Martin of Tours - Knowledge (XXG)

449:

occurred, that he had left this world without receiving baptism. The body being laid out in public was being honored by the last sad offices on the part of the mourning brethren, when Martin hurries up to them with tears and lamentations. But then laying hold; as it were, of the Holy Spirit, with the whole powers of his mind, he orders the others to quit the cell in which the body was lying; and bolting the door, he stretches himself at full length on the dead limbs of the departed brother. Having given himself for some time to earnest prayer, and perceiving by means of the Spirit of God that power was present, he then rose up for a little, and gazing on the countenance of the deceased, he waited without misgiving for the result of his prayer and of the mercy of the Lord. And scarcely had the space of two hours elapsed, when he saw the dead man begin to move a little in all his members, and to tremble with his eyes opened for the practice of sight. Then indeed, turning to the Lord with a loud voice and giving thanks, he filled the cell with his ejaculations. Hearing the noise, those who had been standing at the door immediately rush inside. And truly a marvelous spectacle met them, for they beheld the man alive whom they had formerly left dead. Thus being restored to life, and having immediately obtained baptism, he lived for many years afterwards; and he was the first who offered himself to us both as a subject that had experienced the virtues of Martin, and as a witness to their existence.

2175: 2156: 1428: 595:, Martin determined that his switch of allegiance to a new commanding officer (away from antichristian Julian and to Christ), along with reluctance to receive Julian's pay just as Martin was retiring, prohibited his taking the money and continuing to submit to the authority of the former now, telling him, "I am the soldier of Christ: it is not lawful for me to fight." He was charged with cowardice and jailed, but in response to the charge, he volunteered to go unarmed to the front of the troops. His superiors planned to take him up on the offer, but before they could, the invaders sued for peace, the battle never occurred, and Martin was released from military service. 752: 2133: 730:. He subsequently impressed the city with his demeanour. He was enticed to Tours from Ligugé by a ruse — he was urged to come to minister to someone sick — and was brought to the church, where he reluctantly allowed himself to be consecrated bishop. According to one version, he was so unwilling to be made bishop that he hid in a barn full of geese, but their cackling at his intrusion gave him away to the crowd; that may account for complaints by a few that his appearance was too disheveled to be commensurate with a bishopric, but the critics were hugely outnumbered. 1480: 1788: 849: 1083: 784:. Recent excavations under the abbey church have revealed the traces of a Roman posting station, beside the main Roman road along the north bank of the Loire, which seems to have been the original dwelling for the community; the "caves" on the site are post-Roman and are probably the result of quarrying the coteau for the Romanesque abbey buildings. "Here Martin and some of the monks who followed him built cells of wood; others lived in caves dug out of the rock." (Sulpicius Severus). 1283: 984: 2193: 1897: 1399:

Franco-Prussian war and was known as the "army bishop". Renou was a strong supporter of St. Martin and believed that the national destiny of France and all its victories were attributed to him. He linked the military to the cloak of St. Martin, which was the "first flag of France" to the French tricolor, "the symbol of the union of the old and new." This flag symbolism connected the devotion to St. Martin with the Third Republic. But, the tensions of the

1516: 1359:, deserted the church in great numbers. As Martin was a man's saint, the devotion to him was an exception to this trend. For men serving in the military, Martin of Tours was presented by the Catholic Right as the masculine model of principled behavior. He was a brave fighter, knew his obligation to the poor, shared his goods, performed his required military service, followed legitimate orders, and respected secular authority. 584:, provided no dates in his chronology, so although he indicated that Martin served in the military "for nearly two years after his baptism," it is difficult for the historian to pin down the exact date of Martin's exit from military service. Still, historian Andre Mertens has provided this guidance: "He served under the Roman emperor Constantine II (ruled 337-61) and afterwards under Julian (ruled 355-60)." 1989: 59: 2005: 1242: 894:, where teams of rowers ferried his body on the river to Tours, where a huge throng of people waited on the river banks to meet and pay their last respects to Martin's body. One chronicle states that "2,000 monks, and nearly as many white-robed virgins, walked in the procession" accompanying the body from the river to a small grove just west of the city, where Martin was buried and where 469: 1617: 520:. It had many more adherents in the Eastern Empire, whence it had sprung, and was concentrated in cities, brought along the trade routes by converted Jews and Greeks (the term 'pagan' literally means 'country-dweller'). Christianity was far from accepted among the higher echelons of society; among members of the army the worship of 870:

acceded to his entreaty, but, when Martin had departed, yielded to Ithacius and ordered Priscillian and his followers to be beheaded (in 385). Martin then pleaded for a cessation of the persecution of Priscillian's followers in Spain. Deeply grieved, Martin refused to communicate with Ithacius, until pressured by the Emperor.

1775:

and along the way, he gave the remaining part to a second beggar. As he faced a long ride in a freezing weather, the dark clouds cleared away and the sun shone so intensely that the frost melted away. Such weather was rare for early November, so was credited to God's intervention. The phenomenon of a

1601:

is one of the earliest monastic foundations in France. The reputation of the founder attracted a large number of disciples to the new monastery; the disciples initially living in locaciacum or small huts, this name later evolved to Ligugé. Its reputation was soon eclipsed by Martin's later foundation

1073:

A similar linguistic development took place for the term referring to the small temporary churches built for the relic. People called them a "capella", the word for a little cloak. Eventually, such small churches lost their association with the cloak, and all small churches began to be referred to as

795:

In one instance, the pagans agreed to fell their sacred pine tree, if Martin would stand directly in its path. He did so, and it miraculously missed him. Sulpicius, a classically educated aristocrat, related this anecdote with dramatic details, as a set piece. Sulpicius could not have failed to know

1319:

St Martin was promoted by the clerical right as the protector of the nation against the German threat. Conservatives associated the dramatic collapse of Napoleon III's regime as a sign of divine retribution on the irreligious emperor. Priests interpreted it as punishment for a nation led astray due

997:

While Martin was a soldier in the Roman army and stationed in Gaul (modern-day France), he experienced a vision, which became the most-repeated story about his life. One day as he was approaching the gates of the city of Amiens, he met a scantily clad beggar. He impulsively cut his military cloak in

869:

to remove them from the secular jurisdiction of the emperor. With Ambrose, Martin rejected Bishop Ithacius's principle of putting heretics to death—as well as the intrusion of the emperor into such matters. He prevailed upon the emperor to spare the life of the heretic Priscillian. At first, Maximus

1367:

During the 1870s, the procession to St. Martin's tomb at Tours became a display of ecclesiastical and military cooperation. Army officers in full uniform acted as military escorts, symbolically protecting the clergy and clearing the path for them. Anti-clerics viewed the staging of public religious

1389:

in 1878 and the society, Notre Dame de Soldats, to provide unpaid voluntary chaplains with financial support. The legislature passed the anticlerical Duvaux Bill of 1880, which reduced the number of chaplains in the French army. Anticlerical legislators wanted commanders, not chaplains, to provide

1351:

nuns of Tours embroidered "Saint Martin Protect France".As the French army was victorious in Patay, many among the faithful took the victory to be the result of divine favor. Popular hymns of the 1870s developed the theme of national protection under the cover of Martin's cloak, the "first flag of

737:

hen in a certain village he had demolished a very ancient temple, and had set about cutting down a pine-tree, which stood close to the temple, the chief priest of that place, and a crowd of other heathens began to oppose him; and these people, though, under the influence of the Lord, they had been

1384:

The struggle between the two men was reflective of that between conservatives and anti-clerics over the church's power in the army. From 1874, military chaplains were allowed in the army in times of peace, but anti-clerics viewed the chaplains as sinister monarchists and counter-revolutionaries.

1137:

was reburied behind the high altar of the new basilica. A large block of marble above the tomb, the gift of bishop Euphronius of Autun (472–475), rendered it visible to the faithful gathered behind the high altar. Werner Jacobsen suggests it may also have been visible to pilgrims encamped in the

1447:

of beggars (because of his sharing his cloak), wool-weavers and tailors (also because of his cloak), he is also the patron saint of the US Army Quartermaster Corps (also because of sharing his cloak), geese (some say because they gave his hiding place away when he tried to avoid being chosen as

1418:

St. Martin's popularity was renewed during the First World War. Anticlericalism declined, and priests served in the French forces as chaplains. More than 5,000 of them died in the war. In 1916, Assumptionists organized a national pilgrimage to Tours that attracted people from all of France. The

448:

But, after the lapse only of a few days, the catechumen, seized with a languor, began to suffer from a violent fever. It so happened that Martin had then left home, and having remained away three days, he found on his return that life had departed from the catechumen; and so suddenly had death

1398:

St. Martin has long been associated with France's royal heritage. Monsignor René François Renou (Archbishop of Tours, 1896–1913) worked to associate St. Martin as a specifically "republican" patron. Renou had served as a chaplain to the 88 Régiment des mobils d'Indre-et-Loire during the

1535:

definitely studied at Marmoûtiers and was profoundly influenced by Martin, carrying a deep love and respect for his teacher and his methods back to Scotland. Ninian was in the process of building a church when news reached him of Martin's death. Ninian dedicated that church to Martin.

950:

in 853 and in 903. It burned again in 994, and was rebuilt by Hervé de Buzançais, treasurer of Saint Martin, an effort that took 20 years to complete. Expanded to accommodate the crowds of pilgrims and to attract them, the shrine of St. Martin of Tours became a major stopping-point on

791:

system in his diocese. Once a year, the bishop visited each of his parishes, traveling on foot, or by donkey or boat. He continued to set up monastic communities, and extended the influence of his episcopate from Touraine to such distant points as Chartres, Paris, Autun, and Vienne.

691:, and soon attracted converts and followers. The crypt under the parish church (not the current Abbey Chapel) reveals traces of a Roman villa, probably part of the bath complex, which had been abandoned before Martin established himself there. The monastery became a centre for the 1419:

devotion to St. Martin was amplified in the dioceses of France, where special prayers were offered to the patron saint. When the armistice was signed on Saint Martin's Day, 11 November 1918, the French people saw it was a sign of his intercession in the affairs of France.

1380:

of Poitiers united conservatives and devised a massive demonstration for the November 1879 procession. Pie's ultimate hope was that St Martin would stop the "chariot" of modern society, and lead to the creation of a France where the religious and secular sectors merged.

1448:

bishop, others because their migration coincides with his feast), vintners and innkeepers (because his feast falls just after the late grape harvest), and France. He was proclaimed patron of Italian volunteering by the Italian bishops in the spring of 2021.

1965:

The largest Anglican church in North America is St Martin's Episcopal in Houston, Texas. It was the home church for many years of President and Mrs. George H. W. Bush and still is for former Secretary of State and Treasury James Baker and his wife Susan.

1507:" ("the pagan statues fall down, hit by St. Martin's axe. Let nobody believe that those are gods, who so easily fall down"). Legend says that the axe belonged to St. Martin, and was used to hit the devil and to destroy the heathen temples and statues. 1255:(1797–1876) established the dimensions of the former abbey and recovered some fragments of architecture. The tomb of St. Martin was rediscovered on 14 December 1860, which aided in the nineteenth-century revival of the popular devotion to St. Martin. 635:

went over to Pannonia. There he converted his mother and some other persons; his father he could not win over. While in Illyricum he took sides against the Arians with so much zeal that he was publicly whipped and forced to leave. Returning from

2174: 431:

writer, who knew him personally. This biography expresses, among other things, the immediacy that the 4th-century Christian had with the Devil in all his disguises, and has some accounts of miracles. Some follow familiar hagiographical

1314:

was proclaimed. Paris was evacuated due to the advancing enemy and for a brief time (September–December 1870), Tours became the effective capital of France. During the French Third Republic, he was seen as a patron saint of France.

2123:(1985) prominently features a statue of Saint Martin. A mercenary in Renaissance Italy, named Martin, finds a statue of Saint Martin cutting his cloak and takes it as a sign to desert and rogue around under the saint's protection. 2132: 807:

Martin was so dedicated to the freeing of prisoners that when authorities, even emperors, heard he was coming, they refused to see him because they knew he would request mercy for someone and they would be unable to refuse.

1583:

to Britain around 429. Thus, this could be the context in which the Life of St Martin was brought from Gaul to Ireland at an early date, and could explain how Columbanus was familiar with it before he ever left Ireland.

1693:, a rich bird. According to legend, Martin was reluctant to become bishop, which is why he hid in a stable filled with geese. The noise made by the geese betrayed his location to the people who were looking for him. 1540:

contains three distinct groups of material: (1) a complete text of the New Testament, (2) a dossier of materials on Saint Patrick, and (3) almost the complete body of writings on Saint Martin by Sulpicius Severus.

2155: 1324:. They preached repentance and a return to religion for political stability. The ruined towers of the old royal basilica of St. Martin at Tours came to symbolize the decline of traditional Catholic France. 824:

had forbidden several of Priscillian's practices (albeit without mentioning Priscillian by name), but Priscillian was elected bishop of Avila shortly thereafter. Ithacius of Ossonoba appealed to the emperor

1688:

processions. Often, a man dressed as St. Martin rides on a horse in front of the procession. The children sing songs about St. Martin and about their lanterns. The food traditionally eaten on the day is

1948:

The Monastery of Saint Martin of Castañeda has been a national historic monument since 1931. It is located in Galende, Sanabria, province of Zamora, Spain. It now functions as an interpretation center.

1527:

By the early 9th century, respect for Saint Martin was well-established in Ireland. His monastery at Marmoûtiers became the training ground for many Celtic missions and missionaries. Some believe that

975:. It was deconsecrated, used as a stable, then utterly demolished. Its dressed stones were sold in 1802 after two streets were built across the site, to ensure the abbey would not be reconstructed. 1889:

is a major city landmark. It is located in the heart of the city's downtown in St. Martin's Square, and is surrounded by a number of restaurants and shops. The church was originally built as a

1657:"the forty days of St. Martin". At St. Martin's eve and on the feast day, people ate and drank very heartily for a last time before they started to fast. This fasting time was later called " 1347:

who fought at Patay, had been placed overnight in St. Martin's tomb before being taken into battle on 9 October 1870. The banner read "Heart of Jesus Save France" and on the reverse side

1033:) was carried by the king even into battle, and used as a holy relic upon which oaths were sworn. The cloak is first attested to in the royal treasury in 679, when it was conserved at the 1556:, while travelling, requested to be allowed to pray at the tomb of St Martin. The Irish palimpsest sacramentary from the mid-7th century contains the text of a mass for St Martin. In the 1368:

processions as a violation of civic space. In 1878, M. Rivière, the provisional mayor of Tours, with anticlerical support banned the November procession in honor of St. Martin. President

998:

half to share with the man. That night, Martin dreamed of Jesus wearing the half of the cloak he had given away. He heard Jesus say to some of the angels, "Martin, who is still but a

1471:

Martin is most generally portrayed on horseback dividing his cloak with the beggar. His emblem in English art is often that of a goose, whose annual migration is about late autumn.

710:: "The memory of these apostolic journeyings survives to our day in the numerous local legends of which Martin is the hero and which indicate roughly the routes that he followed." 890:

region and residents of Tours quarreled over where Martin would be buried. One evening after dark, several residents of Tours carried Martin's body to a waiting boat on the river

2146: 2242: 1771:(a sort of weak and watered-down wine). According to the most widespread variation of the cloak story, Saint Martin cut off half of his cloak in order to offer it to a 461:

Other miracle stories described are: turning back the flames from a house while Martin was burning down the Roman temple it adjoined; deflecting the path of a felled

3577: 3545: 1006:). In another version, when Martin woke, he found his cloak restored to wholeness. The dream confirmed Martin in his piety, and he was baptised at the age of 18. 2232: 676:, a plant that he did not know was poisonous. A legend tells that being on the verge of death for having eaten this herb, he prayed and was miraculously cured. 1455:, Saint Martin more recently has also been described in terms of "a spiritual bridge across Europe" due to his "international" background, being a native of 2094: 221: 2934: 3203: 387:. He is best known for the account of his using his sword to cut his cloak in two, to give half to a beggar clad only in rags in the depth of winter. His 3002: 756: 1377: 3692: 1427: 3713: 3709: 3094: 2730: 1129:, 38 m (125 ft) long and 18 m (59 ft) wide, with 120 columns. Martin's body was taken from the simple chapel at his hermitage at 1003: 3798: 2102: 2082: 1205: 853: 3041: 2463: 1962:, in reference to his common depiction on horseback. Mexican folklore believes him to be a particularly helpful saint toward business owners. 751: 656:, where he lived the solitary life of a hermit. Not entirely alone, since the chronicles indicate that he would have been in the company of a 3778: 3687: 3488: 3431: 3261: 2764: 1739:, where the saint's day is celebrated across the country, it is common for families and friends to gather around the fire in reunions called 1209: 1805:

on the night of the eve of Saint Martin's day children leave an empty bag next to the bed. This bag is found full of fruit on the next day.

3783: 3768: 1274:

was erected on a portion of its former site, which was purchased from the owners. Started in 1886, the church was consecrated 4 July 1925.

648:, who expelled him from the city. According to the early sources, Martin decided to seek shelter on the island then called Gallinaria, now 2323: 577:, it is likely to have been part of the elite cavalry bodyguard of the Emperor, which accompanied him on his travels around the Empire. 3334: 1262:

of 1871, there was a resurgence of conservative Catholic piety, and the church decided to build a basilica to St. Martin. They selected

645: 3647: 816:

The churches of other parts of Gaul and in Spain were being disturbed by the Priscillianists, an ascetic sect, named after its leader,

2421: 528:

and the subsequent programme of church-building gave a greater impetus to the spread of the religion, it was still a minority faith.

3530:. A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church. Translated by Alexander Roberts. New York – via 3375: 3354: 3240: 2508: 3027: 1121:

took office at Tours in 461, the little chapel over Martin's grave, built in the previous century by Martin's immediate successor,

3823: 3803: 3773: 3657: 2056:

the vines, after watching a goat eat some of the foliage, has been adopted for Martin. He is also credited with introducing the

3673: 907: 895: 473: 388: 281: 3510: 3450: 2965: 2700:

May Viellard-Troiëkouroff, "La basilique de Saint-Martin de Tours de Perpetuus (470) d'après les fouilles archéologiques",

1169:. He credited the intervention of St Martin with his success, and with several following triumphs, including the defeat of 3828: 2192: 1576: 1271: 1245: 1236: 35: 2904: 1142:

of the basilica. Contrary to the usual arrangement, the atrium was situated behind the church, close to the tomb in the

912:

The shrine chapel at Tours developed into one of the most prominent and influential establishments in medieval France.

3813: 2119: 3286: 1836: 1403:

renewed anti-clericalism in France and drove a wedge between the Church and the Republic. By 1905, the influence of

2327: 821: 1787: 1390:

troops with moral support and to supervise their formation in the established faith of "patriotic Republicanism".

3793: 2938: 2226: 1649:, November 11. This fast period lasted 40 days (not including Saturdays and Sundays), and was, therefore, called 209: 3818: 3788: 3076: 2044:

or other early hagiographers, he is now credited with a prominent role in spreading wine-making throughout the

1488: 1332: 1018: 769: 3006: 3003:"Bulacan, Philippines: Tourism: Feast of the Holy Cross of Wawa, Bocaue, Bulacan: Photo Gallery: pagoda01.jpg" 2266:

Both dates are recorded in hagiographical tradition. The birth date in 336 is preferred as the more likely by

1331:, 1870, numerous pilgrims were attracted to St. Martin's tomb. It was covered by a temporary chapel built by 848: 501:) in the Roman military. His father was then allowed veteran status and was given land on which to retire at 3808: 3679: 3661: 1942: 1886: 1872: 1809: 964: 733:

As bishop, Martin set to enthusiastically ordering the destruction of pagan temples, altars and sculptures:

265: 173: 122: 3160:

Un Village au temps de Charlemagne: Moines et paysans de l'abbaye de Saint-Denis, du VIIe siècle à l'an mil

3102: 2322:

Pilgrimage basilicas in comparable Romanesque-Byzantine taste being erected during the same period are the

1817: 1153:

St. Martin's popularity can be partially attributed to his adoption by successive royal houses of France.

727: 556: 400: 360:

as Bishop of Caesarodunum (Tours) in 371. As bishop, he was active in the suppression of the remnants of

3220: 1662: 1479: 1452: 1404: 1311: 1225: 1139: 1082: 1044: 956: 700: 412: 333: 31: 2070:

was named after St. Martin, as he was baptised on November 11 (St. Martin's Day), 1483, and many older

1973: 1969: 1728:

areas of Germany and the Netherlands, although most Protestant churches no longer officially recognize

1125:, was no longer sufficient for the crowd of pilgrims it was already drawing. Perpetuus built a larger 3594: 2543: 1531:

was his nephew and that Patrick was one of many Celtic notables who lived for a time at Marmoûtiers.

1491:

in Utrecht has a relic in its collection which is called "the hammer of St. Martin of Tours" (Latin:

1369: 1303: 1111: 361: 1980:. Saint Martin, as San Martín de Loba, is the patron saint of Vasquez, a small village in Colombia. 1896: 1282: 3763: 3758: 3668: 2475: 2220: 2086: 1816:

in the centre of London, has a history appropriately associated with Martin's renunciation of war;

1646: 1611: 1580: 1328: 1295: 1130: 983: 879: 525: 494: 408: 237: 104: 80: 1933: 631:

himself. Having heard in a dream a summons to revisit his home, Martin crossed the Alps, and from

3571: 3539: 3410: 3347: 3321: 3313: 3171: 3146: 3138: 2780: 2204: 1821: 1537: 1344: 1335:. The popular devotion to St. Martin was also associated with the nationalistic devotion to the 955:. In 1453 the remains of Saint Martin were transferred to a magnificent new reliquary donated by 937: 924:

in Germany and always stay overnight at one of his own properties. It was at Tours that Alcuin's

661: 641: 612: 587:

Regardless of the difficulties in chronology, Sulpicius reports that just before a battle in the

568: 512:

At the age of 10 he attended the Christian church against the wishes of his parents and became a

433: 404: 396: 349: 186:

man on horseback sharing his cloak with a beggar; man cutting cloak in half; globe of fire; goose

167: 153: 130: 126: 649: 1937:) is named for him, after a 13th-century church in his honor. A special type of crescent cake ( 1724:. In recent years, the lantern processions have become widespread as a popular ritual, even in 1503:

from c. 1,000 – 700 BC, though the dating is uncertain. The grip contains a Latin text saying "

738:

quiet while the temple was being overthrown, could not patiently allow the tree to be cut down.

3521: 3506: 3484: 3465: 3446: 3427: 3402: 3371: 3365: 3350: 3257: 3236: 3214: 3163: 2760: 1310:

in September 1870, a provisional government of national defense was established, and France's

972: 723: 581: 424: 376: 3620:

Medieval Music, Legend, and the Cult of St Martin: The Local Foundations of a Universal Saint

3599: 3500: 3251: 3740: 3394: 3385:

Ladurie, Emmanuel le Roy; Zysberg, André (1983). "Géographie des hagiotoponymes en France".

3305: 3271: 3130: 2280:"Hic aedificavit basilicam parvulam super corpus beati Martini, in qua et ipse sepultus est" 2041: 1864: 1813: 1720:

on December 25. They also have lantern processions, for which children make lanterns out of

1553: 1356: 1321: 1186: 1122: 761: 498: 328:. He has become one of the most familiar and recognizable saints in France, heralded as the 245: 146: 3643:

The Life and Miracles of Saint Martin of Tours, Bishop and Confessor of the Catholic Church

3121:

Brennan, Brian (1997). "The Revival of the Cult of Martin of Tours in the Third Republic".

1712:), traditionally children receive presents from St. Martin on November 11, instead of from 3730: 3705: 2966:""Irish Devotion to Saint Martin of Tours", Saint Conleth's Catholic Heritage Association" 1879: 1545: 1307: 1118: 865:

Although greatly opposed to the Priscillianists, Martin traveled to the Imperial court of

719: 384: 336:. He is the patron saint of many communities and organizations across Europe. A native of 325: 277: 249: 181: 163: 159: 118: 2516: 1598: 780:

which he founded a short distance upstream from Tours on the opposite shore of the river

696: 353: 3652: 340:(in present-day Hungary), he converted to Christianity at a young age. He served in the 2184: 2165: 2142: 1860: 1713: 1634: 1515: 1400: 1373: 1291: 1267: 1086:

Reliquary for the head of St. Martin, silver and copper, part gilt, from the church at

842: 838: 722:, whose accession in 338 had come after a vacancy of 36 or 37 years since the death of 692: 592: 313: 301: 285: 269: 3197: 3752: 3525: 3414: 3325: 3192: 3150: 2237: 2208: 2067: 1953: 1900: 1868: 1825: 1705: 1701: 1685: 1638: 1602:

at Marmoutier. As of 2013, the Benedictine community at Ligugé numbered twenty-five.

1386: 1298:

of 1870–1871. During the military and political crisis of the Franco-Prussian war,

1263: 1259: 1182: 1158: 1103: 943:

In later times the abbey was destroyed by fire on several occasions and ransacked by

680: 562: 444:. Sulpicius Severus recounts in which manner St Martin raised a dead man as follows: 348:, but left military service at some point prior to 361, when he became a disciple of 341: 293: 253: 205: 1355:

During the nineteenth-century Frenchmen, influenced by secularism, agnosticism, and

3275: 2106: 2078: 2061: 2057: 1852: 1721: 1621: 1444: 1408: 1340: 1336: 1299: 1270:

for a mix of Romanesque and Byzantine, sometimes defined as neo-Byzantine. The new

1010: 991: 653: 604: 517: 411:

of 1870/1, and as a consequence he was seen as a patron saint of France during the

372: 329: 213: 191: 141: 17: 2905:""The Life of St. Martin of Tours", St. Martin's Anglican Church, Eynesford, Kent" 1741: 1161:, one of many warring tribes in sixth-century France, promised his Christian wife 58: 3478: 3230: 2754: 1893:

monastery in the 14th century and has a number of unique architectural features.

1009:

The part kept by himself became the famous relic preserved in the oratory of the

683:

in 361, Martin joined him and established a hermitage at what is now the town of

2037: 1856: 1848: 1776:

sunny break to the chilly weather on Saint Martin's Day (11 November) is called

1717: 1673: 1630: 1528: 1432: 1241: 1213: 1198: 1174: 1173:. The popular devotion to St Martin continued to be closely identified with the 1134: 1095: 1048: 1026: 960: 929: 925: 913: 817: 543: 490: 462: 365: 357: 261: 134: 76: 1988: 1824:, was Vicar 1914–26, and there is a memorial chapel for him, with a plaque for 468: 3398: 2908: 2509:"Benedict XVI. ""Generous Witness of the Gospel of Charity", 11 November 2007" 1904: 1890: 1764: 1760: 1725: 1532: 1496: 1460: 1252: 1178: 1087: 999: 952: 833:

against Priscillian and his followers. After failing to obtain the support of

547: 513: 345: 217: 197: 108: 3406: 3167: 1956:, St. Martin has a strong popular following and is frequently referred to as 1625:, the 97-metre-high (318 ft) Martini Tower in Groningen, The Netherlands 619:

of the Imperial Court. When Hilary was forced into exile from Pictavium (now

531:

As the son of a veteran officer, Martin at 15 was required to join a cavalry

3642: 2049: 2004: 1920: 1746: 1348: 1170: 1040: 777: 673: 437: 428: 2033:

in Swedish) is named after St. Martin and depicts him on its coat of arms.

1928: 1924: 1795: 1616: 1505:

Ydola vanurunt Martini cesa securi nemo deos credat qui sic fuerant ruicuri

684: 3633: 3607:. London, Pub. for the Early English text society, by N. Trübner & co. 3469: 3296:

Jacobsen, Werner (1997). "Saints' Tombs in Frankish Church Architecture".

3213: 2060:

grape varietal, from which most of the white wine of western Touraine and

379:. Some of the accounts of his travels may have been interpolated into his 3367:

Saints and Their Symbols: Recognizing Saints in Art and in Popular Images

2071: 2045: 2026: 1995: 1977: 1927:. His day is celebrated with a procession and festivities in the city of 1832: 1829: 1755: 1736: 1669: 1456: 1412: 1166: 1162: 1154: 1126: 1035: 968: 858: 830: 688: 620: 616: 337: 297: 273: 241: 3555:

St Martin and his hagiographer: History and miracle in Sulpicius Severus

3185:

Priscillian of Avila: The Occult and the Charismatic in the Early Church

1851:, Hungary, with a church dedicated to him, and also the patron saint of 1290:

Martin's renewed popularity in France was related to his promotion as a

3317: 3142: 2565:

me truncus elapsus cerebro sustulerat nisi faunus ictum dextra levasset

2053: 2022: 1908: 1844: 1697: 1681: 1677: 1642: 1561: 1483:

Hammer of Martin of Tours, Catharijne Convent, Utrecht, the Netherlands

1436: 1107: 944: 834: 826: 664:, on this island, where the wild hens lived. Martin lived on a diet of 637: 533: 521: 502: 257: 229: 225: 84: 3598: 1306:

collapsed. After the surrender of Napoleon to the Prussians after the

920:. At this time the abbot could travel between Tours and the court at 30:

This article is about the French saint. For the Caribbean island, see

3344:

Nonviolence: twenty-five lessons from the history of a dangerous idea

2011: 1916: 1772: 1729: 1658: 1520: 1114:

had earlier declared, "Wherever Christ is known, Martin is honored."

1014: 947: 933: 917: 887: 797: 788: 623:), Martin returned to Italy. According to Sulpicius, he converted an 551: 233: 3309: 3134: 3080: 1665:

and was considered a time for spiritual preparation for Christmas.

1564:

mentions in passing that St Martin was commemorated during Mass at

1220:

Revival of the popular devotion to St. Martin in the Third Republic

1197:

survived the passage of power to the Merovingians' successors, the

695:

of the country districts around Poitiers, and later developed into

3445:. Translated by Michael J. Miller. San Francisco: Ignatius Press. 1895: 1840: 1802: 1786: 1709: 1690: 1654: 1615: 1478: 1426: 1281: 1240: 1106:, where Le Roy Ladurie and Zysberg noted the densest accretion of 1099: 1081: 1022: 982: 921: 891: 866: 781: 750: 703:

and claiming to be the oldest monastery known in western Europe.

632: 628: 608: 574: 506: 467: 392: 289: 201: 45: 3175: 1058:, and ultimately all priests who served the military were called 1054:

The priest who cared for the cloak in its reliquary was called a

3531: 3158:

Brunterch, J.-P. (1988). Jean Cuisenier; Rémy Guadagnin (eds.).

2990: 2098:, a 5–7 age group, was renamed 'Martins' in his honour in 1998. 1750: 1565: 1185:

to make a work in gold and gems for the tomb-shrine. The bishop

1143: 883: 768:

Sulpicius affirms that Martin withdrew from the city to live in

707: 669: 665: 624: 588: 441: 2361: 2359: 1193:

filled with miraculous events of St. Martin's career. Martin's

940:, the clear round hand that made manuscripts far more legible. 886:(central France) in 397. After he died, local citizens of the 3232:

Communities of St. Martin: Legend and Ritual in Medieval Tours

1500: 1385:

Conservatives responded by creating the short-lived Legion de

603:

Martin declared his vocation, and made his way to the city of

516:. Christianity had been made a legal religion (in 313) in the 3196: 2815: 2813: 573:. As the unit was stationed at Milan and is also recorded at 497:(now Szombathely, Hungary). His father was a senior officer ( 3044:. Junta de Castilla y León - Consejería de Cultura y Turismo 1376:, who created a new national anticlerical offensive. Bishop 3162:(in French). Paris: Musée national des arts et traditions. 2048:

region and the planting of many vines. The Greek myth that

1835:; the steps of the church are often used for peace vigils. 3335:"The Story of St. Martin of Tours: Patron Saint of France" 3207:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 1431:

Martin of Tours' Fountain, behind the Visitors' Centre in

538:

At the age of 18 (around 334 or 354), he was stationed at

320:; 316/336 – 8 November 397), also known as 3424:

A History of Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years

1847:, is dedicated to him. St. Martin is the patron saint of 524:

would have been stronger. Although the conversion of the

1165:

that he would be baptised if he was victorious over the

916:

awarded the position of Abbot to his friend and adviser

3253:

The Barbarian Conversion: From Paganism to Christianity

2704:

1966. (Budapest 1972), vol. 2:839-46); Charles Lelong,

2101:

Many schools have St Martin as their Patron, one being

1519:

Saint Martin as a heraldic symbol (the coat of arms of

1495:). It was made in the 13th or 14th century from a late 1029:, the supposed relic of St. Martin's miraculous cloak ( 3464:(in French). Paris: Presses universitaires de France. 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 1808:

Many churches are named after Saint Martin of Tours.

1327:

With the government's relocation to Tours during the

1043:, a royal villa that was later ceded to the monks of 2587: 2585: 2304:

miro opificio exaure et gemmis contextuit sepulchrum

1941:) is baked for the occasion. As November 11 is also 1575:, Michael Richter attributes this to the mission of 240:; France; geese; horses; hotel-keepers; innkeepers; 2702:

Actes du 22e Congrès international d'histoire d'art

1094:The veneration of Martin was widely popular in the 190: 180: 152: 140: 114: 91: 70: 65: 43: 3682:1600 Jahre Verehrung des heiligen Martin von Tours 3393:(6). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 1304–1335. 2036:Though no mention of St. Martin's connection with 932:devoted to the copying of manuscripts by monastic 465:; the healing power of a letter written by Martin. 3480:Ireland and Her Neighbours in the Seventh Century 3224:. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 2365: 1573:Ireland and Her Neighbours in the Seventh Century 1411:, combined with deteriorating relations with the 743: 454: 3700:, film clips by Rüdiger Achenbach in the series 3077:"Quartermaster Corps: The Order of Saint Martin" 2688: 2283: 1878:He is also the patron of the church and town of 1859:, he is the patron of the cathedral and city of 1579:seen within the wider context of the mission of 364:, but he opposed the violent persecution of the 2429:. Universitätsverlag Göttingen. 2017. p. 6 735: 446: 268:; quartermasters; reformed alcoholics; riders; 3622:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014. 3304:(4). Mediaeval Academy of America: 1107–1143. 2663: 2207:portrays the life of St. Martin in a 40-panel 804:of his own narrow escape from a falling tree. 718:In 371, Martin succeeded Litorius, the second 706:Martin travelled and preached through western 3698:Martin von Tours: Soldat, Eremit und Heiliger 2233:Church of St Martin of Tours (disambiguation) 1415:, led to the separation of church and state. 1226:French Third Republic § Church and state 8: 3688:Martin from a historian's viewpoint (German) 2423:The Old English Lives of St. Martin of Tours 967:, the basilica was sacked by the Protestant 509:), in northern Italy, where Martin grew up. 3443:Martin of Tours: Soldier, Bishop, and Saint 2785:"Basilique Saint-Martin" (official website) 2546:Saint of the Day, Lives, Lessons, and Feast 2350: 2243:Saint Martin of Tours, patron saint archive 845:, who had usurped the throne from Gratian. 566: 554:, France). It is likely that he joined the 3719: 3576:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3544:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2959: 2957: 2955: 2651: 2267: 2229:, an association of Roman Catholic priests 2074:congregations are named after St. Martin. 1784:in Spanish) in honor of the cloak legend. 971:in 1562. It was disestablished during the 57: 40: 3613:France in the World: A New Global History 3611:Boucheron, Patrick, et al., eds. (2019). 3095:"Bay 20 - The Life of St Martin of Tours" 2615: 2458: 2456: 2447: 1672:, the southern and northern parts of the 979:Legend of Saint Martin dividing his cloak 3634:"St. Martin, Bishop of Tours, Confessor" 2717: 2639: 2576: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2310: 2287: 1514: 1394:St. Martin as a French Republican patron 1146:, which may have been visible through a 847: 423:The early life of Martin was written by 371:His life was recorded by a contemporary 3658:Literature by and about Martin of Tours 3346:. Modern Library Chronicles. New York: 3042:"Monasterio de San Martín de Castañeda" 2978: 2879: 2867: 2855: 2843: 2831: 2819: 2804: 2408: 2396: 2384: 2343: 2259: 2125: 2010:Martin of Tours in the coat of arms of 1994:Martin of Tours in the coat of arms of 1231:Excavations and rediscovery of the tomb 1177:monarchy: in the early seventh century 627:brigand on the way, and confronted the 3693:Saint Martin Churches around the world 3569: 3537: 2759:. Church Publishing, Inc. 2019-12-17. 2627: 2603: 2162:Saint Martin Healing the Possessed Man 2095:Church Lads' and Church Girls' Brigade 1915:St. Martin is the patron saint of the 1875:(Martin's Church) were named for him. 1629:From the late 4th century to the late 1439:, the birthplace of St Martin of Tours 1098:, above all in the region between the 615:' Christian orthodoxy. He opposed the 222:Church Lads' and Church Girls' Brigade 27:4th-century Christian cleric and saint 3333:Kenny, Louise Mary Stacpoole (1914). 3250:Fletcher, R.; Fletcher, R.A. (1999). 2929: 2927: 2925: 2891: 2706:La basilique de Saint-Martin de Tours 2591: 2513:ZENIT — The World Seen From Rome 2495: 1972:is the name of a municipality in the 1339:. The flag of Sacre-Coeur, borne by 1189:wrote and distributed an influential 196:against poverty; against alcoholism; 7: 3387:Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 2676: 2548:, (revised by Pat McCloskey O.F.M.)" 489:Martin was born in AD 316 or 336 in 2472:St. Martin of Tours Catholic Church 2103:St. Martin's School (Rosettenville) 1745:, where they typically eat roasted 1597:Founded by Martin of Tours in 360, 472:A part of St Martin's skull in the 395:became a famous stopping-point for 3653:St Martin's churches of the world 3256:. University of California Press. 1863:. He is the patron of the city of 403:in Spain. His cult was revived in 25: 3562:Touati, François-Olivier (1998). 3288:The Every-Day Book and Table Book 1903:in St. Martin of Tours Church in 1668:On St. Martin's Day, children in 1378:Louis-Édouard-François-Desiré Pie 679:With the return of Hilary to his 611:), where he became a disciple of 593:Borbetomagus (now Worms, Germany) 3218:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 3028:"Stadtverwaltung Kaiserslautern" 2468:, John J. Crawley & Co. Inc" 2191: 2173: 2154: 2131: 2052:first discovered the concept of 2003: 1987: 1794:, baked for St. Martin's Day in 1704:(Aalst) and the western part of 1372:was succeeded by the Republican 812:On behalf of the Priscillianists 787:Martin introduced a rudimentary 436:— casting out demons, raising a 3564:Maladie et société au Moyen âge 3502:Descartes: His Life and Thought 3499:Rodis-Lewis, Geneviève (1999). 3291:. Vol. 1. London: T. Tegg. 2991:L'Abbaye Saint-Martin de Ligugé 2181:Saint Martin Dividing his Cloak 2147:LWL-Museum für Kunst und Kultur 1002:, clothed me with this robe." ( 988:Saint Martin Dividing his Cloak 908:Basilica of Saint Martin, Tours 757:Saint Martin Dividing his Cloak 474:Basilica of Saint Martin, Tours 383:to validate early sites of his 282:Diocese of Rottenburg-Stuttgart 3799:Burials in Centre-Val de Loire 3462:Iconographie de I'art chretien 3062:For instance in Hugh Johnson, 2324:Basilique du Sacré-Cœur, Paris 2139:Death of Saint Martin of Tours 1066:, from which the English word 658:priest, a man of great virtues 1: 2286:, Book X, Ch 31), quoted in 2083:U.S. Army Quartermaster Corps 1363:Opposition from Anticlericals 1246:Basilica of St. Martin, Tours 1237:Basilica of St. Martin, Tours 292:; wine growers; wine makers; 36:Saint Martin (disambiguation) 3779:4th-century Christian saints 3674:Ecumenical Lexicon of Saints 3638:Butler's Lives of the Saints 3505:. Cornell University Press. 3422:MacCulloch, Daimaid (2009). 3235:. Cornell University Press. 2756:Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018 2025:, the town and municipality 1676:, and the Catholic areas of 1459:who spent his adult life in 1451:Beyond his patronage of the 1062:. The French translation is 796:the incident the Roman poet 3784:4th-century bishops in Gaul 3769:4th-century apocalypticists 3215:"St. Martin of Tours" 2964:Brigit (11 November 2010). 1696:In the eastern part of the 1651:Quadragesima Sancti Martini 1645:beginning on the day after 1181:commissioned the goldsmith 1090:, late 14th century, Louvre 854:Saint Martin and the Beggar 102:8 November 397 (aged 60–81) 3845: 3648:The Community of St Martin 3553:Stancliffe, Clare (1983). 3064:Vintage: The Story of Wine 2708:(Chambray-lès-Tours 1986). 2664:Ladurie & Zysberg 1983 1945:, it is a public holiday. 1931:, where the main street ( 1609: 1266:as architect. He eschewed 1234: 1223: 905: 841:, Priscillian appealed to 822:First Council of Saragossa 29: 3737: 3728: 3722: 3527:On the Life of St. Martin 3399:10.3406/ahess.1983.411022 3114:General and cited sources 2563:ii.13 and .17 and iii.4 ( 2227:Community of Saint Martin 1641:, engaged in a period of 1475:Hammer of Martin of Tours 1204:Martin is honored in the 210:Archdiocese of Bratislava 56: 3605:Ælfric's Lives of Saints 3441:Pernoud, Régine (2006). 3364:Lanzi, Fernando (2004). 3342:Kurlansky, Mark (2006). 3183:Chadwick, Henry (1976). 2630:, p. 216, note 100. 2544:"Foley O.F.M., Leonard. 2313:, p. 1109, note 11 1837:Saint Martin's Cathedral 1780:(Saint Martin's Summer, 1606:European folk traditions 1489:Museum Catharijneconvent 660:, and for a period with 3824:Patron saints of France 3804:Conscientious objectors 3774:4th-century archbishops 3712:on 6 November 2014 and 3662:German National Library 3600:"Of Saint Martin" 3285:Hones, William (1835). 3229:Farmer, Sharon (1991). 3204:Encyclopædia Britannica 2328:Notre-Dame de Fourvière 2077:Martin of Tours is the 1943:Polish Independence Day 1887:Kaiserslautern, Germany 1885:St. Martin's Church in 1873:Martinikerk (Groningen) 1810:St Martin-in-the-Fields 1782:veranillo de san Martín 1251:In 1860 excavations by 965:French Wars of Religion 672:. It is alleged he ate 640:, he was confronted by 266:Pontifical Swiss Guards 174:Eastern Orthodox Church 123:Eastern Orthodox Church 3618:Maurey, Yossi (2014). 3212:Clugnet, Léon (1910). 2366:Sulpicius Severus 1894 2113:In art and modern film 1912: 1798: 1626: 1524: 1484: 1440: 1287: 1272:Basilique Saint-Martin 1248: 1110:commemorating Martin. 1091: 994: 862: 765: 749: 744:Sulpicius Severus 1894 728:Diocletian persecution 567: 476: 459: 455:Sulpicius Severus 1894 401:Santiago de Compostela 317: 34:. For other uses, see 3483:. Four Courts Press. 3221:Catholic Encyclopedia 2735:The Church of England 2689:Gregory of Tours n.d. 2498:, pp. 1469–1470. 2284:Gregory of Tours n.d. 2198:Kloster Wettingen Ost 1939:rogal świętomarciński 1899: 1792:Rogal świętomarciński 1790: 1778:Verão de São Martinho 1684:still participate in 1619: 1552:, Jonas relates that 1518: 1482: 1453:French Third Republic 1430: 1405:Rene Waldeck-Rousseau 1285: 1244: 1085: 986: 957:Charles VII of France 851: 754: 701:Order of St. Benedict 580:Martin's biographer, 557:Equites catafractarii 471: 413:French Third Republic 284:; soldiers; tailors; 32:Saint Martin (island) 3829:Romans from Pannonia 3557:. Oxford: Clarendon. 3477:Richter, M. (1999). 3460:Réau, Louis (1955). 3370:. Liturgical Press. 3187:. Oxford: Clarendon. 2935:"Catharijne Convent" 2666:, p. 1331, map. 2326:and the basilica of 1959:San Martín Caballero 1493:maleus beati Martini 1370:Patrice de Mac-Mahon 1286:Tomb of Saint Martin 1112:Venantius Fortunatus 1031:cappa Sancti Martini 540:Ambianensium civitas 397:pilgrims on the road 362:Gallo-Roman religion 66:Bishop and Confessor 2981:, pp. 225–230. 2882:, pp. 499–501. 2870:, pp. 497–499. 2858:, pp. 495–496. 2846:, pp. 491–492. 2822:, pp. 489–491. 2519:on 29 November 2014 2466:Lives of the Saints 2270:, pp. 119–133 2127:Saint Martin in art 1581:Germanus of Auxerre 1329:Franco-Prussian War 1296:Franco-Prussian War 1278:Franco-Prussian War 880:Candes-Saint-Martin 800:recalls in several 699:, belonging to the 646:Archbishop of Milan 565:unit listed in the 526:Emperor Constantine 495:Diocese of Pannonia 409:Franco-Prussian War 354:monastery at Ligugé 352:, establishing the 322:Martin the Merciful 318:Martinus Turonensis 238:Foiano della Chiana 81:Diocese of Pannonia 18:St. Martin of Tours 3814:Gallo-Roman saints 3716:on 7 November 2014 3667:Joachim Schäfer: " 3348:Random House, Inc. 3099:medievalart.org.uk 2464:"Crawley, John J. 2205:Chartres Cathedral 1974:Bolívar Department 1970:San Martín de Loba 1913: 1822:Peace Pledge Union 1799: 1627: 1538:The Book of Armagh 1525: 1485: 1441: 1345:Pontifical Zouaves 1333:archbishop Guibert 1288: 1258:After the radical 1249: 1150:in the apse wall. 1092: 995: 938:Caroline minuscule 863: 766: 662:Hilary of Poitiers 613:Hilary of Poitiers 569:Notitia Dignitatum 477: 405:French nationalism 368:sect of ascetics. 350:Hilary of Poitiers 168:Anglican Communion 131:Anglican Communion 127:Oriental Orthodoxy 3747: 3746: 3738:Succeeded by 3615:. pp. 75–80. 3595:Ælfric of Eynsham 3566:. Paris/Brussels. 3522:Sulpicius Severus 3490:978-1-85182-369-7 3433:978-1-101-18945-0 3277:Libri Historiarum 3263:978-0-520-21859-8 2766:978-1-64065-235-4 2720:, pp. 1108-. 2618:, pp. 90–93. 2606:, pp. 78–96. 2579:, pp. 42–44. 2450:, pp. 26–27. 2254:Explanatory notes 2141:, by workshop of 1820:, founder of the 1759:(a drink made of 1716:on December 6 or 1653:, which means in 1206:Church of England 1133:to Tours and his 973:French Revolution 898:was established. 774:Majus Monasterium 724:Gatianus of Tours 582:Sulpicius Severus 427:, a contemporary 425:Sulpicius Severus 377:Sulpicius Severus 307: 306: 115:Venerated in 16:(Redirected from 3836: 3794:Bishops of Tours 3723:Preceded by 3720: 3680:Erzbistum Köln: 3608: 3602: 3581: 3575: 3567: 3558: 3549: 3543: 3535: 3516: 3494: 3473: 3456: 3437: 3418: 3381: 3360: 3338: 3329: 3292: 3281: 3272:Gregory of Tours 3267: 3246: 3225: 3217: 3208: 3200: 3188: 3179: 3154: 3107: 3106: 3101:. Archived from 3091: 3085: 3084: 3079:. Archived from 3073: 3067: 3060: 3054: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3038: 3032: 3031: 3024: 3018: 3017: 3015: 3014: 3005:. Archived from 2999: 2993: 2988: 2982: 2976: 2970: 2969: 2961: 2950: 2949: 2947: 2946: 2937:. Archived from 2931: 2920: 2919: 2917: 2916: 2907:. Archived from 2901: 2895: 2889: 2883: 2877: 2871: 2865: 2859: 2853: 2847: 2841: 2835: 2829: 2823: 2817: 2808: 2802: 2796: 2795: 2793: 2792: 2777: 2771: 2770: 2751: 2745: 2744: 2742: 2741: 2727: 2721: 2715: 2709: 2698: 2692: 2691:, Book 2, Ch 14. 2686: 2680: 2673: 2667: 2661: 2655: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2631: 2625: 2619: 2613: 2607: 2601: 2595: 2589: 2580: 2574: 2568: 2558: 2552: 2551: 2540: 2529: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2515:. Archived from 2505: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2486: 2484: 2483: 2474:. Archived from 2460: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2428: 2418: 2412: 2406: 2400: 2394: 2388: 2382: 2369: 2363: 2354: 2351:Rodis-Lewis 1999 2348: 2331: 2320: 2314: 2308: 2297: 2291: 2277: 2271: 2264: 2221:St. Martin's Day 2195: 2177: 2158: 2135: 2042:Gregory of Tours 2007: 1991: 1814:Trafalgar Square 1647:St. Martin's Day 1612:St. Martin's Day 1554:Saint Columbanus 1357:anti-clericalism 1322:anti-clericalism 1210:Episcopal Church 1187:Gregory of Tours 1131:Candes-St-Martin 1019:Marmoutier Abbey 835:Ambrose of Milan 747: 589:Gallic provinces 572: 457: 324:, was the third 246:diocese of Mainz 147:Pre-Congregation 101: 99: 61: 41: 21: 3844: 3843: 3839: 3838: 3837: 3835: 3834: 3833: 3819:Military saints 3789:Anglican saints 3749: 3748: 3743: 3734: 3731:Bishop of Tours 3726: 3706:Deutschlandfunk 3669:Martin of Tours 3630: 3625: 3593: 3589: 3587:Further reading 3584: 3568: 3561: 3552: 3536: 3520: 3513: 3498: 3491: 3476: 3459: 3453: 3440: 3434: 3421: 3384: 3378: 3363: 3357: 3341: 3332: 3310:10.2307/2865960 3295: 3284: 3270: 3264: 3249: 3243: 3228: 3211: 3191: 3182: 3157: 3135:10.2307/3169453 3120: 3116: 3111: 3110: 3093: 3092: 3088: 3075: 3074: 3070: 3061: 3057: 3047: 3045: 3040: 3039: 3035: 3026: 3025: 3021: 3012: 3010: 3001: 3000: 2996: 2989: 2985: 2977: 2973: 2963: 2962: 2953: 2944: 2942: 2933: 2932: 2923: 2914: 2912: 2903: 2902: 2898: 2890: 2886: 2878: 2874: 2866: 2862: 2854: 2850: 2842: 2838: 2830: 2826: 2818: 2811: 2803: 2799: 2790: 2788: 2779: 2778: 2774: 2767: 2753: 2752: 2748: 2739: 2737: 2729: 2728: 2724: 2716: 2712: 2699: 2695: 2687: 2683: 2674: 2670: 2662: 2658: 2652:MacCulloch 2009 2650: 2646: 2638: 2634: 2626: 2622: 2614: 2610: 2602: 2598: 2590: 2583: 2575: 2571: 2559: 2555: 2542: 2541: 2532: 2522: 2520: 2507: 2506: 2502: 2494: 2490: 2481: 2479: 2462: 2461: 2454: 2446: 2442: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2420: 2419: 2415: 2407: 2403: 2395: 2391: 2383: 2372: 2364: 2357: 2349: 2345: 2340: 2335: 2334: 2321: 2317: 2306: 2298: 2294: 2290:, p. 1108 2278: 2274: 2268:Stancliffe 1983 2265: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2217: 2199: 2196: 2187: 2178: 2169: 2159: 2150: 2136: 2120:Flesh and Blood 2117:The Dutch film 2115: 2019: 2018: 2017: 2016: 2015: 2008: 2000: 1999: 1992: 1828:, also a noted 1614: 1608: 1595: 1590: 1558:Life of Columba 1546:Jonas of Bobbio 1513: 1477: 1469: 1425: 1396: 1365: 1318: 1308:Battle of Sedan 1280: 1239: 1233: 1228: 1222: 1080: 1004:Sulpicius, ch 2 981: 910: 904: 902:Shrine basilica 878:Martin died in 876: 829:, who issued a 814: 748: 742: 720:bishop of Tours 716: 650:Isola d'Albenga 601: 599:Monk and hermit 487: 482: 458: 453: 421: 326:bishop of Tours 310:Martin of Tours 278:Bocaue, Bulacan 171: 164:Lutheran Church 160:Catholic Church 133: 129: 125: 121: 119:Catholic Church 103: 97: 95: 75: 52: 51:Martin of Tours 49: 48: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3842: 3840: 3832: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3809:Dutch folklore 3806: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3751: 3750: 3745: 3744: 3739: 3736: 3727: 3724: 3718: 3717: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3677: 3665: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3629: 3628:External links 3626: 3624: 3623: 3616: 3609: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3582: 3559: 3550: 3511: 3496: 3495: 3489: 3474: 3457: 3451: 3438: 3432: 3419: 3382: 3376: 3361: 3355: 3339: 3330: 3293: 3282: 3268: 3262: 3247: 3241: 3226: 3209: 3198:"Chapel" 3195:, ed. (1911). 3193:Chisholm, Hugh 3189: 3180: 3155: 3129:(3): 489–501. 3123:Church History 3117: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3108: 3105:on 2018-05-17. 3086: 3083:on 2007-10-06. 3068: 3055: 3033: 3019: 2994: 2983: 2971: 2951: 2921: 2896: 2894:, p. 104. 2884: 2872: 2860: 2848: 2836: 2834:, p. 499. 2824: 2809: 2797: 2772: 2765: 2746: 2731:"The Calendar" 2722: 2710: 2693: 2681: 2668: 2656: 2644: 2632: 2620: 2616:Brunterch 1988 2608: 2596: 2581: 2569: 2553: 2530: 2500: 2488: 2452: 2448:Kurlansky 2006 2440: 2413: 2401: 2389: 2370: 2355: 2342: 2341: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2332: 2315: 2292: 2272: 2258: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2246: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2223: 2216: 2213: 2203:Bay 20 in the 2201: 2200: 2197: 2190: 2188: 2185:Pietro Bernini 2179: 2172: 2170: 2166:Jacob Jordaens 2160: 2153: 2151: 2143:Derick Baegert 2137: 2130: 2128: 2114: 2111: 2089:in his name. 2085:, which has a 2009: 2002: 2001: 1993: 1986: 1985: 1984: 1983: 1982: 1714:Saint Nicholas 1635:Western Europe 1610:Main article: 1607: 1604: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1550:Vita Columbani 1512: 1509: 1476: 1473: 1468: 1465: 1424: 1421: 1401:Dreyfus Affair 1395: 1392: 1364: 1361: 1312:Third Republic 1292:military saint 1279: 1276: 1235:Main article: 1232: 1229: 1221: 1218: 1157:, King of the 1079: 1076: 980: 977: 906:Main article: 903: 900: 875: 872: 861:, c. 1577–1579 843:Magnus Maximus 839:Pope Damasus I 813: 810: 740: 715: 712: 693:evangelisation 600: 597: 486: 483: 481: 478: 451: 420: 417: 366:Priscillianist 334:Third Republic 305: 304: 302:Torre di Mosto 270:Taal, Batangas 194: 188: 187: 184: 178: 177: 156: 150: 149: 144: 138: 137: 116: 112: 111: 93: 89: 88: 72: 68: 67: 63: 62: 54: 53: 50: 44: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3841: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3756: 3754: 3742: 3733: 3732: 3721: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3683: 3678: 3676: 3675: 3670: 3666: 3663: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3635: 3632: 3631: 3627: 3621: 3617: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3592: 3591: 3586: 3579: 3573: 3565: 3560: 3556: 3551: 3547: 3541: 3533: 3529: 3528: 3523: 3519: 3518: 3517: 3514: 3508: 3504: 3503: 3492: 3486: 3482: 3481: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3458: 3454: 3448: 3444: 3439: 3435: 3429: 3425: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3383: 3379: 3377:0-8146-2970-9 3373: 3369: 3368: 3362: 3358: 3356:0-679-64335-4 3352: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3336: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3294: 3290: 3289: 3283: 3279: 3278: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3259: 3255: 3254: 3248: 3244: 3242:9780801423918 3238: 3234: 3233: 3227: 3223: 3222: 3216: 3210: 3206: 3205: 3199: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3119: 3118: 3113: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3090: 3087: 3082: 3078: 3072: 3069: 3065: 3059: 3056: 3043: 3037: 3034: 3029: 3023: 3020: 3009:on 2011-06-11 3008: 3004: 2998: 2995: 2992: 2987: 2984: 2980: 2975: 2972: 2967: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2952: 2941:on 2016-11-20 2940: 2936: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2922: 2911:on 2014-12-14 2910: 2906: 2900: 2897: 2893: 2888: 2885: 2881: 2876: 2873: 2869: 2864: 2861: 2857: 2852: 2849: 2845: 2840: 2837: 2833: 2828: 2825: 2821: 2816: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2801: 2798: 2786: 2782: 2776: 2773: 2768: 2762: 2758: 2757: 2750: 2747: 2736: 2732: 2726: 2723: 2719: 2718:Jacobsen 1997 2714: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2697: 2694: 2690: 2685: 2682: 2679:, p. 902 2678: 2672: 2669: 2665: 2660: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2645: 2641: 2640:Chisholm 1911 2636: 2633: 2629: 2624: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2609: 2605: 2600: 2597: 2593: 2588: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2577:Chadwick 1976 2573: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2557: 2554: 2549: 2547: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2531: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2504: 2501: 2497: 2492: 2489: 2478:on 2014-11-29 2477: 2473: 2469: 2467: 2459: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2444: 2441: 2425: 2424: 2417: 2414: 2411:, p. 29. 2410: 2405: 2402: 2399:, p. 20. 2398: 2393: 2390: 2386: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2353:, p. 26. 2352: 2347: 2344: 2337: 2329: 2325: 2319: 2316: 2312: 2311:Jacobsen 1997 2305: 2301: 2296: 2293: 2289: 2288:Jacobsen 1997 2285: 2281: 2276: 2273: 2269: 2263: 2260: 2253: 2248: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2238:Martin (name) 2236: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2218: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2209:stained glass 2206: 2194: 2189: 2186: 2182: 2176: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2157: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2134: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2121: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2097: 2096: 2092:The Anglican 2090: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2068:Martin Luther 2065: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2013: 2006: 1997: 1990: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1961: 1960: 1955: 1954:Latin America 1950: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1935: 1934:Święty Marcin 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1901:Stained glass 1898: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1881: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1869:Martini tower 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1831: 1827: 1826:Vera Brittain 1823: 1819: 1818:Dick Sheppard 1815: 1811: 1806: 1804: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1757: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1706:West Flanders 1703: 1702:East Flanders 1699: 1694: 1692: 1687: 1686:paper lantern 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1639:Great Britain 1636: 1632: 1624: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1592: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1542: 1539: 1534: 1530: 1522: 1517: 1510: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1481: 1474: 1472: 1466: 1464: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1449: 1446: 1438: 1434: 1429: 1422: 1420: 1416: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1387:Saint Maurice 1382: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1362: 1360: 1358: 1353: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1325: 1323: 1316: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1304:Second Empire 1301: 1297: 1293: 1284: 1277: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1264:Victor Laloux 1261: 1260:Paris Commune 1256: 1254: 1247: 1243: 1238: 1230: 1227: 1219: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1202: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1183:Saint Eligius 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1159:Salian Franks 1156: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1089: 1084: 1077: 1075: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1052: 1051:, in 798/99. 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1037: 1032: 1028: 1025:. During the 1024: 1020: 1016: 1013:kings of the 1012: 1007: 1005: 1001: 993: 989: 985: 978: 976: 974: 970: 966: 963:. During the 962: 958: 954: 949: 946: 941: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 909: 901: 899: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 873: 871: 868: 860: 856: 855: 850: 846: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 823: 819: 811: 809: 805: 803: 799: 793: 790: 785: 783: 779: 775: 771: 763: 759: 758: 753: 745: 739: 734: 731: 729: 725: 721: 713: 711: 709: 704: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 677: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 598: 596: 594: 590: 585: 583: 578: 576: 571: 570: 564: 563:heavy cavalry 560: 558: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 535: 529: 527: 523: 519: 515: 510: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 484: 479: 475: 470: 466: 464: 456: 450: 445: 443: 439: 435: 430: 426: 418: 416: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 369: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 342:Roman cavalry 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 303: 299: 295: 294:Wissmannsdorf 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 232:equestrians; 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 206:Beli Manastir 203: 199: 195: 193: 189: 185: 183: 179: 175: 172:12 November ( 169: 165: 161: 158:11 November ( 157: 155: 151: 148: 145: 143: 139: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 117: 113: 110: 106: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 73: 69: 64: 60: 55: 47: 42: 37: 33: 19: 3729: 3701: 3697: 3681: 3672: 3637: 3619: 3612: 3604: 3563: 3554: 3526: 3501: 3497: 3479: 3461: 3442: 3423: 3390: 3386: 3366: 3343: 3301: 3297: 3287: 3276: 3252: 3231: 3219: 3202: 3184: 3159: 3126: 3122: 3103:the original 3098: 3089: 3081:the original 3071: 3063: 3058: 3046:. Retrieved 3036: 3022: 3011:. Retrieved 3007:the original 2997: 2986: 2979:Richter 1999 2974: 2943:. Retrieved 2939:the original 2913:. Retrieved 2909:the original 2899: 2887: 2880:Brennan 1997 2875: 2868:Brennan 1997 2863: 2856:Brennan 1997 2851: 2844:Brennan 1997 2839: 2832:Brennan 1997 2827: 2820:Brennan 1997 2805:Brennan 1997 2800: 2789:. Retrieved 2784: 2781:"Historique" 2775: 2755: 2749: 2738:. Retrieved 2734: 2725: 2713: 2705: 2701: 2696: 2684: 2671: 2659: 2647: 2635: 2623: 2611: 2599: 2572: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2545: 2521:. Retrieved 2517:the original 2512: 2503: 2491: 2480:. Retrieved 2476:the original 2471: 2465: 2443: 2431:. Retrieved 2422: 2416: 2409:Pernoud 2006 2404: 2397:Pernoud 2006 2392: 2385:Clugnet 1910 2346: 2318: 2309:; quoted in 2303: 2299: 2295: 2279: 2275: 2262: 2202: 2180: 2161: 2138: 2118: 2116: 2107:Johannesburg 2100: 2093: 2091: 2079:patron saint 2076: 2066: 2058:Chenin blanc 2035: 2030: 2020: 1968: 1964: 1958: 1957: 1951: 1947: 1938: 1932: 1914: 1884: 1877: 1853:Buenos Aires 1807: 1800: 1791: 1781: 1777: 1768: 1754: 1740: 1734: 1700:province of 1695: 1667: 1650: 1637:, including 1628: 1622:Martinitoren 1620: 1599:Ligugé Abbey 1596: 1593:Ligugé Abbey 1572: 1570: 1557: 1549: 1543: 1526: 1504: 1492: 1486: 1470: 1450: 1445:patron saint 1442: 1417: 1409:Emile Combes 1397: 1383: 1366: 1354: 1341:Ultramontane 1337:Sacred Heart 1326: 1320:to years of 1317: 1300:Napoleon III 1289: 1257: 1250: 1203: 1194: 1190: 1152: 1147: 1117:When Bishop 1116: 1093: 1072: 1070:is derived. 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1053: 1034: 1030: 1008: 996: 992:Jean Fouquet 987: 942: 936:) developed 911: 877: 864: 852: 815: 806: 801: 794: 786: 773: 767: 755: 736: 732: 717: 705: 697:Ligugé Abbey 678: 657: 654:Ligurian Sea 644:, the Arian 605:Caesarodunum 602: 586: 579: 555: 539: 532: 530: 518:Roman Empire 511: 488: 460: 447: 422: 380: 373:hagiographer 370: 330:patron saint 321: 309: 308: 288:; vintners; 214:Buenos Aires 83:(modern-day 3702:Tag für Tag 3426:. Penguin. 3066:1989, p 97. 2787:(in French) 2628:Touati 1998 2604:Farmer 1991 2300:Vita Eligii 2040:is made by 2038:viticulture 2031:S:t Mårtens 1857:Netherlands 1849:Szombathely 1718:Santa Claus 1674:Netherlands 1631:Middle Ages 1529:St. Patrick 1523:, Slovakia) 1467:Iconography 1433:Szombathely 1374:Jules Grévy 1294:during the 1214:11 November 1208:and in the 1199:Carolingian 1175:Merovingian 1148:fenestrella 1135:sarcophagus 1108:place names 1096:Middle Ages 1074:"chapels". 1049:Charlemagne 1045:Saint-Denis 1027:Middle Ages 1011:Merovingian 961:Agnes Sorel 953:pilgrimages 930:monasteries 928:(a room in 926:scriptorium 914:Charlemagne 818:Priscillian 776:), a rural 726:due to the 559:Ambianenses 544:Samarobriva 463:sacred pine 419:Hagiography 407:during the 358:consecrated 262:Pietrasanta 220:; cavalry; 204:; beggars; 135:Lutheranism 3764:397 deaths 3759:316 births 3753:Categories 3512:0801486270 3452:1586170317 3013:2009-07-08 2945:2016-11-19 2915:2013-06-04 2892:Lanzi 2004 2791:2008-09-16 2740:2021-03-27 2675:Quoted by 2592:Kenny 1914 2496:Hones 1835 2482:2013-06-04 2249:References 1905:Vegreville 1891:Franciscan 1765:aguardente 1761:grape must 1749:and drink 1726:Protestant 1633:, much of 1533:St. Ninian 1497:Bronze Age 1443:He is the 1253:Leo Dupont 1224:See also: 1179:Dagobert I 1088:Soudeilles 1078:Veneration 1064:chapelains 1060:cappellani 1056:cappellanu 1000:catechumen 896:his shrine 770:Marmoutier 746:, ch. xiii 514:catechumen 250:Montemagno 218:Burgenland 182:Attributes 74:316 or 336 3671:" in the 3664:catalogue 3572:cite book 3540:cite book 3415:162232272 3407:0395-2649 3326:162427588 3176:001398784 3168:708304882 3151:162678372 2677:Réau 1955 2338:Citations 2064:is made. 2050:Aristaeus 2014:, Finland 1998:, Finland 1921:Bydgoszcz 1919:towns of 1865:Groningen 1855:. In the 1747:chestnuts 1661:" by the 1577:Palladius 1511:Influence 1423:Patronage 1352:France". 1349:Carmelite 1343:Catholic 1201:dynasty. 1171:Alaric II 1119:Perpetuus 1041:Luzarches 969:Huguenots 778:monastery 764:, c. 1618 687:south of 674:hellebore 668:and wild 652:, in the 642:Auxentius 438:paralytic 429:Christian 356:. He was 192:Patronage 142:Canonized 98:397-11-08 3735:371–397 3725:Lidorius 3597:(1881). 3524:(1894). 3298:Speculum 3274:(n.d.). 2215:See also 2211:window. 2145:, 1490 ( 2072:Lutheran 2046:Touraine 2027:Marttila 1996:Marttila 1978:Colombia 1911:, Canada 1833:pacifist 1830:Anglican 1756:jeropiga 1742:magustos 1737:Portugal 1670:Flanders 1457:Pannonia 1167:Alemanni 1163:Clotilda 1127:basilica 1102:and the 1068:chaplain 1036:palatium 859:El Greco 831:rescript 762:van Dyck 741:— 689:Poitiers 621:Poitiers 617:Arianism 493:in the 452:— 338:Pannonia 298:Villadoz 274:Touraine 242:Kortrijk 3741:Bricius 3660:in the 3318:2865960 3143:3169453 3048:13 July 2330:, Lyon. 2081:of the 2054:pruning 2023:Finland 1909:Alberta 1861:Utrecht 1845:Belgium 1698:Belgian 1682:Austria 1678:Germany 1643:fasting 1571:In his 1562:Adamnan 1437:Hungary 1413:Vatican 1123:Bricius 1017:at the 948:Vikings 934:scribes 827:Gratian 638:Illyria 522:Mithras 503:Ticinum 499:tribune 491:Savaria 485:Soldier 440:or the 332:of the 286:Utrecht 258:Ourense 230:Edingen 226:Dieburg 198:Baħrija 85:Hungary 77:Savaria 3714:Part 2 3710:Part 1 3509: 3487: 3470:423468 3468: 3449: 3430: 3413: 3405: 3374: 3353: 3324: 3316: 3260: 3239: 3174: 3166: 3149: 3141: 2763: 2523:4 June 2433:17 Nov 2168:, 1630 2012:Raisio 1929:Poznań 1925:Opatów 1917:Polish 1880:Bocaue 1867:; its 1796:Poznań 1773:beggar 1769:aguapé 1767:) and 1730:Saints 1663:Church 1659:Advent 1588:Legacy 1521:Senica 1499:stone 1268:Gothic 1195:cultus 1155:Clovis 1140:atrium 1015:Franks 945:Norman 918:Alcuin 888:Poitou 820:. The 798:Horace 789:parish 714:Bishop 685:Ligugé 625:Alpine 552:Amiens 434:tropes 389:shrine 234:Erfurt 166:, and 105:Candes 3411:S2CID 3322:S2CID 3314:JSTOR 3172:SUDOC 3147:S2CID 3139:JSTOR 2427:(PDF) 2087:medal 2062:Anjou 1841:Ypres 1839:, in 1812:, at 1803:Malta 1722:beets 1710:Ypres 1691:goose 1655:Latin 1104:Marne 1100:Loire 1023:Tours 1021:near 922:Trier 892:Loire 874:Death 867:Trier 782:Loire 670:roots 666:herbs 633:Milan 629:Devil 609:Tours 607:(now 575:Trier 550:(now 507:Pavia 505:(now 393:Tours 314:Latin 290:Virje 202:Malta 154:Feast 46:Saint 3578:link 3546:link 3532:CCEL 3507:ISBN 3485:ISBN 3466:OCLC 3447:ISBN 3428:ISBN 3403:ISSN 3372:ISBN 3351:ISBN 3258:ISBN 3237:ISBN 3164:OCLC 3050:2022 2761:ISBN 2561:Odes 2525:2013 2435:2022 2225:The 1923:and 1871:and 1763:and 1751:wine 1680:and 1566:Iona 1487:The 1461:Gaul 1407:and 1191:Life 1144:apse 959:and 884:Gaul 837:and 802:Odes 708:Gaul 561:, a 548:Gaul 480:Life 442:dead 385:cult 381:vita 346:Gaul 296:and 254:Olpe 224:; 109:Gaul 92:Died 71:Born 3704:on 3395:doi 3306:doi 3131:doi 2302:: " 2183:by 2164:by 2105:in 2021:In 1976:of 1952:In 1801:In 1735:In 1548:'s 1544:In 1501:axe 1435:in 1302:'s 1212:on 1047:by 1039:of 990:by 857:by 760:by 681:see 591:at 546:in 542:or 534:ala 399:to 391:in 344:in 3755:: 3708:, 3636:, 3603:. 3574:}} 3570:{{ 3542:}} 3538:{{ 3409:. 3401:. 3391:38 3389:. 3320:. 3312:. 3302:72 3300:. 3201:. 3170:. 3145:. 3137:. 3127:66 3125:. 3097:. 2954:^ 2924:^ 2812:^ 2783:. 2733:. 2584:^ 2533:^ 2511:. 2470:. 2455:^ 2373:^ 2358:^ 2109:. 1907:, 1882:. 1843:, 1753:, 1732:. 1568:. 1560:, 1463:. 1216:. 882:, 415:. 375:, 316:: 300:; 280:; 276:; 272:; 264:; 260:; 256:; 252:; 248:; 244:; 236:; 228:; 216:; 212:; 208:; 200:, 162:, 107:, 79:, 3580:) 3548:) 3534:. 3515:. 3493:. 3472:. 3455:. 3436:. 3417:. 3397:: 3380:. 3359:. 3337:. 3328:. 3308:: 3280:. 3266:. 3245:. 3178:. 3153:. 3133:: 3052:. 3030:. 3016:. 2968:. 2948:. 2918:. 2807:. 2794:. 2769:. 2743:. 2654:. 2642:. 2594:. 2567:) 2550:. 2527:. 2485:. 2437:. 2387:. 2368:. 2307:" 2282:( 2149:) 2029:( 1708:( 772:( 536:. 312:( 176:) 170:) 100:) 96:( 87:) 38:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index