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were used in remote areas for ore processing well into the 20th century. (19th century advertisements for some mills highlighted that they could be broken down, packed in by mule in pieces, and assembled on site with only simple tools.) Stamp mills are still in use in
Colombia by artisanal miners, powered by electric motors.
441:
gold mines. In these stamps the cam is arranged to lift the stamp from the side, so that it causes the stamp to rotate. This evens the wear on the shoe at the foot of the stamp. They were more rapid in action and a single head could crush 1.5 tons of ore as opposed to the
Cornish stamps which could
122:
Each one frame and stamp set is sometimes called a "battery" or, confusingly, a "stamp" and mills are sometimes categorised by how many stamps they have, i.e. a "10 stamp mill" has 10 sets. They usually are arranged linearly, but when a mill is enlarged, a new line of them may be constructed rather
391:
mining regions of the US in the latter 19th and early 20th centuries, in operations where the ore was crushed as a prelude to extracting the metals. They were superseded in the second half of the 19th century in many applications by more efficient methods. However their simplicity meant that they
134:
was built to supply stamp mills with process water. The
California Stamp made its major debut at the 1894 San Francisco midsummer fair. It was the first type that generated electricity, powered by a wood feed steam boiler. Steam started the wheels and belts turning; a generator that also was steam
422:
mining in around 1850. Cornish stamps were used to crush small lumps of ore into sand-like material. The stamp was constructed from heavy timber with an iron "head" at the bottom. It was lifted by cams on a rotating axle, and fell on the ore and water mixture, fed into a box beneath. The head
199:(NH 18.23) indicates that water-driven pestles had become fairly widespread in Italy by the first century AD: "The greater part of Italy uses an unshod pestle and also wheels which water turns as it flows past, and a trip-hammer ". These trip-hammers were used for the pounding and hulling of
127:) will usually have linear rows of foundation sets as their most prominent visible feature as the overall apparatus can exceed 20 feet in height, requiring large foundations. Stamps are usually arranged in sets of five.
296:(in modern-day Austria), one from 1135, and another from 1175. Both texts mentioned the use of vertical stamp mills for ore-crushing. Medieval French sources of the years 1116 and 1249 both record the use of mechanised
262:, where the datable examples are from the 1st and 2nd century AD. At Dolaucothi, these stamp mills were hydraulic-driven and possibly also at other Roman mining sites, where the large scale use of the
727:
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often sketched trip hammers for use in forges and even file-cutting machinery, those of the vertical pestle stamp-mill type. The oldest depicted
European illustration of a
904:
119:. As the cam moves from under the stamp, the stamp falls onto the ore below, crushing the rock, and the lifting process is repeated at the next pass of the cam.
742:
231:, a large metal hammer-head with mechanical deformations was excavated in an area where several Roman water-mills and metal waste dumps have also been traced.
71:
that crushes material by pounding rather than grinding, either for further processing or for extraction of metallic ores. Breaking material down is a type of
130:
Some ore processing applications used large quantities of water so some stamp mills are located near natural or artificial bodies of water. For example, the
760:
648:
Adam Robert Lucas. "Industrial
Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe",
41:
292:
Water-powered and mechanised trip hammers reappeared in medieval Europe by the 12th century. Their use was described in medieval written sources of
1374:
798:
318:
223:. Apart from agricultural processing, archaeological evidence also strongly suggests the existence of trip hammers in Roman metal working. In
486:
processing prior to pressing the oil from the milled seeds. Early mills were water-powered but mills can also be steam or electric powered.
238:
from deep veins was first crushed into small pieces for further processing. Here, the regularity and spacing of large indentations on stone
45:
91:
897:
427:(about 200 to 400 kg) each, and were usually arranged in sets of four, in timber frames. Small stamps were commonly powered by
925:
326:, dated to 1565 AD. This woodcut image depicts three martinets, and a waterwheel working the wood and leather bellows of an osmund (
304:. Medieval European trip hammers by the 15th century were most often in the shape of the vertical pestle stamp-mill. The well-known
866:
The historic "yellow jacket" stamp mill is located here. It is open year-round, and operated several times per year for visitors.
135:
driven supplied the electricity for overhead lighting. This was a big plus for mining company, enabling more production time.
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in some cases) stamps, loosely held vertically in a frame, in which the stamps can slide up and down. They are lifted by
803:
1447:
30:
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596:
Barry C. Burnham: "Roman Mining at
Dolaucothi: The Implications of the 1991-3 Excavations near the Carreg Pumsaint",
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376:
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170:
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mining. Such mechanically deformed anvils have been found at numerous Roman silver and gold mining sites in
187:
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Tres Minas: Vorbericht über die archäologischen
Ausgrabungen im Bereich des römischen Goldbergwerks 1986/87
1173:
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355:, published in 1556. The mills Agricola shows were largely wooden construction, excepting the use of
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Needham, Joseph: Science and
Civilization in China: Volume 4, Part 2. (Taipei: Caves Books Ltd 1986)
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367:, and stamps were typically arranged in gangs of three, with each wheel driving one or two gangs.
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furnace. The recumbent trip hammer was first depicted in
European artwork in an illustration by
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to crush mineral ores. By the 11th century, stamp mills were in widespread use throughout the
259:
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The widest application of stamp mills, however, seems to have occurred in Roman mining, where
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meant that large amounts of water were directly available for powering the machines.
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A five unit
Californian stamp mill once used in Arizona for crushing copper ore.
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region, indicating that the knowledge of trip hammers continued into the early
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indicate the use of cam-operated ore stamps, much like the devices of later
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The first stamp mill in the U.S. was built in 1829 at the Capps mine near
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Two Nissen stamps, installed c. 1909 at the Sound Democrat Mill near
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505:- a horizontal cylinder containing metal balls to crush the material
207:, are also attested as late as the middle of the fifth century in a
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Detail of Californian stamp showing offset cam and rotating lifter
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than extending the line. Abandoned mill sites (as documented by
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516:- a more modern device that also can crush material to fines.
161:
The main components for water-powered stamp mills –
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Water-powered stamp mills are illustrated in book 8 of
399:
Eight heads of Cornish stamps powered by a waterwheel
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801:(2002): "Machines, Power and the Ancient Economy",
437:were based on Cornish stamps and were used for the
203:. Grain-pounders with pestles, as well as ordinary
761:"A history of handmade paper. The basic problem"
740:Mineral Resources of the Blue Ridge and Piedmont
637:Millstone and Hammer: the Origins of Water Power
580:
578:
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493:may refer to a factory that performs stamping.
564:
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95:Interior of the Deadwood Terra Gold Stamp Mill
898:
8:
856:5 cutaway drawings of mills produced by the
478:, and might have derived from those used in
273:as early as 973. They were used in medieval
185:from the third century BC. A passage in the
181:cams are in evidence in early water-powered
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905:
891:
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870:Superstition Mountain Museum 20-Stamp Mill
613:", in H. Steuer and U. Zimmerman (eds):
522:- an historical forge using trip hammers
99:A stamp mill consists of a set of heavy
90:
600:, Vol. 28 (1997), pp. 325-336 (333-335)
543:
414:are stamp mills that were developed in
169:, and hammers – were known in the
763:. l’Institut d’histoire du livre, Lyon
319:Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus
864:Western Museum of Mining and Industry
359:shoes on the end of each stamp. The
264:hushing and ground sluicing technique
7:
829:, relocated to Jake Jackson Museum,
363:was set directly on the axle of the
807:, Vol. 92, pp. 1–32 (16, 21f.)
269:Stamp mills were used by miners in
431:and larger ones by steam engines.
25:
926:Non-ferrous extractive metallurgy
423:normally weighed between 4 and 8
285:and North Africa in the west to
860:Company during the early 1900s.
617:, 1993, p.123-152 (141; Fig.19)
474:), before the invention of the
470:for preparing the paper-stuff (
466:Stamp mills were used in early
316:forge-hammer is perhaps in the
1:
1279:Bottom-blown oxygen converter
854:Mining History Illustrations
804:The Journal of Roman Studies
615:Montanarchäologie in Europa
1555:
528:- the product of ore mills
920:
460:Theatrum Machinarum Novum
377:Charlotte, North Carolina
125:industrial archaeologists
115:on a horizontal rotating
1005:Underground in soft rock
1000:Underground in hard rock
836:Kentucky Mine Stamp Mill
482:wool. They were used in
858:Joshua Hendy Iron Works
840:Sierra City, California
831:Weaverville, California
534:- a Japanese Stamp mill
300:used in the forging of
791:
650:Technology and Culture
626:Wilson, p. 21, Fn.110.
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408:
400:
379:. They were common in
279:medieval Islamic world
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96:
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52:
1333:(by aqueous solution)
1165:Gravity Concentration
914:Extractive metallurgy
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635:M.J.T. Lewis (1997).
456:Georg Andreas Böckler
453:
406:
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175:Eastern Mediterranean
146:
94:
86:
33:
1448:Hall–Héroult process
1127:Mechanical screening
827:Paymaster Stamp Mill
822:Lewiston, California
818:Paymaster Stamp Mill
759:Neil Harris (2017).
454:A fulling mill from
446:Other stamping mills
308:artist and inventor
27:Type of mill machine
1170:Magnetic separation
1117:Cyclonic separation
938:(by physical means)
923:Metallurgical assay
789:Silverton, Colorado
1251:Refractory linings
1122:Gyratory equipment
934:Mineral processing
792:
745:2005-03-11 at the
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442:only crush 1 ton.
435:Californian stamps
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147:Ore stamp mill in
132:Redridge Steel Dam
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1160:Jig concentrators
958:Natural resources
953:Geological survey
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838:and museum, near
655:(1): 1-30 (2005)
342:(dated 1621 AD).
310:Leonardo da Vinci
260:Iberian Peninsula
213:Romanus of Condat
16:(Redirected from
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1534:Mining equipment
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1426:(by electricity)
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1408:Pan amalgamation
1380:Gold cyanidation
1370:In situ leaching
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968:Economic geology
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171:Hellenistic era
154:De re metallica
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67:) is a type of
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692:Georg Agricola
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126:
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118:
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106:
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93:
85:
78:
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70:
66:
65:stamping mill
62:
61:stamp battery
58:
50:
47:
43:
40:
37:
32:
19:
18:Stamp battery
1435:Electrolysis
1395:Amalgamation
1150:Jameson cell
1107:Hydrocyclone
1036:
802:
779:Bibliography
765:. Retrieved
754:
734:
695:
687:
678:
669:
660:
652:
649:
644:
636:
631:
622:
614:
610:
605:
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546:
532:Usu (Mortar)
490:
488:
468:paper making
465:
459:
434:
433:
429:water wheels
411:
410:
374:
371:19th century
350:
344:
324:Olaus Magnus
317:
313:
302:wrought iron
298:trip hammers
291:
287:Central Asia
268:
233:
186:
163:water wheels
160:
152:
129:
121:
98:
69:mill machine
64:
60:
56:
54:
1539:Stamp mills
1471:Co-products
1305:Calcination
1269:Cupellation
1185:Dry washing
1174:Magnetation
1097:Ore sorting
1062:Pebble mill
1029:Comminution
639:. Section 2
520:Hammer mill
439:Californian
418:for use in
306:Renaissance
221:Middle Ages
211:founded by
79:Description
36:Quincy Mine
34:Section of
1523:Categories
1508:Stamp sand
1458:Downs cell
1190:Buddle pit
1180:Rocker box
1037:Stamp mill
978:Base metal
946:Extraction
749:, page 143
609:J. Wahl: "
539:References
526:Stamp sand
514:Hammermill
365:waterwheel
252:Dolaucothi
205:watermills
57:stamp mill
51:Stamp Mill
1350:Lixiviant
1315:Liquation
1208:(by heat)
1069:Ball mill
1012:Recycling
598:Britannia
503:Ball mill
271:Samarkand
209:monastery
1478:Tailings
1342:Leaching
1310:Roasting
1261:Refining
1245:ISASMELT
1217:Smelting
1074:Rod mill
1057:SAG mill
1042:Arrastra
743:Archived
497:See also
484:oil-seed
416:Cornwall
361:camshaft
336:Sandrart
332:bloomery
314:martinet
244:medieval
195:scholar
183:automata
177:region.
44:showing
1503:Red mud
1493:Clinker
1247:furnace
1155:Panning
1112:Trommel
1102:Vanning
1079:IsaMill
1052:AG mill
1047:Crusher
995:Surface
973:Mineral
878:Arizona
767:Feb 24,
480:fulling
281:, from
191:of the
179:Ancient
173:in the
139:History
42:diagram
1483:Gangue
1284:Poling
1090:Sizing
990:Mining
509:Dhenki
462:, 1661
389:copper
387:, and
385:silver
294:Styria
275:Persia
240:anvils
225:Ickham
157:(1556)
107:-shod
1298:Other
1017:Scrap
872:near
847:near
820:near
340:Zonca
256:Wales
201:grain
197:Pliny
193:Roman
117:shaft
101:steel
49:Steam
46:Allis
1498:Chat
1488:Slag
769:2017
738:see
472:pulp
381:gold
357:iron
338:and
229:Kent
217:Jura
167:cams
113:cams
109:wood
105:iron
59:(or
963:Ore
728:255
724:254
720:248
716:247
712:223
708:222
704:221
700:220
458:'s
425:cwt
420:tin
349:'s
322:of
236:ore
227:in
151:'s
63:or
1525::
876:,
726:,
722:,
718:,
714:,
710:,
706:,
702:,
694:,
653:46
589:^
573:^
555:^
489:A
383:,
330:)
328:sv
165:,
75:.
55:A
1176:)
1172:(
906:e
899:t
892:v
771:.
254:(
103:(
20:)
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