400:
and Canada were also improving their railroad system and needed a standard time as well. With a standard meridian, stage coach and trains were able to be more efficient. The argument of which meridian is more scientific was set aside in order to find the most convenient for practical reasons. They were also able to agree that the universal day was going to be the mean solar day. They agreed that the days would begin at midnight and the universal day would not impact the use of local time. A report was submitted to the "Transactions of the Royal
Society of Canada", dated 10 May 1894; on the "Unification of the Astronomical, Civil and Nautical Days"; which stated that:
47:
331:
144:
539:– in the late 19th century and early 20th century, most countries have adopted the standard time of one of the 24 meridians closest to their geographical position, as decided by the International Meridian Conference in 1884. Although, a few time zones are offset by an additional 30 or 45 minutes, such as in the
483:
classified this true meridian versus the magnetic meridian in order to have a more qualitative, intuitive, and abstract function. He used the true meridian since his compass varied by a few degrees. There were some variations. When he noted the sight line for the True
Meridian from his family's house
496:
is the moment when a celestial object passes the meridian of longitude of the observer. At this point, the celestial object is at its highest point. When the Sun passes two times an altitude while rising and setting can be averaged to give the time of meridian passage. Navigators utilized the Sun's
399:
It was in the best interests of the nations to agree to one standard meridian to benefit their fast growing economy and production. The disorganized system they had before was not sufficient for their increasing mobility. The coach services in
England had erratic timing before the GWT. United States
377:
The position of the prime meridian has changed a few times throughout history, mainly due to the transit observatory being built next door to the previous one (to maintain the service to shipping). Such changes had no significant practical effect. Historically, the average error in the determination
315:
to vote on an international prime meridian. Ultimately the outcome was as follows: there would be only one prime meridian, the prime meridian was to cross and pass at
Greenwich (which was the 0°), there would be two longitude direction up to 180° (east being plus and west being minus), there will be
255:
in 200 BC. This prime meridian was used to provide measurement of the earth, but had many problems because of the lack of latitude measurement. Many years later around the 19th century there were still concerns of the prime meridian. Multiple locations for the geographical meridian meant that there
310:
Because of a growing international economy, there was a demand for a set international prime meridian to make it easier for worldwide traveling which would, in turn, enhance international trading across countries. As a result, a
Conference was held in 1884, in Washington, D.C. Twenty-six countries
342:
Toward the ending of the 12th century there were two main locations that were acknowledged as the geographic location of the meridian, France and
Britain. These two locations often conflicted and a settlement was reached only after there was an International Meridian Conference held, in which
320:
There were two main reasons for this. The first was that the USA had already chosen
Greenwich as the basis for its own national time zone system. The second was that in the late 19th century, 72% of the world's commerce depended on sea-charts which used Greenwich as the Prime Meridian. The
456:, which is relevant for navigating with a compass. Navigators were able to use the azimuth (the horizontal angle or direction of a compass bearing) of the rising and setting Sun to measure the magnetic variation (difference between magnetic and true north).
1263:
Standard meridians … They are 15° apart. The focal time on any one of them, therefore, differs exactly one hour from the local time on either of the two others between which it is situated. Each standard meridian is the middle line of a belt extending 15°
472:
poles and the observer. The true meridian can be found by careful astronomical observations, and the magnetic meridian is simply parallel to the compass needle. The arithmetic difference between the true and magnetic meridian is called the
559:
Many of these instruments rely on the ability to measure the longitude and latitude of the Earth. These instruments also were typically affected by local gravity, which paired well with existing technologies such as the magnetic meridian.
390:
position (measured at
Greenwich). The position of the current geodetic prime meridian is not identified at all by any kind of sign or marking at Greenwich (as the older astronomic position was), but can be located using a GPS receiver.
503:
The declination of major stars are their angles north and south from the celestial equator. The meridian passage will not occur exactly at 12 hours because of the Earth orbit excentricity (see
354:, was set at zero degrees of longitude, while other meridians were defined by the angle at the center of the Earth between where it and the prime meridian cross the equator. As there are 360
1308:
It is intended that local time at any place on the surface of the globe shall generally be regulated by the standard meridian nearest or most convenient to such place in longitude.
704:
969:
Haughton, Graves
Champney (1 January 1851). "On the relative dynamic value of the degrees of the compass; and on the cause of the needle resting in the magnetic meridian".
448:
will be parallel to the magnetic meridian. However, a compass needle will not be steady in the magnetic meridian, because of the longitude from east to west being complete
1424:
358:
in a circle, the meridian on the opposite side of the Earth from
Greenwich, the antimeridian, forms the other half of a circle with the one through Greenwich, and is at
1283:
468:
is the chord that goes from one pole to the other, passing through the observer, and is contrasted with the magnetic meridian, which goes through the
334:
The astronomic prime meridian at Greenwich, England. The geodetic prime meridian is actually 102.478 meters east of this point since the adoption of
1450:
1417:
928:
Doumbia, Vafi; Boka, Kouadio; Kouassi, Nguessan; Grodji, Oswald Didier Franck; Amory-Mazaudier, Christine; Menvielle, Michel (4 January 2017).
1378:
1220:
1187:
1078:
766:
647:
64:
366:(with land mass and island deviations for boundary reasons). The meridians from Greenwich (0°) west to the antimeridian (180°) define the
484:
to the depot, he could check the declination of his compass before and after surveying throughout the day. He noted this variation down.
321:
recommendation was based on the argument that naming Greenwich as Longitude 0º would be of advantage to the largest number of people.
1410:
1297:
312:
305:
130:
111:
83:
2187:
790:
68:
90:
347:
497:
declination and the Sun's altitude at local meridian passage, in order to calculate their latitude with the formula.
673:"So, What is Actually the Distance from the Equator to the Pole? – Overview of the Meridian Distance Approximations"
97:
351:
1105:
Principal Facts of the Earth's Magnetism and Methods of Determining the True Meridian and the Magnetic Declination
57:
594:
35:
849:
Malys, Stephen; Seago, John H.; Pavlis, Nikolaos K.; Seidelmann, P. Kenneth; Kaplan, George H. (December 2015).
631:
79:
1559:
791:"What is the Prime Meridian? - Definition, Facts & Location - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com"
363:
196:
256:
was inconsistency, because each country had their own guidelines for where the prime meridian was located.
216:
528:
379:
236:
941:
930:"Induction effects of geomagnetic disturbances in the geo-electric field variations at low latitudes"
902:
862:
600:
569:
474:
453:
285:
31:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2089:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2037:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1624:
1619:
1590:
1585:
1540:
1507:
1470:
437:
433:
212:
164:
2182:
2085:
2033:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1433:
1236:
1152:
1084:
986:
772:
653:
589:
520:
441:
387:
371:
367:
224:
104:
735:
721:
1726:
1636:
1367:
1216:
1183:
1117:
1109:
1074:
762:
643:
544:
383:
359:
1550:
1535:
1521:
1500:
1484:
1463:
1208:
1175:
1144:
1066:
1017:
978:
949:
910:
870:
826:
754:
684:
635:
504:
480:
1306:. International Institute for Preserving and Perfecting Weights and Measures. p. 22.
1241:
584:
540:
532:
232:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2137:
1385:
945:
906:
866:
1629:
1595:
1358:
579:
445:
355:
273:
248:
192:
176:
2176:
1545:
1514:
1477:
1212:
1179:
1088:
1070:
1037:
990:
914:
548:
516:
293:
289:
220:
180:
1449:
1022:
1005:
706:
First Teachings about the Earth; its lands and waters; its countries and States, etc
574:
252:
228:
1402:
316:
a universal day, and the day begins at the mean midnight of the initial meridian.
1320:
1301:
1277:
1256:
1103:
370:
and the meridians from Greenwich (0°) east to the antimeridian (180°) define the
280:, midway between the times of sunrise and sunset on that meridian. Likewise, the
17:
1391:
1379:
Resources page of the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management
1135:
McLean, Albert F. (1968). "Thoreau's True Meridian: Natural Fact and Metaphor".
203:. The position of a point along the meridian is given by that longitude and its
46:
776:
2132:
2028:
1983:
875:
850:
831:
814:
758:
657:
639:
536:
524:
1371:
954:
929:
1004:
Obuchovski, Romuald; Petroškevičius, Petras; Būga, Arūnas (1 January 2008).
330:
168:
152:
1121:
982:
893:
Smith, Humphry M. (January 1976). "Greenwich time and the prime meridian".
689:
672:
143:
378:
of longitude was much larger than the change in position. The adoption of
1325:
449:
204:
1937:
1529:
1492:
1455:
1384:
1156:
208:
156:
888:
886:
444:
of magnetic force lines along the surface of the Earth. Therefore, a
1148:
413:- begins at noon of civil day and continue until following noon, and
971:
Abstracts of the Papers Communicated to the Royal Society of London
335:
329:
172:
1113:
277:
188:
184:
1406:
239:) has been estimated as 20,003.93 km (12,429.87 mi).
1390:
452:. The angle between the magnetic and the true meridian is the
288:
at the same time. The same Latin stem gives rise to the terms
281:
40:
419:- concludes at noon of civil day, starting at preceding noon.
1351:
749:
Withers, Charles W. J. (2017). "Ruling Space, Fixing Time".
621:
619:
1006:"Research on magnetic declination in Lithuanian territory"
292:
used to disambiguate hours of the day when utilizing the
231:
on Earth's surface. The length of a meridian on a modern
722:"The Prime Meridian: Establishing Global Time and Space"
432:
is an equivalent imaginary line connecting the magnetic
515:
A standard meridian is a meridian used for determining
477:, which is important for the calibration of compasses.
1258:
Harper's School Geography: With Maps and Illustrations
407:- begins at midnight and ends at midnight following,
207:, measured in angular degrees north or south of the
531:. Since the adoption of time zones – as opposed to
71:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
844:
842:
382:" (WGS84) as the positioning system has moved the
626:Withers, Charles W. J. (2017). "Absurd Vanity".
147:Meridians run between the North and South poles.
1303:What Shall be the Prime Meridian for the World?
500:Latitude = (90° – noon altitude + declination)
386:prime meridian 102.478 metres east of its last
318:
753:. Harvard University Press. pp. 263–274.
27:Line between the poles with the same longitude
1418:
343:Greenwich was recognized as the 0° location.
290:a.m. (ante meridiem) and p.m. (post meridiem)
8:
1261:. American Book Company. 1885. p. 129.
1425:
1411:
1403:
1360:A history of the rectangular survey system
1284:United States National Bureau of Standards
374:. Most maps show the lines of longitude.
1021:
953:
874:
830:
688:
395:Effect of Prime Meridian (Greenwich Time)
276:passes through a given meridian at solar
131:Learn how and when to remove this message
142:
1102:U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey (1919).
615:
815:"Where exactly is the prime meridian?"
7:
69:adding citations to reliable sources
1352:The Principal Meridian Project (US)
1321:"How time zones confused the world"
1108:. U.S. Government Printing Office.
440:and can be taken as the horizontal
1279:Standard Time Throughout the World
851:"Why the Greenwich meridian moved"
30:For the astronomical concept, see
25:
348:Greenwich (inside Greenwich Park)
313:International Meridian Conference
306:International Meridian Conference
300:International Meridian Conference
1448:
1393:The New Student's Reference Work
1213:10.4159/harvard.9780674074811.c7
1180:10.4159/harvard.9780674074811.c6
1071:10.4159/harvard.9780674074811.c8
45:
1205:The Lost Art of Finding Our Way
1172:The Lost Art of Finding Our Way
1063:The Lost Art of Finding Our Way
1023:10.3846/1648-7788.2008.12.51-56
527:) is the standard meridian for
56:needs additional citations for
1242:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
825:(5): 5.5.2–5.5. October 2015.
1:
555:Measurement of Earth rotation
915:10.1016/0083-6656(76)90039-8
1276:Gould, Ralph Edgar (1925).
199:). In other words, it is a
167:connecting points of equal
2204:
1298:Committee on Standard Time
1207:. 2013. pp. 125–160.
1065:. 2013. pp. 161–192.
819:Astronomy & Geophysics
303:
227:. A meridian is half of a
29:
1447:
1444:
1357:White, C. Albert (1991).
1174:. 2013. pp. 99–124.
876:10.1007/s00190-015-0844-y
759:10.4159/9780674978935-011
736:"Royal Museum Greenwitch"
640:10.4159/9780674978935-004
595:Public Land Survey System
80:"Meridian" geography
1061:"The Sun and the Moon".
955:10.5194/angeo-35-39-2017
632:Harvard University Press
380:World Geodetic System 84
272:, meaning "midday"; the
1042:www.merriam-webster.com
1038:"Definition of AZIMUTH"
832:10.1093/astrogeo/atv151
671:Weintrit, Adam (2013).
364:International Date Line
197:IERS Reference Meridian
1170:"Maps and Compasses".
983:10.1098/rspl.1843.0275
690:10.12716/1001.07.02.14
350:, England, called the
339:
323:
217:Gall-Peters projection
148:
34:. For other uses, see
2188:Meridians (geography)
529:Eastern European Time
346:The meridian through
333:
268:comes from the Latin
146:
601:Dominion Land Survey
570:Meridian (astronomy)
519:. For instance, the
475:magnetic declination
454:magnetic declination
311:were present at the
65:improve this article
32:Meridian (astronomy)
1541:Tropic of Capricorn
1509:Tropic of Capricorn
1472:Tropic of Capricorn
1434:Circles of latitude
1237:"standard meridian"
946:2017AnGeo..35...39D
934:Annales Geophysicae
907:1976VA.....20..219S
895:Vistas in Astronomy
867:2015JGeod..89.1263M
225:circles of latitude
219:, each meridian is
213:Mercator projection
1245:. Merriam-Webster.
1137:American Quarterly
855:Journal of Geodesy
634:. pp. 25–72.
590:Principal meridian
521:30th meridian east
372:Eastern Hemisphere
368:Western Hemisphere
340:
286:celestial meridian
149:
2170:
2169:
1222:978-0-674-07481-1
1189:978-0-674-07481-1
1080:978-0-674-07481-1
861:(12): 1263–1272.
768:978-0-674-97893-5
720:Rosenburg, Matt.
649:978-0-674-97893-5
511:Standard meridian
430:magnetic meridian
424:Magnetic meridian
201:line of longitude
141:
140:
133:
115:
18:Standard meridian
16:(Redirected from
2195:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2140:
1551:Antarctic Circle
1536:Tropic of Cancer
1524:
1523:Antarctic Circle
1517:
1510:
1503:
1502:Tropic of Cancer
1495:
1487:
1486:Antarctic Circle
1480:
1473:
1466:
1465:Tropic of Cancer
1458:
1452:
1427:
1420:
1413:
1404:
1399:
1397:
1388:
1386:"Meridian"
1375:
1365:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1048:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1001:
995:
994:
966:
960:
959:
957:
925:
919:
918:
890:
881:
880:
878:
846:
837:
836:
834:
811:
805:
804:
802:
801:
787:
781:
780:
746:
740:
739:
732:
726:
725:
717:
711:
710:
701:
695:
694:
692:
668:
662:
661:
623:
505:Equation of time
494:meridian passage
488:Meridian passage
481:Henry D. Thoreau
411:astronomical day
195:(currently, the
136:
129:
125:
122:
116:
114:
73:
49:
41:
21:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1456:
1440:
1431:
1383:
1363:
1356:
1348:
1343:
1342:
1332:
1330:
1329:. 7 August 2015
1319:
1318:
1314:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1223:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1190:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1149:10.2307/2711017
1134:
1133:
1129:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1081:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1046:
1044:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1003:
1002:
998:
968:
967:
963:
927:
926:
922:
892:
891:
884:
848:
847:
840:
813:
812:
808:
799:
797:
789:
788:
784:
777:j.ctt1n2ttsj.12
769:
748:
747:
743:
734:
733:
729:
719:
718:
714:
703:
702:
698:
670:
669:
665:
650:
625:
624:
617:
612:
597:, United States
585:Meridian Centre
566:
557:
545:South Australia
541:Chatham Islands
533:local mean time
513:
490:
462:
426:
397:
328:
308:
302:
262:
245:
233:ellipsoid model
171:, which is the
137:
126:
120:
117:
74:
72:
62:
50:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2201:
2199:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2175:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1527:
1520:
1513:
1506:
1499:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1462:
1453:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1422:
1415:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1381:
1376:
1354:
1347:
1346:External links
1344:
1341:
1340:
1312:
1289:
1282:(1 ed.).
1268:
1248:
1228:
1221:
1195:
1188:
1162:
1143:(3): 567–579.
1127:
1094:
1079:
1053:
1029:
996:
961:
920:
882:
838:
806:
782:
767:
741:
727:
712:
696:
683:(2): 259–272.
663:
658:j.ctt1n2ttsj.6
648:
614:
613:
611:
608:
607:
606:
605:
604:
598:
587:
582:
580:Prime meridian
577:
572:
565:
562:
556:
553:
512:
509:
489:
486:
461:
458:
446:compass needle
425:
422:
421:
420:
414:
408:
396:
393:
360:180° longitude
352:Prime Meridian
327:
324:
304:Main article:
301:
298:
274:subsolar point
261:
258:
249:prime meridian
244:
241:
193:prime meridian
139:
138:
53:
51:
44:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2200:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2113:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2061:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1939:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1632:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1615:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1598:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1581:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1552:
1547:
1546:Arctic Circle
1542:
1537:
1532:
1531:
1525:
1518:
1516:Arctic Circle
1511:
1504:
1497:
1496:
1488:
1481:
1479:Arctic Circle
1474:
1467:
1460:
1459:
1451:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1396:
1394:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1361:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1293:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1259:
1252:
1249:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1232:
1229:
1224:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1196:
1191:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1098:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1054:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1030:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1000:
997:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
965:
962:
956:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
924:
921:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
889:
887:
883:
877:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
845:
843:
839:
833:
828:
824:
820:
816:
810:
807:
796:
792:
786:
783:
778:
774:
770:
764:
760:
756:
752:
745:
742:
737:
731:
728:
723:
716:
713:
708:
707:
700:
697:
691:
686:
682:
678:
674:
667:
664:
659:
655:
651:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
622:
620:
616:
609:
602:
599:
596:
593:
592:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
567:
563:
561:
554:
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
517:standard time
510:
508:
506:
501:
498:
495:
487:
485:
482:
478:
476:
471:
467:
466:true meridian
460:True meridian
459:
457:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
423:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
402:
401:
394:
392:
389:
385:
381:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
344:
337:
332:
325:
322:
317:
314:
307:
299:
297:
295:
294:12-hour clock
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
259:
257:
254:
250:
243:Pre-Greenwich
242:
240:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
221:perpendicular
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
145:
135:
132:
124:
113:
110:
106:
103:
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82: –
81:
77:
76:Find sources:
70:
66:
60:
59:
54:This article
52:
48:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
2111:
2088:
2059:
2036:
1936:
1630:
1613:
1596:
1579:
1555:
1528:
1491:
1454:
1437:
1392:
1359:
1331:. Retrieved
1324:
1315:
1307:
1302:
1292:
1286:. p. 2.
1278:
1271:
1262:
1257:
1251:
1240:
1231:
1204:
1198:
1171:
1165:
1140:
1136:
1130:
1104:
1097:
1062:
1056:
1045:. Retrieved
1041:
1032:
1016:(2): 51–56.
1013:
1009:
999:
974:
970:
964:
940:(1): 39–51.
937:
933:
923:
898:
894:
858:
854:
822:
818:
809:
798:. Retrieved
794:
785:
751:Zero Degrees
750:
744:
730:
715:
705:
699:
680:
676:
666:
628:Zero Degrees
627:
575:Meridian arc
558:
514:
502:
499:
493:
491:
479:
469:
465:
463:
429:
427:
417:nautical day
416:
410:
404:
398:
376:
345:
341:
319:
309:
284:crosses the
269:
265:
263:
253:Eratosthenes
246:
229:great circle
200:
160:
150:
127:
118:
108:
101:
94:
87:
75:
63:Please help
58:verification
55:
901:: 219–229.
438:north poles
251:was set by
191:of a given
2177:Categories
1047:2018-07-28
800:2018-07-25
610:References
537:solar time
388:astronomic
326:Geographic
247:The first
235:of Earth (
91:newspapers
2183:Surveying
1438:meridians
1372:987270720
1203:"Stars".
1089:133042730
991:118467818
795:study.com
525:UTC+02:00
442:component
405:civil day
362:near the
264:The term
260:Etymology
179:or other
169:longitude
153:geography
121:July 2018
1326:BBC News
1300:(1884).
1114:19014371
1010:Aviation
677:TransNav
603:, Canada
564:See also
470:magnetic
450:geodesic
384:geodetic
270:meridies
266:meridian
215:or on a
205:latitude
161:meridian
36:Meridian
1530:Equator
1494:Equator
1457:Equator
1398:. 1914.
1333:9 April
1157:2711017
1122:5426732
977:: 626.
942:Bibcode
903:Bibcode
863:Bibcode
709:. 1870.
356:degrees
223:to all
211:. On a
209:Equator
177:degrees
163:is the
157:geodesy
105:scholar
1395:
1370:
1219:
1186:
1155:
1120:
1112:
1087:
1077:
989:
775:
765:
656:
646:
237:WGS 84
107:
100:
93:
86:
78:
2160:45x90
2153:45x90
2146:45x90
2139:45x90
1364:(PDF)
1264:wide.
1153:JSTOR
1085:S2CID
987:S2CID
773:JSTOR
654:JSTOR
549:Nepal
434:south
336:WGS84
181:units
173:angle
165:locus
112:JSTOR
98:books
1932:170°
1927:160°
1922:140°
1917:130°
1912:110°
1907:100°
1872:170°
1867:160°
1862:140°
1857:130°
1852:110°
1847:100°
1812:175°
1807:165°
1802:155°
1797:145°
1792:135°
1787:125°
1782:115°
1777:105°
1722:175°
1717:165°
1712:155°
1707:145°
1702:135°
1697:125°
1692:115°
1687:105°
1631:180°
1625:150°
1620:120°
1597:180°
1591:150°
1586:120°
1368:OCLC
1335:2022
1217:ISBN
1184:ISBN
1118:OCLC
1110:LCCN
1075:ISBN
763:ISBN
644:ISBN
547:and
492:The
464:The
436:and
428:The
278:noon
189:west
185:east
175:(in
159:, a
155:and
84:news
2133:85°
2128:75°
2123:65°
2118:55°
2112:45°
2106:35°
2101:25°
2096:15°
2081:85°
2076:75°
2071:65°
2066:55°
2060:45°
2054:35°
2049:25°
2044:15°
2029:90°
2024:80°
2019:70°
2014:60°
2009:50°
2004:40°
1999:30°
1994:20°
1989:10°
1984:90°
1979:80°
1974:70°
1969:60°
1964:50°
1959:40°
1954:30°
1949:20°
1944:10°
1902:80°
1897:70°
1892:50°
1887:40°
1882:20°
1877:10°
1842:80°
1837:70°
1832:50°
1827:40°
1822:20°
1817:10°
1772:95°
1767:85°
1762:75°
1757:65°
1752:55°
1747:45°
1742:35°
1737:25°
1732:15°
1682:95°
1677:85°
1672:75°
1667:65°
1662:55°
1657:45°
1652:35°
1647:25°
1642:15°
1614:90°
1608:60°
1603:30°
1580:90°
1574:60°
1569:30°
1209:doi
1176:doi
1145:doi
1067:doi
1018:doi
979:doi
950:doi
911:doi
871:doi
827:doi
755:doi
685:doi
636:doi
535:or
507:).
282:Sun
187:or
151:In
67:by
2179::
2086:5°
2034:5°
1938:0°
1727:5°
1637:5°
1560:0°
1436:/
1389:.
1366:.
1323:.
1239:.
1215:.
1182:.
1151:.
1141:20
1139:.
1116:.
1083:.
1073:.
1040:.
1014:12
1012:.
1008:.
985:.
973:.
948:.
938:35
936:.
932:.
909:.
899:20
897:.
885:^
869:.
859:89
857:.
853:.
841:^
823:56
821:.
817:.
793:.
771:.
761:.
679:.
675:.
652:.
642:.
630:.
618:^
551:.
543:,
296:.
183:)
2090:S
2038:N
1563:E
1557:W
1426:e
1419:t
1412:v
1374:.
1337:.
1225:.
1211::
1192:.
1178::
1159:.
1147::
1124:.
1091:.
1069::
1050:.
1026:.
1020::
993:.
981::
975:5
958:.
952::
944::
917:.
913::
905::
879:.
873::
865::
835:.
829::
803:.
779:.
757::
738:.
724:.
693:.
687::
681:7
660:.
638::
523:(
338:.
134:)
128:(
123:)
119:(
109:·
102:·
95:·
88:·
61:.
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
