568:
164:
435:, supplemented by numerous puristic neologisms. This has led some critics to argue that Morocco's official "language policy" is marginalizing the northern and eastern Berber languages of Morocco, and tacitly making all the Berber languages of Morocco 'non-standard', particularly those whose speakers do not identify with any of the three major languages used by IRCAM, such as
410:. As part of the standardization process, in 2003, IRCAM chose Tifinagh, referring to Neo-Tifinagh, as Standard Moroccan Amazigh's orthography. The decision was controversial both inside and outside the deciding committee, having been made for political, rather than practical, reasons; most Moroccan speakers of Tamazight do not use Tifinagh.
423:
script used for
Amazigh languages outside of Morocco. As a result, the adoption of Tifinagh is seen as limiting both within Morocco, and in connecting Morocco with broader Amazigh culture in North Africa, with the decision's harshest critics viewing it as an intentional ploy by the government. Linguist
367:
To develop
Standard Moroccan Amazigh, IRCAM analyzed written sources of Tashelhit, Central Atlas Tamazight, and Tarifit. In this process, 3584 verbs were added to the standardized vocabulary. Words and syntactic structures with identical meanings across languages were added as synonyms; for example,
422:
The 2003 adoption of
Tifinagh was met with widespread criticism, particularly among Amazigh activists, who find the choice impractical and limiting in the promotion of Tamazight. Most Moroccan speakers of Amazigh use the Latin alphabet, rather than Tifinagh, and the Latin alphabet is the official
427:
argued that the decision was "dangerous" and intended to " this transitional period of
Amazigh writing and teaching into a sure dead end." However, most non-activists opposed the official adoption of the Latin alphabet for Amazigh, and a 2011 survey found that 45.5% of respondents agreed that
783:
In
Morocco, three Amazigh languages can be identified: Tamazight in the middle and center of the country, Tarifit in the north, and Tashelhit in the south. Although the adjective Amazigh is commonly used, the term Tamazight is now widely used as a generic name for all of the three
884:
As the mother tongue of 40-60 per cent of the population of
Morocco, Tamazight is clearly a national language, yet in many ways it has less recognition by the state than does Walloon in Belgium since Walloon is now taught (as a foreign language) in the schools and Tamazight is
2123:
1487:
413:
The version of Neo-Tifinagh used by IRCAM is slightly different from other versions. As of 2016, the use of
Tifinagh has been restricted primarily to public signage and other culturally conspicuous uses; it is not widely used in education or media.
355:
In 2001, the creation of IRCAM, and its role in teaching
Tamazight in the classroom, was announced. This development required the standardization of Tamazight writing and the creation of dictionaries, textbooks, and teaching materials.
379:
To add words not found in any of
Tashelhit, Central Atlas Tamazight, or Tarifit, IRCAM borrowed from Amazigh languages from outside Morocco when possible, and otherwise derived a new word from the existing Tamazight lexicon.
348:
As of 1993, about 40–60 percent of
Moroccans spoke Tamazight, referring to either Tashelhit, Central Atlas Tamazight, or Tarifit, as a native language. Following the independence of Morocco in 1956,
431:
In practice, while all three languages are used in primary school textbooks, Tashelhit otherwise appears to be the main basis of the standard used in Amazigh-language materials produced by the
834:
Tamazight in Morocco is divided by linguists into three major dialect areas usually referred to as: Taselhit in the south, Tamazight in the Middle Atlas mountains, and Tarifit in the north.
352:
began calling for greater inclusion of Tamazight in official and public contexts. Cultural associations also began demanding the standardization of Tamazight in the 1980s.
2226:
1308:
988:
484:
The Amazigh population in Morocco speak Tashelhit, Tarifit, Central Atlas Tamazight, and a few other varieties natively, not the standardized combination of them.
1541:
334:, although these terms can also be used to refer to any other Amazigh language, or to Amazigh languages as a whole, including those outside Morocco.
2154:
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2118:
1440:
1340:
1284:
1145:
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964:
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2113:
2255:
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181:
1814:
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2250:
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331:
1700:
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102:
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1978:
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112:
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403:
92:
1693:
1009:
Crawford, David L. (2005). "Royal Interest in Local Culture: Amazigh Identity and the Moroccan State".
1819:
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1968:
1963:
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593:
343:
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1202:
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774:
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621:
510:
Ataa Allah, Fadoua; Boulaknadel, Siham (2018). Mastorakis, N.; Mladenov, V.; Bulucea, A. (eds.).
389:
655:
Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'14)
647:
910:
2016:
1958:
1918:
1720:
1710:
1446:
1436:
1403:
1346:
1336:
1335:. Christopher Moseley (2nd ed.). Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. pp. 58–59.
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1026:
1016:
970:
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898:
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692:
613:
533:
359:
In 2011, the Moroccan constitution was amended to include Tamazight as an official language.
300:
2196:
1160:
In Morocco, the Palace had chosen neo-Tifinagh as a compromise option, for political reasons.
847:
797:
2008:
1953:
1945:
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1802:
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324:
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1991:
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1628:
1604:
1594:
1589:
1584:
718:
Zouhir, Abderrahman (2014). "Language Policy and State in Morocco: The Status of Berber".
312:
284:
107:
84:
17:
2173:
2144:
1796:
1790:
1757:
1725:
1599:
137:
1384:"Writing and rewriting Amazigh/Berber identity: Orthographies and language ideologies"
1229:"Writing and rewriting Amazigh/Berber identity: Orthographies and language ideologies"
1051:"Writing and rewriting Amazigh/Berber identity: Orthographies and language ideologies"
235:
2239:
1807:
1655:
1465:"الجنوب الشرقي و المعهد و القناة الامازيغية: عذرا !! نحن هنا قبل أن تنصرفوا ..."
1415:
1260:
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879:
829:
778:
704:
625:
528:
511:
399:
1785:
1623:
848:"The Politics of Unofficial Language Use: Walloon in Belgium, Tamazight in Morocco"
798:"The Politics of Unofficial Language Use: Walloon in Belgium, Tamazight in Morocco"
424:
1399:
1244:
1066:
1015:. Maya Shatzmiller. Montreal : McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 164–165.
762:
688:
609:
1279:. Abdelhay, Asfaha, Yonas Mesfun. Newcastle upon Tyne. 2014. pp. 151–152.
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330:
Standard Moroccan Amazigh is typically referred to as Tamazight, Amazigh, or
376:, the Tashelhit word for house, mean "house" in Standard Moroccan Amazigh.
349:
228:
212:
194:
1430:
1330:
1274:
1135:
1010:
959:. Abdelhay, Asfaha, Yonas Mesfun. Newcastle upon Tyne. 2014. p. 153.
954:
939:
Vourlias, Christopher (January 25, 2010). "Moroccan minority's net gain".
219:
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144:
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169:
57:
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1432:
The Berber identity movement and the challenge to North African states
1137:
The Berber identity movement and the challenge to North African states
1435:(1st ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 170–171.
448:
1364:"Morocco draft law on official use of Berber language scrutinised".
1190:
747:"The question of languages and the medium of instruction in Morocco"
673:"The question of languages and the medium of instruction in Morocco"
594:"The question of languages and the medium of instruction in Morocco"
327:
in Morocco. It has been an official language of Morocco since 2011.
1519:
1140:(1st ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 195.
428:
Tifinagh was the most appropriate script for writing Tamazight.
1523:
1115:(2). New Jersey: Amazigh Cultural Association in America (ACAA)
1512:
Criticism against Morocco's Royal Institute of Amazigh Culture
943:. Vol. 417, no. 10. Penske Business Media, LLC.
1012:
Nationalism and minority identities in Islamic societies
2200:
1105:"Which Script for Tamazight, Whose Choice is it ?"
657:. European Language Resources Association (ELRA): 1053.
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1840:
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646:Fadoua Ataa, Allah; Boulaknadel, Siham (May 2014).
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372:, the Central Atlas Tamazight word for house, and
905:, Edinburgh University Press, pp. 219–220,
1488:"ماذا حققت الأمازيغية بإيجابيتكم أستاذ بوكوس؟؟"
1332:The Routledge handbook of scripts and alphabets
512:"Morpho-Lexicon for standard Moroccan Amazigh"
27:Variety of the Berber language used in Morocco
2220:
1535:
8:
398:Tamazight has typically been written in the
1177:Silverstein, Paul; Crawford, David (2004).
2227:
2213:
2098:
1670:
1542:
1528:
1520:
1307:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
987:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
29:
1179:"Amazigh Activism and the Moroccan State"
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527:
1492:Hespress - هسبريس جريدة إلكترونية مغربية
911:10.3366/edinburgh/9780748623730.003.0006
2155:Amazigh Cultural Association in America
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751:Current Issues in Language Planning
677:Current Issues in Language Planning
598:Current Issues in Language Planning
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2199:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
433:Royal Institute of Amazigh Culture
305:Royal Institute of Amazigh Culture
182:Royal Institute of Amazigh Culture
25:
1109:Amazigh Voice (Taghect Tamazight)
566:
162:
1382:Soulaimani, Dris (2016-01-02).
1227:Soulaimani, Dris (2016-01-02).
1049:Soulaimani, Dris (2016-01-02).
897:Bassiouney, Reem (2009-08-27),
1429:Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce (2011).
1276:African Literacies: Ideologies
1134:Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce (2011).
956:African Literacies: Ideologies
899:"Language policy and politics"
529:10.1051/matecconf/201821004024
1:
1400:10.1080/17586801.2015.1023176
1245:10.1080/17586801.2015.1023176
1067:10.1080/17586801.2015.1023176
763:10.1080/14664208.2017.1353329
720:Digest of Middle East Studies
689:10.1080/14664208.2017.1353329
610:10.1080/14664208.2017.1353329
1329:Campbell, George L. (2012).
394:Tifinagh § Neo-Tifinagh
451:, and Southeastern Berber.
293:Standard Moroccan Tamazight
38:Standard Moroccan Tamazight
2272:
2256:Afroasiatic language stubs
2185:
1782:(transitional to Eastern)
1366:BBC Monitoring Middle East
864:10.1177/0308275X9301300204
814:10.1177/0308275X9301300204
745:Alalou, Ali (2018-04-03).
671:Alalou, Ali (2018-04-03).
592:Alalou, Ali (2018-04-03).
387:
341:
2246:Northern Berber languages
2167:
648:"Amazigh Verb Conjugator"
556:Standard Moroccan Amazigh
311:by combining features of
277:Standard Moroccan Amazigh
157:Official language in
118:Standard Moroccan Amazigh
42:
37:
33:Standard Moroccan Amazigh
1685:(transitional to Atlas)
1388:Writing Systems Research
1233:Writing Systems Research
1055:Writing Systems Research
852:Critique of Anthropology
802:Critique of Anthropology
516:MATEC Web of Conferences
297:Standard Moroccan Berber
18:Standard Moroccan Berber
1494:(in Arabic). 2015-04-07
903:Arabic Sociolinguistics
846:Gross, Joan E. (1993).
796:Gross, Joan E. (1993).
445:Eastern Atlas Tamazight
317:Central Atlas Tamazight
113:Central Atlas Tamazight
2195:-related article is a
2150:World Amazigh Congress
2081:Berber Arabic alphabet
2066:Libyco-Berber alphabet
461:Libyco-Berber alphabet
439:in the far northeast,
2193:Afroasiatic languages
2086:Judeo-Berber alphabet
2076:Berber Latin alphabet
1716:South Oran and Figuig
1311:) CS1 maint: others (
991:) CS1 maint: others (
404:Berber Latin alphabet
301:standardized language
2031:Fezzan-Tripolitanian
1683:Eastern Middle Atlas
1103:Larbi, Hsen (2003).
447:in central Morocco,
344:Languages of Morocco
289:الأمازيغية المعيارية
262:Timaziɣin (females)
2251:Standard languages
1183:Middle East Report
732:10.1111/dome.12039
390:Berber orthography
323:, the three major
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1442:978-0-292-73478-4
1368:. August 4, 2016.
1342:978-0-203-86548-4
1286:978-1-4438-6826-6
1147:978-0-292-73478-4
1022:978-0-7735-7254-6
966:978-1-4438-6826-6
564:(25th ed., 2022)
350:Amazigh activists
325:Amazigh languages
303:developed by the
291:), also known as
281:ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ
274:
273:
252:Tamaziɣt (female)
242:
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177:Regulated by
48:tamaziɣt tanawayt
44:ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ
16:(Redirected from
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1927:Moroccan Amazigh
1875:Sanhaja de Srayr
1815:Western Algerian
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1701:Northern Saharan
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72:
69:
68:
65:
61:
60:
55:
54:Native to
51:
50:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2268:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2230:
2225:
2223:
2218:
2216:
2211:
2210:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2124:DNAFLA (Mali)
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2114:HCA (Algeria)
2112:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2047:
2046:
2045:West Numidian
2042:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2024:East Numidian
2021:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1854:
1853:Central Atlas
1851:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
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1744:
1741:
1737:
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1727:
1724:
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1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1702:
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1687:
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1684:
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1678:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1647:
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1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1558:Reconstructed
1556:
1552:
1545:
1540:
1538:
1533:
1531:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1513:
1508:
1505:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1480:
1469:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1425:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1360:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1270:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1130:
1127:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1005:
1003:
999:
994:
990:
984:
976:
972:
968:
962:
958:
957:
950:
947:
942:
935:
932:
922:
920:9780748623730
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
893:
890:
886:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
842:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
792:
789:
785:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
741:
738:
733:
729:
725:
721:
714:
711:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
667:
665:
661:
656:
649:
642:
640:
638:
636:
632:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
588:
586:
584:
582:
580:
578:
574:
569:
563:
562:
557:
552:
550:
548:
544:
539:
535:
530:
525:
521:
517:
513:
506:
504:
502:
498:
491:
481:
478:
471:
467:
464:
462:
459:
458:
454:
452:
450:
446:
442:
441:Senhaja-Ktama
438:
434:
429:
426:
417:
415:
411:
409:
405:
401:
400:Arabic script
395:
391:
383:
381:
377:
375:
371:
362:
360:
357:
353:
351:
345:
337:
335:
333:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
286:
278:
269:
265:
259:
255:
250:Amaziɣ (male)
249:
245:
237:
233:
231:
230:
225:
221:
217:
214:
209:
204:
199:
196:
191:
186:
183:
180:
178:
174:
171:
160:
154:
149:
146:
143:
139:
133:
119:
116:
115:
114:
111:
110:
109:
106:
105:
104:
101:
100:
99:
96:
95:
94:
90:
86:
80:
76:
70:
66:
62:
59:
56:
52:
49:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2201:expanding it
2190:
2182:
2169:
2129:CRB (France)
2102:Governmental
2095:Institutions
2043:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2007:
1926:
1919:Standardised
1870:Judeo-Berber
1857:
1795:
1616:
1566:Proto-Berber
1564:
1507:
1496:. Retrieved
1491:
1482:
1471:. Retrieved
1467:
1459:
1431:
1424:
1391:
1387:
1365:
1359:
1331:
1275:
1269:
1239:(1): 12–14.
1236:
1232:
1182:
1159:
1136:
1129:
1119:December 17,
1117:. Retrieved
1112:
1108:
1058:
1054:
1011:
955:
949:
940:
934:
924:, retrieved
902:
892:
883:
855:
851:
841:
833:
805:
801:
791:
782:
754:
750:
740:
726:(1): 37–53.
723:
719:
713:
680:
676:
654:
601:
597:
559:
519:
515:
480:
430:
425:Salem Chaker
421:
412:
397:
378:
373:
369:
366:
358:
354:
347:
329:
296:
292:
276:
275:
227:
117:
93:Afro-Asiatic
47:
2058:Orthography
2038:Mauretanian
1964:Tawellemmet
1689:Seghrouchen
1185:(233): 46.
384:Orthography
363:Development
307:(IRCAM) in
2240:Categories
2017:Old Libyan
1841:Non-Zenati
1498:2024-02-12
1473:2024-02-12
1394:(1): 6–9.
1061:(1): 1–2.
926:2022-12-14
858:(2): 182.
808:(2): 181.
784:languages.
604:(2): 6–8.
561:Ethnologue
492:References
388:See also:
342:See also:
2172:indicate
1987:Tetserret
1451:741751261
1416:144700140
1408:1758-6801
1351:810078009
1303:cite book
1295:892969053
1261:144700140
1253:1758-6801
1199:0899-2851
1156:741751261
1083:144700140
1075:1758-6801
1031:191819018
983:cite book
975:892969053
880:145058398
872:0308-275X
830:145058398
822:0308-275X
779:149159548
771:1466-4208
705:149159548
697:1466-4208
626:149159548
618:1466-4208
538:2261-236X
522:: 04024.
418:Criticism
313:Tashelhit
229:Glottolog
213:ISO 639-3
195:ISO 639-2
2071:Tifinagh
1959:Tamashek
1731:Wad Righ
1721:Tidikelt
1711:Mozabite
1666:Northern
1612:Ghadamès
455:See also
408:Tifinagh
270:Tamaziɣt
267:Language
236:stan1324
145:Tifinagh
103:Northern
2170:Italics
2009:Guanche
1979:Western
1954:Tamahaq
1907:Western
1902:Eastern
1865:Ghomara
1820:Gouraya
1803:Douiret
1791:Matmata
1775:Shawiya
1758:Iznasen
1743:Riffian
1618:Jaghbub
1577:Eastern
1207:1559451
941:Variety
437:Iznasen
374:tigammi
370:taddart
338:History
321:Tarifit
309:Morocco
299:, is a
170:Morocco
58:Morocco
2001:Others
1992:Zenaga
1969:Tayart
1946:Tuareg
1887:Kabyle
1880:Shilha
1830:Shenwa
1825:Shelif
1808:Zuwara
1763:Snouss
1736:Wargla
1706:Gurara
1694:Warayn
1675:Zenati
1649:Yefren
1644:Wazzin
1629:Nafusi
1605:Tmessa
1595:Foqaha
1590:Fezzan
1585:Awjila
1449:
1439:
1414:
1406:
1349:
1339:
1293:
1283:
1259:
1251:
1205:
1197:
1154:
1144:
1081:
1073:
1029:
1019:
973:
963:
917:
878:
870:
828:
820:
777:
769:
703:
695:
624:
616:
536:
449:Figuig
402:, the
332:Berber
319:, and
285:Arabic
257:People
247:Person
167:
98:Berber
2191:This
1859:Gharb
1797:Sened
1786:Jerba
1726:Tuwat
1639:Nalut
1624:Kufra
1600:Sokna
1412:S2CID
1257:S2CID
1203:JSTOR
1079:S2CID
876:S2CID
826:S2CID
775:S2CID
701:S2CID
651:(PDF)
622:S2CID
472:Notes
406:, or
368:both
108:Atlas
2197:stub
2138:NGOs
1656:Siwa
1634:Jadu
1447:OCLC
1437:ISBN
1404:ISSN
1347:OCLC
1337:ISBN
1313:link
1309:link
1291:OCLC
1281:ISBN
1249:ISSN
1195:ISSN
1152:OCLC
1142:ISBN
1121:2009
1071:ISSN
1027:OCLC
1017:ISBN
993:link
989:link
971:OCLC
961:ISBN
915:ISBN
885:not.
868:ISSN
818:ISSN
767:ISSN
693:ISSN
614:ISSN
534:ISSN
392:and
77:None
67:2011
64:Date
1396:doi
1241:doi
1187:doi
1063:doi
907:doi
860:doi
810:doi
759:doi
728:doi
685:doi
606:doi
558:at
524:doi
520:210
295:or
220:zgh
203:zgh
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