32:
488:
431:
This cash payment would be higher than the market value of the goods that were nominally required; for instance, during the campaigns on the eastern frontier in 1637-1638, the market price of barley was 23
457:
would be obliged to deliver supplies to where they were needed - in other words, they bore the transportation costs, which would otherwise be a large part of the cost of maintaining an army in the field.
393:
417:; sürsat was initially an obligation for the public to provide food and other supplies at a pre-fixed price which was unlikely to be favourable, or might even be merely symbolic.
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price. Over time, nüzül, sürsat, and istira were all transformed into extraordinary cash taxes on people living near the route travelled by the army.
428:
During the late 17th and early 18th century - a period of continuous warfare for the
Ottoman Empire - these extraordinary taxes soon became routine.
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many
Christian settlements were exempted from sürsat, apparently to discourage rebellion during warfare with neighbouring Christian kingdoms.
573:
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When goods were provided rather than cash, they might also include firewood and food for horses, as well as food for the army itself. The
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was subject to a complex family of overlapping fees and exemptions; some favoured groups were exempt from sürsat, and in the
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19:
539:"1680-1747 OTTOMAN BUDGETS AND DEFICITS SUSTAINABILITY IN A PERIOD OF FISCAL TRANSITION: WARS AND ADMINISTRATIVE CHANGES"
450:. The easy convertibility of food supply obligations to cash payments makes it clear that sürsat was effectively a tax.
589:
Acun, Fatma (2002). "The Other Side of the Coin: Tax
Exemptions within the Context of Ottoman Taxation History".
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442:; but under the sürsat system, villagers were obliged to sell barley to the army for 12
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23:
446:- and those who did not sell barley directly paid cash instead, varying from 20 to 60
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496:. Turkish Republic Ministry of Finance Strategy Development Unit. Archived from
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ACCOUNTING METHOD USED BY OTTOMANS FOR 500 YEARS: STAIRS (MERDIBAN) METHOD
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was a form of food requisitioning with price controls, used by the
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to provide consumables for its armed forces. It was related to
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was basically the same obligation, but supposedly at
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An economic and social history of the
Ottoman Empire
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8:
568:. Cambridge University Press. p. 533.
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338:Ottoman Public Debt Administration
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515:"Financing Development in Islam"
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615:Taxation in the Ottoman Empire
1:
591:Bulgarian Historical Review
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562:Faroqhi, Quataert (1997).
520:. 2009-10-04. p. 331
258:Evkaf-i Hümayun Nezareti
575:978-0-521-57455-6
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212:Tekalif-i orfiye
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187:Resm-i mücerred
52:Adet-i deştbani
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503:on 2014-02-01.
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235:Implementation
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545:. Retrieved
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522:. Retrieved
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498:the original
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293:Kanun-i Raya
202:Selamet isni
177:Resm-i ganem
167:Resm-i dönüm
92:Gümrük resmi
47:Adet-i Ağnam
162:Resm-i çift
137:Otlak resmi
87:Damga resmi
67:Bac-i pazar
524:2011-04-02
472:References
333:Mütesellim
207:Tapu resmi
142:Rav akçesi
328:Muqata'ah
298:Kanunname
222:Tuz resmi
609:Category
547:18 April
363:Tanzimat
323:Muhassil
318:Muafiyet
308:Merdiban
303:Malikâne
243:Ahidnâme
107:Ispendje
20:Taxation
466:Balkans
348:Siyakat
278:Iltizam
217:Temettu
102:Ihtisab
22:in the
572:
423:market
419:Istira
407:Sürsat
358:Tahrir
353:Sürsat
313:Millet
283:Istira
248:Defter
112:Istira
62:Avarız
542:(PDF)
518:(PDF)
501:(PDF)
494:(PDF)
448:akçes
444:akçes
434:akçes
415:nüzül
227:Zakat
132:Nüzül
117:Maktu
97:Haraç
77:Cizye
57:Ashar
39:Taxes
597:(2).
570:ISBN
549:2011
455:raya
439:kile
436:per
368:Waqf
288:Kadı
273:Hane
253:Emin
611::
593:.
480:^
595:1
578:.
551:.
527:.
395:e
388:t
381:v
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