:
2311:
2234:
2073:
1259:
977:
627:
202:
178:
45:
2008:, although modified for a more modern appearance, introducing trousers rather than breeches, taller shakos, and
855:
in 1757. At the same time as the fighting in Europe, raiding parties composed of French-Canadian militiamen and
2635:
2623:
2539:
2392:
1384:
1068:
945:
895:
848:
809:
182:
3024:
2724:
2353:
2347:
1961:
1473:
1357:
1194:
and eight companies, and 85 regiments had three squadrons and 12 companies. The regimental staff included a
1144:
1113:
964:
mercenaries were amalgamated into the line, followed by the disbanding of the Swiss regiments a year later.
956:
821:
514:
2162:
1151:
in the colonel's company), two sergeants, three corporals, five lance-corporals, 39 private soldiers and a
774:
had appointed her as his heir, and other European countries agreed to respect his wishes. However, the new
2662:
2611:
2575:
2260:
1303:
1105:
1076:
1049:
1005:
879:
856:
813:
733:
in 1712, the war had turned into a stalemate and ended in peace that somewhat favored the French in 1714.
694:
658:
541:
529:
3202:
Jean-Francois Coste : chief physician of the French expeditionary forces in the American revolution
2766:
2760:
2700:
2641:
2593:
2503:
2458:
2428:
2422:
2410:
1013:
973:
860:
817:
682:
385:
362:
506:
366:
227:
39:
3636:
2599:
2587:
2521:
2404:
1498:
1258:
consisted of a cadre of gunnery officers stationed at the fortresses. The organization was under the
1098:
The military household of the king of France, was the military part of the French royal household or
933:
837:
714:
667:
487:
3412:
2831:
2803:
2696:
2682:
2667:
2605:
2581:
2551:
2545:
2470:
2446:
2440:
2398:
2359:
2317:
2222:
2192:
2146:
2142:
1805:
1072:
1060:
910:
844:
825:
779:
706:
702:
686:
654:
650:
623:
533:
330:
219:
197:
170:
150:
1867:
631:
2861:
2688:
2617:
2533:
2527:
2386:
2305:
2299:
2046:
1909:
1706:
1199:
1147:, and a major without company. A field company had a captain, a lieutenant, a sub-lieutenant (or
1041:
902:
852:
833:
798:
717:
in 1709 provided an opening for Marlborough's political opponents and after their victory in the
698:
675:
600:
415:
399:
267:
3579:
3545:
3452:
2373:
2198:
1969:
1562:
671:
154:
3682:
1999:
During the 18th century a series of revised dress regulations made for repeated changes in the
3880:
3855:
3815:
3790:
3765:
3323:
3298:
3273:
3233:
3133:
3091:
2990:
2955:
2926:
2836:
2774:
2754:
2742:
2569:
2497:
2293:
2180:
2131:
2123:
2111:
2057:
1848:
1744:
1687:
1523:
1368:
1353:
1341:
941:
914:
793:
767:
636:
537:
459:
318:
142:
78:
3186:
1242:
captain, a lieutenant, a cornet, a quartermaster, two brigadiers, 37 dragoons and a drummer.
3393:
Lynn, John A. (1994). "Recalculating French Army Growth during the Grand Siecle, 1610–175."
3043:
3012:
2718:
2629:
2509:
2491:
2434:
2280:
2186:
1763:
1537:
1361:
913:
to sail to America and aid the revolutionaries. The expeditionary force participated in the
730:
596:
483:
455:
disbanded. Organization, cohesion, training and equipment were not of the highest standard.
235:
146:
3121:
1167:
company in garrison had an additional sub-lieutenant. The tactical formation was the field
3747:
3693:
3174:
3140:
3062:
3031:
2866:
2851:
2846:
2785:
2557:
2416:
2077:
2069:
2035:
1965:
1767:
1268:
1191:
1064:
1053:
1017:
969:
829:
510:
495:
479:
370:
338:
322:
306:
271:
255:
247:
127:
1972:, each regiment was given a uniform. Eighty-eight regiments wore gray uniforms with red
1024:
armies invaded France in 1814, Napoleon was forced to abdicate. Louis XVI's brother, the
1202:
with company and a major without a company. Each company had a captain, a lieutenant, a
843:
The situation after the war was almost the same as before, but it set the stage for the
2049:, a .69 caliber standard French infantry musket was made from 1717 and into the 1840s.
1786:
1725:
1291:
1195:
1021:
618:
or 'Disaster Year'. By late July, the Dutch position had stabilised, with support from
608:
553:
389:
239:
3215:
423:
came to the throne, he disbanded most of the regiments in existence, leaving only the
3964:
3167:
2948:
2107:
2095:
2024:
2020:
1203:
1160:
1148:
1136:
1100:
871:
763:
358:
2009:
1345:
1332:
1109:
985:
944:. Some Gardes joined with the Parisian mob on 14 July 1789 and participated in the
439:
377:
would be issued to govern the length of service, composition and payment of units.
334:
948:, the medieval fortress-prison thought of as a symbol of governmental repression.
607:
as an ally (from 1672 to 1674). The war began in May 1672 when France invaded the
2038:
in 1525. The French army abandoned the musket in 1700 with the appearance of the
1960:
and foreign infantry still wore coats in a wide range of regimental colours The
840:
possible; however, this territory was returned to Austria at the end of the war.
17:
3499:
3067:
2151:
2135:
1956:
During the 1680s there was a movement towards more standardised dress, although
1920:
1025:
864:
662:
3934:
L'armée française de la fin du XVIIe siècle au ministère de Choiseul: le soldat
3902:
L'armée française de la fin du XVIIe siècle au ministère de Choiseul: le soldat
3653:
W służbie hetmana i Rzeczypospolitej. Klientela wojskowa Krzysztofa Radziwiłła.
2126:, a third of the sergeants came from the petty bourgeoisie or higher classes.
851:
and Britain and Prussia formed an alliance. French forces were defeated at the
2099:
1210:
926:
921:
was appointed Chief Consulting Physician of the Camps and Armies of the King.
741:
604:
491:
475:
420:
374:
314:
3079:
2103:
2039:
2028:
1977:
1376:
1287:
1255:
1222:
1168:
1164:
906:
710:
585:
569:
443:
326:
3486:
Parker, Geoffrey (1976). "The ’Military Revolution’, 1560–1660 – a myth?".
2090:
Social background of officers and other ranks in the French Army, 1750–1815
2119:
2115:
2065:
1993:
1985:
1957:
1283:
1156:
1009:
960:
751:
745:
614:
573:
522:
342:
3200:
369:, though the Army was not disbanded because it saw continued use by the
333:
in the 19th, with an interlude from 1792 to 1814 and another during the
2000:
1981:
1973:
1264:
1238:
1187:
1152:
787:
775:
565:
557:
890:
859:
attacked English settlements in North America. This war, known as the
2061:
1886:
1311:
1295:
1214:
581:
577:
499:
354:
801:. The blue-clad French troops in the foreground are members of the
3728:
Aarhus universitet: Universitetsspeciale i historie, pp. 11, 43–44.
3106:
1964:
regiments wore blue, the regular infantry wore gray-white, and the
1067:. The army participated in little fighting, and the king's cousin,
976:, not to the king. From then until 1804, the army was known as the
630:; this was formalised in the August 1673 Treaty of the Hague which
3726:
Hærstørrelse og fortifikationsudvikling i Danmark-Norge 1500–1720.
2161:
1989:
1935:
1331:
1299:
1272:
1218:
995:
889:
792:
561:
549:
548:, with the exception of eleven towns and their surrounding areas.
438:
3034:. British-civil-wars.co.uk (2008-06-25). Retrieved on 2010-09-14.
513:, went to war against France and its new ally, Oliver Cromwell's
431:
and also gained the privilege of not being disbanded after a war
357:, which was paid with regular wages instead of being supplied by
917:
in 1781, which resulted in the colonies' independence. In 1784,
536:
as her dowry, starting another conflict with Spain known as the
116:
1209:
In 1767 the cavalry contained 35 regiments. One of these was a
365:. It was formed due to the need for reliable troops during the
3877:
L'Uniforme et les Armes des Soldats du XIXe Siecle 1 1814–1850
3852:
L'Uniforme et les Armes des Soldats de la Guerre en Dentelle 1
988:
in 1815, was reconstituted before being officially disbanded.
589:
3189:. People.csail.mit.edu (1999-02-12). Retrieved on 2010-09-14.
592:
made future offensives much easier, as demonstrated in 1672.
3357:
Paris, pp. 9–12, 37, 40, 57–69, 85–86, 94, 96, 100, 120–123.
3107:
The Spanish Succession and the War of the Spanish Succession
824:. The Pragmatic Allies initially defeated the French in the
373:
following the conflict. Upon the outbreak of a conflict, an
3936:, Paris: Faculté des lettres et sciences humaines de Paris.
3904:, Paris: Faculté des lettres et sciences humaines de Paris.
3187:
The French Contribution to the American War of Independence
2060:, which revolutionized the French artillery; improving its
1040:
Napoleon was defeated by a combined Allied army in 1815 at
521:, the Anglo-French army decisively defeated the Spanish in
3838:
The French Army : Military : History : Wars
3256:
The French Army : Military : History : Wars
3134:
LII. Louis XV., The Ministry of Cardinal Fleury, 1723–1748
1968:
regiments in French service wore red. In 1690, during the
341:
in 1830. The French Royal Army became a model for the new
2769:(1782) – several regiments acting as marines aboard ships
2751:(1780) – several regiments acting as marines aboard ships
2114:. Privates were usually promoted directly to the rank of
3708:
Ladewig-Petersen, E. (1999). "Nyt om trediveårskrigen."
3155:
A history of England in the Eighteenth century; Volume I
482:, the queen, became regent. She and her chief minister,
3015:. Thenagain.info (1998-10-13). Retrieved on 2010-09-14.
1340:
During the 17th and 18th centuries twelve regiments of
797:
The French and allied armies confronting each other at
3377:
Tyrell, F.H. (1898). "The Old Royal Army of France."
2877:
Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau
1636:
611:
and nearly overran it, an event still referred to as
544:, Louis returned much of the French conquests in the
1344:
were employed in the French Royal Army, notably the
502:
civil war broke out and Mazarin was forced to flee.
337:
in 1815. It was permanently dissolved following the
1940:
French troops at Carillon in 1758 in white uniforms
427:and a handful of others, which became known as the
282:
277:
213:
193:
188:
134:
122:
112:
66:
52:
32:
2947:
2012:insignia. Dark blue coatees were adopted in 1819.
1282:At the disposal of the artillery stood in 1690, a
1075:until his overthrow in 1848, when the short-lived
595:From 1672 until 1678, France was embroiled in the
361:, was established in the early 15th century under
3950:The French Army 1750-1820: Careers, talent, merit
3612:Einführung in die deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte.
2827:François Henri de Montmorency, Duke of Luxembourg
1048:, aided Spanish troops loyal to the Bourbon King
836:in 1745) made the French conquest of much of the
3109:. Spanishsuccession.nl. Retrieved on 2010-09-14.
674:broke out in 1689 and pitted France against the
3515:
3513:
3511:
3379:Journal of the Royal United Service Institution
2817:Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, vicomte de Turenne
406:, Piedmont, Navarre and Champagne) were called
3906:, vol. 1, pp. 390, 507-508, 511, 535, 780-781.
3177:. Britishbattles.com. Retrieved on 2010-09-14.
3124:. Britishbattles.com. Retrieved on 2010-09-14.
3094:. Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved on 2010-09-14.
1996:. Bearskins came into full use by about 1770.
1036:Second Bourbon restoration and July Revolution
3625:The Politics of the Prussian Army: 1640–1945.
3601:London: Greenwood Press, vol. 2, p. 620, 852.
894:French troops storming Redoubt #9 during the
8:
3046:. Historyofwar.org. Retrieved on 2010-09-14.
955:, which also authorized the creation of the
909:authorized an expeditionary force under the
713:. However, the heavy casualties suffered at
697:inflicted major defeats on French troops at
528:In 1660, Louis married the Spanish princess
3720:
3718:
3408:
3406:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3339:
2887:Victor-François de Broglie, Duke of Broglie
2102:. Almost 90% of the recruits came from the
1356:, including members of the radical-leaning
1126:List of Royal French Army regiments in 1776
3952:, Manchester: Manchester University Press.
3704:
3702:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3230:French Revolutionary Infantryman 1791–1802
2166:Mounted grenadiers of Louis XV during the
38:
3918:Armies and societies in Europe, 1494-1789
3593:
3591:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3441:War and the State in Early Modern Europe.
3373:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3218:. Thecorner.org. Retrieved on 2010-09-14.
3143:. Web-books.com. Retrieved on 2010-09-14.
1499:French participation in Thirty Years' War
951:King Louis' powers were regulated by the
525:, part of which was a province of Spain.
509:, escaped to Spain, which soon, with the
3920:, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
3833:
3831:
3671:Wars of the Age of Louis XIV, 1650–1715.
3665:
3663:
3661:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3251:
3249:
3117:
3115:
3102:
3100:
2972:Harper Encyclopaedia of Military History
2695:
1908:All Polish forces, on both sides in the
1403:
740:
3840:. Napolun.com. Retrieved on 2010-09-14.
3599:The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000–1650.
3521:Austria's Wars of Emergence, 1683–1797.
3295:French Revolutionary Infantry 1789–1802
3270:French Revolutionary Infantry 1789–1802
3258:. Napolun.com. Retrieved on 2010-09-14.
3025:The Anglo-Spanish War: Flanders 1657–58
3008:
3006:
2913:
2897:François de Neufville, Duke of Villeroi
2872:Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette
649:In 1688, the Catholic King of England,
27:Principal army of the Kingdom of France
3627:London: Oxford University Press, p. 7.
1659:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1328:List of Royal French foreign regiments
782:, ignored the agreement, known as the
29:
3981:Military history of the Ancien Régime
3673:London: Greenwood Press, pp. 368–369.
3570:. Cambridge University Press, p. 128.
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1052:when his regime was threatened by an
450:Creation of a professional royal army
286:Gray-white/white for regular infantry
7:
3205:. Wellcome Library. ; :
3199:Lane, John E. (John Edward) (1928).
3082:. Nndb.com. Retrieved on 2010-09-14.
2857:James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick
2822:Louis II de Bourbon, Prince de Condé
1263:territorial divisions including the
1046:Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis
874:during Louis XV's reign. During the
458:Under Louis' two Secretaries of War
3453:"Population of the British Isles."
2034:was introduced in France after the
329:in the mid-17th century to that of
290:Red for Swiss and Irish mercenaries
3724:Petersen, Nikolaj Pilgård (2002).
1336:Massacre of the Swiss Guards, 1792
1112:. Another well known unit was the
498:nations in Europe, concluded, the
494:-governed countries against other
25:
3546:"Population of Eastern Balkans."
3536:Cambridge University Press, p. 5.
2946:R.R. Palmer; Joel Colton (1978).
2882:Camille d'Hostun, Duke of Tallard
1094:Maison militaire du roi de France
938:maison militaire du roi de France
490:, in which France had sided with
288:Blue for royal or guards infantry
3938:, vol. 1, pp. 784, 786, 789-790.
3683:"Population of Eastern Europe."
3637:"Population of Central Europe."
3443:London : Routledge, p. 156.
3413:"Population of Western Europe."
2902:Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême
2110:, while about 10% came from the
2098:was recruited through volunteer
1429:Wars at the end the 15th century
1063:, was forced to abdicate in the
126:
98:
84:
71:
3216:Causes of the French Revolution
2141:The military reforms after the
1012:, who later proclaimed himself
867:, the French colonial capital.
729:but despite a major victory at
3523:London: Routledge, p. 26, 102.
3519:Hochedlinger, Michael (2003).
2676:War of the Austrian Succession
2453:Battle of Sant Esteve d'en Bas
2217:War of the Austrian Succession
1825:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1602:War of the Austrian Succession
1229:had a different organization.
936:: the largest regiment of the
876:War of the Austrian Succession
870:Fighting also occurred on the
772:Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor
760:War of the Austrian Succession
689:, the allied armies under the
644:Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban
511:Royalists of the British Isles
167:War of the Austrian Succession
1:
3651:Augustyniak, Urszula (2004).
3532:Creveld, Martin van (2004 ).
3122:The War of Austrian Accession
2950:A History of the Modern World
2842:Louis Joseph, Duke of Vendôme
2485:War of the Spanish Succession
2205:War of the Spanish Succession
1588:War of the Spanish Succession
980:, and from 1804 to 1814, the
929:or on their country estates.
719:1710 British general election
470:Military history of the reign
292:Blue for all units after 1814
159:War of the Spanish Succession
3044:War of Devolution, (1667–68)
2788:(1792) during transition to
2714:Battle of Ticonderoga (1758)
2656:War of the Polish Succession
2211:War of the Polish Succession
2168:War of the Polish Succession
1980:for most of the part wore a
1383:foreign regiments and three
756:War of the Polish Succession
353:The first permanent army of
163:War of the Polish Succession
3568:European Warfare, 1350–1750
2892:Louis de Buade de Frontenac
1944:The guard regiments of the
1643:Population ~1650 (millions)
1352:of 1792, supporters of the
1290:regiment, two companies of
678:and other European states.
4002:
3971:Military history of France
3875:Funcken, Liliane et Fred.
3850:Funcken, Liliane et Fred.
3355:L'armée française en 1690.
2790:Army of the First Republic
2736:American Revolutionary War
2229:American Revolutionary War
2094:The Royal Army during the
2087:
2045:. Different models of the
1325:
1298:and two of boatmen on the
1123:
1091:
968:its first test during the
886:Collapse of the royal army
175:American Revolutionary War
3932:Corvisier, André (1964),
3916:Corvisier, André (1979),
3900:Corvisier, André (1964),
3669:Nolan, Cathal J. (2008),
3623:Craig, Gordon A. (1964).
3614:Berlin: Springer, p. 267.
3610:Kotulla, Michael (2008).
3597:Nolan, Cathal J. (2006).
3580:"Population of Germany."
3488:Journal of modern history
3395:French Historical Studies
3353:Belhomme, Victor (1895).
3168:The Battle of Quebec 1759
2970:Dupuy, Trevor N. (1993).
2779:French Revolutionary Wars
2708:Battle of the Monongahela
2516:First Battle of Höchstädt
2235:French Revolutionary Wars
2118:and bypassed the rank of
2074:French Revolutionary Wars
2054:Vallière artillery system
1916:
1904:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1823:
1648:
1639:
1625:
1260:Grand Master of Artillery
1020:, British, Prussian, and
992:First Bourbon restoration
978:French Revolutionary Army
758:of 1733. The second, the
546:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
532:. In 1667 he claimed the
179:French Revolutionary Wars
37:
3738:"Militærets udvikling."
2954:(5th ed.). p.
2797:French invasion of Spain
2241:French invasion of Spain
1652:Size of Army (thousands)
1451:Wars during 1540s, 1550s
946:storming of the Bastille
183:French invasion of Spain
3948:Blaufarb, Rafe (2002),
2725:Battle of Quebec (1759)
2324:Battle of Konzer Brücke
1633:Size of European armies
1385:Irish foreign regiments
1367:In 1690 there were ten
1213:regiment and four were
1186:In 1690 there were 112
1114:Musketeers of the Guard
1030:maison militaire du roi
822:Jacobite rising of 1745
786:, and annexed Habsburg
517:. Under the command of
515:Commonwealth of England
384:formed the core of the
382:Compagnies d'ordonnance
3502:Population statistics.
3384:(1): 47–65, pp. 55–63.
3272:. pp. 13 and 16.
2663:Siege of Danzig (1734)
2612:Battle of Villaviciosa
2267:Battle of Valenciennes
2170:
2154:of the high nobility.
2145:attempted to create a
2138:in the officer corps.
1941:
1337:
1106:French Guards Regiment
1088:The military household
1001:
898:
806:
748:
695:Prince Eugene of Savoy
446:
311:Armée Royale Française
310:
46:coat of arms of France
3710:Historisk Tidsskrift.
3400:(4): 881–906, p. 902.
3061:24 April 2016 at the
3013:The Fronde: 1649–1652
2767:Battle of the Saintes
2761:Hudson Bay Expedition
2701:French and Indian War
2564:Battle of Castiglione
2504:Battle of Friedlingen
2429:Battle of Steenkerque
2381:Siege of Philippsburg
2366:Battle of Saint-Denis
2342:Siege of Valenciennes
2330:Siege of Philippsburg
2165:
2122:. At the time of the
2025:pike and shot tactics
1939:
1335:
1135:There were 90 French
1014:Emperor of the French
999:
893:
861:French and Indian War
818:Charles Edward Stuart
796:
744:
736:
442:
3750:Retrieved 2016-12-28
3696:Retrieved 2016-12-28
3642:Retrieved 2016-12-28
3585:Retrieved 2016-12-28
3552:Retrieved 2016-12-28
3505:Retrieved 2016-12-28
3458:Retrieved 2016-12-28
3419:Retrieved 2016-12-28
2749:Battle of Martinique
2600:Battle of Malplaquet
2588:Battle of Wijnendale
2522:Battle of Speyerbach
2027:were abandoned. The
838:Austrian Netherlands
832:'s great triumph at
770:in 1740. Her father
668:Electoral Palatinate
474:When Louis' father,
313:) was the principal
3500:"The Netherlands."
3439:Glete, Jan (2002).
3153:Lecky, WEH (1878).
3080:Sébastien de Vauban
2804:Battle of Trocadero
2683:Battle of Dettingen
2668:Battle of Guastalla
2606:Battle of Saragossa
2582:Battle of Oudenarde
2552:Battle of Ramillies
2546:Battle of Calcinato
2447:Battle of Torroella
2441:Battle of Marsaglia
2399:Battle of Staffarda
2360:Battle of Ortenbach
2336:Siege of Maastricht
2318:Battle of Turckheim
2288:Siege of Maastricht
2273:Battle of the Dunes
2193:War of the Reunions
2006:Bourbon Restoration
1806:Brandenburg-Prussia
1400:Authorized strength
1279:(sub-lieutenants).
1227:carabineer regiment
1069:the Duke of Orléans
919:Jean-François Coste
911:Count de Rochambeau
872:Indian subcontinent
826:Battle of Dettingen
691:Duke of Marlborough
642:The famed engineer
624:Brandenburg-Prussia
534:Spanish Netherlands
220:Louis XIV of France
151:War of the Reunions
106:Bourbon Restoration
3879:. pp. 42–45.
3854:. pp. 64–65.
3789:. pp. 21–22.
3764:. pp. 15–16.
3746:2017-11-07 at the
3740:danmarkshistorien.
3692:2018-01-08 at the
3490:, vol. 48, p. 206.
3297:. pp. 20–21.
3232:. pp. 16–17.
3173:2008-12-18 at the
3139:2011-07-18 at the
3092:King William's War
3056:1672 Disaster Year
3030:2018-01-15 at the
2862:Jean-de-Dieu Soult
2689:Battle of Fontenoy
2648:Siege of Barcelona
2618:Battle of Brihuega
2534:Battle of Elixheim
2528:Battle of Blenheim
2477:Siege of Barcelona
2465:Siege of Diksmuide
2387:Battle of Walcourt
2372:
2312:Battle of Mulhouse
2306:Battle of Entzheim
2300:Battle of Sinsheim
2254:Franco-Spanish War
2175:Franco-Spanish War
2171:
2047:Charleville musket
1942:
1910:Great Northern War
1707:Kingdom of England
1338:
1277:officier-pointeurs
1200:lieutenant-colonel
1010:Napoleon Bonaparte
1002:
903:Battle of Saratoga
899:
880:unfavorable treaty
853:Battle of Rossbach
807:
784:Pragmatic Sanction
749:
676:League of Augsburg
464:Marquis de Louvois
447:
416:French Royal Guard
367:Hundred Years' War
325:from the reign of
268:Jean-de-Dieu Soult
194:Commander-in-chief
139:Franco-Spanish War
3810:Chartrand, Rene.
3785:Chartrand, Rene.
3760:Chartrand, Rene.
2985:Chartrand, Rene.
2925:. pp. 8–10.
2921:Chartrand, Rene.
2837:Claude de Villars
2811:Notable personnel
2775:French Revolution
2755:Siege of Yorktown
2743:Siege of Savannah
2636:Siege of Bouchain
2624:Siege of Bouchain
2570:Battle of Almansa
2540:Battle of Cassano
2498:Battle of Luzzara
2393:Battle of Fleurus
2294:Battle of Seneffe
2181:War of Devolution
2124:French Revolution
2112:petty bourgeoisie
2058:Gribeauval system
1929:
1928:
1925:
1914:
1849:Tsardom of Russia
1745:Habsburg Monarchy
1688:Kingdom of France
1630:
1629:
1524:War of Devolution
1354:French Revolution
1342:Swiss mercenaries
1322:Foreign regiments
1284:fusilier regiment
1079:was established.
1026:Count of Provence
984:, and during the
953:National Assembly
934:Gardes Françaises
915:Siege of Yorktown
896:Siege of Yorktown
768:Habsburg monarchy
659:William of Orange
637:Peace of Nijmegen
538:War of Devolution
488:Thirty Years' War
460:Michel Le Tellier
435:Army of Louis XIV
319:Kingdom of France
303:French Royal Army
296:
295:
143:War of Devolution
108:(1815–1830)
95:(1791–1792)
92:Kingdom of France
79:Kingdom of France
33:French Royal Army
18:Royal French Army
16:(Redirected from
3993:
3986:Disbanded armies
3976:House of Bourbon
3955:
3953:
3945:
3939:
3937:
3929:
3923:
3921:
3913:
3907:
3905:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3847:
3841:
3835:
3826:
3825:
3812:Louis XIV's Army
3807:
3801:
3800:
3787:Louis XIV's Army
3782:
3776:
3775:
3762:Louis XIV's Army
3757:
3751:
3735:
3729:
3722:
3713:
3706:
3697:
3680:
3674:
3667:
3656:
3649:
3643:
3634:
3628:
3621:
3615:
3608:
3602:
3595:
3586:
3577:
3571:
3564:
3553:
3543:
3537:
3530:
3524:
3517:
3506:
3497:
3491:
3484:
3459:
3450:
3444:
3437:
3420:
3410:
3401:
3391:
3385:
3375:
3358:
3351:
3334:
3333:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3265:
3259:
3253:
3244:
3243:
3225:
3219:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3196:
3190:
3184:
3178:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3150:
3144:
3131:
3125:
3119:
3110:
3104:
3095:
3089:
3083:
3077:
3071:
3053:
3047:
3041:
3035:
3022:
3016:
3010:
3001:
3000:
2987:Louis XIV's Army
2982:
2976:
2975:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2953:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2923:Louis XIV's Army
2918:
2832:Sébastien Vauban
2732:Anglo-French War
2719:Battle of Minden
2697:Seven Years' War
2630:Battle of Denain
2510:Battle of Ekeren
2492:Battle of Chiari
2435:Battle of Landen
2354:Battle of Cassel
2348:Siege of Cambrai
2281:Franco-Dutch War
2223:Seven Years' War
2187:Franco-Dutch War
2147:professionalized
2143:Seven Years' War
2040:flintlock musket
2029:matchlock musket
1988:, rather than a
1917:
1905:
1764:Crown of Castile
1637:
1538:Franco-Dutch War
1474:Wars of Religion
1404:
1373:Royal-Roussillon
1362:Tuileries Palace
1316:chef de brigades
1120:French regiments
1073:House of Orléans
845:Seven Years' War
816:, in support of
737:Louis XV's reign
597:Franco-Dutch War
484:Cardinal Mazarin
462:and his son the
321:. It served the
171:Seven Years' War
147:Franco-Dutch War
130:
104:
102:
101:
94:
90:
88:
87:
77:
75:
74:
42:
30:
21:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3947:
3946:
3942:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3887:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3862:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3836:
3829:
3822:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3797:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3772:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3748:Wayback Machine
3736:
3732:
3723:
3716:
3707:
3700:
3694:Wayback Machine
3681:
3677:
3668:
3659:
3655:Warsaw: Semper.
3650:
3646:
3635:
3631:
3622:
3618:
3609:
3605:
3596:
3589:
3578:
3574:
3565:
3556:
3544:
3540:
3531:
3527:
3518:
3509:
3498:
3494:
3485:
3462:
3451:
3447:
3438:
3423:
3411:
3404:
3392:
3388:
3376:
3361:
3352:
3337:
3330:
3322:. p. 219.
3317:
3316:
3312:
3305:
3293:Crowdy, Terry.
3292:
3291:
3287:
3280:
3268:Crowdy, Terry.
3267:
3266:
3262:
3254:
3247:
3240:
3228:Crowdy, Terry.
3227:
3226:
3222:
3214:
3210:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3185:
3181:
3175:Wayback Machine
3166:
3162:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3141:Wayback Machine
3132:
3128:
3120:
3113:
3105:
3098:
3090:
3086:
3078:
3074:
3063:Wayback Machine
3054:
3050:
3042:
3038:
3032:Wayback Machine
3023:
3019:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2933:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2867:Nicolas Oudinot
2852:Nicolas Catinat
2847:Maurice de Saxe
2813:
2800:
2786:Battle of Valmy
2782:
2739:
2704:
2679:
2659:
2576:Siege of Toulon
2558:Battle of Turin
2488:
2417:Battle of Leuze
2377:
2374:Nine Years' War
2284:
2261:Battle of Arras
2257:
2250:
2248:Notable battles
2199:Nine Years' War
2160:
2092:
2086:
2078:Napoleonic Wars
2036:battle of Pavia
2018:
1970:Nine Years' War
1966:Swiss mercenary
1950:Garden Francais
1934:
1768:Crown of Aragon
1766:
1655:
1646:
1635:
1563:Nine Years' War
1402:
1397:
1360:marched on the
1330:
1324:
1273:siege batteries
1269:artillery train
1128:
1122:
1096:
1090:
1085:
1077:Second Republic
1065:July Revolution
1038:
994:
970:Battle of Valmy
888:
830:Marshal de Saxe
739:
727:Marshal Vendôme
723:Marshal Villars
672:Nine Years' War
620:Emperor Leopold
542:Triple Alliance
519:Marshal Turenne
507:Prince de Condé
480:Anne of Austria
472:
452:
437:
408:Les vieux corps
371:Kings of France
351:
339:July Revolution
323:Bourbon dynasty
299:
291:
289:
287:
272:Nicolas Oudinot
270:
266:
262:
258:
256:Nicolas Catinat
254:
250:
248:Maurice de Saxe
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
228:The Great Condé
226:
222:
215:
203:Marshal General
201:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
155:Nine Years' War
153:
149:
145:
141:
99:
97:
96:
85:
83:
82:
81:
72:
70:
61:
57:
48:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3999:
3997:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3956:
3940:
3924:
3922:, pp. 101-102.
3908:
3892:
3885:
3867:
3860:
3842:
3827:
3820:
3814:. p. 35.
3802:
3795:
3777:
3770:
3752:
3730:
3714:
3698:
3675:
3657:
3644:
3629:
3616:
3603:
3587:
3572:
3554:
3538:
3534:Supplying War.
3525:
3507:
3492:
3460:
3445:
3421:
3402:
3386:
3359:
3335:
3328:
3318:Keegan, John.
3310:
3303:
3285:
3278:
3260:
3245:
3238:
3220:
3208:
3191:
3179:
3160:
3145:
3126:
3111:
3096:
3084:
3072:
3048:
3036:
3017:
3002:
2995:
2977:
2961:
2938:
2931:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2799:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2781:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2764:
2758:
2752:
2746:
2738:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2716:
2711:
2703:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2686:
2678:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2665:
2658:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2645:
2642:Rhine campaign
2639:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2594:Siege of Lille
2591:
2585:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2495:
2487:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2459:Siege of Namur
2456:
2450:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2426:
2423:Siege of Namur
2420:
2414:
2411:Siege of Cuneo
2408:
2402:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2376:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2291:
2283:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2270:
2264:
2256:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2159:
2156:
2088:Main article:
2085:
2082:
2017:
2014:
2001:facing colours
1933:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1915:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1868:Denmark–Norway
1864:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1787:Ottoman Empire
1783:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1726:Dutch Republic
1722:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1649:
1647:
1640:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1358:National Guard
1350:10 August riot
1326:Main article:
1323:
1320:
1252:
1251:
1235:
1234:
1196:mestre de camp
1184:
1183:
1133:
1132:
1124:Main article:
1121:
1118:
1092:Main article:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1059:In 1830, King
1037:
1034:
1004:Louis XVI was
993:
990:
974:First Republic
957:National Guard
887:
884:
766:inherited the
738:
735:
471:
468:
451:
448:
436:
433:
390:francs-archers
350:
347:
297:
294:
293:
284:
280:
279:
275:
274:
217:
211:
210:
195:
191:
190:
186:
185:
136:
132:
131:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
68:
64:
63:
54:
50:
49:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3998:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3951:
3944:
3941:
3935:
3928:
3925:
3919:
3912:
3909:
3903:
3896:
3893:
3888:
3886:2-203-14324-X
3882:
3878:
3871:
3868:
3863:
3861:2-203-14315-0
3857:
3853:
3846:
3843:
3839:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3823:
3821:0-85045-850-1
3817:
3813:
3806:
3803:
3798:
3796:0-85045-850-1
3792:
3788:
3781:
3778:
3773:
3771:0-85045-850-1
3767:
3763:
3756:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3734:
3731:
3727:
3721:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3679:
3676:
3672:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3648:
3645:
3641:
3640:
3633:
3630:
3626:
3620:
3617:
3613:
3607:
3604:
3600:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3583:
3576:
3573:
3569:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3549:
3542:
3539:
3535:
3529:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3503:
3496:
3493:
3489:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3456:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3416:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3396:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3331:
3329:0-333-17236-1
3325:
3321:
3314:
3311:
3306:
3304:1-84176-660-7
3300:
3296:
3289:
3286:
3281:
3279:1-84176-660-7
3275:
3271:
3264:
3261:
3257:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3241:
3239:1-84176-552-X
3235:
3231:
3224:
3221:
3217:
3212:
3209:
3204:
3203:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3183:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3164:
3161:
3156:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3130:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3021:
3018:
3014:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2996:0-85045-850-1
2992:
2989:. p. 8.
2988:
2981:
2978:
2973:
2965:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2951:
2942:
2939:
2934:
2932:0-85045-850-1
2928:
2924:
2917:
2914:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2405:Siege of Mons
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2164:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2108:working class
2105:
2101:
2097:
2096:Ancien regime
2091:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1946:Maison du Roi
1938:
1931:
1924:
1922:
1913:
1911:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1645:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1405:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1348:. During the
1347:
1343:
1334:
1329:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1137:line infantry
1130:
1129:
1127:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1101:Maison du Roi
1095:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1050:Ferdinand VII
1047:
1043:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
998:
991:
989:
987:
983:
982:Imperial Army
979:
975:
971:
965:
962:
958:
954:
949:
947:
943:
939:
935:
930:
928:
922:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
897:
892:
885:
883:
881:
877:
873:
868:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
841:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
814:Irish Brigade
811:
804:
803:French Guards
800:
795:
791:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
764:Maria Theresa
762:, began when
761:
757:
753:
747:
743:
734:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
679:
677:
673:
669:
664:
660:
656:
652:
647:
645:
640:
638:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
616:
610:
606:
602:
598:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
530:Marie-Thérèse
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
469:
467:
465:
461:
456:
449:
445:
441:
434:
432:
430:
426:
422:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
391:
387:
383:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
359:feudal levies
356:
349:Early history
348:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
298:Military unit
285:
281:
276:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
218:
212:
208:
204:
199:
196:
192:
187:
184:
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176:
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148:
144:
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137:
133:
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125:
121:
118:
115:
111:
107:
93:
80:
69:
65:
60:
55:
51:
47:
41:
36:
31:
19:
3954:, pp. 18-19.
3949:
3943:
3933:
3927:
3917:
3911:
3901:
3895:
3876:
3870:
3851:
3845:
3811:
3805:
3786:
3780:
3761:
3755:
3739:
3733:
3725:
3709:
3684:
3678:
3670:
3652:
3647:
3638:
3632:
3624:
3619:
3611:
3606:
3598:
3581:
3575:
3567:
3547:
3541:
3533:
3528:
3520:
3501:
3495:
3487:
3454:
3448:
3440:
3414:
3397:
3394:
3389:
3381:
3378:
3354:
3320:World Armies
3319:
3313:
3294:
3288:
3269:
3263:
3229:
3223:
3211:
3201:
3194:
3182:
3163:
3154:
3148:
3129:
3087:
3075:
3066:
3051:
3039:
3020:
2986:
2980:
2971:
2964:
2949:
2941:
2922:
2916:
2471:Siege of Ath
2152:prerogatives
2140:
2128:
2093:
2051:
2042:
2031:
2019:
2010:Fleur-de-lis
1998:
1955:
1949:
1945:
1943:
1919:
1907:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1651:
1650:
1642:
1641:
1389:
1366:
1346:Swiss Guards
1339:
1315:
1308:
1281:
1276:
1254:In 1690 the
1253:
1244:
1237:In 1690 the
1236:
1208:
1185:
1177:
1173:
1134:
1110:Swiss Guards
1099:
1097:
1083:Organisation
1058:
1039:
1029:
1003:
986:Hundred Days
966:
950:
931:
923:
900:
869:
842:
808:
780:Frederick II
750:
680:
661:, the Dutch
648:
641:
612:
594:
527:
504:
473:
457:
453:
429:Petite Vieux
428:
424:
411:
407:
398:
394:
379:
352:
335:Hundred Days
302:
300:
209:; 1626–1830)
206:
3639:Tacitus.nu.
3582:Tacitus.nu.
3455:Tacitus.nu.
3068:Rijksmuseum
2650:(1713–1714)
2231:(1779–1783)
2225:(1756–1763)
2219:(1740–1748)
2213:(1733–1738)
2207:(1701–1714)
2201:(1689–1697)
2195:(1683–1684)
2189:(1672–1678)
2183:(1667–1668)
2177:(1652–1659)
2136:homogeneity
2084:Recruitment
1921:Janissaries
1604:, 1740–1748
1590:, 1701–1714
1565:, 1688–1697
1540:, 1672–1678
1526:, 1667–1668
1410:Peace Time
1318:(majors).
1294:, three of
1006:guillotined
1000:Louis XVIII
820:during the
683:Friedlingen
663:Stadtholder
609:Netherlands
554:Armentières
412:vieux corps
363:Charles VII
200:(1043–1626)
135:Engagements
3965:Categories
3685:Tacitus.nu
3548:Tacitus.nu
3415:Tacitus.nu
2908:References
2100:enlistment
2032:(mousquet)
1978:grenadiers
1701:340–380
1482:50–60,000
1457:70–80,000
1377:Catalonian
1304:artificers
1288:bombardier
1211:carabineer
1163:, while a
942:Revolution
927:Versailles
715:Malplaquet
655:overthrown
605:Royal Navy
492:Protestant
476:Louis XIII
421:Louis XIII
375:ordonnance
343:regimental
315:land force
264:Rochambeau
232:Luxembourg
216:commanders
189:Commanders
3712:, p. 101.
2158:Conflicts
2104:peasantry
2066:howitzers
1986:fusiliers
1984:like the
1758:110-130
1615:1749–1756
1576:1698–1700
1551:1678–1688
1512:1660–1666
1501:1635–1648
1487:1610–1615
1476:1589–1598
1418:1445–1475
1413:War Time
1256:artillery
1250:Artillery
1223:trumpeter
1192:squadrons
1169:battalion
1165:grenadier
1061:Charles X
907:Louis XVI
882:in 1763.
711:Gibraltar
707:Oudenarde
703:Ramillies
687:Hochstadt
586:Charleroi
570:Oudenarde
444:Louis XIV
331:Charles X
327:Louis XIV
260:Lafayette
198:Constable
62:1815–1830
59:1814–1815
56:1652–1792
3744:Archived
3690:Archived
3171:Archived
3137:Archived
3059:Archived
3028:Archived
2120:corporal
2116:sergeant
2106:and the
2016:Weaponry
1994:bearskin
1958:dragoons
1932:Uniforms
1626:Source:
1610:390,000
1596:380,000
1571:420,000
1546:280,000
1532:134,000
1507:200,000
1395:Strength
1271:and the
1265:arsenals
1239:dragoons
1233:Dragoons
1157:garrison
1141:Picardie
1108:and the
1054:uprising
1042:Waterloo
1018:Austrian
834:Fontenoy
799:Fontenoy
776:Prussian
752:Louis XV
746:Louis XV
699:Blenheim
651:James II
615:Rampjaar
603:and its
574:Courtrai
523:Flanders
496:Catholic
478:, died,
414:and the
404:Picardie
400:Henry II
386:Gendarme
278:Insignia
207:de facto
2070:mortars
2062:cannons
2043:(fusil)
1982:tricorn
1974:facings
1618:160,000
1579:140,000
1554:165,000
1435:40,000
1407:Period
1381:Walloon
1312:sappers
1296:galiots
1215:hussars
1188:cavalry
1153:drummer
1145:company
1022:Russian
1016:. When
961:Jacobin
857:Indians
810:Britain
788:Silesia
632:Denmark
601:England
599:, with
566:Tournai
558:Bergues
317:of the
283:Uniform
252:Berwick
244:Vendôme
240:Villars
224:Turenne
214:Notable
123:Colours
67:Country
3883:
3858:
3818:
3793:
3768:
3326:
3301:
3276:
3236:
2993:
2929:
2806:(1823)
2763:(1782)
2757:(1781)
2745:(1779)
2721:(1759)
2710:(1756)
2691:(1745)
2685:(1740)
2670:(1734)
2644:(1713)
2638:(1712)
2632:(1712)
2626:(1711)
2620:(1710)
2614:(1710)
2608:(1710)
2602:(1709)
2596:(1708)
2590:(1708)
2584:(1708)
2578:(1707)
2572:(1707)
2566:(1706)
2560:(1706)
2554:(1706)
2548:(1706)
2542:(1705)
2536:(1705)
2530:(1704)
2524:(1703)
2518:(1703)
2512:(1703)
2506:(1702)
2500:(1702)
2494:(1701)
2479:(1697)
2473:(1697)
2467:(1695)
2461:(1695)
2455:(1695)
2449:(1694)
2443:(1693)
2437:(1693)
2431:(1692)
2425:(1692)
2419:(1691)
2413:(1691)
2407:(1691)
2401:(1690)
2395:(1690)
2389:(1689)
2383:(1688)
2368:(1678)
2362:(1678)
2356:(1677)
2350:(1677)
2344:(1677)
2338:(1676)
2332:(1676)
2326:(1675)
2320:(1675)
2314:(1674)
2308:(1674)
2302:(1674)
2296:(1674)
2290:(1673)
2275:(1658)
2269:(1656)
2263:(1654)
2243:(1823)
2237:(1792)
2132:brevet
2068:, and
1962:guards
1887:Sweden
1875:30–40
1843:100*
1800:50**
1755:20–24
1515:72,000
1490:10,000
1465:13,000
1443:17,000
1421:14,000
1375:was a
1292:miners
1225:. The
1219:troops
1204:cornet
1198:and a
1161:ensign
1149:ensign
865:Quebec
849:allied
778:king,
731:Denain
705:, and
670:, the
653:, was
582:Binche
578:Veurne
500:Fronde
355:France
307:French
236:Vauban
103:
89:
76:
53:Active
2021:Pikes
1992:or a
1990:mitre
1923:only.
1900:100
1862:170
1797:50**
1794:40**
1739:120
1698:100
1681:~1710
1676:~1650
1671:~1630
1661:State
1369:Swiss
1300:Rhine
1182:Horse
628:Spain
562:Douai
550:Lille
425:Vieux
3881:ISBN
3856:ISBN
3816:ISBN
3791:ISBN
3766:ISBN
3324:ISBN
3299:ISBN
3274:ISBN
3234:ISBN
2991:ISBN
2927:ISBN
2076:and
2052:The
1897:70
1891:1.1
1881:53
1872:1.3
1838:50
1819:40
1810:0.5
1781:50
1778:100
1775:300
1752:100
1730:1.5
1720:87
1711:4.7
1666:Size
1462:1571
1440:1490
1286:, a
1155:. A
1131:Foot
725:and
693:and
685:and
657:and
626:and
613:het
588:and
560:and
380:The
301:The
117:Army
113:Type
44:The
2956:161
1918:**
1894:45
1878:35
1859:92
1856:45
1853:15
1835:53
1832:17
1829:11
1813:12
1791:18
1736:30
1733:70
1717:70
1714:. .
1695:80
1692:18
590:Ath
3967::
3830:^
3717:^
3701:^
3660:^
3590:^
3557:^
3510:^
3463:^
3424:^
3405:^
3398:18
3382:52
3362:^
3338:^
3248:^
3114:^
3099:^
3065:,
3005:^
2968:*
2080:.
2064:,
1906:*
1816:8
1772:7
1749:8
1621:–
1582:–
1557:–
1518:–
1493:–
1468:–
1446:–
1424:–
1387:.
1116:.
1056:.
905:,
790:.
701:,
622:,
584:,
580:,
576:,
572:,
568:,
556:,
552:,
309::
3889:.
3864:.
3824:.
3799:.
3774:.
3687:.
3550:.
3417:.
3332:.
3307:.
3282:.
3242:.
3157:.
2999:.
2974:.
2958:.
2935:.
2777:/
2734:/
2699:/
1912:.
1607:–
1593:–
1568:–
1543:–
1529:–
1504:–
1479:–
1454:–
1432:–
805:.
305:(
205:(
20:)
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