St Winefride's Well - Knowledge (XXG)

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again, however, this success was only temporary. On 3 November 1629, a crowd of 1,400 "knights, ladies, gentlemen and gentlewomen of divers countries", along with an estimated 150 Catholic priests, gathered at the well to celebrate St Winefride's feast day. The Bishop of St Asaph, in his annual reports to the Archbishop of Canterbury, repeatedly complained about the number of people visiting the well, until in 1637 John Bridgeman returned to the fray. This time, he instituted more extreme measures to stem the tide of pilgrimage. All but two of the inns at Holywell were closed, the statue of Winefride in the shrine was disfigured, the iron posts around the spring for the support of the bathers were removed, and orders were given to report the names and addresses of every pilgrim. Bridgeman also suggested building a wall to block access to the well-basin; it is unknown whether he actually attempted this, but the columns of the basin exhibit signs of damage that may be consistent with such an attempt. Further damage to the chapel occurred during the

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large unglazed windows. Another unglazed window, stretching nearly the entire height of the crypt, sits between them, looking out onto the plunge pool. A band of carved animals runs along the outer wall. The crypt's interior is centred around the star-shaped well basin, which supports a ring of stone columns. The columns were once linked by traceried screens, with basket-arched openings providing a view of the spring. Above the spring is a tierceron vault, with a pendant boss that displays six scenes from the life of St Winefride. The vaulted ceiling of the crypt contains many other carved bosses representing various subjects. In the northeast corner is a niche with a crocketed canopy, which holds a statue of St Winefride.

837: 629:. It had already been observed in 1885 that the drainage schemes connected with the lead mining operations in the Greenfield valley were affecting the output of the well, but the concerns of Holywell residents had been overridden. After the well dried up completely, the search began for an alternative source. A disused mine shaft northwest of Holywell was converted into a pumping plant, which was used to raise an underground water supply and divert it along a drainage tunnel known as the Holway Level. Water was then piped from this tunnel into the well basin. The well began to flow again on 22 September, and there was no indication that the water had lost any of its curative powers. 953: 893: 252: 31: 372:, possibly in order to give thanks to Winefride for saving the life of his son, who had sustained an arrow wound during the battle. On the other hand, Henry's visit may have been politically motivated; by moving north he was positioning himself to head off a potential Welsh invasion, and his devotions at the well sent a message to the people of Cheshire (an area hostile to his rule) that the saint endorsed his victory. Henry seems to have established the first chapel over the well, which is described as having had three strong walls and a "great gate" on the fourth side. 853: 905: 289:

Caradoc visited their home. Finding Winefride alone, he tried to convince her to sleep with him, threatening to take her by force if she refused. Winefride pretended to consent, only asking that she first be allowed to retire to her room to get changed. By this ruse she managed to escape the house and fled down the valley towards Beuno's church. As she reached it, Caradoc caught up with her and decapitated her with his sword. Her body fell outside the church door, but her head landed inside the threshold, and where it landed, a spring burst forth from the earth.

941: 782: 467: 3798: 219:, attempts were made by the Protestant authorities to prevent Catholic pilgrimage to the well, but these attempts were unsuccessful. From the 18th century onwards, the well increasingly attracted secular tourism, and it was commonly believed that the well-water had natural healing properties by virtue of its mineral content. Two bath-houses were built on the site in 1869. In 1917, the well dried up as a result of mining operations in the Greenfield valley; to get it flowing again, water had to be diverted from a new underground source. 881: 732: 1050:, writing in 1778, describes a pilgrimage made in 1119 by Richard d'Avranches, 2nd Earl of Chester. He introduces this account by saying that "Richard ... began his reign with an act of piety". Later authors confused the two Richards, which gave rise to the idea that Richard I made a pilgrimage to the well in the first year of his reign. According to Pennant, Richard d'Avranches was attacked by the Welsh and took shelter in Basingwerk Abbey; this is the same story that later authors tell of Richard I. 614: 192:, was a 7th-century Catholic martyr who according to legend was decapitated by a lustful prince and then miraculously restored to life. The well is said to have sprung up at the spot where her head hit the ground. This story is first recorded in the 12th century, and since then St Winefride's Well has been a popular pilgrimage destination, known for its healing waters. The well is unique among Britain's sacred sites in that it retained a continuous pilgrimage tradition throughout the 622:

new buildings in the vicinity of the well. The first, called the Well House, was a three-storey bath-house which doubled as the caretaker's residence; the second was a swimming pool called the Westminster Bath. These buildings were completed by April 1871. A turnstile was installed at the entrance to the well complex, and a fee was charged for admittance. In 1886, a statue of St Winefride was placed in the niche at the entrance to the well, which had stood empty since the 1630s.

2849: 573: 426:, an act that dramatically altered the nation's religious landscape. Catholicism was outlawed, and traditional practices such as pilgrimage and the veneration of saints were condemned as heretical. Despite this, St Winefride's Well continued to attract large numbers of Catholic pilgrims throughout the 16th and 17th centuries. The well's uninterrupted pilgrimage tradition makes it unique among the sacred sites of Britain. 3986: 3998: 3703: 2729: 929: 869: 353: 689:, and then to move into the outer pool and kneel on a submerged stone, known as St Beuno's stone, for as long as it takes to complete the prayer. 18th-century visitors also reported a tradition of ducking one's head under the water to kiss St Beuno's stone and make a wish. The ritual of the triple immersion has its origin in Robert of Shrewsbury's 674: 812:. It has a low-pitched roof with a crenellated parapet. The upper chapel comprises a four-bay nave, a three-bay north aisle, and a semi-octagonal chancel, with window tracery featuring a mix of basket arches and ogee arches. There is a narrow stone bench around the chancel interior, and sockets in the stonework which suggest that a 637:(who had already been responsible for the maintenance of the upper chapel since the mid-20th century). Restoration work was carried out in the crypt which involved strengthening the masonry, replacing missing flooring slabs, and repairing damage caused by humidity, candle-smoke and fires. New gates and railings were also erected. 3691: 769:, which can still be seen growing on the north wall today. The well was also known for its moss, which reportedly had a sweet smell and was referred to as "St Winefride's hair". The stones and the moss were commonly taken from the site by pilgrims, who treated them as charms or relics. One sceptical visitor, 744:

wrote in 1652 that the well "doth continually work and bubble with extreme violence, like a boiling cauldron or furnace". In 1731, a group of Anglican visitors measured the time it took for the well basin to fill, and concluded that the spring "raises more than one hundred tons of water in a minute".

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In 1930, the first section of the stream that issues from the plunge bath was covered over, and the former brewery that stood beside the stream was demolished. The site was landscaped into a garden called St Winefride's Park. In the 1990s, the Well House was transformed into a museum and library, and

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It is not known how long the well has been associated with St Winefride. A fragment of a wooden reliquary from Gwytherin (known as the Arch Gwenfrewi) provides evidence that Winefride was venerated as a saint in the mid-8th century, but the earliest reference to a church in Holywell (which also marks

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to establish a church within his territory. Beuno became Winefride's religious instructor (later iterations of the story make him Winefride's uncle), and at an early age she took a vow of chastity, intending to devote her life to God. One Sunday morning, while her parents were at Mass, a prince named

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An external staircase at the west end of the chapel (now blocked) leads down into a gallery that overlooks the well crypt, and then down into the crypt itself through a spandrelled doorway that was once the principal entrance. There are two more doorways in the north wall of the crypt, surmounted by

521:, "went in person to arrest the priests and Catholics" who were visiting the well around the time of Winefride's feast day, whereupon "the people from about the countryside rose up, even though most of them are heretics and seized the bishop and handled him roughly and then threw him into a ditch". 453:

commanded English Catholics to rebel against their monarch. Any large gathering of Catholics was henceforth considered a threat to national security; notwithstanding this, the well's popularity as a pilgrimage site was undiminished. In 1579, Elizabeth ordered that the water be tested to determine if

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Existing documents show that Edward IV, Richard III, Henry VII and Henry VIII each confirmed the appointment of a chaplain at the well. The evidence that the office dates back to Richard II comes from letters patent issued by Edward IV in 1465, in which he says that the celebration of mass over the

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In 1859, it was discovered that the foundations of the chapel had eroded away, and the building was in a dangerous condition. The water was diverted for several days while workmen underpinned the well pool with ashlar stone and flagged the plunge bath. In 1869, work began on the construction of two

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Beuno came forward and pronounced a curse on Caradoc, who was instantly struck dead. Then Beuno placed Winefride's head back onto her body and prayed for her revival. The prayer was granted and Winefride returned to life, the only trace of her injury being a thin white line around her neck. The two

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In 1859, the draining of the well basin for repair work gave another opportunity of measuring the power of the spring. On this occasion, the reported output was 22½ tons per minute. In the modern day, the spring is still said to yield an unusually large quantity of water. A pile of stones has been

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A 1670 drawing of the chapel shows a small structure to one side of the main spring, labelled "The Little Spring for the cure of sore eyes". Thomas Pennant, writing in 1796, described the ritual connected with this spring: "The patient made an offering to the nymph of the spring, of a crooked pin,

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contain lengthy accounts of miraculous cures which came about through Winefride's intercession, and of punishments visited upon those who violated the sanctity of the site. A list of supposed miracles occurring in the 17th century was compiled by the Jesuit priest Philip Metcalf, and an account of

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During the 18th century, St Winefride's Well was increasingly frequented not only by pilgrims but also by tourists and curiosity seekers. Travel was becoming easier, and newspapers and pamphlets were spreading the word about the well and its healing waters. The well became an essential stop on the

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circa 1537. The abbey's possessions reverted to the Crown, and St Winefride's Well was leased out to a member of the royal household, who in turn leased it to one William Holcroft. The terms of the lease entitled Holcroft to receive all donations offered by pilgrims at the shrine, but he soon came

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This was to change in 1805, when a dramatic and heavily-publicized cure sparked a revival of interest. A young woman named Winefrid White, who for years had been paralyzed down the left side and unable to walk without a crutch, bathed in St Winefride's Well and made an immediate recovery. Bishop

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undertook to solve the problem of St Winefride's. He ordered local innkeepers to pass the names of their guests on to the authorities, and summoned all recusants to take the Oath of Allegiance in court. Before the year was out, he confidently reported that pilgrimage to the well had ceased. Once

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had become popular during the Elizabethan era, and 17th-century physicians sought to prove that certain springs could provide powerful health benefits on account of the mineral content of the water. There are many recorded visits to St Winefride's Well by Protestants, with at least one having

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made an effort to prevent the "superstitious flocking" of Catholics to St Winefride's Well by requiring "that the oath of supremacie and allegiance be ordered unto all such strangers (before they go to the Well) as shall refuse to come to church, by which reason whereof the great concourse is

552:, settled a debate between the Jesuits and the secular clergy at Holywell by giving the well chapel into the sole possession of the Jesuits. James visited the well in August 1687 to pray for a son, and donated £30 for the repair of the upper chapel, which until that time was being used as a 242:

The well complex is currently open to visitors, who may bathe in the water at certain times of day or fill water bottles from an outdoor tap. There is a visitors' centre and museum on the site. Organised group pilgrimages take place several times a year, and during the pilgrimage season, St

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Today, the well is open to the public, but bathing is permitted only at certain times. Filtered well-water is available from a tap; historically, the water has been thought to retain its potency even when removed from the site. The museum within the complex exhibits a piece of the

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In former times the bed of the stream was littered with red stones, which according to legend were permanently stained with Winefride's blood. The actual cause of the stones' colour may have been natural iron deposits in the water, or the presence of a red-coloured algae,

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published an account of the incident, in which he collated the testimonies of multiple witnesses and described the event as an "evident miracle" which defied scientific explanation. This public affirmation of the miraculous power of the well, helped along by the growing

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it had any natural curative properties. If so, access was to be restricted only to "diseased persons"; if not, then the chapel was to be torn down. It is unknown what resulted from this order, but the chapel remained standing and pilgrimage continued. In 1590, the

797:. It comprises two parts: the upper chapel, where church services are held, and the well crypt beneath it, which encloses the spring. The hillside has been cut away so that the crypt can be entered from the north, while the upper chapel is entered from the south. 501:. Garnet was accused of using the pilgrimage as cover for a "conference of the conspirators", though modern historians consider this unlikely. The backlash against the failed plot resulted in even greater legal intolerance of Catholics and sharper punishments for 386:. Though the poem gives no indication of the date of this pilgrimage, Edward was active in the area in 1461, around the time of his crowning; like Henry before him, he may have wished to secure a political advantage by showing that Winefride supported his cause. 234:

and a secular day school, but is presently used for religious worship. The well crypt contains a star-shaped basin that encloses the well-spring, and an 18th-century statue of St Winefride. Both sections of the chapel are under state guardianship and managed by

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The spring called Winifred's Well is very clear, and so copious that it yields one hundred tuns of water in a minute. It is all at once a very great stream which within perhaps thirty yards of its eruption turns a mill and in a course of two miles eighteen

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Whoever shall at any time, in whatsoever sorrow or suffering, implore your aid for deliverance from sickness or misfortune, shall at the first, or the second, or certainly the third petition, obtain his wish, and rejoice in the attainment of what he asked

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well "was done from the time of our noble progenitor Richard II until a short time since". If there was no chapel at the actual site of the well during Richard II's reign, then the priest may have originally served at a side-chapel in the parish church.

593:. The secularization of holy wells continued, with cures being attributed to the chemical composition of the water rather than to the intervention of the patron saint. In 1722, the upper chapel was converted into a day school. In 1795, the antiquary 434:

into conflict with a group of local Catholics, who brought their own donation boxes to the well and urged the pilgrims not to give their money to a servant of the king. The zeal of the locals helped protect the well chapel from the organized

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The chapel built by Henry IV apparently did not survive for long, possibly because it was not sturdy enough to withstand the force of the water. The chapel that stands on the site today is traditionally said to have been built by

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Organised group pilgrimages take place several times a year. The most popular of these is the June pilgrimage, which involves a procession from the nearby St Winefride's Church to the well, a Mass in the well garden given by the

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The spring feeding St Winefride's Well was once much stronger than it is today. In the late Medieval period, it was said that anything dropped into the well would be carried away downstream before it had time to sink. The poet

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was once installed in the chancel arch. The roof is arch-braced and decorated with foliage bosses. The corbels supporting the braces and the arches of the north arcade are carved into a variety of figures, including animals,

349:, which had taken possession of the saint's remains in 1137, but Holywell also received large numbers of pilgrims, who came to offer their devotions and to take advantage of the reputed healing power of the water. 703:

and sent up at the same time a certain ejaculation, by way of charm: but the charm is forgotten, and the efficacy of the waters lost." The site of the Little Spring is now buried beneath the Well House.

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in 1922. Until the 1960s, crutches and surgical boots left behind by pilgrims were arranged around the well or hung up on the walls; some of these crutches are now on display in the visitors' centre.

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in 1398. Richard appointed a chaplain to say regular masses at the well; the office came with an annual pension which was kept up by successive monarchs until the 16th century.

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stopped". If Parry did succeed in keeping pilgrims from the well, his victory was short-lived. Just three years later, a Catholic source reported that the Bishop of Bangor,

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received permission from his parish priest to make the journey. Contemporary Catholic sources report several miraculous cures and conversions of Protestants at the well.

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Rees, Sian E. (2012). "The conservation of tranquility: St Winefride's Well and Llanfihangel Ysceifiog old parish church". In Britnell, W. J.; Silvester, R. J. (eds.).

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of Wales". The traditional method of bathing in the well is to pass three times through the small pool adjacent to the spring while reciting one decade of the

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says that the funding for the chapel was provided by Abbot Thomas Pennant of Basingwerk in 1512, and modern historians consider this a more plausible account.

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fascination with medieval history, reignited Holywell's pilgrimage tradition. The upper chapel was once again used for religious services from 1841.

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Not all Protestants denied the efficacy of healing wells, though they did not believe the cures to be effected by any supernatural agency. Medicinal

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may have made a pilgrimage from Shrewsbury to Holywell sometime around 1416, though the documentary evidence is ambiguous. The medieval Welsh poet

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along with the relics of various saints, including the surviving fragment of the Arch Gwenfrewi and a piece of bone believed to be Winefride's.

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dispatched John Bennett to minister to Catholics in Holywell, and the Jesuits maintained a presence in the town up until the 20th century.

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St Winefride's Well remains a popular pilgrimage destination, and its long association with healing has earned Holywell the title of "the

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On 5 January 1917, St Winefride's Well ran dry. The water supply had been tapped by a drainage tunnel that was under construction near

4028: 3847: 974: 4058: 3749: 2395: 2338: 2277: 2178: 319:'s Abbey. It appears that the cult of St Winefride had at this time not achieved any great notoriety, since the medieval historian 230:. It comprises two parts, the upper chapel and the well crypt. The upper chapel has seen a variety of uses, including service as a 3733: 3675: 2085: 1765: 338:

in Flintshire. The church was briefly transferred back to St Werbergh's between 1157 and 1196, but then reverted to Basingwerk.

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of the following decades, and the income generated by the site gave the authorities good reason not to suppress its operation.

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said of St Winefride's Well that "every earl used to go, every courtier, every king", and mentions a pilgrimage to the site by

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of 1086 makes no mention of Holywell, but it does record a "Weltune", which may be a translation of the town's Welsh name

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Numerous miracles have been attributed to the well, from the 12th century down to the present day. The two earliest

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12th-century sources give differing accounts of her later life, but both agree that she took command of an abbey in

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is often said to have visited the well in 1189, but this claim is based on a misreading of an 18th-century source.

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Stumpe, Lynne H. (December 2009). "Display and veneration of holy relics at St Winefride's Well and Stonyhurst".

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of one of the building's principal rafters has shown that the roof timbers were likely put in place around 1525.

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the first time that the town is referred to by that name) is in a document dated 1093, in which the wife of the

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to St Winefride's Well, stopping along the way at the homes of several people who were later implicated in the

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the Westminster Bath into a visitors' centre. In 2010, the guardianship of the well crypt was transferred to

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The story of St Winefride, the 7th-century martyr for whom the well is named, is told in two 12th-century

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Walsham, Alexandra (1999). "Reforming the waters: holy wells and healing springs in Protestant England".

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Among the pilgrims were several English monarchs. The first known royal visit to the well was that of

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style. Its exterior walls are of coursed sandstone, which was imported from the Wirral towns of

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in Europe caused a surge of interest in female saints. One focal point of Winefride's cult was

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noted that the number of Catholic pilgrims visiting the well had "considerably decreased".

3947: 3254: 3204: 2684: 2486:"Cures and controversy in early modern Wales: the struggle to control St. Winifred's Well" 2168: 641: 494: 177: 58: 2417: 3787: 3564: 3209: 3199: 2958: 2699: 1047: 746: 594: 590: 553: 549: 533:, possibly by the Parliamentary soldiers who passed through Holywell in November 1643. 498: 486: 260: 231: 165: 402:, but there is no contemporary evidence to support this claim. A 16th-century poem by 4017: 3937: 3284: 3259: 3148: 3093: 1023: 770: 582: 2500: 2406: 2348:

Hamaker, Catherine (2011). "Winefride's Well-Cult". In Pepin, R.; Feiss, H. (eds.).

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Scully, Robert E. (2007). "St. Winefride's Well". In Cormack, Margaret (ed.).

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to the last Sunday in September), there is a daily service in the well crypt.

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However, anti-Catholic laws were more rigorously enforced during the reign of

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During the late Middle Ages the fame of St Winefride began to spread, as the

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Champ, Judith F. (1982). "Bishop Milner, Holywell, and the cure tradition".

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brought a brief period of respite to the persecuted pilgrims. James's wife,

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Britain and Ireland 900–1300: Insular Responses to Medieval European Change

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placed over its point of emergence to prevent it from becoming a fountain.

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The chapel above the well was built in the 16th century. It is a grade I

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Walsham, Alexandra (2014). "Holywell and the Welsh Catholic Revival".

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Winefride is said to have been the daughter of Teuyth, a chieftain of

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took a pilgrimage to the well in 1403, following his victory at the

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officially rejected the authority of the Pope and established the

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National shrine, chapel, well, and pilgrimage site in Flintshire

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St Winefride, Her Holy Well and the Jesuit Mission, c.650–1930

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Carved corbel showing a pilgrim carrying a disabled companion

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Bord, Janet (1994). "St Winefride's Well, Holywell, Clwyd".

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For a modern English translation of these Latin texts, see

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Reflections on the Past: Essays in Honour of Francis Lynch

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The grant of the church to St Werburgh's was confirmed by

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Winefride's relic is venerated daily in the well crypt.

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in his diary when he passed through the area in 1774:

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which denied the authority of the Pope over the king.

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The History of the Parishes of Whiteford and Holywell

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The accession to the throne in 1685 of the Catholic

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(1958). 657:18th- and 19th-century miracles was provided by 581:tourist itinerary; among those who visited were 470:Earliest known illustration of the well chapel ( 315:grants "the churche of Haliwel" to the monks of 2700:Yew trees at St Mary the Virgin, Overton-on-Dee 898:Visitors' centre, formerly the Westminster Bath 751: 695: 203:, the well formed part of the estate of nearby 2234:The Life of Saint Winefride, Virgin and Martyr 1995: 3734: 3323:List of parliamentary constituencies in Clwyd 2759: 2658: 8: 4064:Roman Catholic shrines in the United Kingdom 2467:Saints and Their Cults in the Atlantic World 2170:Samuel Johnson: Diaries, Prayers, and Annals 297:, where she eventually died and was buried. 2103: 2101: 2099: 1028: 446: 3741: 3727: 3719: 2766: 2752: 2744: 2665: 2651: 2643: 2581:Catholic Reformation in Protestant Britain 2080: 2078: 2076: 994: 269:: one written by Robert Pennant, prior of 29: 20: 3817:– Cathedral Church of Our Lady of Sorrows 2055: 1983: 1971: 1959: 1853: 1739: 1724: 1712: 1700: 1688: 1661: 1601: 1589: 1541: 1517: 1505: 1493: 1481: 1457: 1433: 1409: 1385: 1356: 1317: 1233: 886:Sculpture of St Winefride near the chapel 576:An 18th-century drawing of the well crypt 2253:"Gwenfrewi, or Winefred, Virgin, Martyr" 1170: 780: 730: 332:Richard d'Avranches, 2nd Earl of Chester 255:St Winefride's statue in the well chapel 2493:North American Journal of Welsh Studies 2450:. Cambrian Archaeological Association. 2369:Medieval Welsh Pilgrimage, c. 1100–1500 2251:Baring-Gould, S.; Fisher, John (1911). 1908: 1865: 1819: 1637: 1565: 1553: 1397: 1305: 1281: 1269: 1245: 1218: 1206: 1194: 1182: 1158: 1146: 1092: 1073: 986: 832: 745:This estimate matches that recorded by 4054:Grade I listed buildings in Flintshire 2469:. University of South Carolina Press. 2350:Two Mediaeval Lives of Saint Winefride 2201:Two Mediaeval Lives of Saint Winefride 2149: 2137: 2125: 2067: 2019: 2007: 1947: 1935: 1896: 1577: 1529: 1469: 1421: 1373: 1344: 1332: 1293: 1257: 1119: 1107: 1080: 3971:St Beuno's Jesuit Spirituality Centre 2715:Bells of All Saints' Church, Gresford 2534:A History of the Diocese of St. Asaph 2031: 1923: 1877: 1807: 1782: 1649: 1625: 1613: 1445: 998: 215:. Following the establishment of the 7: 3838:Our Lady of Seven Sorrows, Dolgellau 2690:Steeple of St Giles' Church, Wrexham 2086:"St. Winifrides's Chapel & Well" 2043: 1838: 1794: 1764:Caldwell, Simon (18 November 2023). 1751: 1673: 1006: 946:Vaulted ceiling above the well basin 2199:Pepin, R.; Feiss, H., eds. (2011). 934:Inscription left by a cured pilgrim 3895:St Richard Gwyn High School, Flint 3215:Clwydian Range and Dee Valley AONB 2560:Studies in Church History Subsidia 2484:Seguin, Colleen M. (Summer 2003). 2224:Lives of the Cambro-British Saints 524:In 1626, Chief Justice of Chester 14: 3758:Roman Catholic Diocese of Wrexham 2188:Morris, Christopher, ed. (1947). 2113:Scheduled Monuments – Full Report 958:Pendant boss above the well basin 3996: 3984: 3905:St Joseph's High School, Wrexham 3858:Our Lady of the Assumption, Rhyl 3796: 3701: 3689: 2847: 2727: 2109:"St Winefride's Chapel and Well" 2090:Full Report for Listed Buildings 951: 939: 927: 915: 903: 891: 879: 867: 851: 835: 188:. The patron saint of the well, 4069:Roman Catholic national shrines 3601:Western Mostyn Colliery Company 3235:Greenfield Valley Heritage Park 2257:The Lives of the British Saints 975:St Winefride's Church, Holywell 41: 2272:. Cambridge University Press. 1135:Baring-Gould & Fisher 1911 1: 3870:Patronal Feast of the Diocese 3581:Point of Ayr Colliery Company 2513:Journal of Museum Ethnography 2390:. University of Wales Press. 2301:10.1080/0015587X.1994.9715879 2191:The Journeys of Celia Fiennes 1806:Both works are reproduced in 1604:, pp. 216–217, 219, 223. 874:Hand-pump by the bathing pool 789:The well chapel is a grade I 475: 180:located in the Welsh town of 122: 3900:Christ the Word School, Rhyl 2422:. Vol. 1. H. Humphreys. 1996:McAdam, Hyde & Hyde 1958 485:In 1605, under the reign of 3399:Gwernaffield with Pantymwyn 2268:. In Smith, Brendan (ed.). 2231:Swift, Thomas, ed. (1888). 1001:, pp. 30–66 (Robert's 922:West door of the well crypt 4085: 4044:Religious museums in Wales 795:scheduled ancient monument 777:Architecture of the chapel 640:The site was designated a 258: 228:scheduled ancient monument 4029:Catholic pilgrimage sites 3979: 3956: 3913: 3885: 3866: 3805: 3794: 3763: 3756: 3684: 3555:Flintshire County Council 3275:Point of Ayr Gas Terminal 2845: 2723: 2680: 2572:10.1017/S0143045900002520 2499:(2): 1–17. Archived from 2427:Pritchard, T. W. (2009). 2416:Pennant, Thomas (1883) . 2367:Hurlock, Kathryn (2018). 2322:10.1017/S0424208400009359 2310:Studies in Church History 2264:Bartlett, Robert (2004). 2218:Rees, W. J., ed. (1853). 2173:. Yale University Press. 398:, shortly after the 1485 146: 28: 4059:Catholic Church in Wales 3656:Listed parks and gardens 3504:Trelawnyd and Gwaenysgor 3434:Leeswood and Pontblyddyn 2536:. James Parker & Co. 2405:Pennant, Thomas (1796). 2329:Fraser, Antonia (1996). 2140:, pp. 251–252, 275. 1652:, pp. 153, 159–164. 910:Apse of the upper chapel 842:Watercolour painting by 793:(designated 1951) and a 343:growth of Marian culture 3560:Holywell Rural District 3545:Broughton Shopping Park 3104:Pen-y-Ffordd (Holywell) 2547:Archaeologia Cambrensis 2386:Jones, Francis (1954). 800:The building is in the 568:18th century to present 445:, after the papal bull 3991:Catholicism portal 3848:St Winefride, Holywell 3586:Prestatyn Coal Company 2674:Seven Wonders of Wales 2528:Thomas, D. R. (1874). 2371:. Palgrave Macmillan. 2237:. Burns and Oates Ltd. 2220:"Life of St. Winefred" 1029: 995:Pepin & Feiss 2011 970:Seven Wonders of Wales 821:, and family emblems. 786: 756: 736: 700: 678: 618: 577: 493:led a pilgrimage from 482: 447: 357: 325:Cotton Vespasian A.xiv 256: 247:Legend of St Winefride 169: 4039:Museums in Flintshire 3833:St Joseph, Colwyn Bay 3571:Maelor Rural District 3364:Broughton and Bretton 2782:Principal settlements 2541:Turner, Rick (2019). 1388:, pp. 94, 97–98. 784: 766:Trentepohlia jolithus 734: 676: 616: 575: 469: 429:Basingwerk Abbey was 355: 254: 3099:Penyffordd (Buckley) 2506:on 30 December 2006. 2194:. The Cresset Press. 1272:, pp. 186, 202. 1260:, pp. 247, 250. 669:Devotional practices 370:Battle of Shrewsbury 284:, who had permitted 151:.saintwinefrideswell 113:Perpendicular Gothic 4024:Holy wells in Wales 3966:St Winefride's Well 3853:St David, Pantasaph 3828:St Tudwal, Barmouth 3671:Visitor attractions 3596:Borough of Rhuddlan 3565:Flintshire Detached 3535:The historic county 2705:St Winefride's Well 2695:Snowdon (Yr Wyddfa) 2625: / 2388:Holy Wells of Wales 2226:. Longman & Co. 2152:, pp. 258–262. 2128:, pp. 251–252. 2070:, pp. 180–181. 1998:, pp. 185–186. 1986:, pp. 222–223. 1926:, pp. 156–157. 1797:, pp. 520–529. 1754:, pp. 467–475. 1727:, pp. 380–395. 1703:, pp. 272–276. 1691:, pp. 267–268. 1664:, pp. 243–248. 1592:, pp. 188–197. 1556:, pp. 246–250. 1544:, pp. 162–165. 1520:, pp. 160–161. 1472:, pp. 134–135. 1460:, pp. 145–148. 1412:, pp. 115–116. 1400:, pp. 183–184. 1335:, pp. 262–264. 1296:, pp. 250–251. 1284:, pp. 186–187. 1161:, pp. 121–122. 1137:, pp. 187–188. 449:Regnans in Excelsis 414:English Reformation 356:Henry IV of England 321:Giraldus Cambrensis 313:1st Earl of Chester 301:History of the well 194:English Reformation 162:St Winefride's Well 24:St Winefride's Well 4049:Landmarks in Wales 3928:Colwyn Bay Deanery 3923:Caernarfon Deanery 3768:Bishops of Wrexham 3750:Diocese of Wrexham 3347:Community councils 2857:Towns and villages 2629:53.2771°N 3.2236°W 2411:. B. and J. White. 2352:. Wipf and Stock. 2203:. Wipf and Stock. 1911:, p. 223–224. 1810:, pp. 85–108. 1095:, p. 120–121. 844:John Warwick Smith 787: 737: 679: 644:in November 2023. 619: 578: 507:Oath of Allegiance 483: 400:Battle of Bosworth 358: 257: 4011: 4010: 3933:Dolgellau Deanery 3843:St Mary, Holyhead 3815:Wrexham Cathedral 3716: 3715: 3640:Listed buildings 3225:Flintshire Bridge 2741: 2740: 2710:Llangollen Bridge 2590:978-0-754-65723-1 2476:978-1-57003-630-9 2457:978-0-947846-08-4 2438:978-1-84494-060-8 2378:978-1-137-43098-4 2359:978-1-61097-492-9 2333:. Nan A. Talese. 2244:Secondary sources 2210:978-1-61097-492-9 1938:, pp. 67–68. 1880:, pp. 32–33. 1785:, pp. 76–83. 1532:, pp. 10–11. 1320:, pp. 80–82. 1236:, pp. 63–64. 717:Bishop of Wrexham 691:Life of Winefride 531:English Civil War 424:Church of England 392:Margaret Beaufort 217:Church of England 170:Ffynnon Wenffrewi 159: 158: 49:Roman Catholicism 4076: 4034:Springs of Wales 4003:Wales portal 4001: 4000: 3999: 3989: 3988: 3800: 3743: 3736: 3729: 3720: 3706: 3705: 3704: 3694: 3693: 3692: 3616:Lord Lieutenants 3540:Alyn and Deeside 3419:Higher Kinnerton 3144:Soughton/Sychdyn 3014:Higher Kinnerton 2851: 2768: 2761: 2754: 2745: 2734:Wales portal 2732: 2731: 2730: 2667: 2660: 2653: 2644: 2640: 2639: 2637: 2636: 2635: 2634:53.2771; -3.2236 2630: 2626: 2623: 2622: 2621: 2618: 2606:Official website 2594: 2575: 2554: 2537: 2524: 2507: 2505: 2490: 2480: 2461: 2442: 2431:. Bridge Books. 2423: 2412: 2401: 2382: 2363: 2344: 2325: 2304: 2283: 2260: 2238: 2227: 2214: 2195: 2184: 2153: 2147: 2141: 2135: 2129: 2123: 2117: 2116: 2105: 2094: 2093: 2082: 2071: 2065: 2059: 2053: 2047: 2041: 2035: 2029: 2023: 2017: 2011: 2005: 1999: 1993: 1987: 1981: 1975: 1969: 1963: 1957: 1951: 1945: 1939: 1933: 1927: 1921: 1912: 1906: 1900: 1894: 1881: 1875: 1869: 1863: 1857: 1851: 1842: 1836: 1823: 1817: 1811: 1804: 1798: 1792: 1786: 1780: 1774: 1773: 1761: 1755: 1749: 1743: 1737: 1728: 1722: 1716: 1710: 1704: 1698: 1692: 1686: 1677: 1671: 1665: 1659: 1653: 1647: 1641: 1635: 1629: 1623: 1617: 1611: 1605: 1599: 1593: 1587: 1581: 1575: 1569: 1563: 1557: 1551: 1545: 1539: 1533: 1527: 1521: 1515: 1509: 1503: 1497: 1491: 1485: 1479: 1473: 1467: 1461: 1455: 1449: 1443: 1437: 1431: 1425: 1419: 1413: 1407: 1401: 1395: 1389: 1383: 1377: 1371: 1360: 1354: 1348: 1342: 1336: 1330: 1321: 1315: 1309: 1303: 1297: 1291: 1285: 1279: 1273: 1267: 1261: 1255: 1249: 1243: 1237: 1231: 1222: 1216: 1210: 1204: 1198: 1192: 1186: 1180: 1174: 1168: 1162: 1156: 1150: 1144: 1138: 1132: 1123: 1117: 1111: 1105: 1096: 1090: 1084: 1078: 1061: 1057: 1051: 1041: 1035: 1032: 1020: 1014: 991: 955: 943: 931: 919: 907: 895: 883: 871: 855: 839: 785:The upper chapel 727:Natural features 663:Herbert Thurston 659:Charles De Smedt 512:In 1617, Bishop 480: 477: 456:Society of Jesus 452: 408:Tree-ring dating 347:Shrewsbury Abbey 336:Basingwerk Abbey 271:Shrewsbury Abbey 205:Basingwerk Abbey 155: 152: 150: 127: 126: 1512–1525 124: 33: 21: 4084: 4083: 4079: 4078: 4077: 4075: 4074: 4073: 4014: 4013: 4012: 4007: 3997: 3995: 3983: 3975: 3952: 3948:Wrexham Deanery 3909: 3881: 3862: 3801: 3792: 3759: 3752: 3747: 3717: 3712: 3702: 3700: 3690: 3688: 3680: 3523: 3342: 3338:West Flintshire 3333:East Flintshire 3315: 3309: 3255:Mostyn Colliery 3205:Caerwys Rectory 3183: 2852: 2843: 2777: 2772: 2742: 2737: 2728: 2726: 2719: 2685:Pistyll Rhaeadr 2676: 2671: 2633: 2631: 2627: 2624: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2611: 2602: 2597: 2591: 2578: 2557: 2540: 2527: 2510: 2503: 2488: 2483: 2477: 2464: 2458: 2445: 2439: 2426: 2415: 2404: 2398: 2385: 2379: 2366: 2360: 2347: 2341: 2328: 2307: 2295:(1–2): 99–100. 2286: 2280: 2263: 2250: 2241: 2230: 2217: 2211: 2198: 2187: 2181: 2166: 2160:Primary sources 2157: 2156: 2148: 2144: 2136: 2132: 2124: 2120: 2107: 2106: 2097: 2084: 2083: 2074: 2066: 2062: 2054: 2050: 2042: 2038: 2030: 2026: 2018: 2014: 2006: 2002: 1994: 1990: 1982: 1978: 1970: 1966: 1958: 1954: 1946: 1942: 1934: 1930: 1922: 1915: 1907: 1903: 1895: 1884: 1876: 1872: 1864: 1860: 1852: 1845: 1837: 1826: 1818: 1814: 1805: 1801: 1793: 1789: 1781: 1777: 1770:Catholic Herald 1763: 1762: 1758: 1750: 1746: 1738: 1731: 1723: 1719: 1711: 1707: 1699: 1695: 1687: 1680: 1672: 1668: 1660: 1656: 1648: 1644: 1636: 1632: 1624: 1620: 1612: 1608: 1600: 1596: 1588: 1584: 1576: 1572: 1564: 1560: 1552: 1548: 1540: 1536: 1528: 1524: 1516: 1512: 1504: 1500: 1492: 1488: 1480: 1476: 1468: 1464: 1456: 1452: 1444: 1440: 1432: 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3297: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3217: 3212: 3210:Clwydian Range 3207: 3202: 3200:Bretton Bridge 3197: 3191: 3189: 3185: 3184: 3182: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3026: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2976: 2971: 2966: 2961: 2959:Flint Mountain 2956: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2936: 2931: 2926: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2860: 2858: 2854: 2853: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2820: 2815: 2810: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2778: 2773: 2771: 2770: 2763: 2756: 2748: 2739: 2738: 2724: 2721: 2720: 2718: 2717: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2687: 2681: 2678: 2677: 2672: 2670: 2669: 2662: 2655: 2647: 2609: 2608: 2601: 2600:External links 2598: 2596: 2595: 2589: 2576: 2555: 2538: 2525: 2508: 2481: 2475: 2462: 2456: 2443: 2437: 2424: 2419:Tours in Wales 2413: 2402: 2396: 2383: 2377: 2364: 2358: 2345: 2339: 2326: 2305: 2284: 2278: 2261: 2247: 2240: 2239: 2228: 2215: 2209: 2196: 2185: 2179: 2163: 2155: 2154: 2142: 2130: 2118: 2095: 2072: 2060: 2056:Pritchard 2009 2048: 2046:, p. 475. 2036: 2024: 2022:, p. 204. 2012: 2010:, p. 202. 2000: 1988: 1984:Pritchard 2009 1976: 1974:, p. 174. 1972:Pritchard 2009 1964: 1960:Pritchard 2009 1952: 1950:, p. 251. 1940: 1928: 1913: 1901: 1882: 1870: 1868:, p. 223. 1858: 1856:, p. 220. 1854:Pritchard 2009 1843: 1824: 1822:, p. 124. 1812: 1799: 1787: 1775: 1756: 1744: 1742:, p. 397. 1740:Pritchard 2009 1729: 1725:Pritchard 2009 1717: 1715:, p. 305. 1713:Pritchard 2009 1705: 1701:Pritchard 2009 1693: 1689:Pritchard 2009 1678: 1676:, p. 468. 1666: 1662:Pritchard 2009 1654: 1642: 1640:, p. 230. 1630: 1618: 1606: 1602:Pritchard 2009 1594: 1590:Pritchard 2009 1582: 1570: 1568:, p. 255. 1558: 1546: 1542:Pritchard 2009 1534: 1522: 1518:Pritchard 2009 1510: 1508:, p. 151. 1506:Pritchard 2009 1498: 1496:, p. 149. 1494:Pritchard 2009 1486: 1484:, p. 148. 1482:Pritchard 2009 1474: 1462: 1458:Pritchard 2009 1450: 1438: 1436:, p. 135. 1434:Pritchard 2009 1426: 1414: 1410:Pritchard 2009 1402: 1390: 1386:Pritchard 2009 1378: 1361: 1359:, p. 109. 1357:Pritchard 2009 1349: 1337: 1322: 1318:Pritchard 2009 1310: 1308:, p. 125. 1298: 1286: 1274: 1262: 1250: 1248:, p. 186. 1238: 1234:Pritchard 2009 1223: 1221:, p. 201. 1211: 1199: 1197:, p. 185. 1187: 1185:, p. 122. 1175: 1163: 1151: 1149:, p. 121. 1139: 1124: 1122:, p. 466. 1112: 1110:, p. 245. 1097: 1085: 1083:, p. 203. 1072: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1052: 1048:Thomas Pennant 1036: 1015: 985: 984: 982: 979: 978: 977: 972: 965: 962: 961: 960: 957: 950: 948: 945: 938: 936: 933: 926: 924: 921: 914: 912: 909: 902: 900: 897: 890: 888: 885: 878: 876: 873: 866: 864: 857: 850: 848: 846:, c. 1790 841: 834: 830: 827: 778: 775: 747:Samuel Johnson 735:The well basin 728: 725: 670: 667: 649: 646: 617:The Well House 595:Thomas Pennant 591:Samuel Johnson 569: 566: 554:sessions house 550:Mary of Modena 526:John Bridgeman 499:Gunpowder Plot 463: 460: 415: 412: 307: 304: 302: 299: 261:Saint Winifred 259:Main article: 248: 245: 232:sessions house 157: 156: 144: 143: 139: 138: 135: 129: 128: 120: 116: 115: 110: 104: 103: 99: 98: 93: 89: 88: 79: 75: 74: 70: 69: 66: 62: 61: 56: 52: 51: 46: 40: 39: 35: 34: 26: 25: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4081: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4021: 4019: 4004: 3994: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3981: 3978: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3963: 3959: 3958: 3955: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3938:Flint Deanery 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3920: 3916: 3915: 3912: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3892: 3888: 3887: 3884: 3877: 3874: 3873: 3869: 3868: 3865: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3820: 3816: 3813: 3812: 3808: 3807: 3804: 3799: 3789: 3785: 3783: 3779: 3777: 3773: 3772: 3769: 3766: 3765: 3762: 3755: 3751: 3744: 3739: 3737: 3732: 3730: 3725: 3724: 3721: 3709: 3699: 3697: 3687: 3686: 3683: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3621:High Sheriffs 3619: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3532: 3530: 3526: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3389:Connah's Quay 3387: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3351: 3349: 3345: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3320: 3318: 3312: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3300:Talacre Beach 3298: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3285:River Cegidog 3283: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3260:Nant-y-Ffrith 3258: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3192: 3190: 3186: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3149:Saltney Ferry 3147: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3094:Pentre Halkyn 3092: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3040: 3037: 3035: 3032: 3030: 3027: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2930: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2861: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2811: 2809: 2808:Connah's Quay 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2786: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2769: 2764: 2762: 2757: 2755: 2750: 2749: 2746: 2736: 2735: 2722: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2682: 2679: 2675: 2668: 2663: 2661: 2656: 2654: 2649: 2648: 2645: 2641: 2638: 2607: 2604: 2603: 2599: 2592: 2586: 2582: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2515:(22): 63–81. 2514: 2509: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2487: 2482: 2478: 2472: 2468: 2463: 2459: 2453: 2449: 2444: 2440: 2434: 2430: 2425: 2421: 2420: 2414: 2410: 2409: 2403: 2399: 2397:0-7083-1145-8 2393: 2389: 2384: 2380: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2361: 2355: 2351: 2346: 2342: 2340:0-385-47189-0 2336: 2332: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2281: 2279:0-521-57319-X 2275: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2249: 2248: 2246: 2245: 2236: 2235: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2216: 2212: 2206: 2202: 2197: 2193: 2192: 2186: 2182: 2180:0-300-00733-7 2176: 2172: 2171: 2165: 2164: 2162: 2161: 2151: 2146: 2143: 2139: 2134: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2119: 2114: 2110: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2091: 2087: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2061: 2058:, p. 33. 2057: 2052: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2037: 2034:, p. 39. 2033: 2028: 2025: 2021: 2016: 2013: 2009: 2004: 2001: 1997: 1992: 1989: 1985: 1980: 1977: 1973: 1968: 1965: 1962:, p. 30. 1961: 1956: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1941: 1937: 1932: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1905: 1902: 1899:, p. 69. 1898: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1874: 1871: 1867: 1862: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1848: 1844: 1841:, p. 99. 1840: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1816: 1813: 1809: 1803: 1800: 1796: 1791: 1788: 1784: 1779: 1776: 1771: 1767: 1760: 1757: 1753: 1748: 1745: 1741: 1736: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1721: 1718: 1714: 1709: 1706: 1702: 1697: 1694: 1690: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1670: 1667: 1663: 1658: 1655: 1651: 1646: 1643: 1639: 1634: 1631: 1628:, p. 70. 1627: 1622: 1619: 1616:, p. 68. 1615: 1610: 1607: 1603: 1598: 1595: 1591: 1586: 1583: 1579: 1574: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1559: 1555: 1550: 1547: 1543: 1538: 1535: 1531: 1526: 1523: 1519: 1514: 1511: 1507: 1502: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1487: 1483: 1478: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1463: 1459: 1454: 1451: 1448:, p. 77. 1447: 1442: 1439: 1435: 1430: 1427: 1423: 1418: 1415: 1411: 1406: 1403: 1399: 1394: 1391: 1387: 1382: 1379: 1376:, p. 67. 1375: 1370: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1353: 1350: 1346: 1341: 1338: 1334: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1314: 1311: 1307: 1302: 1299: 1295: 1290: 1287: 1283: 1278: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1263: 1259: 1254: 1251: 1247: 1242: 1239: 1235: 1230: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1215: 1212: 1209:, p. 31. 1208: 1203: 1200: 1196: 1191: 1188: 1184: 1179: 1176: 1173:, p. 80. 1172: 1171:Bartlett 2004 1167: 1164: 1160: 1155: 1152: 1148: 1143: 1140: 1136: 1131: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1116: 1113: 1109: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1089: 1086: 1082: 1077: 1074: 1067: 1056: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1040: 1037: 1033: 1031: 1025: 1024:Domesday Book 1019: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 990: 987: 980: 976: 973: 971: 968: 967: 963: 954: 949: 942: 937: 930: 925: 918: 913: 906: 901: 894: 889: 882: 877: 870: 865: 861: 854: 849: 845: 838: 833: 828: 826: 822: 820: 815: 811: 807: 803: 802:Perpendicular 798: 796: 792: 783: 776: 774: 772: 771:Celia Fiennes 768: 767: 760: 755: 750: 748: 743: 733: 726: 724: 722: 718: 712: 710: 704: 699: 694: 692: 688: 684: 675: 668: 666: 664: 660: 655: 647: 645: 643: 638: 636: 630: 628: 623: 615: 611: 609: 604: 598: 596: 592: 588: 584: 583:Celia Fiennes 574: 567: 565: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 542: 539: 534: 532: 527: 522: 520: 515: 514:Richard Parry 510: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 489:, the Jesuit 488: 473: 468: 461: 459: 457: 451: 450: 444: 439: 437: 432: 427: 425: 421: 413: 411: 409: 405: 404:Siôn ap Hywel 401: 397: 393: 387: 385: 381: 377: 373: 371: 367: 363: 354: 350: 348: 344: 339: 337: 333: 328: 326: 322: 318: 314: 306:Early history 305: 300: 298: 296: 290: 287: 283: 278: 276: 272: 268: 262: 253: 246: 244: 240: 238: 233: 229: 225: 220: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 197: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 154: 145: 140: 136: 134: 130: 121: 117: 114: 111: 109: 105: 100: 97: 94: 90: 87: 83: 80: 76: 71: 67: 63: 60: 57: 53: 50: 47: 45: 36: 32: 27: 22: 19: 3965: 3943:Rhyl Deanery 3474:Northop Hall 3404:Gwernymynydd 3295:River Terrig 3270:Point of Ayr 3265:Ogof Nadolig 3074:Northop Hall 2994:Gwernymynydd 2989:Gwernaffield 2964:Ffynnongroew 2725: 2704: 2610: 2580: 2563: 2559: 2550: 2546: 2533: 2512: 2501:the original 2496: 2492: 2466: 2447: 2428: 2418: 2407: 2387: 2368: 2349: 2330: 2313: 2309: 2292: 2288: 2269: 2256: 2243: 2242: 2233: 2223: 2200: 2190: 2169: 2159: 2158: 2145: 2133: 2121: 2112: 2089: 2063: 2051: 2039: 2027: 2015: 2003: 1991: 1979: 1967: 1955: 1943: 1931: 1909:Pennant 1796 1904: 1873: 1866:Pennant 1796 1861: 1820:Hamaker 2011 1815: 1802: 1790: 1778: 1769: 1759: 1747: 1720: 1708: 1696: 1669: 1657: 1645: 1638:Pennant 1796 1633: 1621: 1609: 1597: 1585: 1580:, p. 8. 1573: 1566:Walsham 1999 1561: 1554:Walsham 1999 1549: 1537: 1525: 1513: 1501: 1489: 1477: 1465: 1453: 1441: 1429: 1424:, p. 9. 1417: 1405: 1398:Walsham 2014 1393: 1381: 1352: 1347:, p. 2. 1340: 1313: 1306:Hurlock 2018 1301: 1289: 1282:Hurlock 2018 1277: 1270:Hurlock 2018 1265: 1253: 1246:Hurlock 2018 1241: 1219:Hurlock 2018 1214: 1207:Pennant 1883 1202: 1195:Hurlock 2018 1190: 1183:Hamaker 2011 1178: 1166: 1159:Hamaker 2011 1154: 1147:Hamaker 2011 1142: 1115: 1093:Hamaker 2011 1088: 1076: 1055: 1039: 1034:(Well-town). 1027: 1018: 1010: 1002: 989: 823: 799: 788: 764: 761: 757: 752: 738: 713: 705: 701: 696: 690: 680: 653: 651: 639: 631: 624: 620: 599: 587:Daniel Defoe 579: 543: 535: 523: 511: 491:Henry Garnet 484: 462:17th century 440: 428: 417: 394:, mother of 388: 374: 359: 340: 329: 309: 291: 279: 274: 266: 264: 241: 221: 198: 190:St Winefride 161: 160: 102:Architecture 18: 3876:Saint David 3782:Edwin Regan 3591:RAF Sealand 3484:Queensferry 3250:Moel y Parc 3245:Moel y Gaer 3220:Dee Estuary 3114:Pontblyddyn 2924:Cefn-y-Bedd 2894:Bryn-y-Baal 2813:Queensferry 2632: / 2583:. Ashgate. 2566:: 227–255. 2316:: 153–164. 2150:Turner 2019 2138:Turner 2019 2126:Turner 2019 2068:Morris 1947 2020:Scully 2007 2008:Scully 2007 1948:Turner 2019 1936:Stumpe 2009 1897:Stumpe 2009 1578:Seguin 2003 1530:Seguin 2003 1470:Fraser 1996 1422:Seguin 2003 1374:Stumpe 2009 1345:Seguin 2003 1333:Turner 2019 1294:Turner 2019 1258:Turner 2019 1120:Thomas 1874 1108:Turner 2019 1081:Scully 2007 814:rood screen 742:John Taylor 603:John Milner 519:Lewis Bayly 479: 1610 443:Elizabeth I 317:St Werburgh 201:Middle Ages 199:During the 44:Affiliation 4018:Categories 3676:Public art 3479:Penyffordd 3444:Llanfynydd 3328:Flintshire 3305:Wepre Park 3280:River Alyn 3240:Moel Famau 3195:Alyn Gorge 3134:Sandycroft 3124:Rhes-y-Cae 3109:Penymynydd 3054:Mynydd Isa 3029:Llanfynydd 2984:Gwaenysgor 2979:Glyncorrwg 2969:Greenfield 2934:Coed Talon 2879:Aston Park 2864:Abermorddu 2775:Flintshire 2617:53°16′38″N 2553:: 245–275. 2530:"Holywell" 2032:Jones 1954 1924:Champ 1982 1878:Swift 1888 1808:Swift 1888 1783:Swift 1888 1650:Champ 1982 1626:Jones 1954 1614:Jones 1954 1446:Jones 1954 1068:References 1030:Treffynnon 1011:Vita Prima 999:Swift 1888 858:Sketch by 819:grotesques 709:True Cross 472:John Speed 436:iconoclasm 420:Henry VIII 380:Tudur Aled 362:Richard II 275:Vita Prima 209:Richard II 186:Flintshire 86:Flintshire 3917:Deaneries 3878:(1 March) 3696:Geography 3649:Grade II* 3576:Mold cape 3519:Ysceifiog 3290:River Dee 3188:Geography 3179:Ysceifiog 3159:Trelawnyd 3129:Rhydymwyn 3119:Rhosesmor 3089:Pantymwyn 3084:Pantasaph 3079:Oakenholt 2909:Caergwrle 2889:Broughton 2620:3°13′25″W 2044:Rees 2012 1839:Bord 1994 1795:Rees 1853 1752:Rees 2012 1674:Rees 2012 1044:Richard I 1007:Rees 1853 810:Bebington 721:Pentecost 503:recusancy 431:dissolved 418:In 1534, 396:Henry VII 384:Edward IV 295:Gwytherin 174:holy well 137:Sandstone 133:Materials 119:Completed 3960:See also 3809:Churches 3514:Whitford 3509:Treuddyn 3459:Nannerch 3424:Holywell 3414:Hawarden 3369:Brynford 3174:Whitford 3169:Treuddyn 3164:Trelogan 3059:Nannerch 3039:Leadmill 3024:Leeswood 3004:Hawarden 2899:Brynford 2834:Holywell 2521:41417138 2289:Folklore 964:See also 806:Storeton 648:Miracles 608:Romantic 546:James II 366:Henry IV 286:St Beuno 282:Tegeingl 213:Henry IV 182:Holywell 82:Holywell 78:Location 73:Location 38:Religion 3889:Schools 3644:Grade I 3636:History 3631:Schools 3626:Museums 3499:Shotton 3494:Sealand 3489:Saltney 3469:Northop 3464:Nercwys 3439:Llanasa 3384:Cilcain 3379:Caerwys 3374:Buckley 3359:Bagillt 3230:The Gop 3154:Talacre 3139:Sealand 3069:Northop 3064:Nercwys 3034:Llanasa 2974:Gronant 2929:Cilcain 2914:Calcoed 2884:Bretton 2874:Alltami 2869:Afonwen 2823:Shotton 2818:Saltney 2804:Deeside 2799:Caerwys 2794:Buckley 2789:Bagillt 2115:. Cadw. 2092:. Cadw. 1005:), and 829:Gallery 683:Lourdes 627:Bagillt 558:William 495:Enfield 487:James I 376:Henry V 172:) is a 142:Website 92:Country 3528:Topics 3454:Mostyn 3409:Halkyn 3354:Argoed 3049:Mostyn 3044:Mancot 3009:Holway 2999:Halkyn 2954:Ffrith 2919:Carmel 2904:Cadole 2587: 2519: 2473: 2454: 2435: 2394: 2375: 2356: 2337: 2276: 2207: 2177: 862:, 1832 687:Rosary 226:and a 68:Active 65:Status 55:Patron 3786:III: 3708:Wales 3666:Sport 3606:SSSIs 3550:Delyn 3394:Flint 2949:Ewloe 2944:Drury 2939:Cymau 2829:Flint 2517:JSTOR 2504:(PDF) 2489:(PDF) 981:Notes 754:more. 654:Lives 267:Lives 166:Welsh 108:Style 96:Wales 3780:II: 3449:Mold 3429:Hope 3019:Hope 2839:Mold 2585:ISBN 2471:ISBN 2452:ISBN 2433:ISBN 2392:ISBN 2373:ISBN 2354:ISBN 2335:ISBN 2274:ISBN 2205:ISBN 2175:ISBN 1022:The 1003:Life 808:and 698:for. 635:Cadw 589:and 562:Mary 560:and 538:spas 237:Cadw 211:and 176:and 153:.com 3774:I: 2568:doi 2551:168 2318:doi 2297:doi 2293:105 184:in 149:www 4020:: 2564:12 2562:. 2549:. 2545:. 2532:. 2495:. 2491:. 2314:19 2312:. 2291:. 2255:. 2222:. 2111:. 2098:^ 2088:. 2075:^ 1916:^ 1885:^ 1846:^ 1827:^ 1768:. 1732:^ 1681:^ 1364:^ 1325:^ 1226:^ 1127:^ 1100:^ 1013:). 585:, 476:c. 474:, 327:. 239:. 196:. 168:: 123:c. 84:, 3742:e 3735:t 3728:v 2825:) 2806:( 2767:e 2760:t 2753:v 2666:e 2659:t 2652:v 2593:. 2574:. 2570:: 2523:. 2497:3 2479:. 2460:. 2441:. 2400:. 2381:. 2362:. 2343:. 2324:. 2320:: 2303:. 2299:: 2282:. 2213:. 2183:. 1772:. 1009:( 481:) 164:(

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Index