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451:. In his study "Medieval English Martinmesse: The Archaeology of a Forgotten Festival", Martin Walsh describes Martinmas as a festival marking the end of the harvest season and beginning of winter. He suggests it had pre-Christian roots. Martinmas ushered in the "winter revelling season" and involved feasting on the meat of livestock that had been slaughtered for winter provision (especially 'Martlemas beef'), drinking, storytelling, and
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893:(Martin's) is traditionally celebrated by Latvians on 10 November, marking the end of the preparations for winter, such as salting meat and fish, storing the harvest and making preserves. It is a day when the lines between the spirit world and the world of the living begin to blur. Mārtiņi also marks the beginning of masquerading and sledding, among other winter activities.
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1328:(St. Martin's Summer). It is frequently tied to the legend since Portuguese versions of St. Martin's legend usually replace the snowstorm with rain (because snow is not frequent in most parts of Portugal, while rain is common at that time of the year) and have Jesus bringing the end of it, thus making the "summer" a gift from God.
509:
404:. This has been replaced by paper lanterns, usually crafted by themselves. They sing songs such as "Sinte(re) Sinte(re) Maarten", to receive sweets or fruit in return. In the past, poor people would visit farms on 11 November to get food for the winter. In the 1600s, the city of Amsterdam held boat races on
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by bleeding it. The blood was collected and sprinkled on the four corners of the house. Also in
Ireland, no wheel of any kind was to turn on St. Martin's Day, because Martin was said by some people to have been thrown into a mill stream and killed by the wheel and so it was not right to turn any kind
644:. The evening includes German treats and traditions that highlight the season of giving. In Dayton, Ohio the Dayton Liederkranz-Turner organization hosts a St Martin's Family Celebration on the weekend before with an evening lantern parade to the singing of St Martin's carols, followed by a bonfire.
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Goose is eaten at
Martinmas in most places. There is a legend that St Martin, when trying to avoid being ordained bishop, hid in a pen of geese whose cackling gave him away. Once a key medieval autumn feast, a custom of eating goose on the day spread to Sweden from France. It was primarily observed
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or St. Martin's
Croissants. Legend has it that this centuries-old tradition commemorates a Poznań baker's dream which had the saint entering the city on a white horse that lost its golden horseshoe. The next morning, the baker whipped up horseshoe-shaped croissants filled with almonds, white poppy
814:
The biggest event in
Slovenia is the St. Martin's Day celebration in Maribor which marks the symbolic winding up of all the wine growers' endeavours. There is the ceremonial "christening" of the new wine, and the arrival of the Wine Queen. The square Trg Leona Štuklja is filled with musicians and
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as the first wine of the season. Wine shops and restaurants around Prague pour the first of the St. Martin's wines at 11:11 a.m. Many restaurants offer special menus for the day, featuring the traditional roast goose. Many people bake special St. Martin rolls in a shape of a horseshoe filled
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Opinion: Blood sacrifices involving pigs, sheep or geese were practiced in
Ireland well into living memory on Martinmas. ... the custom extended from North Connacht, down to Kerry, and across the midlands and was rarer in Ulster or on the east coast. ... some say the saint met his death by being
577:
In the
Rhineland, the children also go from house to house with their lanterns, sing songs and get candy in return. The origin of the procession of lanterns is unclear. To some, it is a substitute for the Martinmas bonfire, which is still lit in a few cities and villages throughout Europe. It
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570:, carrying lanterns, which they made in school, and sing St. Martin's songs. Usually, the walk starts at a church and goes to a public square. A man on horseback representing St. Martin accompanies the children. When they reach the square, Martin's bonfire is lit and Martin's
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is the time when it often starts to snow. St. Martin's Day is the traditional feast day in the run-up to Advent. Restaurants often serve roast goose as well as young wine from the recent harvest known as
Svatomartinské víno, which is similar to
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formerly symbolized the light that holiness brings to the darkness, just as St Martin brought hope to the poor through his good deeds. Even though the bonfire tradition is gradually being lost, the procession of lanterns is still practiced.
1363:) as common in at least late English folklore. The day is celebrated in a special way in a village near Messina and at a monastery dedicated to Saint Martin overlooking Palermo beyond Monreale. Other places in Sicily mark the day by eating
136:
In his study "Medieval
English Martinmesse: The Archaeology of a Forgotten Festival", Martin Walsh suggests that 'Martinmas' had roots in a pre-Christian festival marking the end of the harvest season and beginning of winter. In the
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mountainous region, families with young children make lanterns out of painted paper that they carry in a colourful procession up the mountain at night. Some schools organize these events, in particular schools of the Rudolf
Steiner
88:. In these regions, it marked the end of the harvest season and beginning of winter and the "winter revelling season". Traditions include feasting on 'Martinmas goose' or 'Martinmas beef', drinking the first wine of the season, and
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Varro places the equinoxes and solstices at the midpoints of the seasons ... His dating for the beginnings of the four seasons are as follows: February 7 for spring, May 9 for summer, August 11 for autumn, and
November 10 for
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to prepare, at midnight, a table with chestnuts for the deceased family members to eat. The people also mask their faces with the dark wood ashes from the bonfire. A typical Portuguese saying related to Saint Martin's Day:
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associated with it. Marie Trevelyan recorded that if the hooting of an owl was heard on St Martin's Day it was seen as a bad omen for that district. If a meteor was seen, then there would be trouble for the whole nation.
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In Austria, St Martin's Day is celebrated similar to Germany. The nights before and on the night of 11 November, children walk in processions carrying lanterns, which they made in school, and sing Martin songs.
514:
676:) was an important medieval autumn feast in Sweden. In early November, geese are ready for slaughter, and on St Martin's Eve it is tradition to have a roast goose dinner. The custom is particularly popular in
297:, children hung up stockings filled with hay on Martinmas Eve, and awoke the next morning to find gifts in them. These were said to have been left by St Martin as thanks for the fodder provided for his horse.
435:, children go from door to door, singing traditional "Séngmarténg" songs, sporting a hollow beetroot with a carved face and a candle inside called "Bolle Séngmarténg"; they gather at an evening bonfire.
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Martin' or 'skin Martin') appeared at Martinmas until the 19th century. With a black face and wearing a cow bell, he ran about frightening children, and he dealt out blows as well as nuts and apples.
1295:, though no longer available for sale in supermarkets and similar outlets (it is officially banned for sale in Portugal), is still generally available in small local shops from domestic production.
254:(spark day). In the nineteenth century it was recorded that young people danced around the fire and leapt through the flames, and that the ashes were strewn on the fields to make them fertile.
1243:) is commonly associated with the celebration of the maturation of the year's wine, being traditionally the first day when the new wine can be tasted. It is celebrated, traditionally around a
585:("St. Martin's goose") is typically served on St. Martin's Eve following the procession of lanterns. "Martinsgans" is usually served in restaurants, roasted, with red cabbage and dumplings.
378:
2002:
129:. He is best known for the tale whereby he cut his cloak in half with his sword, to give half to a beggar who was dressed in only rags in the depth of winter. That night Martin had a
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336:(Saint Martin's Lent, or literally "the fortieth of"). This is rarely observed now. This period was shortened to begin on the Sunday before December and became the current
328:(elsewhere, the Feast of the Three Wise Men for the stopping of the star over Bethlehem) on January 6 (56 days). An addition to and an equivalent to the 40 days fasting of
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seeds and nuts, and gave them to the poor. In recent years, competition amongst local patisseries has become fierce. The product is registered under the European Union
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Traditionally, in many parts of Europe, St Martin's Day marked the end of the harvest and the beginning of winter. The feast coincides with the end of the
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408:, where 400 to 500 light craft, both rowing boats and sailboats, took part with a vast crowd on the banks. St Martin is the patron saint of the city of
293:, processions are led by a man on horseback representing St Martin, who may give out apples, nuts, cakes or other sweets for children. Historically, in
725:. The must is usually considered impure and sinful, until it is baptised and turned into wine. The baptism is performed by someone who dresses up as a
212:
regions of Europe, the first wine was ready around the time of Martinmas. Although there was no mention of a link between St Martin and winegrowing by
363:
is celebrated as a collective festival. It marks the end of the wine-growers’ year. Events include art exhibitions, wine tastings, and live music.
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1909:
1684:
2010:
1355:(Saint Martin's Summer) is the traditional reference to a period of unseasonably warm weather in early to mid November, possibly shared with the
664:) St Martin's Eve was a well-known custom in Denmark. The oldest known Danish source is from 1616. Today, the goose is often replaced by duck.
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says that putting to sea is to be avoided as St. Martin rides a white horse across Wexford Bay bringing death by drowning to any who see him.
549:, on St. Martin's Eve. In recent years, the processions that accompany those fires have been spread over almost a fortnight before Martinmas (
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by the craftsmen and noblemen of the towns. In the peasant community, not everyone could afford this, so many ate duck or hen instead.
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In Sicily, November is the winemaking season. On the day Sicilians eat anise, hard biscuits dipped into Moscato, Malvasia or Passito.
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and candles, and sing songs about St Martin. Sometimes, a man dressed as St Martin rides on a horse in front of the procession. In
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In the 6th century, church councils began requiring fasting on all days, except Saturdays and Sundays, from Saint Martin's Day to
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on the Sunday nearest to 11 November. Children are given a bag full of fruits and sweets associated with the feast, known by the
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and only a limited number of bakers hold an official certificate. Poznanians celebrate the festival with concerts, parades and a
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This period is also quite popular because of the usual good weather period that occurs in Portugal in this time of year, called
873:, stalking the land for criminals and villains. The supernatural character of the day in Welsh culture is evident in the number
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1335:. It is the traditional day for slaughtering fattened pigs for the winter. This tradition has given way to the popular saying "
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470:. According to folklore, if the weather is warm on St Martin’s Day, then a harsh winter will follow. Today, 11 November is
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is an old harvest festival that is celebrated in many European countries and precedes the fasting period of Advent. In the
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Martinmas was traditionally when livestock were slaughtered for winter provision. It may originally have been a time of
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455:. It was a time for saying farewell to travelling ploughmen, who shared in the feast along with the harvest-workers.
1343:("Every pig gets its St Martin"). The phrase is used to indicate that wrongdoers eventually get their comeuppance.
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in southern Sweden, where goose farming has long been practised, but it has gradually spread northwards. A proper
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and blesses the wine; this is usually done by the host. Another person is chosen as the godfather of the wine.
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419:, the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium, St Martin's Eve is celebrated on the evening of 10 November, mainly in
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region of Germany. In the fifteenth century, these bonfires were so numerous that the festival was nicknamed
37:), shows peasants celebrating by drinking the first wine of the season, and a horseman representing the saint
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with nuts or poppy seeds (Svatomartinské rohlíčky). Children walk in processions carrying lanterns.
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vines after watching a goat has been appropriated to St Martin. He is credited with introducing the
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745:(transl. "Martin is coming on a white horse") – signifies that the first half of November in the
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640:(a mulled red wine). St Paul, Minnesota celebrates with a traditional lantern procession around
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Walsh, Martin (2000). "Medieval English Martinmesse: The Archaeology of a Forgotten Festival".
400:, on the evening of 11 November, children went door to door with lanterns made of hollowed-out
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In some German and Dutch-speaking towns, there are nighttime processions of children carrying
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as the vestige of an ancient sacrifice to honor the dead and stated that it was tradition in
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In the United States, St. Martin's Day celebrations are uncommon, but are typically held by
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or other early hagiographers, St Martin is widely credited in France with helping to spread
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92:. In some German and Dutch-speaking towns, there are processions of children with lanterns (
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on them in vats with bare feet, and letting it ferment for several days), or the stronger
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Leite de Vasconcelos, Opúsculos Etnologia — volumes VII, Lisboa, Imprensa Nacional, 1938
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1923:"Family weekend fun: Como Conservatory Centennial, Mini Maker Faire, St. Martin's Day",
600:, the parting of his mantle. In some areas, these pastries are instead shaped like men (
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show on Saint Martin's Street. Goose meat dishes are also eaten during the holiday.
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660:), November 10th, was an early autumn feast in Denmark. Eating St Martin's goose (
596:, which recalls both the hooves of St. Martin's horse and, by being the half of a
98:), sometimes led by a horseman representing St Martin. The saint was also said to
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According to Walsh, Martinmas eventually died out in England as a result of the
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grape, from which most of the white wine of western Touraine and Anjou is made.
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communities. Many German restaurants feature a traditional menu with goose and
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Saule, Talis. "Unraveling the mysteries of St. Martin's Day", The Baltic Times
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The nights before and on the eve itself, children walk in processions called
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869:). St Martin's Day was one of the few nights the hounds would engage in a
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and singing songs of St Martin. These processions are known in German as
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The Sons of Molly Maguire: The Irish Roots of America's First Labor War
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River valley would be lined with fires on the eve of Martinmas. In the
542:
530:
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409:
305:
229:
147:
141:, 10 November was reckoned as the beginning of winter, while among the
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89:
561:, St. Martin's Day is traditionally celebrated with a feast of goose.
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A tradition on St Martin's Eve or Day is to share a goose for dinner.
84:, it was an important festival in many parts of Europe, particularly
25:
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Word Perfect: Etymological Entertainment For Every Day of the Year
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2064:"Why blood sacrifice rites were common in Ireland on 11 November"
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Time in Roman Religion: One Thousand Years of Religious History
1083:). In old days, nuts were used by the children in their games.
2067:
1128:
900:
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865:, the spectral hounds who escort souls to the otherworld (
224:) and facilitating vine-planting. The old Greek tale that
1814:"Saint-Martin’s day", Hauts de Flandre Office de Tourisme
2094:
Miraculous Plenty; Irish Religious Folktales and Legends
1788:"St. Martin’s Day (Sint-Maarten)", City Hotel, Amsterdam
1263:), and drinking a local light alcoholic beverage called
688:(a heavily spiced soup made from geese blood) and apple
367:(roasted goose) is the traditional dish of the season.
1255:
roasted under the embers of the bonfire (sometimes dry
783:
where its citizens buy and eat considerable amounts of
588:
The traditional sweet of Martinmas in the Rhineland is
1267:(literally "foot water", made by adding water to the
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466:(5 November), as well as changes in farming and the
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who was baptized as an adult and became a bishop in
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2206:Gangi, Roberta. "The Joys of St Martin's Summer",
1777:"November", Permanent Mission if Austria to the UN
443:Martinmas was widely celebrated on 11 November in
2003:"St. Martin's Day specials at Prague restaurants"
1425:"C. T. Onions, A Shakespeare Glossary, Martlemas"
741:proverb connected with the Feast of St. Martin –
1687:Lilja, Agneta. Sweden.se magazine-format website
2096:. Four Courts Press. pp. 183-191 and 269.
1986:Thomas, Mark. "Saint Martin’s Day in Croatia",
1312:
1092:
815:stalls offering autumn produce and delicacies.
1854:"St. Martin's Day traditions honor missionary"
1516:, 2nd ed. 1991, "The Husbandman's year" p355f.
1275:out of the grapes for wine – traditionally by
145:, it was marked by the 1 November festival of
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2133:The Element Encyclopedia of Magical Creatures
1841:"St. Martin’s Day Traditions", Germanfood.org
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8:
332:, given its weekend breaks, this was called
1942:. Dayton Liederkranz-Turner. Archived from
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1871:
1514:English Villagers of the Thirteenth Century
1492:. Cambridge University Press. p. 356.
1384:, which depicts the saint giving charity.
1320:we'll eat chestnuts, we'll taste the wine.)
1163:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1039:, "St. Martin's bag". This bag may include
935:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
541:A widespread custom in Germany is to light
246:Bonfires are lit on St Martin's Eve in the
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4049:
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2131:Matthews, John; Matthews, Caitlín (2005).
2036:"St. Martin's Day Celebrations in Maribor"
1341:A cada porquiño chégalle o seu San Martiño
767:Procession of Saint Martin in Poznań, 2006
1287:obtained in a very similar fashion, with
1227:Learn how and when to remove this message
999:Learn how and when to remove this message
1772:
1770:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1467:. Fordham University Press. p. 43.
1331:St Martin's Day is widely celebrated in
1109:A feast is celebrated in the village of
845:of wheel on that day. A local legend in
507:
487:
18:
2162:. Literary Licensing, LLC. p. 13.
1669:Chapter 7: All Hallow Tide to Martinmas
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1416:
1387:There is a closely similar painting by
656:), November 11th, and St Martin's Eve (
607:St. Martin's Day is also celebrated in
427:. Children go through the streets with
308:regions of Germany, a character called
2225:How to make a St. Martin's Day lantern
779:) is celebrated mainly in the city of
3602:Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus
1940:"St. Martin's Day Family Celebration"
1695:
1693:
1685:"St Martin's Day – or 'Martin Goose'"
1316:comem-se castanhas, prova-se o vinho.
7:
2118:"A Wexford Legend - St Martin's Eve"
1884:German Missions in the United States
1488:Carlyle, Thomas (11 November 2010).
1161:adding citations to reliable sources
933:adding citations to reliable sources
672:St Martin's Day or St Martin's Eve (
2245:Alice's Medieval Feasts & Fasts
2159:Folk Lore And Folk Stories Of Wales
2062:Marion McGarry (11 November 2020).
1852:Lessoing, Petra (7 November 2008).
1337:A cada cerdo le llega su San Martín
840:), it was tradition to sacrifice a
592:, a pastry shaped in the form of a
1912:from the original on Feb 20, 2024.
1864:from the original on Nov 10, 2023.
1378:'s physically largest painting is
1101:(Walnuts, Almonds, Chestnuts, Figs
832:, on the eve of St. Martin's Day (
16:Feast day of Saint Martin of Tours
14:
1665:Christmas in Ritual and Tradition
521:Martin's procession and Martin's
4515:
4514:
4023:
4022:
3478:Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004
3373:Old Santeclaus with Much Delight
2001:Gaze, Fiona (11 November 2011).
1636:. Routledge. pp. 123, 182.
1529:De Vita Beati Martini Liber Unus
1133:
1015:A Maltese "Borża ta' San Martin"
905:
220:throughout the region of Tours (
106:, it is also marked by lighting
2024:"St. Martin's Day Celebrations"
1964:"Martinmas Eve", folkekirken.dk
1880:"The Celebration of St. Martin"
1699:For instance, in Hugh Johnson,
1239:In Portugal, St. Martin's Day (
861:the day is associated with the
800:Protected Designation of Origin
3458:Bronner's Christmas Wonderland
3387:Christmas Day in the Workhouse
2770:Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
2549:Legend of the Christmas Spider
2135:. HarperElement. p. 119.
1463:Bulik, Mark (1 January 2015).
1381:The Wine of Saint Martin's Day
1:
3409:Christmas television specials
3308:The New Oxford Book of Carols
2395:Annunciation to the shepherds
2092:Súilleabháin, Seán Ó (2012).
1902:"St. Martin's Day Traditions"
1803:, Library of Alexandria, 1909
1729:(Oxford University Press 2013
1727:Journey into the Heart of God
1105:I love Saint Martin so much.)
1098:Kemm inħobbu lil San Martin.
1090:associated with this custom:
743:Martin přijíždí na bílém koni
3463:Christmas and holiday season
1801:Peeps At Many Lands: Belgium
1673:Internet Sacred Text Archive
791:with white poppy seeds, the
385:Celebrating children in the
281:Companions of Saint Nicholas
228:discovered the advantage of
2235:St. Martin's Day in Germany
1490:The Works of Thomas Carlyle
334:Quadragesima Sancti Martini
52:), and historically called
4582:
4197:Lighting candles on graves
2375:Adoration of the Shepherds
2080:crushed between two wheels
1701:Vintage: The Story of Wine
1663:Miles, Clement A. (1912).
771:In Poland, 11 November is
481:
278:
4541:Christmas-linked holidays
4511:
4190:Connecticut field pumpkin
4018:
3619:WWE Tribute to the Troops
3380:A Visit from St. Nicholas
3301:The Oxford Book of Carols
2877:Feast of the Seven Fishes
2440:Massacre of the Innocents
2289:
2156:Trevelyan, Marie (1909).
1799:Thomson, George William.
1611:10.1080/00155870020004620
1534:On the Life of St. Martin
1526:Sulpicius Severus (397).
1077:Saint Martin's bread roll
773:National Independence Day
717:) marks the day when the
86:Germanic-speaking regions
68:and is celebrated in the
3421:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
1825:"Martinmas", Historic UK
1376:Pieter Bruegel the Elder
1318:(It is St. Martin's Day,
1271:left after the juice is
340:within a few centuries.
133:wearing the half-cloak.
100:bestow gifts on children
3583:Small Business Saturday
3453:Black Friday (shopping)
3448:Black Friday (partying)
2942:Nine Lessons and Carols
2872:Events and celebrations
2230:UK History of Martinmas
2208:Best of Sicily Magazine
2040:Slovenian Tourist Board
1975:"Mårten Gås", Sweden.SE
1753:Encyclopædia Britannica
1725:Philip H. Pfatteicher,
1632:Forsythe, Gary (2012).
1353:l'Estate di San Martino
1125:Portuguese and Galician
1094:Ġewż, Lewż, Qastan, Tin
1086:There is a traditional
1059:, seasonal fruit (like
1057:dried or processed figs
1037:Il-Borża ta' San Martin
721:traditionally turns to
496:with children carrying
344:Celebrations by culture
320:Eve of St Martin's Lent
4389:Veneration of the Dead
3227:Post-War United States
1858:Kaiserlautern American
1322:
1314:É dia de São Martinho;
1107:
1016:
777:Dzień Świętego Marcina
768:
538:
505:
390:
195:name for November was
168:
143:Insular Celtic peoples
131:vision of Jesus Christ
38:
4566:Scottish quarter days
4122:Christian observances
3276:Hit singles in the US
3271:Hit singles in the UK
2832:Carols by Candlelight
2760:Santa Claus' daughter
2368:Adoration of the Magi
1925:St. Paul Star Tribune
1749:"Saint Martin's Lent"
1326:Verão de São Martinho
1291:added to the water).
1014:
794:Rogal świętomarciński
766:
520:
491:
482:Further information:
468:Industrial Revolution
384:
242:Bonfires and lanterns
201:('sacrifice month').
183:Feasting and drinking
166:
66:Saint Martin of Tours
22:
4556:November observances
4551:Holidays in Scotland
4378:Parade of Lost Souls
4329:Festival of the Dead
3568:Santa's Candy Castle
2892:Google Santa Tracker
1555:Dent, Susie (2020).
1299:Leite de Vasconcelos
1157:improve this section
1113:on the outskirts of
1081:Ħobża ta' San Martin
929:improve this section
775:. St. Martin's Day (
709:, St. Martin's Day (
553:). At one time, the
535:Rhineland-Palatinate
449:early modern England
319:
4521:Category: Halloween
4306:Treehouse of Horror
4202:Prayer for the dead
3573:Santa Claus Village
3488:Christmas Mountains
3394:Journey of the Magi
2400:Baptism of the Lord
2240:St. Martin of Tours
1990:, November 13, 2016
1988:The Dubrovnik Times
1405:St. Catherine's Day
1241:Dia de São Martinho
1027:) is celebrated in
462:, the emergence of
460:English Reformation
139:ancient Roman world
82:early modern period
4233:Haunted attraction
3683:Twelve-dish supper
3533:Jews and Christmas
3483:Christmas Lectures
3212:American Civil War
2947:NORAD Tracks Santa
2323:Saint Nicholas Day
2185:, November 7, 2007
1927:, November 5, 2015
1512:George C. Homans,
1176:"St. Martin's Day"
1019:St. Martin's Day (
1017:
948:"St. Martin's Day"
769:
752:Beaujolais nouveau
539:
506:
391:
169:
42:Saint Martin's Day
39:
4528:
4527:
4421:
4420:
4398:Death anniversary
4363:Qingming Festival
4138:Trick-or-treating
4038:
4037:
4014:
4013:
3678:Thirteen desserts
3598:Virginia O'Hanlon
3443:Advent Conspiracy
3357:Films (Christmas,
3349:A Christmas Carol
3294:Carols for Choirs
2837:Cavalcade of Magi
2817:Boar's Head Feast
2486:Star of Bethlehem
2457:Nativity of Jesus
2445:flight into Egypt
2330:St. Stephen's Day
2142:978-1-4351-1086-1
2103:978-0-9565628-2-1
1878:Kotulla, Denise.
1568:978-1-5293-1150-1
1361:Kingdom of Sicily
1359:(who founded the
1237:
1236:
1229:
1211:
1009:
1008:
1001:
983:
834:Lá Fhéile Mártain
828:In some parts of
652:St Martin's Day (
622:Waldorf education
574:are distributed.
518:
382:
371:Dutch and Flemish
121:(died 397) was a
58:Old Hallowmas Eve
4573:
4523:
4518:
4517:
4390:
4330:
4324:
4245:Pumpkin festival
4083:
4074:
4065:
4058:
4051:
4042:
4030:
4026:
4025:
3861:Redcurrant sauce
3650:
3644:
3639:
3613:Winter festivals
3363:Christmas horror
3330:
3241:
3072:
2927:Meals and feasts
2847:Christmas jumper
2794:
2765:Santa's reindeer
2717:
2663:Father Christmas
2627:
2584:Santa's workshop
2505:
2467:in later culture
2345:
2338:
2331:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2303:
2296:
2283:
2274:
2267:
2260:
2251:
2212:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2188:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2076:
2074:
2059:
2048:
2047:
2042:. Archived from
2032:
2026:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2013:on Dec 31, 2012.
2009:. Archived from
1998:
1992:
1983:
1977:
1972:
1966:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1936:
1930:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1886:. Archived from
1875:
1866:
1865:
1849:
1843:
1838:
1827:
1822:
1816:
1811:
1805:
1796:
1790:
1785:
1779:
1774:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1745:
1739:
1736:978-0-19999714-5
1722:
1716:
1714:Matthew 2:1–2:12
1710:
1704:
1697:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1671:. Reproduced by
1661:
1642:
1641:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1592:
1573:
1572:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1523:
1517:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1421:
1232:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1212:
1210:
1169:
1137:
1129:
1119:San Anton School
1004:
997:
993:
990:
984:
982:
941:
909:
901:
604:or Weckmänner).
519:
464:Guy Fawkes Night
383:
214:Gregory of Tours
189:animal sacrifice
24:St Martin's Day
4581:
4580:
4576:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4570:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4524:
4513:
4507:
4438:All Saints' Day
4417:
4388:
4382:
4328:
4319:
4313:
4256:
4216:
4180:Jack-o'-lantern
4126:
4081:
4076:
4072:
4069:
4039:
4034:
4028:
4010:
3976:Pickled herring
3949:
3918:
3865:
3856:Cranberry sauce
3839:
3818:
3794:Red velvet cake
3779:Poppy seed roll
3697:
3648:
3637:
3635:
3629:
3608:White Christmas
3498:Christmas truce
3493:Christmas seals
3473:Christmas creep
3435:
3433:
3427:
3328:
3322:
3239:
3233:
3070:
3064:
2917:Lord of Misrule
2852:Christmas Peace
2802:Advent calendar
2792:
2786:
2735:Knecht Ruprecht
2715:
2713:
2707:
2629:
2625:
2618:
2507:
2503:
2495:
2420:Herod the Great
2355:
2349:
2343:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2315:
2308:
2301:
2294:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2221:
2216:
2215:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2181:
2177:
2170:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2143:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2072:
2070:
2061:
2060:
2051:
2046:on Nov 9, 2016.
2034:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2018:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1958:
1949:
1947:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1921:
1917:
1906:Germanfoods.org
1900:
1899:
1895:
1877:
1876:
1869:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1839:
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1691:
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1626:
1594:
1593:
1576:
1569:
1561:. John Murray.
1554:
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1418:
1413:
1401:
1391:, which can be
1373:
1349:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1233:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1170:
1168:
1154:
1138:
1127:
1102:
1095:
1005:
994:
988:
985:
942:
940:
926:
910:
899:
884:
859:Welsh mythology
855:
826:
821:
812:
761:
735:
703:
698:
670:
650:
634:German American
630:
628:German American
609:German Lorraine
590:Martinshörnchen
508:
486:
480:
472:Remembrance Day
441:
375:
373:
356:
351:
346:
322:
283:
277:
263:turnip lanterns
244:
185:
161:
119:Martin of Tours
116:
70:liturgical year
17:
12:
11:
5:
4579:
4577:
4569:
4568:
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4553:
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4533:
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4526:
4525:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4483:Mischief Night
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4463:Eid il-Burbara
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4443:All Souls' Day
4440:
4435:
4429:
4427:
4423:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4394:
4392:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4375:
4373:Zhōng yuán jié
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4348:Día de Muertos
4345:
4340:
4334:
4332:
4321:
4315:
4314:
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4311:
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4309:
4302:
4292:
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4215:
4214:
4212:Pangangaluluwa
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4187:
4177:
4175:Halloween Tree
4172:
4167:
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4165:
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4145:
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4132:
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4127:
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4019:
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3957:
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3916:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3907:Smoking Bishop
3899:
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3889:
3884:
3879:
3873:
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3866:
3864:
3863:
3858:
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3641:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3595:
3590:
3588:Super Saturday
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3518:Giving Tuesday
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3468:Christmas club
3465:
3460:
3455:
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3445:
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3353:
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3324:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3319:
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3315:Piae Cantiones
3311:
3304:
3297:
3287:
3281:Music charts (
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3245:
3243:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
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3219:
3214:
3204:
3199:
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3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
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3149:
3144:
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3134:
3129:
3124:
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3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
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2788:
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2784:
2779:
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2773:
2772:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2750:Père Fouettard
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2721:
2719:
2716:Saint Nicholas
2709:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2668:Grandpa Indian
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2636:Saint Nicholas
2632:
2630:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2574:Old Man Winter
2571:
2566:
2561:
2559:Miner's figure
2556:
2551:
2546:
2544:Kallikantzaros
2541:
2536:
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2521:
2516:
2510:
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2500:
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2474:Nativity scene
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2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
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2397:
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2387:
2382:
2377:
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2359:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2309:Children's Day
2305:
2298:
2295:Blue Christmas
2290:
2287:
2286:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2269:
2262:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2220:
2219:External links
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2189:
2175:
2168:
2148:
2141:
2123:
2109:
2102:
2084:
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2027:
2016:
1993:
1978:
1967:
1956:
1931:
1915:
1893:
1890:on 2012-01-06.
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1828:
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1605:(2): 231–249.
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1473:
1455:
1443:webster's 1913
1430:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1400:
1397:
1389:Peeter Baltens
1372:
1369:
1348:
1345:
1339:from Galician
1235:
1234:
1141:
1139:
1132:
1126:
1123:
1021:Jum San Martin
1007:
1006:
913:
911:
904:
898:
895:
883:
880:
854:
851:
847:County Wexford
825:
822:
820:
817:
811:
808:
760:
757:
747:Czech Republic
734:
731:
702:
699:
697:
694:
684:also includes
669:
666:
649:
646:
629:
626:
498:paper lanterns
479:
476:
440:
437:
429:paper lanterns
372:
369:
355:
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350:
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321:
318:
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273:
259:paper lanterns
243:
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184:
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160:
157:
115:
112:
31:Peeter Baltens
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13:
10:
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6:
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2:
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4542:
4539:
4538:
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4510:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4493:Old Halloween
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4453:Devil's Night
4451:
4449:
4448:Beggars Night
4446:
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4436:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4428:
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4409:
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4403:Death customs
4401:
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4385:
4379:
4376:
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4364:
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4336:
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4325:
4322:
4316:
4308:
4307:
4303:
4301:
4300:Great Pumpkin
4298:
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4286:
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4281:
4280:
4279:
4276:
4274:
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4259:
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4250:Pumpkin Queen
4248:
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4173:
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4154:
4151:
4149:
4148:Apple bobbing
4146:
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4141:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4129:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4101:
4100:Allhallowtide
4098:
4096:
4093:
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4091:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4079:
4075:
4066:
4061:
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3954:Meat and fish
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3925:
3921:
3915:
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3908:
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3900:
3898:
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3893:
3892:Hot chocolate
3890:
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3875:
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3506:
3504:
3503:Controversies
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3367:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3338:In literature
3336:
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3333:
3331:
3325:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3303:
3302:
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3236:
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3223:
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3215:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3207:United States
3205:
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3200:
3198:
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3193:
3190:
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2937:Moravian star
2935:
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2932:Midnight Mass
2930:
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2828:
2825:
2823:
2822:Candle arches
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2812:Advent wreath
2810:
2808:
2807:Advent candle
2805:
2803:
2800:
2799:
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2789:
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2778:
2775:
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2741:
2738:
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2726:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2714:Companions of
2710:
2704:
2701:
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2696:
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2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
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2649:
2646:
2642:
2639:
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2637:
2634:
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2631:
2628:
2626:Gift-bringers
2621:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
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2580:
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2570:
2567:
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2535:
2532:
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2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2498:
2492:
2491:Twelfth Night
2489:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2452:Nativity Fast
2450:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2410:Christmastide
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2385:Angel Gabriel
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2363:Biblical Magi
2361:
2360:
2358:
2352:
2346:
2341:
2339:
2334:
2332:
2327:
2325:
2320:
2318:
2316:Christmas Eve
2313:
2311:
2306:
2304:
2299:
2297:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2275:
2270:
2268:
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2255:
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2211:
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2199:
2193:
2190:
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2186:
2179:
2176:
2171:
2169:9781497817180
2165:
2161:
2160:
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2149:
2144:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2124:
2119:
2113:
2110:
2105:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2020:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1960:
1957:
1946:on 2021-11-02
1945:
1941:
1935:
1932:
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1911:
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1495:
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1476:
1474:9780823262243
1470:
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1377:
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1346:
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1342:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1327:
1321:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1301:regarded the
1300:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1247:, eating the
1246:
1242:
1231:
1228:
1220:
1217:November 2022
1209:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1178: –
1177:
1173:
1172:Find sources:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1142:This section
1140:
1136:
1131:
1130:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1106:
1103:
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1038:
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1022:
1013:
1003:
1000:
992:
989:November 2022
981:
978:
974:
971:
967:
964:
960:
957:
953:
950: –
949:
945:
944:Find sources:
938:
934:
930:
924:
923:
919:
914:This section
912:
908:
903:
902:
896:
894:
892:
891:
890:
881:
879:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
852:
850:
848:
843:
839:
835:
831:
823:
818:
816:
809:
807:
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796:
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790:
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774:
765:
758:
756:
753:
748:
744:
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732:
730:
728:
724:
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708:
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695:
693:
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683:
679:
675:
667:
665:
663:
659:
655:
647:
645:
643:
639:
635:
627:
625:
624:) pedagogy.
623:
618:
614:
610:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
586:
584:
579:
575:
573:
569:
568:
567:Laternelaufen
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
536:
532:
528:
524:
503:
499:
495:
492:St. Martin's
490:
485:
484:Martinisingen
477:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
456:
454:
450:
446:
438:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
421:West Flanders
418:
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411:
407:
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399:
395:
388:
370:
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343:
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339:
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327:
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315:
311:
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275:Gift-bringers
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272:
270:
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268:Laternelaufen
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260:
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177:Allhallowtide
174:
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140:
134:
132:
128:
124:
123:Roman soldier
120:
113:
111:
109:
105:
101:
97:
96:
95:Laternelaufen
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
54:Old Halloween
51:
47:
43:
36:
32:
28:
27:
21:
4561:Saints' days
4498:Punkie Night
4492:
4426:Other events
4368:Totensonntag
4358:Pitru Paksha
4338:Bon Festival
4304:
3966:Gefilte fish
3914:Ponche crema
3749:Melomakarono
3617:
3508:Cyber Monday
3413:
3378:
3347:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3289:Music books
3282:
3120:Nazi Germany
3012:
3008:Secret Santa
2995:
2882:Flying Santa
2589:Tió de Nadal
2539:Korvatunturi
2390:Annunciation
2356:Christianity
2337:Sol Invictus
2207:
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2044:the original
2039:
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1944:the original
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1888:the original
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1757:. Retrieved
1755:. Britannica
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1143:
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1073:pomegranates
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927:Please help
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787:filled with
776:
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35:16th century
23:
4185:Stingy Jack
4170:Ghost tours
4082:Main topics
3981:Roast goose
3902:Mulled wine
3882:Champurrado
3877:Apple cider
3851:Bread sauce
3804:Szaloncukor
3784:Pumpkin pie
3734:Gingerbread
3688:Smörgåsbord
3329:Other media
3167:Philippines
3157:New Zealand
3040:Twelve Days
2997:Räuchermann
2952:Nutcrackers
2902:Las Posadas
2862:Decorations
2842:Christingle
2782:Zwarte Piet
2777:Snegurochka
2698:Sinterklaas
2648:Santa Claus
2073:13 November
2007:Prague Post
1703:1989, p 97.
1439:"Martlemas"
583:Martinsgans
423:and around
398:Netherlands
361:Martinloben
210:winegrowing
193:Old English
152:Calan Gaeaf
78:Middle Ages
74:11 November
48:(obsolete:
4535:Categories
4468:Hop-tu-Naa
4295:Television
4238:Hell house
4131:Traditions
4112:Activities
3709:Candy cane
3658:Joulupöytä
3558:Pikkujoulu
3222:New Mexico
3071:By country
3045:Wassailing
2986:Poinsettia
2793:Traditions
2745:Mrs. Claus
2725:Belsnickel
2678:Julemanden
2673:Joulupukki
2604:Wenceslaus
2569:North Pole
2534:Jack Frost
2524:Christkind
2479:Neapolitan
2302:Boxing Day
1950:2021-11-02
1759:4 December
1540:2 November
1411:References
1365:fava beans
1307:Barqueiros
1289:aguardente
1187:newspapers
1065:tangerines
959:newspapers
785:croissants
686:svartsoppa
662:mortensgås
654:Mortensdag
602:Stutenkerl
551:Martinstag
494:procession
402:sugar beet
387:Zaanstreek
310:Pelzmärten
279:See also:
218:winemaking
4546:Halloween
4433:Allantide
4353:Gai Jatra
4207:Soul cake
4117:Geography
4073:Halloween
3996:Tourtière
3986:Romeritos
3923:Dumplings
3870:Beverages
3774:Pecan pie
3764:Panettone
3759:Pampushka
3754:Mince pie
3729:Fruitcake
3673:Réveillon
3553:NFL games
3548:NBA games
3543:In August
3513:Economics
3283:Billboard
3137:Indonesia
3080:Australia
3055:Yule goat
3030:Stockings
2964:Ornaments
2693:Père Noël
2688:Olentzero
2683:Noel Baba
2658:Ded Moroz
2614:Yule Lads
2554:Mari Lwyd
2405:Bethlehem
2282:Christmas
1619:162382811
1393:seen here
1283:(a sweet
1253:chestnuts
1144:does not
1053:chestnuts
1045:hazelnuts
916:does not
871:Wild Hunt
863:Cŵn Annwn
804:fireworks
690:charlotte
642:Rice Park
617:Haut-Rhin
594:croissant
559:Rhineland
545:, called
291:Rhineland
252:Funkentag
248:Rhineland
226:Aristaeus
198:Blōtmōnaþ
191:, as the
104:Rhineland
102:. In the
76:. In the
62:feast day
60:, is the
50:Martlemas
46:Martinmas
4503:Saci Day
4488:Namahage
4478:Korochun
4143:Costumes
4029:Category
4000:meat pie
3991:Stuffing
3945:Varenyky
3814:Yule log
3789:Qurabiya
3663:Julebord
3636:Food and
3563:SantaCon
3528:El Gordo
3415:Yule Log
3187:Scotland
3100:Ethiopia
3085:Colombia
3060:Yule log
3014:Spanbaum
2991:Pyramids
2857:Crackers
2755:Sack Man
2641:folklore
2609:Yule cat
2514:Badalisc
2504:folklore
2415:Epiphany
1910:Archived
1862:Archived
1598:Folklore
1448:23 March
1399:See also
1347:Sicilian
1281:jeropiga
1277:stomping
842:cockerel
711:Martinje
701:Croatian
638:Glühwein
572:pretzels
543:bonfires
445:medieval
417:Flanders
354:Austrian
349:Germanic
326:Epiphany
289:and the
287:Flanders
222:Touraine
108:bonfires
4408:Kaddish
4343:Chuseok
4318:Related
4228:Bonfire
4107:Symbols
4095:Samhain
4090:History
3935:Pierogi
3930:Hallaca
3835:Borscht
3799:Stollen
3769:Pavlova
3744:Makówki
3724:Cozonac
3693:Wigilia
3578:Scrooge
3538:In July
3436:society
3368:Poetry
3202:Ukraine
3177:Romania
3142:Ireland
3132:Iceland
3127:Hungary
3115:Germany
3105:Finland
3095:England
3090:Denmark
3050:Windows
2981:Piñatas
2969:Parades
2922:Markets
2907:Letters
2897:Hampers
2740:Krampus
2579:Perchta
2519:Caganer
1639:winter.
1357:Normans
1333:Galicia
1303:magusto
1293:Água-pé
1273:pressed
1265:água-pé
1261:walnuts
1249:magusto
1245:bonfire
1201:scholar
1165:removed
1150:sources
1111:Baħrija
1075:) and "
1061:oranges
1049:almonds
1041:walnuts
1033:Maltese
1025:Maltese
973:scholar
937:removed
922:sources
897:Maltese
889:Mārtiņi
882:Latvian
830:Ireland
810:Slovene
707:Croatia
668:Swedish
598:pretzel
531:Germany
523:bonfire
504:in 1949
453:mumming
439:English
410:Utrecht
306:Ansbach
300:In the
230:pruning
159:Customs
148:Samhain
114:Origins
90:mumming
4519:
4458:Dziady
4413:Yizkor
4320:events
4283:albums
4221:Events
4006:Turkey
3940:Tamale
3897:Kissel
3887:Eggnog
3844:Sauces
3830:Menudo
3809:Turrón
3719:Cookie
3702:Sweets
3668:Kūčios
3649:Dinner
3523:Grinch
3434:modern
3401:Tomten
3360:Santa,
3343:novels
3261:Operas
3249:Carols
3217:Hawaii
3197:Sweden
3192:Serbia
3182:Russia
3172:Poland
3162:Norway
3152:Mexico
3110:France
3025:Stamps
3020:Szopka
2912:Lights
2867:Didukh
2703:Others
2653:Befana
2599:Vertep
2462:in art
2430:Joseph
2380:Advent
2210:, 2010
2166:
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1471:
1371:In art
1285:liquor
1269:pomace
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1069:apples
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819:Celtic
781:Poznań
759:Polish
727:bishop
696:Slavic
678:Scania
648:Danish
613:Alsace
478:German
433:Wervik
406:the IJ
389:(1961)
338:Advent
302:Swabia
173:Octave
26:Kermis
4473:Kekri
4288:songs
4278:Music
4273:Films
4268:Books
4261:Media
4153:Cards
3739:Kutia
3638:drink
3266:Songs
3240:Music
3147:Italy
3003:Seals
2957:dolls
2887:Gifts
2827:Cards
2730:Elves
2594:Turoń
2564:Nisse
2529:Grýla
2425:Jesus
1615:S2CID
1536:]
1532:[
1208:JSTOR
1194:books
1115:Rabat
1088:rhyme
1029:Malta
980:JSTOR
966:books
875:omens
867:Annwn
853:Welsh
838:Irish
824:Irish
739:Czech
733:Czech
555:Rhine
425:Ypres
295:Ypres
4163:cake
4158:Food
3961:Carp
3823:Soup
3714:Cake
3625:Xmas
3254:list
3035:Tree
2974:list
2435:Mary
2344:Yule
2164:ISBN
2137:ISBN
2098:ISBN
2075:2020
1761:2013
1732:ISBN
1712:per
1563:ISBN
1542:2021
1494:ISBN
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1450:2024
1259:and
1257:figs
1180:news
1148:any
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1071:and
952:news
920:any
918:cite
723:wine
719:must
611:and
537:2016
527:Konz
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314:pelt
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