Royal Mint - Knowledge (XXG)

1812: 641: 880: 967: 1134: 387: 1605:, which had been requisitioned for the war effort. Staff and machinery from Tower Hill were moved to the site, which started production in June 1941 and operated for the duration of the war. Over the course of the war, the Royal Mint was hit on several occasions, and at one point was put out of commission for three weeks. As technology changed with the introduction of electricity and demand continued to grow, the rebuilding process continued so that by the 1960s, little of the original mint remained, apart from Smirke's 1809 building and its gatehouses at the front. 1244: 1619: 2852: 2639: 1305: 5365: 1542: 2624: 2152: 1432: 868: 477: 2838: 1686: 1677:; however, no such protests materialised. The second phase of construction began in 1973 and included the addition of a means to mint coins from raw metals; thus completing the full minting process. Upon completion the final cost for the land, buildings and plant came to £8 million. Coin minting gradually shifted to the new site over the next seven years, and the last coin, a gold sovereign, was struck in London in November 1975. 2797: 5446: 1185:(0.05 oz); however, these standards meant losses were being made from overvalued metals. In one such case, Ansell delivered 7920.00 oz of gold to the mint, where it was weighed by an official at 7918.15 oz, a difference of 1.83 oz. Requesting a second weighing on a more accurate scale, the bullion was certified to weigh 7919.98 oz, far closer to the previous measurement, which was off by 960 2681: 2653: 2667: 235: 218: 201: 184: 1236:. On a second occasion in 1868, it was again discovered that gold coins, this time totalling £500,000 worth, were being produced with inferior gold. Although the standard practice at the mint was for rejected coins (known as brockages) to be melted down, many entered general circulation, and the mint was forced to return thousands of ounces of gold to the 2091:. In 2015, it was estimated that 2.4 billion coins were minted for overseas countries, exceeding domestic coinage production and providing over 60% of the mint's revenue from circulating currencies. The Mint also regularly produces commemorative coins for the collector's market, with a range of varying quality and made of different precious metals. 47: 1189:. To increase the accuracy of weights, more precise weighing equipment was ordered, and the tolerance was revised to 0.10 oz for silver and 0.01 oz for gold. Between 1856 and 1866, the old scales were gradually removed and replaced with scales made by Messrs. De Grave, Short, and Fanner; winners of an 1154:). This building was flanked on both sides by gatehouses behind which another building housed the mint's new machinery. Several other smaller buildings were erected, which housed mint officers and staff members. The entire site was protected by a boundary wall patrolled by the Royal Mint's military guard. 2762:

Coins to be tested are drawn from the regular production of the Royal Mint. The Deputy Master of the Mint must, throughout the year, randomly select several thousand sample coins and place them aside for the trial. These must be a certain fixed proportion to the number of coins produced. For example,

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coin production rather than the projected 20%. Despite this, the mint began diversifying its product range by offering items outside its usual coin-related merchandise. Around this time, the mint was selling different types of jewellery, commemorative plates and figurines, eventually creating its own

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the nation's currency, thereby requiring the withdrawal and re-minting of many millions of new coins. At its current site on Tower Hill, the mint had suffered from lack of space for many years, and it would be inadequate to meet the anticipated high demand a recoinage would entail. A possible move to

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Construction started in 1805 on the new purpose-built mint on Tower Hill, opposite the Tower of London, and it was completed by 1809. In 1812, the move became official: the keys of the old mint were ceremoniously delivered to the Constable of the Tower. Facing the front of the site, stood the Johnson

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and for them to be minted using the new milled method. Few of Cromwell's coins entered circulation; Cromwell died in 1658 and the Commonwealth collapsed two years later. Without Cromwell's backing of milled coinage, Blondeau returned to France, leaving England to continue minting hammer-struck coins.

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Argent on a cross between in chief two fleur-de-lys Azure and in base two towers embattled of four merlons Sable a bezant between in pale two stags heads erased Or langued Gules and in fess two bulls heads erased Argent armed Or and langued Gules, on a chief Gules between two crosses crosslet fitchy

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Before 1851, the making of medals at the mint was at the discretion of engravers who could undertake the work independently and receive an additional wage. A royal patent issued in 1669 granted the mint the sole right to produce medals of any metal that bore a monarch's portrait. Engravers would use

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The recommendation was met with outrage by unions and opposition parties in parliament, who called it the "selling off the family silver" and said it would result in job losses. In contrast, the chief executive of the mint, Andrew Stafford, welcomed the proposal, saying that it would lead to further

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in 1910, all three branches were used by the Commonwealth government to mint circulating coins for Australia. The Melbourne and Perth branches had capabilities superior to those in Sydney, and they took over production responsibilities for Australia when the Sydney branch closed after 72 years of

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Ansell also noticed a loss of gold during the manufacturing process. He found that 15 to 20 ounces could be recovered from the sweep, that is, the leftover burnt rubbish from the minting process, which was often left in open boxes for many months before being removed. Wanting to account for every

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to stop issuing banknotes of £10 and above. To meet these demands, the Mint doubled its output so that by 1943 it was minting around 700 million coins a year despite the constant threat of being bombed. The Deputy Master of the Mint, John Craig, recognised the dangers to the Mint and introduced

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on 1 April 1975, which required it to become self-financing. This measure proved successful, and the mint became more profitable through heavy exports. In April 1990, the mint became an Executive Agency; however, by 2001, the mint had reported its first annual loss: a result attributed to only

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In April 2014, the Mint announced plans for developing a visitor centre in Llantrisant where members of the public could go on a guided tour of the facility and learn about the mint's history. The development contract, estimated to be worth £7.7 million, was awarded to construction firm

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a more suitable site had been discussed as far back as 1870 when Deputy Master of the Mint Charles Fremantle had recommended it in his first annual report. At the time, it had been suggested that the valuable land at Tower Hill could be sold to finance the purchase of land nearby

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notes from 29 October 1855 indicate that the mint's Bullion Office had purchased 14,000 troy ounces (440 kg) of unrefined gold in the preceding week alone, and the mint's overall coin output averaged over £1,000,000 yearly in its first five years of operation. In 1868, gold

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After the high-level practice as deputy engraver in the Royal Mint, Charles Wiener went then to Lisbon in 1864 as chief engraver to the Mint of Portugal. In 1863 he made a commemorative medal for Prince Albert (1819-1861), consort of Queen Victoria. (Victoria and Albert Museum).

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coin with a face value of £100. A silver version valued at £2 was also released in 1997. Production of the previously discontinued uncirculated sovereigns and half sovereigns resumed in 2000. From 2014, a lunar coin series was minted annually in celebration of the

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Since 2018 The Royal Mint has been evolving its business to help offset declining cash use. It has expanded into precious metals investment, historic coins, and luxury collectibles, which saw it deliver an operating profit of £12.7 million in 2020–2021.

609:, were made by unauthorised minters across the country. By 1612, there were 3,000 such unlicensed mints producing these tokens, none of them paying anything to the government. The Royal Mint, not wanting to divert manpower from minting more profitable 2187:

in 1967. A year later, the Royal Mint relocated to Wales and ceased its bullion bar interests, but the brand was revived in 2015. Bullion bars produced by the mint are stamped with the original Royal Mint Refinery emblem and come in a range of sizes.

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instructed that gold coins be removed from circulation to help pay for the war effort. The government started to issue £1 and 10-shilling Treasury notes as replacements, paving the way for Britain to leave the gold standard in 1931. The

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costing £500 billion was announced to help stabilise Britain's banking system. This led to fears that the government would attempt to finance the cost by selling off state-owned organizations. In his 2009, pre-budget report the

798:. There, silver plates and foreign coins were melted down and, in some cases, just hammered into shape to produce coins quickly. Bushell was appointed the mint's warden and master-worker, and he laboured alongside notable engravers 2715:

for conformity to required standards. The trials have been held since the 12th century, normally once per calendar year, and continue to the present day. The form of the ceremony has been essentially the same since 1282. They are

3313: 1952:, opened to the public at a final cost of £9 million. The visitor centre includes an interactive museum, a view of the factory floor, an education centre, and a press where visitors can strike their own souvenir 533:, while the Warden was responsible for witnessing the delivery of dies. A specialist mint board was set up in 1472 to enact a 23 February indenture that vested the mint's responsibilities into three main roles: a 2300:

versions up to 1982 when production of uncirculated sovereigns was discontinued, though proof examples continued to be minted. In 1987, the mint started to produce a new type of bullion coin: the gold one-ounce

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had been responsible for overseeing the practice since the position's inception in the 14th century. However, the refinery process proved too costly and suffered from a lack of accountability from the master. A

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to resolve the mint's issues. In a letter to the Treasury dated 29 October 1856, Ansell was put forward as a candidate. He was appointed as a temporary clerk on 12 November 1856, with a salary of £120 per year.

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coins struck for general circulation every year, with an estimated 28 billion pieces circulating altogether. Outside the UK, the mint provides services to over 60 countries, including New Zealand and many

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Upon taking office, Ansell discovered that the weighing of metals at the mint was extremely loose. At the mint, it had been the custom to weigh silver to the nearest 0.5 troy ounces (16 g) and gold to a

1240:. Although Ansell offered to re-melt the substandard coins, his offer was rejected, causing a row between him and senior mint chiefs, which ultimately led to him being removed from his position at the mint. 315:

and is under an exclusive contract to supply the nation's coinage. As well as minting circulating coins for the UK and international markets, The Royal Mint is a leading provider of precious metal products.

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marked the beginning of awarding military campaign medals. By 1874, the mint was responsible for making all bars and clasps for war medals in the country and was making campaign medals such as the

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in 1613. Private licenses to mint these coins were revoked in 1644, which led traders to resume minting their own supplementary tokens. In 1672, the Royal Mint finally took over the production of

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was informed that unless the mint could raise its standards and become more economical, it would be broken up and placed under management by contractors. Graham sought advice from German chemist

1779:. As its sole shareholder, the mint pays an annual dividend of £4 million to the Treasury, with the remaining profits being reinvested into the mint. In 2015, Chancellor of the Exchequer 6576: 2558:

On occasion, the mint produces medals for government departments and under private contracts for clients such as royal societies, colleges, and universities. Most notably, the mint has made

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on 21 December 1917 as part of a wartime effort. It struck sovereigns from 15 August 1918 until 22 April 1919 but closed in May 1919. A sixth and final overseas mint was established in the

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towards the attraction which aimed to attract 200,000 visitors a year to the area. By May 2016, two years after its announcement, the attraction, designed by Rio Architects and now named

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and pay for a new mint building. However, after many years of subsequent debate by parliament it had been decided that improvements could be made to the existing site at Tower Hill. With

1035:, was taken seriously by Newton, who went about trying to combat the country's growing problems with counterfeiting. By this time, forgeries accounted for 10% of the country's coinage, 860:

to the captured town. The exact location of the mint in Exeter is unknown; however, maps from the time show a street named Old Mint Lane near Friernhay, which was to be the site of a

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and private contractors. However, in 1922, a new medal unit created by the mint became the sole manufacturer of all Royal and State medals and decorations in metal, except the

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the facilities at the mint to make commemorative medals of their own design for sale. A key date in the mint's history of producing medals for the military is 1815, when the

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that would enter general circulation before the event. The Mint received over 30,000 entries, with a further 17,000 from a children's competition on the television programme

786:. However, this mint was short-lived, operating for no more than three months before Charles ordered Bushell to relocate the mint to his headquarters in the royal capital of 373:. The first of this sustainably sourced gold is already being used in a new jewellery division – 886 by The Royal Mint – named in celebration of its symbolic founding date. 3215: 3123: 1585:

several measures to ensure the Mint could continue to operate in the event of a disaster. Craig added emergency water supplies, reinforced the Mint's basement to act as an

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expanded, with colonies being established abroad, a greater need for currency led to the Royal Mint opening satellite branches overseas. This need first arose in the then-

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range of collectible goods. This part of the business proved popular in attracting new customers, but it suffered from poor product development. Its products included a

1292:. Rothschild secured a lease from the government in January 1852, purchasing equipment and premises adjacent to the Royal Mint on 19 Royal Mint Street under the name of 4278: 3048: 1903:. In all, a total of 29 designs featuring a sport were selected by the Mint; the youngest designer was just 9 years old. A £2 coin commemorating London's handover to 2732:. Given modern production methods, it is unlikely that coins would not conform, although this has been a problem in the past as it would have been tempting for the 3109: 6531: 6079: 3329: 818:, where he continued minting coins until it fell to parliamentary control on 11 September 1645, effectively ending Bushell's involvement in the civil war mints. 6571: 5617: 1212:

In 1859, the Royal Mint rejected a batch of gold found to be too brittle for the minting of gold sovereigns. Analysis revealed the presence of small amounts of

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to an external agency, thereby removing the refining process from the mint's responsibilities. The opportunity to oversee the Mint's refinery was taken up by

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After relocating to its new home on Tower Hill, the Mint came under increased scrutiny of how it dealt with unrefined gold that had entered the country. The

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to issue silver and bronze coins. But this mint was short-lived, due to its coins being heavily debased, causing significant losses. The site was sold to

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In 2012 The Royal Mint had a network of hundreds of UK sellers of their products. This ensured competitive pricing and availability to the UK public.

6526: 6013: 5385: 2171:. Historically, the mint refined its own metal; but following the advice of an 1848 Royal Commission, the process was separated, with the independent 552:, but England was suffering from financial difficulties brought on by excessive government spending. By the 1540s, wars with France and Scotland led 6019: 4057: 3774: 1811: 4912: 4740: 4704: 1106:

continued to expand, so too did the need to supply its coinage. This, along with the need for new mint machinery and cramped conditions within the

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since 1763, British coins circulated alongside those of other nations until 1858, when London started producing coins for the newly established

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https://www.royalmint.com/globalassets/__rebrand/_structure/about-us/annual-reports/reports/2020_21-royal_mint_limited_annual_report-p1-web.pdf

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pence while an English mark was worth 6 shillings 8 pence (80 pence). To bridge the difference between the values, unofficial supplementary

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united England and Scotland into one country, leading London to take over production of Scotland's currency and thus replacing Scotland's

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to build one or more mints in Cornwall, where he was instructed to mint coins from whatever bullion could be obtained and deliver them to

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stated that the Treasury would "explore the potential benefits of alternative future models for the Royal Mint". A month later in his

1670: 193: 4489: 3360: 1739: 1735:. In 2007, the Mint decided to resume its focus on coins, downsizing non-coin related business and discontinuing its Classics range. 1589:

and even accepted employment of women for the first time. For most of the war, the mint managed to escape most of the destruction of

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By 1856, the mint was beginning to prove inefficient: there were irregularities in minted coins' fineness and weight. Instructed by

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particle and knowing that it was physically impossible for gold just to disappear, he put down the lost weight to a combination of

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treatment plant and a plant for striking. This first phase of the mint was formally opened on 17 December 1968 in the presence of

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growth and secure the future of the business. On 31 December 2009, rather than being fully privatised, the mint ceased to be an

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in its lifetime. As South Africa began cutting ties with Britain, the mint closed on 30 June 1941 but was later reopened as the

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In 1279, the country's numerous mints were unified under a single system whereby control was centralised to the mint within the

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Over twenty sites were considered, including suggestions for Scotland and Northern Ireland; however, the small Welsh town of

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Individual roles at the mint were well established by 1464. The master worker was charged with hiring engravers and managing

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Although London's Royal Mint officially controlled just six mints, many more independent mints were set up in parts of the

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responsible sourcing programme. Investors can also convert RMAU into coins and gold bars. The Royal Mint partnered with

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as a central mint for Australian coinage, the Melbourne and Perth mints were divested by the Royal Mint on 1 July 1970.

732: 461: 140: 5864: 3337: 879: 844:, which had been under parliamentary control since the beginning of the war and was under constant threat of attack by 6506: 6240: 6168: 5782: 3884: 3663: 2880: 2567: 2559: 2482: 1748: 1527: 1417: 31: 6043: 4628: 3124:"The Royal Mint launch '886', a jewellery division using gold recovered from electronic waste | the Royal Mint" 1893:

In addition to securing the medal product contract, the Mint held a competition to design a series of commemorative

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to establish a permanent machine-made coinage. Despite the introduction of the newer, milled coins, like the old

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mint. Much less is known about the mint's employees, with only Richard Vyvyan and clerk Thomas Hawkes recorded.

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came to an end. For the next 200 years, no coins appear to have been minted in Britain until the emergence of

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The Royal Mint, in February 2020, listed its first financial product: the Royal Mint Physical Gold Commodity

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In 2022 The Royal Mint announced it was building a new plant in South Wales to recover precious metals from

158: 3110:"The Royal Mint to build 'world first' plant to turn UK's electronic waste into gold | the Royal Mint" 849: 319:

The Royal Mint was historically part of a series of mints that became centralised to produce coins for the

6426: 5903: 5896: 5842: 2774: 2755:) in which coins were placed for presentation to the jury. There is also a Pyx Chapel (or Pyx Chamber) in 1483: 1321: 1243: 1044: 386: 69: 4349: 2074:, the mint produces all of the country's physical currency apart from banknotes which are printed by the 1775:. The owner of the new company became The Royal Mint trading fund, which itself continued to be owned by 1694: 4920: 4887: 4751: 4715: 2843: 2729: 2038: 2011: 1535: 1448: 1413: 1386: 982: 822: 553: 5529: 5077: 2311: 1787:

drive to raise funds, with the Royal Mint being up for sale alongside other institutions including the

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Vince, Alan (2001). "London". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.).

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Another important operation of the mint, which contributes half the mint's revenue, is the sale of

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During World War II, the Mint was important in ensuring people were paid for their services with

1530: 1460: 1285: 1261: 1091: 1028: 914:, to come to London in 1649 in the hope of modernising the country's minting process. In France, 748: 668: 549: 538: 534: 320: 3503: 2666: 6256: 5539: 5470: 5335: 5316: 5297: 5278: 5257: 5238: 5219: 5162: 5082: 3944: 3838: 3730: 3376: 2944: 2910: 2756: 2180: 2042: 1720: 1685: 1653:, was eventually chosen. Work on the new mint began in August 1967 with the construction of a 1618: 1541: 1507: 1304: 1278: 783: 692: 652: 468:

in the sixth and seventh centuries. By 650, as many as 30 mints are recorded across Britain.

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in all British colonies, and in February 1886 they were given equal status in the UK itself.

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In the same month, the mint took in 48 tonnes of silver recovered from the shipwreck of the

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After moving to Wales, the mint struggled to be profitable as the Western world fell into a

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This article is about the official coin and bullion producer in the UK. For other uses, see

4785: 3578: 2578:, the mint won a contract to produce 4,700 gold, silver and bronze medals for competitors. 5885: 5805: 5524: 5460: 4249: 3001: 2972: 2885: 2744: 2737: 2712: 2602: 2151: 2075: 2007: 1792: 1768: 1674: 1602: 1581: 1558: 1471: 1401: 1349: 1237: 1111: 1107: 946: 720: 664: 572: 489: 481: 476: 421: 339: 308: 289: 72: 3914:"The fascinating story of how the institution that makes all our money ended up in Wales" 1921: 5595: 3600: 1697:

during the early 1970s. To combat a rising national debt, the mint was established as a

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was set up in 1848 to address these issues; it recommended that the refinery process be

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to facilitate the country's gold mines. The new mint was opened on 2 January 1908 by

1052: 688: 587:. Because Scotland had heavily debased its silver coins, a Scots mark was worth just 413: 324: 293: 6401: 5977: 5955: 5948: 5934: 5788: 5763: 5756: 5055: 4494: 4354: 4298: 4218: 2875: 2764: 2672: 2168: 2067: 1999: 1985: 1961: 1929: 1698: 1658: 1573: 1495: 1362: 1186: 1056: 1024: 970: 950: 927: 810:, the last of whom was appointed Graver of Seals, Stamps, and Medals in 1643. When 791: 680: 445: 152: 4320: 3019: 346:, where it remained until the 1960s. As Britain followed the rest of the world in 5272: 3938: 667:. Additional branch mints to aid the one in London were set up, including one at 6227: 6209: 5555: 5435: 4832: 4807: 2717: 2709: 2686: 2071: 1973: 1965: 1776: 1669:. There had been fears that the Royal family would face protests because of the 1646: 1639: 1623: 1341: 1313: 1270: 1182: 1095: 1060: 923: 775: 756: 704: 580: 542: 351: 312: 297: 246: 119: 4408: 3461: 2763:

for every 5,000 bimetallic coins issued, one must be set aside, but for silver

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set for 1971, the government quickly decided where to establish the new mint.

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in the full judicial sense, presided over by a judge with an expert jury of

2184: 2084: 2023: 1944:. To fund the development, a grant of £2.3 million was provided by the 1732: 1712: 1594: 1590: 1225: 1147: 1013: 942:; however rival moneyers continued using the old hammering method. In 1656, 837: 728: 712: 433: 355: 46: 3671: 1368:

The success of the Sydney branch led to the opening of similar branches in

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containing the financial records of the London mint show an expenditure of

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its currency, the Mint moved from London to a new 38-acre (15 ha) plant in

4606:"Royal Mint seeks exhibition designers as visitor centre plans take shape" 2759:, which was once used for secure storage of the Pyx and related articles. 17: 6473: 5158: 4463: 4413: 4325: 3889: 3361:"Andrew Lamb, 'Poole, Elizabeth [married name Bacon](1820–1906)'" 2265: 2164: 2088: 2026:, the technology is to be created by technology companies AlphaPoint and 1994:

In 2015, after nearly 50 years, the mint began producing its own line of

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was commonplace and the value of the silver in coins had surpassed their

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can be traced back to the second century BC when they were introduced by

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nations, by producing national currencies or supplying ready-to-strike

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equipment. Satellite mints to aid in the recoinage were established in

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The trial today consists of an inquiry independent of the Royal Mint.

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Minting of bullion coins began in 1957 to meet a demand for authentic

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took control of Oxford that same year, Bushell was ordered to move to

564:

were dissolved, which effectively ended major coin production outside

4441: 3476:"Medal | Wiener, Charles | V&A Explore the Collections" 3073: 2210: 1956:. On display at the centre are more than 80,000 artefacts, including 1440: 1405: 1393: 1333: 1072: 1012:

was ousted from power, parliament took over control of the mint from

841: 787: 716: 708: 684: 629: 622: 614: 565: 523: 497: 493: 457: 424:. The first record of coins being minted in Britain is attributed to 4679: 4655:"CME Group, Royal Mint test blockchain-based gold trading platform" 4516: 2724:. The trials have since 1871 taken place at the livery hall of the 1823:, the Royal Mint put in a successful bid to manufacture the Games' 1324:

threatened to undermine the colony's economy. In 1851 the colony's

548:

In the early 16th century, mainland Europe was in the middle of an

6241:

Chancellor of the Exchequer / Second Lord of the Treasury

4943:"A badge of honour – our pride in making medals at The Royal Mint" 2027: 1810: 1557:. The Royal Mint produced these until Ireland established its own 1515: 1444: 1430: 1303: 1242: 1229: 1228:, he persuaded the Royal Mint to allow him to experiment with the 1142:

Smirke Building, named for its designer James Johnson and builder

1132: 965: 899: 878: 866: 857: 833: 740: 656: 475: 417: 359: 301: 210: 5370: 1514:

in 1868, and the mint machinery was sold to the Japanese Mint in

1385:

operation at the end of 1926. Following the establishment of the

1051:

whereby all coins were removed from circulation, and enacted the

918:

had been banned from the Paris Mint since 1639 and replaced with

840:. In December 1642, the parliamentarians set up a mint in nearby 452:

in AD 43, they set up mints across the land, which produced

2231: 2019: 1703: 1593:, but in December 1940 three members of staff were killed in an 1221: 1206: 1080: 894:

established its own set of coins, which for the first time used

752: 610: 606: 425: 82: 27:

Government-owned mint that produces coins for the United Kingdom

6182: 5599: 5374: 4969:"London 2012 Olympics: Royal Mint wins contract to make medals" 4378:"London 2012 Olympics: Royal Mint wins contract to make medals" 3940:

Annual Report of the Deputy Master and Comptroller - Royal Mint

307:

Operating under the legal name The Royal Mint Limited, it is a

6178: 4467: 1376:, on 2 June 1872 and 20 June 1899 respectively. Following the 1202: 1102:. As a result, the Edinburgh mint closed on 4 August 1710. As 402: 342:

for several hundred years before moving to what is now called

5358: 4580:"Everything you need to know about The Royal Mint Experience" 1320:, as the black-market trade in gold during and following the 1001:("An ornament and a safeguard") was added to some coin rims. 790:. The new Oxford mint was established on 15 December 1642 in 5207:

The Mint: A History of the London Mint from A.D. 287 to 1948

766:, marking the beginning of the civil war, Charles called on 579:

led to a partial union of the two kingdoms' currencies, the

3462:"Commemorative Medal for the Exposition Universelle Anvers" 3451:, Oxford University Press, 2004. Accessed 10 February 2017. 3049:"The Royal Mint Limited Consolidated Annual Report 2021–22" 902:

and were more plainly designed than those issued under the

267: 3502:. Historic Houses Trust of New South Wales. Archived from 2821:

Argent a lion passant guardant Or armed and langued Azure.

1689:

Royal Mint logo before becoming a government-owned company

1209:, and different types of foreign matter amongst the gold. 890:

Following Charles I's execution in 1649, the newly formed

4539:"The Royal Mint announces plans for first visitor centre" 4409:"London 2012: Olympic medals go into production in Wales" 4214:"Privatisation of Royal Mint at Llantrisant rolls closer" 3535:. State Archives and Records Authority of New South Wales 2183:

continued the refinery's management until it was sold to

1352:, where it opened in 1855. Production increased quickly: 5216:

A History of Money From Ancient Times to the Present Day

3556:"EF10/20645: Mint Building and Hyde Park Barracks Group" 1597:. Around the same time, an auxiliary mint was set up at 848:

troops. In September 1643, the town was captured by the

5179:

The Royal Mint: its working, conduct, and operations...

2562:

medals as well as many military honours, including the

1580:

by flooding the country with forged notes, leading the

836:

and was its Master until 1646, when it was captured by

687:

and established at least 16 emergency mints across the

5189:

The Spellmount Guide to London in the Second World War

4294:"Budget 2009: Thousands of public sector jobs at risk" 3312:

Great Britain. Treasury. Information Division (1986).

5746:

Sir Bartholomew Reed and Robert Fenrother (1492–1498)

5254:

New Westminster Album: Glimpses of the City as It Was

3401: 3399: 6353:

Commissioners for the Reduction of the National Debt

1439:

A fifth branch of the Royal Mint was established in

6435: 6394: 6373: 6338: 6315: 6297: 6226: 5965: 5884: 5863: 5804: 5732: 5671: 5638: 5548: 5517: 5510: 5479: 5453: 5408: 4464:"London 2012 Olympic 50p coins go into circulation" 2163:to investors and the general public in the form of 1629:On 1 March 1966, the government announced plans to 262: 252: 242: 225: 208: 191: 178: 166: 146: 130: 115: 89: 78: 65: 53: 6167:Office abolished in 1879 with duties given to the 4254: 2006:brand. Then in 2016, the mint announced plans for 1455:on 1 January 1923, producing £83,114,575 worth of 1232:, and was ultimately able to produce 167,539 gold 1083:, with returned coins being valued by weight, not 6577:Organisations based in Wales with royal patronage 5332:The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England 4245:"Green Investment Bank bidders ready final offer" 4243:Pickard, Plimmer, Jim, Gill (11 September 2016). 1150:John Lidbury Poole (father of the famous singer, 460:reopened briefly in 383 until closing swiftly as 6522:Government-owned companies of the United Kingdom 3558:. Sydney: Department of Planning and Environment 2070:coins in the United Kingdom under contract from 2045:. RMAU is the first gold ETF backed 100% by the 5313:2017 Standard Catalog of World Coins, 1901-2000 5054:. The Goldsmiths' Company. 2004. Archived from 1502:requested the founding of an independent mint ( 5652:Henry de Bruselee and John Chichester (1351–?) 5649:Richard de Snowshill/Richard of Grimsby (1331) 4741:"The Royal Mint Limited Annual Report 2014-15" 4705:"The Royal Mint Limited Annual Report 2015-16" 3726:Encyclopedia of Nineteenth Century Photography 1110:, led to plans for the mint to move to nearby 993:they suffered heavily from counterfeiting and 981:into Britain had failed, the restored monarch 977:In 1662, after previous attempts to introduce 778:, to move his operations to the royalist-held 6194: 5611: 5386: 4778:"Gold bars now available from The Royal Mint" 4565:"The Royal Mint Experience by Rio Architects" 1412:, producing coins for circulation, including 651:In 1630, sometime before the outbreak of the 8: 5235:The Royal Mint : An Illustrated History 4402: 4400: 4277:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3043: 3041: 3039: 3037: 1380:in 1901 and the establishment of a separate 922:. Blondeau began his testing in May 1651 in 856:, leading Vyvyan to move his nearby mint in 821:In November 1642, the king ordered royalist 456:for some 40 years before closing. A mint in 39: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3521: 2605:, military medals were manufactured by the 1482:led to a mint being established in 1862 by 6201: 6187: 6179: 5618: 5604: 5596: 5514: 5393: 5379: 5371: 5363: 3756: 2937:"The Royal Mint Accessorizes With Jewelry" 2788: 45: 38: 5182:London: Effingham Wilson, Royal Exchange. 4991: 4989: 2708:is a traditional procedure to test newly 2066:As the sole body responsible for minting 1420:, the mint came under the control of the 906:. The government invited French engineer 774:, the owner of a mint and silver mine in 6562:Tourist attractions in Rhondda Cynon Taf 3775:Leisure and Cultural Services Department 3729:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 304–5. 2319: 2272: 2217: 2192: 2150: 2095: 1831: 1684: 1617: 1545:Engraving room at the Royal Mint in 1934 1540: 675:seized control of the Tower mint. After 639: 496:were reduced, with only a few local and 385: 6476:nominally associated with the Treasury 6251:Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury 5277:. Oxford University Press. p. 70. 4833:"British Gold Sovereigns - Information" 3871: 3859: 3694:"The History of the South African Mint" 3650: 3449:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3365:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3318:. Information Division of the Treasury. 3287: 2927: 2728:, having previously taken place at the 2619: 1553:(later the Republic of Ireland) issued 1340:providing for the establishment of the 659:that ensured a steady supply of silver 4888:"British Chinese Lunar Calendar Coins" 4604:Montgomery, Angus (17 November 2014). 4270: 4181:"The Royal Mint Annual Report 2007-08" 3820: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3445:"Ansell, George Frederick (1826–1880)" 3405: 2789: 2078:. On average, it produces two billion 1819:After London was selected to host the 1649:, ten miles (16 km) northwest of 1172:, who in turn recommended his student 953:to cut a series of dies featuring his 926:. He initially produced milled silver 432:who around 80–60 BC imitated those of 6532:9th-century establishments in England 6407:Infrastructure and Projects Authority 5105:"The History of the Trial of the Pyx" 4699: 4697: 4238: 4236: 4149:"Royal Mint Annual Report 1999 -2000" 4037:from the original on 18 November 2021 3885:"1966: Britain to go decimal in 1971" 3664:"The History of the Indian Sovereign" 3373:10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.013.111769 3299: 3275: 1526:In 1914, as war broke out in Europe, 1146:. Construction was supervised by the 7: 6572:Companies based in Rhondda Cynon Taf 6282:Commercial Secretary to the Treasury 4967:Ruddick, Graham (16 December 2010). 4858:"British Queen's Beasts Coin Series" 4376:Ruddick, Graham (16 December 2017). 3607:. Gold Corporation Western Australia 2998:"Overview of THE ROYAL MINT LIMITED" 2967: 2965: 1332:a petition seeking a local mint for 1031:in 1696. His role, intended to be a 1021:Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax 762:After raising the royal standard in 621:who, under license, started issuing 6307:Permanent Secretary to the Treasury 6288:Lords Commissioners of the Treasury 6276:Exchequer Secretary to the Treasury 6262:Financial Secretary to the Treasury 5296:. Littlehampton Book Services Ltd. 4913:"Landmarks Of Britain Silver Coins" 3912:Mosalski, Ruth (30 November 2018). 3443:W. P. Courtney, rev. Robert Brown, 3247:"Cromwell Put is Portrait on Coins" 2901:List of British banknotes and coins 1815:2012 Olympic Medal made by the Mint 575:of England and Scotland under King 338:The Royal Mint operated within the 6365:National Infrastructure Commission 6267:Economic Secretary to the Treasury 5256:. Dundurn Group Ltd. p. 148. 4117:"Royal Mint Annual Report 2001-02" 2891:Joseph Harris (British astronomer) 2310:; and in 2016, a series featuring 2276: 2249: 1924:, who had previously designed the 1833:2012 Olympic medal specifications 1336:, and in 1853 the Queen issued an 25: 5696:Bartholomew Goldbeter (1421–1432) 5176:Ansell, George Frederick (1870). 4435:DeMarco, Anthony (26 July 2012). 4407:Hume, Colette (27 October 2011). 4350:"Royal Mint Makes a Mint … Again" 4321:"Royal Mint privatisation closer" 4097:from the original on 10 July 2009 3971:Pearson, Arthur (26 March 1970). 3214:Morgns, Geraint (December 1999). 2935:Davidson, Annabel (27 May 2022). 2343: 2047:London Bullion Market Association 2037:(ETF): RMAU. It is listed on the 1424:and was subsequently renamed the 1193:prize award for work relating to 782:, possibly within the grounds of 6527:Currencies of the United Kingdom 6386:Office for Budget Responsibility 6360:Government Internal Audit Agency 6330:National Savings and Investments 5705:Sir Richard Tonstall (1459–1461) 5444: 4682:. The Royal Mint. 25 August 2015 3943:. Royal Mint. 1871. p. 13. 3554:Heritage NSW (12 January 2007). 3245:Julian, R.W. (23 January 2017). 3018:. The Royal Mint. Archived from 2850: 2836: 2795: 2767:, the proportion is one in 150. 2726:Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths 2679: 2665: 2651: 2637: 2622: 2175:being purchased and operated by 1767:and its assets were vested in a 234: 233: 217: 216: 200: 199: 183: 182: 6325:Government Actuary's Department 6246:Chief Secretary to the Treasury 5198:A New History of the Royal Mint 5107:. The Royal Mint. 27 March 2012 4776:Oliver, Dan (21 January 2015). 4348:Kollewe, Julia (24 July 2015). 4090:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 4063:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 4056:Taverne, Dick (17 March 1970). 3978:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 2866:Banknotes of the pound sterling 1342:Sydney Branch of the Royal Mint 1137:Johnson Smirke Building in 2007 655:, England signed a treaty with 362:, where it has remained since. 5743:Sir Giles Daubeney (1485–1490) 4653:Irrera, Anna (11 April 2017). 4627:Evans, Carrie (4 April 2014). 4292:Bawden, Anna (22 April 2009). 3627:"Ontario's Historical Plaques" 1742:was another financial blow: a 1435:Hong Kong silver dollar (1867) 1224:. With Ansell's background in 1: 5274:Hong Kong: A Cultural History 5218:. University of Wales Press. 5209:. Cambridge University Press. 5200:. Cambridge University Press. 4488:Barry, Sion (13 April 2015). 4212:Blake, Aled (17 March 2009). 3579:"Collections: Melbourne Mint" 3533:"AGY-1730: Royal Mint Sydney" 3496:"A Short History of the Mint" 3494:Starr, Fiona (21 June 2016). 2808: 2743:The term "pyx" refers to the 2588:New Zealand War Service Medal 1825:Olympic and Paralympic medals 1783:announced a £20 billion 1671:Investiture of Prince Charles 1568:rather than banknotes. Under 1191:1862 International Exhibition 500:mints continuing to operate. 296:. It is currently located in 93: 5661:Walter dei Bardi (1375–1391) 5655:Walter dei Bardi (1361–1361) 4808:"Gold Britannias Index Page" 4578:Doran, Lorna (17 May 2016). 4517:"Mather & Co - Our Work" 4186:. Royal Mint. Archived from 4154:. Royal Mint. Archived from 4122:. Royal Mint. Archived from 3190:"The Testoons of Henry VIII" 1740:2008 global financial crisis 1480:British Columbia gold rushes 1348:within the southern wing of 1312:As Britain's influence as a 141:British Overseas Territories 6517:Mints of the United Kingdom 6317:Non-ministerial departments 6169:Chancellor of the Exchequer 5702:Robert Manfield (1446–1459) 5658:John Chichester (1365–1367) 4026:Queen Opens New Mint (1968) 3367:. Oxford University Press. 3074:"About Us | The Royal Mint" 2973:"Records of the Royal Mint" 2881:Coins of the pound sterling 2790:Coat of arms of Royal Mint 2568:Conspicuous Gallantry Cross 2464:1 oz tr platinum 1907:was also released in 2012. 1749:Chancellor of the Exchequer 1528:Chancellor of the Exchequer 1361:minted in Sydney were made 1247:Gold Melting Process (1870) 617:coins, hired outside agent 32:Royal Mint (disambiguation) 6593: 6236:First Lord of the Treasury 5699:John Paddesley (1435–1446) 5693:Sir Lewis John (1418–1420) 5690:Sir Lewis John (1413–1414) 5687:Richard Garner (1411–1414) 5252:Hainsworth, Gavin (2005). 5191:. Spellmount. p. 177. 3797:"Royal Mint: Branch Mints" 2697: 1757:2009 United Kingdom budget 1498:. On 26 February 1864, an 1308:Royal Mint, Sydney in 1888 1170:August Wilhelm von Hofmann 1126: 997:. To combat this the text 304:, where it moved in 1968. 29: 6461: 6422:UK Government Investments 6216: 6165: 5664:John Wildeman (1391–1391) 5442: 5294:Coins and Coin Collecting 5155:The Encyclopedia of Money 4085:"HC Deb vol 170 cc390-1W" 3419:"1859 'Ansell' Sovereign" 2814:and granted 23 April 1982 2531:1 oz tr silver 2502: 2488:1 oz tr silver 2480: 2442: 2428:2 oz tr silver 2420: 2357:1 oz tr silver 2349: 2204: 1911:The Royal Mint Experience 1865: 1494:in becoming the region's 1322:1851 Australian gold rush 1318:Colony of New South Wales 1290:N M Rothschild & Sons 1164:, the Master of the Mint 110:(current legal structure) 44: 6468:are not currently in use 6014:5th Earl of Chesterfield 5311:Michael, Thomas (2016). 5292:Linecar, Howard (1985). 5271:Ingham, Michael (2007). 3723:Mattison, David (2013). 3315:Economic Progress Report 2773:The jury is composed of 2155:Royal Mint Refinery Seal 2097:Coins minted (billions) 1970:Janvier reducing machine 1926:Norwegian Olympic Museum 1576:planned to collapse the 683:, he was forced to flee 412:The history of coins in 311:that is wholly owned by 6128:William Ewart Gladstone 5431:Great Recoinage of 1816 5426:Great Recoinage of 1696 5315:. Krause Publications. 5187:Beardon, James (2013). 3577:Sharples, John (2010). 3139:"Britain's First Coins" 2507:1 oz tr gold 2447:1 oz tr gold 2376:1 oz tr gold 2018:to trade and invest in 1396:, which had been under 1378:Federation of Australia 1174:George Frederick Ansell 1049:Great Recoinage of 1696 1019:Under the patronage of 892:Commonwealth of England 420:tribes from across the 187:£1,403.5 million (2022) 6427:UK Infrastructure Bank 6348:Debt Management Office 6080:3rd Earl of Mornington 6020:2nd Marquess Townshend 5196:Challis, C.E. (1992). 5052:"The Trial of the Pyx" 4680:"About The Royal Mint" 3601:"The Perth Mint Story" 3160:"The Royal Mint Story" 2156: 1920:and design consultant 1816: 1723:clock combined with a 1690: 1681:Financial difficulties 1626: 1546: 1484:Francis George Claudet 1436: 1418:Statute of Westminster 1414:Ottawa Mint sovereigns 1309: 1277:, a descendant of the 1248: 1138: 974: 887: 876: 794:, the present site of 648: 526:bought for workshops. 485: 409: 313:His Majesty's Treasury 40:The Royal Mint Limited 6537:Currencies of England 6110:1st Baron Dunfermline 6074:2nd Earl of Clancarty 6032:2nd Earl of Liverpool 6008:3rd Earl of Effingham 5996:3rd Viscount Chetwynd 5990:Hon. Richard Arundell 5153:Allen, Larry (2009). 3801:The National Archives 3500:Sydney Living Museums 3359:Lamb, Andrew (2019). 2844:United Kingdom portal 2779:Company of Goldsmiths 2730:Palace of Westminster 2177:Anthony de Rothschild 2154: 2039:London Stock Exchange 2012:digital gold currency 1950:Royal Mint Experience 1814: 1688: 1621: 1544: 1536:Bombay Mint sovereign 1449:Union of South Africa 1434: 1416:. In 1931, under the 1387:Royal Australian Mint 1307: 1275:Anthony de Rothschild 1246: 1136: 1127:Further information: 969: 882: 870: 850:Cornish Royalist Army 643: 479: 462:Roman rule in Britain 400:ELFRED REXX [ 389: 331:, and nations across 6220:1, Horse Guards Road 6104:1st Earl of Auckland 6098:John Charles Herries 6056:Lord Charles Spencer 5640:House of Plantagenet 5421:The Great Debasement 5214:Davis, Glyn (2010). 5205:Craig, John (2011). 5032:on 24 September 2017 5001:The National Archive 4997:"Royal Mint: Medals" 4923:on 25 September 2019 4788:on 22 September 2017 3770:"Hong Kong Currency" 3698:southcapecoins.co.za 2977:The National Archive 2916:William John Hocking 2645:2012 Summer Olympics 2601:At the start of the 2592:Abyssinian War Medal 2576:2012 Summer Olympics 2572:British Armed Forces 2526:Landmarks of Britain 2035:Exchange-traded fund 1934:Manchester City F.C. 1821:2012 Summer Olympics 1807:2012 London Olympics 1422:Government of Canada 910:, who worked at the 679:tried to arrest the 647:Civil War half-crown 558:The Great Debasement 238:£72.4 million (2022) 221:£72.4 million (2022) 85:and medal production 6480:held by Government 6140:Richard Lalor Sheil 6116:1st Baron Ashburton 5822:Sir Edward Villiers 5571:Royal Canadian Mint 5233:Dyer, G.P. (1986). 5026:hancocks-london.com 4383:The Daily Telegraph 4259:on 10 December 2022 4058:"Royal Mint (Move)" 3834:"Women in the Mint" 3704:on 15 December 2019 3506:on 10 November 2022 3478:. 19 February 1863. 3425:on 15 February 2016 3170:on 8 September 2019 2791: 2613:, which is made by 2322: 2195: 2173:Royal Mint Refinery 2098: 2004:Royal Mint Refinery 1972:and a selection of 1834: 1709:Royal Mint Classics 1702:securing 5% of new 1636:Whitefriars, London 1614:Relocation to Wales 1561:in Dublin in 1978. 1426:Royal Canadian Mint 1326:Legislative Council 1294:Royal Mint Refinery 1256:Royal Mint Refinery 1006:Glorious Revolution 671:in Wales. In 1642, 450:invasion of Britain 428:tribes such as the 408:("Alfred the King") 254:Number of employees 41: 6507:886 establishments 6340:Executive agencies 6158:Vacant (1869–1879) 5816:Sir Richard Martin 5795:Sir Richard Martin 5750:4th Baron Mountjoy 5723:Robert Brackenbury 5716:Robert Brackenbury 5530:King's Norton Mint 5502:Warden of the Mint 5497:Master of the Mint 5078:"Trial of the Pyx" 4917:Royal Mint Bullion 4000:"A New Royal Mint" 3674:on 27 October 2019 3631:ontarioplaques.com 3581:. Museums Victoria 3340:on 1 November 2019 3022:on 26 January 2019 2941:The New York Times 2858:Numismatics portal 2734:Master of the Mint 2584:Battle of Waterloo 2320: 2312:The Queen's Beasts 2193: 2157: 2096: 2002:under its revived 1832: 1817: 1691: 1659:Queen Elizabeth II 1627: 1570:Operation Bernhard 1547: 1531:David Lloyd George 1496:provincial capital 1461:South African Mint 1437: 1310: 1300:Colonial expansion 1286:investment banking 1262:Master of the Mint 1249: 1139: 1092:Acts of Union 1707 1059:to own or possess 1027:became the mint's 975: 916:hammer-stuck coins 888: 877: 796:St Peter's College 669:Aberystwyth Castle 649: 605:, often made from 550:economic expansion 486: 410: 321:Kingdom of England 204:£18 million (2022) 6552:Economy of London 6547:History of London 6489: 6488: 6484: 6469: 6257:Paymaster General 6176: 6175: 6122:1st Baron Taunton 6086:1st Baron Wallace 6068:3rd Earl Bathurst 6050:3rd Earl Bathurst 5755:Ralph Rowlet/Sir 5718:(April–June 1483) 5711:(1461–April 1483) 5593: 5592: 5589: 5588: 5549:Historic branches 5540:Mints of Scotland 5471:Royal Mint Museum 5341:978-0-631-22492-1 5284:978-0-19-972447-5 5083:Royal Mint Museum 5058:on 21 August 2008 4892:taxfreegold.co.uk 4862:taxfreegold.co.uk 4837:taxfreegold.co.uk 4812:taxfreegold.co.uk 4519:. matherandco.com 3839:Royal Mint Museum 3382:978-0-19-861412-8 3290:, pp. 88–98. 3257:on 23 August 2017 3226:on 31 August 2012 3078:www.royalmint.com 3016:"Chief Executive" 2911:Mints of Scotland 2827: 2826: 2757:Westminster Abbey 2615:Hancocks & Co 2549: 2548: 2291: 2290: 2181:Rothschild family 2142: 2141: 2053:ETF firm HANetf. 1889: 1888: 1721:Edinburgh Crystal 1715:with an embedded 1538:was the £1 coin. 1508:British Hong Kong 1486:, under Governor 1279:Rothschild family 1098:with the English 949:ordered engraver 808:Nicholas Burghers 784:Shrewsbury Castle 653:English Civil War 278: 277: 124:Rhondda Cynon Taf 16:(Redirected from 6584: 6512:Mints (currency) 6474:Sinecure offices 6471: 6463: 6453:Spring Statement 6376:non-departmental 6203: 6196: 6189: 6180: 6134:Sir George Clerk 6062:Charles Bathurst 6026:Sir George Yonge 6002:1st Earl Cadogan 5967:House of Hanover 5939:Charles Duncombe 5925:Charles Duncombe 5847:Thomas Aylesbury 5829:Randal Cranfield 5725:(June 1483–1485) 5709:William Hastings 5620: 5613: 5606: 5597: 5515: 5466:Royal Mint Court 5448: 5416:Trial of the Pyx 5395: 5388: 5381: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5361: 5359:Official website 5345: 5326: 5307: 5288: 5267: 5248: 5229: 5210: 5201: 5192: 5183: 5172: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5123: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5101: 5095: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5074: 5068: 5067: 5065: 5063: 5048: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5028:. Archived from 5022:"Victoria Cross" 5018: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5007: 4993: 4984: 4983: 4981: 4979: 4964: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4939: 4933: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4919:. Archived from 4909: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4884: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4864:. Archived from 4854: 4848: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4829: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4804: 4798: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4784:. Archived from 4773: 4767: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4756: 4750:. Archived from 4745: 4737: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4720: 4714:. Archived from 4709: 4701: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4676: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4650: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4624: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4608:. Design Week 30 4601: 4595: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4575: 4569: 4568: 4561: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4535: 4529: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4485: 4479: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4460: 4454: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4404: 4395: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4373: 4367: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4289: 4283: 4282: 4276: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4258: 4253:. Archived from 4240: 4231: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4209: 4203: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4193:on 30 March 2016 4192: 4185: 4177: 4171: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4161:on 31 March 2016 4160: 4153: 4145: 4139: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4128: 4121: 4113: 4107: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4093:. 2 April 1990. 4081: 4075: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4053: 4047: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4021: 4015: 4014: 4012: 4010: 3996: 3990: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3909: 3903: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3881: 3875: 3869: 3863: 3857: 3851: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3830: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3793: 3787: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3766: 3760: 3754: 3748: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3720: 3714: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3700:. Archived from 3690: 3684: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3670:. Archived from 3668:goldsovereign.in 3660: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3597: 3591: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3574: 3568: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3551: 3545: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3529: 3516: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3491: 3480: 3479: 3472: 3466: 3465: 3458: 3452: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3421:. Archived from 3415: 3409: 3403: 3394: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3336:. Archived from 3326: 3320: 3319: 3309: 3303: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3273: 3267: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3253:. Archived from 3242: 3236: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3222:. Archived from 3216:"Making a Mint?" 3211: 3205: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3166:. Archived from 3156: 3150: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3106: 3100: 3095: 3089: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3070: 3064: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3053: 3045: 3032: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3012: 3006: 3005: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2969: 2960: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2932: 2860: 2855: 2854: 2853: 2846: 2841: 2840: 2839: 2813: 2810: 2799: 2792: 2706:Trial of the Pyx 2700:Trial of the Pyx 2694:Trial of the Pyx 2683: 2669: 2655: 2641: 2626: 2607:Woolwich Arsenal 2345: 2323: 2278: 2251: 2196: 2099: 1946:Welsh Government 1922:Mather & Co. 1835: 1765:executive agency 1753:Alistair Darling 1731:plate featuring 1725:millennium Crown 1599:Pinewood Studios 1587:air-raid shelter 1551:Irish Free State 1512:Jardine Matheson 1500:Order in Council 1476:British Columbia 1382:Australian pound 1346:Macquarie Street 1338:Order in Council 1281:and heir to the 1267:Royal Commission 1129:Royal Mint Court 1104:Britain's empire 1045:King William III 999:Decus et tutamen 838:parliamentarians 770:mining engineer 600: 599: 595: 592: 521: 519: 518: 514: 511: 492:. Mints outside 466:English kingdoms 392:Alfred the Great 371:electronic waste 344:Royal Mint Court 333:the Commonwealth 274: 271: 269: 237: 236: 230: 220: 219: 213: 203: 202: 194:Operating income 186: 185: 162: 111: 106: 105:(unified system) 101: 98: 95: 49: 42: 21: 6592: 6591: 6587: 6586: 6585: 6583: 6582: 6581: 6567:Bullion dealers 6542:Tower of London 6492: 6491: 6490: 6485: 6470: 6457: 6431: 6390: 6377: 6369: 6334: 6311: 6293: 6222: 6212: 6207: 6177: 6172: 6161: 6038:2nd Baron Arden 5969: 5961: 5888: 5886:House of Stuart 5880: 5867: 5859: 5808: 5806:House of Stuart 5800: 5736: 5728: 5680: 5667: 5642: 5634: 5624: 5594: 5585: 5544: 5525:Birmingham Mint 5506: 5492:Chief Medallist 5475: 5461:Tower of London 5449: 5440: 5409:Historic topics 5404: 5399: 5357: 5356: 5353: 5348: 5342: 5329: 5323: 5310: 5304: 5291: 5285: 5270: 5264: 5251: 5245: 5232: 5226: 5213: 5204: 5195: 5186: 5175: 5169: 5152: 5148: 5143: 5142: 5132: 5130: 5125: 5124: 5120: 5110: 5108: 5103: 5102: 5098: 5088: 5086: 5076: 5075: 5071: 5061: 5059: 5050: 5049: 5045: 5035: 5033: 5020: 5019: 5015: 5005: 5003: 4995: 4994: 4987: 4977: 4975: 4966: 4965: 4961: 4951: 4949: 4947:Royal Mint Blog 4941: 4940: 4936: 4926: 4924: 4911: 4910: 4906: 4896: 4894: 4886: 4885: 4881: 4871: 4869: 4856: 4855: 4851: 4841: 4839: 4831: 4830: 4826: 4816: 4814: 4806: 4805: 4801: 4791: 4789: 4775: 4774: 4770: 4760: 4758: 4757:on 13 June 2017 4754: 4743: 4739: 4738: 4734: 4724: 4722: 4721:on 13 June 2017 4718: 4707: 4703: 4702: 4695: 4685: 4683: 4678: 4677: 4673: 4663: 4661: 4652: 4651: 4647: 4637: 4635: 4626: 4625: 4621: 4611: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4598: 4588: 4586: 4577: 4576: 4572: 4563: 4562: 4558: 4548: 4546: 4545:. 24 April 2014 4537: 4536: 4532: 4522: 4520: 4515: 4514: 4510: 4500: 4498: 4487: 4486: 4482: 4472: 4470: 4462: 4461: 4457: 4447: 4445: 4434: 4433: 4429: 4419: 4417: 4406: 4405: 4398: 4388: 4386: 4375: 4374: 4370: 4360: 4358: 4347: 4346: 4342: 4332: 4330: 4329:. 21 April 2009 4319: 4318: 4314: 4304: 4302: 4291: 4290: 4286: 4269: 4262: 4260: 4250:Financial Times 4242: 4241: 4234: 4224: 4222: 4211: 4210: 4206: 4196: 4194: 4190: 4183: 4179: 4178: 4174: 4164: 4162: 4158: 4151: 4147: 4146: 4142: 4132: 4130: 4129:on 13 June 2017 4126: 4119: 4115: 4114: 4110: 4100: 4098: 4083: 4082: 4078: 4068: 4066: 4055: 4054: 4050: 4040: 4038: 4023: 4022: 4018: 4008: 4006: 3998: 3997: 3993: 3983: 3981: 3970: 3969: 3965: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3937: 3936: 3932: 3922: 3920: 3911: 3910: 3906: 3896: 3894: 3883: 3882: 3878: 3870: 3866: 3858: 3854: 3844: 3842: 3832: 3831: 3827: 3819: 3815: 3805: 3803: 3795: 3794: 3790: 3780: 3778: 3768: 3767: 3763: 3757:Hainsworth 2005 3755: 3751: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3722: 3721: 3717: 3707: 3705: 3692: 3691: 3687: 3677: 3675: 3662: 3661: 3657: 3653:, p. 1130. 3649: 3645: 3635: 3633: 3625: 3624: 3620: 3610: 3608: 3599: 3598: 3594: 3584: 3582: 3576: 3575: 3571: 3561: 3559: 3553: 3552: 3548: 3538: 3536: 3531: 3530: 3519: 3509: 3507: 3493: 3492: 3483: 3474: 3473: 3469: 3460: 3459: 3455: 3442: 3438: 3428: 3426: 3417: 3416: 3412: 3404: 3397: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3343: 3341: 3328: 3327: 3323: 3311: 3310: 3306: 3298: 3294: 3286: 3282: 3274: 3270: 3260: 3258: 3251:numismaster.com 3244: 3243: 3239: 3229: 3227: 3213: 3212: 3208: 3198: 3196: 3188: 3187: 3183: 3173: 3171: 3158: 3157: 3153: 3143: 3141: 3136: 3135: 3131: 3122: 3121: 3117: 3108: 3107: 3103: 3096: 3092: 3082: 3080: 3072: 3071: 3067: 3057: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3046: 3035: 3025: 3023: 3014: 3013: 3009: 3002:Companies House 2996: 2995: 2991: 2981: 2979: 2971: 2970: 2963: 2953: 2951: 2934: 2933: 2929: 2924: 2886:Inflation hedge 2856: 2851: 2849: 2842: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2811: 2787: 2738:precious metals 2702: 2696: 2689: 2684: 2675: 2670: 2661: 2656: 2647: 2642: 2633: 2627: 2603:First World War 2556: 2294:sovereign coins 2149: 2115:United Kingdom 2076:Bank of England 2064: 2062:Coin production 2059: 2008:Royal Mint Gold 1982: 1913: 1884: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1870: 1809: 1801: 1793:Companies House 1769:limited company 1683: 1675:Prince of Wales 1616: 1611: 1609:1966 to present 1603:Buckinghamshire 1582:Bank of England 1578:British economy 1559:Currency Centre 1549:From 1928, the 1524: 1472:New Westminster 1402:Canadian dollar 1350:Sydney Hospital 1302: 1258: 1238:Bank of England 1162:Lord Palmerston 1152:Elizabeth Poole 1131: 1125: 1120: 1112:East Smithfield 1108:Tower of London 964: 947:Oliver Cromwell 638: 636:Civil War mints 597: 593: 590: 588: 573:Union of Crowns 522:and records of 516: 512: 509: 507: 505: 490:Tower of London 482:Tower of London 474: 422:English Channel 384: 379: 340:Tower of London 309:limited company 266: 255: 226: 209: 196: 173: 171: 159:Chief Executive 156: 155: 149: 133: 109: 107: 104: 102: 99: 96: 73:limited company 58: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6590: 6588: 6580: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6494: 6493: 6487: 6486: 6462: 6459: 6458: 6456: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6439: 6437: 6433: 6432: 6430: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6398: 6396: 6392: 6391: 6389: 6388: 6382: 6380: 6371: 6370: 6368: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6356: 6355: 6344: 6342: 6336: 6335: 6333: 6332: 6327: 6321: 6319: 6313: 6312: 6310: 6309: 6303: 6301: 6295: 6294: 6292: 6291: 6285: 6278: 6273: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6232: 6230: 6224: 6223: 6218:Headquarters: 6217: 6214: 6213: 6208: 6206: 6205: 6198: 6191: 6183: 6174: 6173: 6166: 6163: 6162: 6160: 6159: 6156: 6150: 6143: 6137: 6131: 6125: 6119: 6113: 6107: 6101: 6095: 6092:George Tierney 6089: 6083: 6077: 6071: 6065: 6059: 6053: 6047: 6041: 6035: 6029: 6023: 6017: 6011: 6005: 5999: 5993: 5987: 5981: 5973: 5971: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5959: 5952: 5946: 5932: 5921:John Buckworth 5917: 5914:Henry Slingsby 5911: 5908:Henry Slingsby 5900: 5892: 5890: 5882: 5881: 5879: 5878: 5871: 5869: 5861: 5860: 5858: 5857: 5850: 5839: 5832: 5825: 5819: 5812: 5810: 5802: 5801: 5799: 5798: 5792: 5786: 5783:Thomas Stanley 5779: 5776:Thomas Egerton 5773: 5767: 5760: 5753: 5747: 5744: 5740: 5738: 5734:House of Tudor 5730: 5729: 5727: 5726: 5719: 5712: 5706: 5703: 5700: 5697: 5694: 5691: 5688: 5684: 5682: 5669: 5668: 5666: 5665: 5662: 5659: 5656: 5653: 5650: 5646: 5644: 5636: 5635: 5625: 5623: 5622: 5615: 5608: 5600: 5591: 5590: 5587: 5586: 5584: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5561:Melbourne Mint 5558: 5552: 5550: 5546: 5545: 5543: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5521: 5519: 5512: 5508: 5507: 5505: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5487:Chief Engraver 5483: 5481: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5457: 5455: 5451: 5450: 5443: 5441: 5439: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5412: 5410: 5406: 5405: 5402:The Royal Mint 5400: 5398: 5397: 5390: 5383: 5375: 5369: 5368: 5352: 5351:External links 5349: 5347: 5346: 5340: 5327: 5322:978-1440246548 5321: 5308: 5302: 5289: 5283: 5268: 5263:978-1550025484 5262: 5249: 5243: 5237:. Royal Mint. 5230: 5225:978-0708317174 5224: 5211: 5202: 5193: 5184: 5173: 5168:978-1598842517 5167: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5141: 5140: 5118: 5096: 5069: 5043: 5013: 4985: 4959: 4934: 4904: 4879: 4868:on 2 July 2017 4849: 4824: 4799: 4782:The Royal Mint 4768: 4748:The Royal Mint 4732: 4712:The Royal Mint 4693: 4671: 4645: 4619: 4596: 4570: 4556: 4543:The Royal Mint 4530: 4508: 4480: 4455: 4427: 4396: 4368: 4340: 4312: 4284: 4232: 4204: 4172: 4140: 4108: 4076: 4048: 4016: 4004:The Royal Mint 3991: 3963: 3949: 3930: 3904: 3876: 3874:, p. 579. 3864: 3862:, p. 177. 3852: 3825: 3813: 3788: 3761: 3759:, p. 148. 3749: 3735: 3715: 3685: 3655: 3643: 3618: 3605:The Perth Mint 3592: 3569: 3546: 3517: 3481: 3467: 3453: 3436: 3410: 3395: 3381: 3351: 3321: 3304: 3302:, p. 888. 3292: 3288:Linecar (1985) 3280: 3278:, p. 282. 3268: 3237: 3206: 3181: 3151: 3129: 3115: 3101: 3090: 3065: 3033: 3007: 2989: 2961: 2926: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2919: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2893: 2888: 2883: 2878: 2873: 2868: 2862: 2861: 2847: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2824: 2823: 2822: 2818: 2815: 2812: 1561–62 2805: 2800: 2786: 2783: 2698:Main article: 2695: 2692: 2691: 2690: 2685: 2678: 2676: 2671: 2664: 2662: 2659:Military Cross 2657: 2650: 2648: 2643: 2636: 2634: 2630:Waterloo Medal 2628: 2621: 2611:Victoria Cross 2596:Ashantee Medal 2555: 2552: 2551: 2550: 2547: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2537:38.61 mm 2535: 2532: 2529: 2521: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2513:32.69 mm 2511: 2508: 2504: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2494:38.61 mm 2492: 2489: 2486: 2478: 2477: 2474: 2471: 2470:32.69 mm 2468: 2465: 2461: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2453:32.69 mm 2451: 2448: 2444: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2434:38.61 mm 2432: 2429: 2426: 2423:Queen's Beasts 2418: 2417: 2415: 2412: 2409: 2408:22.05 mm 2406: 2403: 2400: 2392: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2382:32.69 mm 2380: 2377: 2373: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2364: 2363:38.61 mm 2361: 2358: 2355: 2347: 2346: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2321:Bullion coins 2316: 2315: 2308:Lunar New Year 2289: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2273: 2271: 2268: 2262: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2228: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2216: 2213: 2207: 2206: 2203: 2200: 2148: 2145: 2144: 2143: 2140: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2129:International 2126: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2112: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2080:pound sterling 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2043:Deutsche Börse 2022:. Operated by 1981: 1978: 1958:Olympic medals 1912: 1909: 1905:Rio de Janeiro 1891: 1890: 1887: 1886: 1879: 1874: 1867: 1863: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1853: 1849: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1808: 1805: 1800: 1797: 1781:George Osborne 1773:Royal Mint Ltd 1744:rescue package 1695:deep recession 1682: 1679: 1667:Prince Charles 1622:Royal Mint in 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1523: 1520: 1504:Hong Kong Mint 1468:British Empire 1330:Queen Victoria 1301: 1298: 1257: 1254: 1159:Prime Minister 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1100:Pound sterling 1061:counterfeiting 1047:initiated the 1008:of 1688, when 991:hammered coins 987:Peter Blondeau 979:milled coinage 963: 960: 944:Lord Protector 928:pattern pieces 920:milled coinage 908:Peter Blondeau 883:1658 Cromwell 862:1696 Recoinage 854:Prince Maurice 826:Richard Vyvyan 816:Bristol Castle 804:Thomas Rawlins 800:Nicholas Briot 772:Thomas Bushell 637: 634: 619:Lord Harington 585:pound sterling 473: 470: 396:Medieval Latin 383: 380: 378: 375: 329:United Kingdom 286:United Kingdom 276: 275: 264: 260: 259: 256: 253: 250: 249: 244: 240: 239: 231: 223: 222: 214: 206: 205: 197: 192: 189: 188: 180: 176: 175: 168: 164: 163: 150: 147: 144: 143: 137:United Kingdom 134: 131: 128: 127: 117: 113: 112: 91: 87: 86: 80: 76: 75: 67: 63: 62: 61:The Royal Mint 59: 54: 51: 50: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6589: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6499: 6497: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6467: 6460: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6443:Autumn Budget 6441: 6440: 6438: 6434: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6399: 6397: 6393: 6387: 6384: 6383: 6381: 6379: 6378:public bodies 6372: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6354: 6351: 6350: 6349: 6346: 6345: 6343: 6341: 6337: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6322: 6320: 6318: 6314: 6308: 6305: 6304: 6302: 6300: 6299:Civil Service 6296: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6283: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6271:City Minister 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6233: 6231: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6215: 6211: 6204: 6199: 6197: 6192: 6190: 6185: 6184: 6181: 6170: 6164: 6157: 6154: 6153:Thomas Graham 6151: 6148: 6147:John Herschel 6144: 6141: 6138: 6135: 6132: 6129: 6126: 6123: 6120: 6117: 6114: 6111: 6108: 6105: 6102: 6099: 6096: 6093: 6090: 6087: 6084: 6081: 6078: 6075: 6072: 6069: 6066: 6063: 6060: 6057: 6054: 6051: 6048: 6045: 6042: 6039: 6036: 6033: 6030: 6027: 6024: 6021: 6018: 6015: 6012: 6009: 6006: 6003: 6000: 5997: 5994: 5991: 5988: 5985: 5984:John Conduitt 5982: 5979: 5975: 5974: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5957: 5953: 5950: 5947: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5933: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5915: 5912: 5909: 5905: 5904:Ralph Freeman 5901: 5898: 5897:Ralph Freeman 5894: 5893: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5876: 5875:Aaron Guerdon 5873: 5872: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5855: 5854:Robert Harley 5851: 5848: 5844: 5843:Ralph Freeman 5840: 5837: 5836:Robert Harley 5833: 5830: 5826: 5823: 5820: 5817: 5814: 5813: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5796: 5793: 5790: 5787: 5784: 5780: 5777: 5774: 5771: 5770:Sir John York 5768: 5765: 5761: 5758: 5754: 5751: 5748: 5745: 5742: 5741: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5724: 5720: 5717: 5713: 5710: 5707: 5704: 5701: 5698: 5695: 5692: 5689: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5670: 5663: 5660: 5657: 5654: 5651: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5632: 5628: 5621: 5616: 5614: 5609: 5607: 5602: 5601: 5598: 5582: 5581:Pretoria Mint 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5553: 5551: 5547: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5516: 5513: 5511:Related mints 5509: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5478: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5458: 5456: 5452: 5447: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5396: 5391: 5389: 5384: 5382: 5377: 5376: 5373: 5366: 5360: 5355: 5354: 5350: 5343: 5337: 5334:. Blackwell. 5333: 5328: 5324: 5318: 5314: 5309: 5305: 5303:9780600500872 5299: 5295: 5290: 5286: 5280: 5276: 5275: 5269: 5265: 5259: 5255: 5250: 5246: 5244:9781869917012 5240: 5236: 5231: 5227: 5221: 5217: 5212: 5208: 5203: 5199: 5194: 5190: 5185: 5181: 5180: 5174: 5170: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5151: 5150: 5145: 5128: 5122: 5119: 5106: 5100: 5097: 5085: 5084: 5079: 5073: 5070: 5057: 5053: 5047: 5044: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5017: 5014: 5002: 4998: 4992: 4990: 4986: 4974: 4973:The Telegraph 4970: 4963: 4960: 4948: 4944: 4938: 4935: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4908: 4905: 4893: 4889: 4883: 4880: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4853: 4850: 4838: 4834: 4828: 4825: 4813: 4809: 4803: 4800: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4772: 4769: 4753: 4749: 4742: 4736: 4733: 4717: 4713: 4706: 4700: 4698: 4694: 4681: 4675: 4672: 4660: 4656: 4649: 4646: 4634: 4630: 4623: 4620: 4607: 4600: 4597: 4585: 4581: 4574: 4571: 4566: 4560: 4557: 4544: 4540: 4534: 4531: 4518: 4512: 4509: 4497: 4496: 4491: 4484: 4481: 4469: 4465: 4459: 4456: 4444: 4443: 4438: 4431: 4428: 4416: 4415: 4410: 4403: 4401: 4397: 4385: 4384: 4379: 4372: 4369: 4357: 4356: 4351: 4344: 4341: 4328: 4327: 4322: 4316: 4313: 4301: 4300: 4295: 4288: 4285: 4280: 4274: 4257: 4252: 4251: 4246: 4239: 4237: 4233: 4221: 4220: 4215: 4208: 4205: 4189: 4182: 4176: 4173: 4157: 4150: 4144: 4141: 4125: 4118: 4112: 4109: 4096: 4092: 4091: 4086: 4080: 4077: 4065: 4064: 4059: 4052: 4049: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4027: 4020: 4017: 4005: 4001: 3995: 3992: 3980: 3979: 3974: 3967: 3964: 3952: 3950:9781340858254 3946: 3942: 3941: 3934: 3931: 3919: 3915: 3908: 3905: 3892: 3891: 3886: 3880: 3877: 3873: 3868: 3865: 3861: 3856: 3853: 3841: 3840: 3835: 3829: 3826: 3823:, p. 70. 3822: 3817: 3814: 3802: 3798: 3792: 3789: 3777: 3776: 3771: 3765: 3762: 3758: 3753: 3750: 3738: 3736:9781135873271 3732: 3728: 3727: 3719: 3716: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3689: 3686: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3659: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3644: 3632: 3628: 3622: 3619: 3606: 3602: 3596: 3593: 3580: 3573: 3570: 3557: 3550: 3547: 3534: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3518: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3482: 3477: 3471: 3468: 3463: 3457: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3440: 3437: 3424: 3420: 3414: 3411: 3407: 3402: 3400: 3396: 3384: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3355: 3352: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3325: 3322: 3317: 3316: 3308: 3305: 3301: 3296: 3293: 3289: 3284: 3281: 3277: 3272: 3269: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3241: 3238: 3225: 3221: 3220:Country Quest 3217: 3210: 3207: 3195: 3191: 3185: 3182: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3155: 3152: 3140: 3137:Rudd, Chris. 3133: 3130: 3125: 3119: 3116: 3111: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3094: 3091: 3079: 3075: 3069: 3066: 3050: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3034: 3021: 3017: 3011: 3008: 3003: 2999: 2993: 2990: 2978: 2974: 2968: 2966: 2962: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2931: 2928: 2921: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2907: 2906:List of mints 2904: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2892: 2889: 2887: 2884: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2863: 2859: 2848: 2845: 2834: 2829: 2819: 2816: 2806: 2803: 2802: 2801: 2798: 2794: 2793: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2760: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2714: 2711: 2707: 2701: 2693: 2688: 2682: 2677: 2674: 2668: 2663: 2660: 2654: 2649: 2646: 2640: 2635: 2631: 2625: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2599: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2564:Defence Medal 2561: 2553: 2545: 2542: 2540:31.21 g 2539: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2527: 2523: 2522: 2518: 2516:31.21 g 2515: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2505: 2499: 2497:31.21 g 2496: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2484: 2479: 2475: 2473:31.21 g 2472: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2462: 2458: 2456:31.21 g 2455: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2445: 2439: 2437:62.42 g 2436: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2425: 2424: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2411:7.988 g 2410: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2398: 2394: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2385:31.21 g 2384: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2366:31.21 g 2365: 2362: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2353: 2348: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2324: 2318: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2295: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2274: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2263: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2229: 2225: 2222: 2219: 2214: 2212: 2209: 2208: 2201: 2198: 2197: 2194:Bullion bars 2191: 2190: 2189: 2186: 2182: 2179:in 1852. The 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2153: 2146: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2127: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2113: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2101: 2100: 2094: 2093: 2092: 2090: 2086: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2061: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1992: 1990: 1989: 1980:Recent events 1979: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1954:50 pence coin 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1910: 1908: 1906: 1902: 1901: 1896: 1880: 1875: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1850: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1836: 1830: 1829: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1813: 1806: 1804: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1785:privatisation 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1760: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1745: 1741: 1736: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1696: 1687: 1680: 1678: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1663:Prince Philip 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1643: 1641: 1637: 1632: 1625: 1620: 1613: 1608: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1566:hard currency 1562: 1560: 1556: 1555:its own coins 1552: 1543: 1539: 1537: 1532: 1529: 1521: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1488:James Douglas 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1464: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1433: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1390: 1388: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1306: 1299: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1284: 1283:multinational 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1263: 1255: 1253: 1245: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1178: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1166:Thomas Graham 1163: 1160: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1144:Robert Smirke 1135: 1130: 1122: 1117: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1053:Coin Act 1696 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1002: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 972: 968: 961: 959: 956: 952: 948: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 886: 881: 874: 871:Commonwealth 869: 865: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 824: 819: 817: 813: 812:Prince Rupert 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 760: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 689:British Isles 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 646: 642: 635: 633: 631: 627: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 586: 582: 578: 574: 571:In 1603, the 569: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 546: 544: 540: 536: 532: 527: 525: 503: 499: 495: 491: 483: 478: 471: 469: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 414:Great Britain 407: 404: 401: 398:inscription: 397: 393: 388: 381: 376: 374: 372: 367: 363: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 336: 334: 330: 326: 325:Great Britain 322: 317: 314: 310: 305: 303: 299: 295: 294:British coins 291: 287: 283: 273: 265: 261: 257: 251: 248: 245: 241: 232: 229: 224: 215: 212: 207: 198: 195: 190: 181: 177: 169: 165: 160: 154: 151: 145: 142: 138: 135: 129: 125: 121: 118: 114: 108:16 July 2009 92: 88: 84: 81: 77: 74: 71: 68: 64: 60: 57: 52: 48: 43: 37: 33: 19: 6477: 6465: 6416: 6412:Reclaim Fund 6402:Crown Estate 6395:Other bodies 6280: 5978:Isaac Newton 5956:Isaac Newton 5949:Thomas Neale 5935:Thomas Neale 5789:John Lonyson 5764:Martin Bowes 5757:Martin Bowes 5630: 5401: 5331: 5312: 5293: 5273: 5253: 5234: 5215: 5206: 5197: 5188: 5178: 5154: 5146:Bibliography 5133:18 September 5131:. Retrieved 5129:. Royal Mint 5127:"Royal Mint" 5121: 5109:. Retrieved 5099: 5087:. Retrieved 5081: 5072: 5060:. Retrieved 5056:the original 5046: 5034:. Retrieved 5030:the original 5025: 5016: 5006:24 September 5004:. Retrieved 4976:. Retrieved 4972: 4962: 4950:. Retrieved 4946: 4937: 4927:21 September 4925:. Retrieved 4921:the original 4916: 4907: 4895:. Retrieved 4891: 4882: 4870:. Retrieved 4866:the original 4861: 4852: 4840:. Retrieved 4836: 4827: 4815:. Retrieved 4811: 4802: 4790:. Retrieved 4786:the original 4781: 4771: 4759:. Retrieved 4752:the original 4747: 4735: 4723:. Retrieved 4716:the original 4711: 4684:. Retrieved 4674: 4662:. Retrieved 4648: 4636:. Retrieved 4633:Wales Online 4632: 4622: 4610:. Retrieved 4599: 4587:. Retrieved 4584:Wales Online 4583: 4573: 4559: 4547:. Retrieved 4542: 4533: 4521:. Retrieved 4511: 4499:. Retrieved 4495:Wales Online 4493: 4483: 4471:. Retrieved 4458: 4446:. Retrieved 4440: 4430: 4418:. Retrieved 4412: 4387:. Retrieved 4381: 4371: 4359:. Retrieved 4355:The Guardian 4353: 4343: 4331:. Retrieved 4324: 4315: 4303:. Retrieved 4299:The Guardian 4297: 4287: 4261:. Retrieved 4256:the original 4248: 4223:. Retrieved 4219:Wales Online 4217: 4207: 4195:. Retrieved 4188:the original 4175: 4163:. Retrieved 4156:the original 4143: 4131:. Retrieved 4124:the original 4111: 4099:. Retrieved 4088: 4079: 4067:. Retrieved 4061: 4051: 4039:. Retrieved 4025: 4019: 4007:. Retrieved 4003: 3994: 3982:. Retrieved 3976: 3973:"Royal Mint" 3966: 3954:. Retrieved 3939: 3933: 3921:. Retrieved 3917: 3907: 3895:. Retrieved 3893:. March 1966 3888: 3879: 3872:Challis 1992 3867: 3860:Beardon 2013 3855: 3843:. Retrieved 3837: 3828: 3816: 3804:. Retrieved 3791: 3779:. Retrieved 3773: 3764: 3752: 3740:. Retrieved 3725: 3718: 3706:. Retrieved 3702:the original 3697: 3688: 3676:. Retrieved 3672:the original 3667: 3658: 3651:Michael 2016 3646: 3634:. Retrieved 3630: 3621: 3609:. Retrieved 3604: 3595: 3583:. Retrieved 3572: 3560:. Retrieved 3549: 3537:. 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Retrieved 2940: 2930: 2896:Kevin Clancy 2876:Bullion coin 2772: 2769: 2765:Maundy money 2761: 2752: 2742: 2703: 2673:George Cross 2600: 2580: 2557: 2524: 2483:Lunar Series 2481: 2421: 2395: 2350: 2172: 2158: 2068:legal tender 2065: 2032: 2003: 1993: 1987: 1983: 1974:trial plates 1962:pattern coin 1949: 1930:Chelsea F.C. 1914: 1898: 1892: 1866:Composition 1818: 1802: 1772: 1761: 1737: 1708: 1699:trading fund 1692: 1644: 1628: 1563: 1548: 1525: 1522:1914 to 1966 1465: 1438: 1398:British rule 1391: 1367: 1363:legal tender 1311: 1293: 1259: 1250: 1211: 1199: 1179: 1156: 1140: 1118:1805 to 1914 1089: 1057:high treason 1055:, making it 1025:Isaac Newton 1018: 1003: 998: 976: 971:Isaac Newton 962:1660 to 1805 951:Thomas Simon 898:rather than 889: 830:Ralph Hopton 820: 792:New Inn Hall 761: 681:Five Members 650: 570: 547: 528: 487: 472:1279 to 1672 448:began their 444:. 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