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were used in remote areas for ore processing well into the 20th century. (19th century advertisements for some mills highlighted that they could be broken down, packed in by mule in pieces, and assembled on site with only simple tools.) Stamp mills are still in use in
Colombia by artisanal miners, powered by electric motors.
445:
gold mines. In these stamps the cam is arranged to lift the stamp from the side, so that it causes the stamp to rotate. This evens the wear on the shoe at the foot of the stamp. They were more rapid in action and a single head could crush 1.5 tons of ore as opposed to the
Cornish stamps which could
126:
Each one frame and stamp set is sometimes called a "battery" or, confusingly, a "stamp" and mills are sometimes categorised by how many stamps they have, i.e. a "10 stamp mill" has 10 sets. They usually are arranged linearly, but when a mill is enlarged, a new line of them may be constructed rather
395:
mining regions of the US in the latter 19th and early 20th centuries, in operations where the ore was crushed as a prelude to extracting the metals. They were superseded in the second half of the 19th century in many applications by more efficient methods. However their simplicity meant that they
138:
was built to supply stamp mills with process water. The
California Stamp made its major debut at the 1894 San Francisco midsummer fair. It was the first type that generated electricity, powered by a wood feed steam boiler. Steam started the wheels and belts turning; a generator that also was steam
426:
mining in around 1850. Cornish stamps were used to crush small lumps of ore into sand-like material. The stamp was constructed from heavy timber with an iron "head" at the bottom. It was lifted by cams on a rotating axle, and fell on the ore and water mixture, fed into a box beneath. The head
203:(NH 18.23) indicates that water-driven pestles had become fairly widespread in Italy by the first century AD: "The greater part of Italy uses an unshod pestle and also wheels which water turns as it flows past, and a trip-hammer ". These trip-hammers were used for the pounding and hulling of
131:) will usually have linear rows of foundation sets as their most prominent visible feature as the overall apparatus can exceed 20 feet in height, requiring large foundations. Stamps are usually arranged in sets of five.
300:(in modern-day Austria), one from 1135, and another from 1175. Both texts mentioned the use of vertical stamp mills for ore-crushing. Medieval French sources of the years 1116 and 1249 both record the use of mechanised
266:, where the datable examples are from the 1st and 2nd century AD. At Dolaucothi, these stamp mills were hydraulic-driven and possibly also at other Roman mining sites, where the large scale use of the
731:
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often sketched trip hammers for use in forges and even file-cutting machinery, those of the vertical pestle stamp-mill type. The oldest depicted
European illustration of a
908:
123:. As the cam moves from under the stamp, the stamp falls onto the ore below, crushing the rock, and the lifting process is repeated at the next pass of the cam.
746:
235:, a large metal hammer-head with mechanical deformations was excavated in an area where several Roman water-mills and metal waste dumps have also been traced.
134:
Some ore processing applications used large quantities of water so some stamp mills are located near natural or artificial bodies of water. For example, the
764:
652:
Adam Robert Lucas. "Industrial
Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe",
41:
296:
Water-powered and mechanised trip hammers reappeared in medieval Europe by the 12th century. Their use was described in medieval written sources of
1378:
802:
322:
227:. Apart from agricultural processing, archaeological evidence also strongly suggests the existence of trip hammers in Roman metal working. In
490:
processing prior to pressing the oil from the milled seeds. Early mills were water-powered but mills can also be steam or electric powered.
242:
from deep veins was first crushed into small pieces for further processing. Here, the regularity and spacing of large indentations on stone
45:
95:
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431:(about 200 to 400 kg) each, and were usually arranged in sets of four, in timber frames. Small stamps were commonly powered by
929:
330:, dated to 1565 AD. This woodcut image depicts three martinets, and a waterwheel working the wood and leather bellows of an osmund (
308:. Medieval European trip hammers by the 15th century were most often in the shape of the vertical pestle stamp-mill. The well-known
870:
The historic "yellow jacket" stamp mill is located here. It is open year-round, and operated several times per year for visitors.
139:
driven supplied the electricity for overhead lighting. This was a big plus for mining company, enabling more production time.
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in some cases) stamps, loosely held vertically in a frame, in which the stamps can slide up and down. They are lifted by
807:
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Barry C. Burnham: "Roman Mining at
Dolaucothi: The Implications of the 1991-3 Excavations near the Carreg Pumsaint",
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mining. Such mechanically deformed anvils have been found at numerous Roman silver and gold mining sites in
191:
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615:
Tres Minas: Vorbericht über die archäologischen
Ausgrabungen im Bereich des römischen Goldbergwerks 1986/87
1177:
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1345:
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75:, either for further processing or for extraction of metallic ores. Breaking material down is a type of
852:
359:, published in 1556. The mills Agricola shows were largely wooden construction, excepting the use of
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1130:
825:
339:
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Needham, Joseph: Science and
Civilization in China: Volume 4, Part 2. (Taipei: Caves Books Ltd 1986)
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371:, and stamps were typically arranged in gangs of three, with each wheel driving one or two gangs.
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furnace. The recumbent trip hammer was first depicted in
European artwork in an illustration by
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to crush mineral ores. By the 11th century, stamp mills were in widespread use throughout the
263:
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The widest application of stamp mills, however, seems to have occurred in Roman mining, where
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meant that large amounts of water were directly available for powering the machines.
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A five unit
Californian stamp mill once used in Arizona for crushing copper ore.
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region, indicating that the knowledge of trip hammers continued into the early
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indicate the use of cam-operated ore stamps, much like the devices of later
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The first stamp mill in the U.S. was built in 1829 at the Capps mine near
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Two Nissen stamps, installed c. 1909 at the Sound Democrat Mill near
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Detail of Californian stamp showing offset cam and rotating lifter
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than extending the line. Abandoned mill sites (as documented by
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520:- a more modern device that also can crush material to fines.
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The main components for water-powered stamp mills –
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Water-powered stamp mills are illustrated in book 8 of
403:
Eight heads of Cornish stamps powered by a waterwheel
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805:(2002): "Machines, Power and the Ancient Economy",
441:were based on Cornish stamps and were used for the
207:. Grain-pounders with pestles, as well as ordinary
765:"A history of handmade paper. The basic problem"
744:Mineral Resources of the Blue Ridge and Piedmont
641:Millstone and Hammer: the Origins of Water Power
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497:may refer to a factory that performs stamping.
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99:Interior of the Deadwood Terra Gold Stamp Mill
71:that crushes material by pounding rather than
902:
8:
860:5 cutaway drawings of mills produced by the
482:, and might have derived from those used in
277:as early as 973. They were used in medieval
189:from the third century BC. A passage in the
185:cams are in evidence in early water-powered
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874:Superstition Mountain Museum 20-Stamp Mill
617:", in H. Steuer and U. Zimmerman (eds):
526:- an historical forge using trip hammers
103:A stamp mill consists of a set of heavy
94:
604:, Vol. 28 (1997), pp. 325-336 (333-335)
547:
418:are stamp mills that were developed in
173:, and hammers – were known in the
767:. l’Institut d’histoire du livre, Lyon
323:Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus
868:Western Museum of Mining and Industry
363:shoes on the end of each stamp. The
268:hushing and ground sluicing technique
7:
833:, relocated to Jake Jackson Museum,
367:was set directly on the axle of the
811:, Vol. 92, pp. 1–32 (16, 21f.)
273:Stamp mills were used by miners in
435:and larger ones by steam engines.
25:
930:Non-ferrous extractive metallurgy
427:normally weighed between 4 and 8
289:and North Africa in the west to
864:Company during the early 1900s.
621:, 1993, p.123-152 (141; Fig.19)
478:), before the invention of the
474:for preparing the paper-stuff (
470:Stamp mills were used in early
320:forge-hammer is perhaps in the
1:
1283:Bottom-blown oxygen converter
858:Mining History Illustrations
808:The Journal of Roman Studies
619:Montanarchäologie in Europa
1559:
532:- the product of ore mills
924:
464:Theatrum Machinarum Novum
381:Charlotte, North Carolina
129:industrial archaeologists
119:on a horizontal rotating
1009:Underground in soft rock
1004:Underground in hard rock
840:Kentucky Mine Stamp Mill
486:wool. They were used in
862:Joshua Hendy Iron Works
844:Sierra City, California
835:Weaverville, California
538:- a Japanese Stamp mill
304:used in the forging of
795:
654:Technology and Culture
630:Wilson, p. 21, Fn.110.
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412:
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383:. They were common in
283:medieval Islamic world
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1337:(by aqueous solution)
1169:Gravity Concentration
918:Extractive metallurgy
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639:M.J.T. Lewis (1997).
460:Georg Andreas Böckler
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410:
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179:Eastern Mediterranean
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1452:Hall–Héroult process
1131:Mechanical screening
831:Paymaster Stamp Mill
826:Lewiston, California
822:Paymaster Stamp Mill
763:Neil Harris (2017).
458:A fulling mill from
450:Other stamping mills
312:artist and inventor
27:Type of mill machine
1174:Magnetic separation
1121:Cyclonic separation
942:(by physical means)
927:Metallurgical assay
793:Silverton, Colorado
1255:Refractory linings
1126:Gyratory equipment
938:Mineral processing
796:
749:2005-03-11 at the
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446:only crush 1 ton.
439:Californian stamps
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151:Ore stamp mill in
136:Redridge Steel Dam
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1164:Jig concentrators
962:Natural resources
957:Geological survey
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842:and museum, near
659:(1): 1-30 (2005)
346:(dated 1621 AD).
314:Leonardo da Vinci
264:Iberian Peninsula
217:Romanus of Condat
16:(Redirected from
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1538:Mining equipment
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1430:(by electricity)
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1412:Pan amalgamation
1384:Gold cyanidation
1374:In situ leaching
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254:, including at
192:Natural History
175:Hellenistic era
158:De re metallica
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67:) is a type of
39:unit operations
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65:stamping mill
62:
61:stamp battery
58:
50:
47:
43:
40:
37:
32:
19:
1439:Electrolysis
1399:Amalgamation
1154:Jameson cell
1111:Hydrocyclone
1040:
806:
783:Bibliography
769:. Retrieved
758:
738:
699:
691:
682:
673:
664:
656:
653:
648:
640:
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609:
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536:Usu (Mortar)
494:
492:
472:paper making
469:
463:
438:
437:
433:water wheels
415:
414:
378:
375:19th century
354:
348:
328:Olaus Magnus
321:
317:
306:wrought iron
302:trip hammers
295:
291:Central Asia
272:
237:
190:
167:water wheels
164:
156:
133:
125:
102:
69:mill machine
64:
60:
56:
54:
1543:Stamp mills
1475:Co-products
1309:Calcination
1273:Cupellation
1189:Dry washing
1178:Magnetation
1101:Ore sorting
1066:Pebble mill
1033:Comminution
643:. Section 2
524:Hammer mill
443:Californian
422:for use in
310:Renaissance
225:Middle Ages
215:founded by
83:Description
36:Quincy Mine
34:Section of
1527:Categories
1512:Stamp sand
1462:Downs cell
1194:Buddle pit
1184:Rocker box
1041:Stamp mill
982:Base metal
950:Extraction
753:, page 143
613:J. Wahl: "
543:References
530:Stamp sand
518:Hammermill
369:waterwheel
256:Dolaucothi
209:watermills
57:stamp mill
51:Stamp Mill
1354:Lixiviant
1319:Liquation
1212:(by heat)
1073:Ball mill
1016:Recycling
602:Britannia
507:Ball mill
275:Samarkand
213:monastery
1482:Tailings
1346:Leaching
1314:Roasting
1265:Refining
1249:ISASMELT
1221:Smelting
1078:Rod mill
1061:SAG mill
1046:Arrastra
747:Archived
501:See also
488:oil-seed
420:Cornwall
365:camshaft
340:Sandrart
336:bloomery
318:martinet
248:medieval
199:scholar
187:automata
181:region.
73:grinding
44:showing
1507:Red mud
1497:Clinker
1251:furnace
1159:Panning
1116:Trommel
1106:Vanning
1083:IsaMill
1056:AG mill
1051:Crusher
999:Surface
977:Mineral
882:Arizona
771:Feb 24,
484:fulling
285:, from
195:of the
183:Ancient
177:in the
143:History
42:diagram
1487:Gangue
1288:Poling
1094:Sizing
994:Mining
513:Dhenki
466:, 1661
393:copper
391:, and
389:silver
298:Styria
279:Persia
244:anvils
229:Ickham
161:(1556)
111:-shod
1302:Other
1021:Scrap
876:near
851:near
824:near
344:Zonca
260:Wales
205:grain
201:Pliny
197:Roman
121:shaft
105:steel
49:Steam
46:Allis
1502:Chat
1492:Slag
773:2017
742:see
476:pulp
385:gold
361:iron
342:and
233:Kent
221:Jura
171:cams
117:cams
113:wood
109:iron
59:(or
967:Ore
732:255
728:254
724:248
720:247
716:223
712:222
708:221
704:220
462:'s
429:cwt
424:tin
353:'s
326:of
240:ore
231:in
155:'s
63:or
1529::
880:,
730:,
726:,
722:,
718:,
714:,
710:,
706:,
698:,
657:46
593:^
577:^
559:^
493:A
387:,
334:)
332:sv
169:,
79:.
55:A
1180:)
1176:(
910:e
903:t
896:v
775:.
258:(
107:(
20:)
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