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of the philosophers. For I heard the following from the philosophers, The wisest of the philosophers was asked: "We admit that our predecessors were wiser than we. At the same time we criticize their comments, often rejecting them and claiming that the truth rests with us. How is this possible?" The wise philosopher responded: "Who sees further a dwarf or a giant? Surely a giant for his eyes are situated at a higher level than those of the dwarf. But if the dwarf is placed on the shoulders of the giant who sees further? ... So too we are dwarfs astride the shoulders of giants. We master their wisdom and move beyond it. Due to their wisdom we grow wise and are able to say all that we say, but not because we are greater than they.
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nous avons sur eux; parce que s'étant élevés jusqu'à un certain degré où ils nous ont portés, le moindre effort nous fait monter plus haut, et avec moins de peine et moins de gloire nous nous trouvons au-dessus d'eux. C'est de là que nous pouvons découvrir des choses qu'il leur était impossible d'apercevoir. Notre vue a plus d'étendue; et, quoiqu'ils connussent aussi bien que nous tout ce qu'ils pouvaient remarquer de la nature, ils n'en connaissaient pas tant néanmoins, et nous voyons plus qu'eux.
322:
257:
560:, that Nicholas of Morimondo laments, “We no longer have the learning of the ancients, the age of giants is past!” To which the protagonist, William of Baskerville, replies: “We are dwarfs, but dwarfs who stand on the shoulders of those giants, and small though we are, we sometimes manage to see farther on the horizon than they.”
241:
the son of Nun endorse a mistaken position, I would reject it out of hand, I do not hesitate to express my opinion, regarding such matters in accordance with the modicum of intelligence allotted to me. I was never arrogant claiming "My Wisdom served me well". Instead I applied to myself the parable
453:
reproaches him for "making things too easy on self." If there is to be anything resembling "progress" in the history of philosophy, Nietzsche in "Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks" (1873) writes, it can only come from those rare giants among men, "each giant calling to his brother through
316:
For it is a false and fond similitude, which some writers adopt, though they think it witty and suitable, that we are, compared with the ancients, as dwarfs upon the shoulders of giants. It is not so. Neither are we dwarfs, nor they giants, but we are all of one stature, save that we are lifted up
407:
C'est de cette façon que l'on peut aujourd'hui prendre d'autres sentiments et de nouvelles opinions sans mépris et sans ingratitude, puisque les premières connaissances qu'ils nous ont données ont servi de degrés aux nôtres, et que dans ces avantages nous leur sommes redevables de l'ascendant que
114:
The ancients had only the books which they themselves wrote, but we have all their books and moreover all those which have been written from the beginning until our time.… Hence we are like a dwarf perched on the shoulders of a giant. The former sees further than the giant, not because of his own
317:
somewhat higher by their means, provided that there be found in us the same studiousness, watchfulness and love of truth, as was in them. If these conditions be lacking, then we are not dwarfs, nor set on the shoulders of giants, but men of a competent stature, grovelling on the earth.
139:
Bernard of
Chartres used to compare us to dwarfs perched on the shoulders of giants. He pointed out that we see more and farther than our predecessors, not because we have keener vision or greater height, but because we are lifted up and borne aloft on their gigantic
402:, in the "Preface to the Treatise on the Vacuum" expresses the same idea, without talking about shoulders, but rather about the knowledge handed down to us by the ancients as steps that allow us to climb higher and see farther than they could:
292:
This has recently been interpreted by a few writers as a sarcastic remark directed at Hooke's appearance. Although Hooke was not of particularly short stature, he was of slight build and had been afflicted from his youth with a severe
449:(1882) entitled "On the Vision and the Riddle", Zarathustra climbs to great heights with a dwarf on his shoulders to show him his greatest thought. Once there however, the dwarf fails to understand the profundity of the vision and
288:] did was a good step. You have added much several ways, & especially in taking the colours of thin plates into philosophical consideration. If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants.
220:(Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John) as ordinary-size people sitting on their shoulders. The evangelists, though smaller, "see more" than the huge prophets (since they saw the Messiah about whom the prophets spoke).
179:
see a little further than the giant. That this was possible was above all due to the cathedral schools with their lack of a well-rooted tradition and their freedom from a clearly defined routine of study.
1373:
175:. is not a great claim; neither, however, is it an example of abasement before the shrine of antiquity. It is a very shrewd and just remark, and the important and original point was the dwarf
123:"Our elders, in higher life and study, had the appearance of the giant with the commanding body; We can, through ardor, equal them, if we scrutinize their teachings with good sense." (c. 1410)
1308:
151:, Bernard was comparing contemporary 12th century scholars to the ancient scholars of Greece and Rome. A similar conceit also appears in a contemporary work on church history by
31:
747:
Wirth, Karl August (1992). "Lateinische und deutsche Texte in einer
Bilderhandschrift aus der FrĂĽhzeit des 15. Jahrhunderts". In Henkel, Nikolaus; Palmer, Nigel F. (eds.).
1938:
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stature, but because of the stature of his bearer. Similarly, we see more than the ancients, because our writings, modest as they are, are added to their great works.
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stated: "Each generation stands on the shoulders of those who have gone before them, just as I did as a young PhD student in
Cambridge, inspired by the work of
892:
Turnbull, H. W. ed., 1959. The
Correspondence of Isaac Newton: 1661–1675, Volume 1, London, UK: Published for the Royal Society at the University Press. p. 416
628:
35:
69:) and expresses the meaning of "discovering truth by building on previous discoveries". This concept has been dated to the 12th century and, according to
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1993:
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394:... comme l'on dit, il est bien facile, & mesme necessaire de voir plus loin que nos devanciers, lors que nous sommes montez sur leur espaules ...
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Questions harmoniques, dans lesquelles sont contenuës plusieurs choses remarquables pour la physique, pour la morale, et pour les autres sciences
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Die, SĂĽddeutsche
Tafelsammlung': Edition Der Handschrift Washington, D.C., Library of Congress, Lessing J. Rosenwald Collection, Ms. No. 4: 34
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argues that a dwarf (the academic scholar) brings even the most sublime heights down to his level of understanding. In the section of
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An illustration of New
Testament evangelists on the shoulders of Old Testament prophets, looking up at the Messiah (from the south
2018:
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which means "using the understanding gained by major thinkers who have gone before in order to make intellectual progress".
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references the phrase in the chorus of their song "King Of Birds" - "Standing on the shoulders of giants leaves me cold"
1933:
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1651:
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595:
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Nietzsche, Friedrich
Wilhelm, Keith Ansell-Pearson, and Duncan Large. "Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks".
188:
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1147:"Standing on the shoulders of the Google giant: Sustainable discovery and Google Scholar's comprehensive coverage"
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I say with
Didacus Stella, a dwarf standing on the shoulders of a giant may see farther than a giant himself.
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The
Metalogicon of John Salisbury: A Twelfth-century Defense of the Verbal and Logical Arts of the Trivium
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for academic literature, displays the phrase "Stand on the shoulders of giants" below the search field.
722:"«Como enanos a hombros de gigantes»: la frase atribuida a Bernardo de Chartres en su contexto (1159)"
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The visual image (from
Bernard of Chartres) appears in the stained glass of the south transept of
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Vives, on education : a translation of the De tradendis disciplinis of Juan Luis Vives
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of the Hebrew Bible (Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and Daniel) as gigantic figures, and the
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Bene tamen scimus pygmeos gigantum humeris impositos, plus quam ipsos gigantes videre.
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The dwarf sees farther than the giant, when he has the giant's shoulder to mount on.
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took up the quotation in 1578 and by the 17th century it had become commonplace.
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The quote is most often attributed to Sir Isaac Newton in a letter to his rival,
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in the history of learning, and indeed characterizes the age which opened with
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On the Shoulders of Giants. A Shandean Postscript. The Post-Italianate Edition
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The meaning and origin of the expression: Standing on the shoulders of giants
538:, which explores the major works of physics and astronomy that inspired him.
472:
374:
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694:. With a Foreword by Umberto Eco. University of Chicago Press. p. xiv.
81:: "if I have seen further , it is by standing on the shoulders of giants."
77:. But its most familiar and popular expression occurs in a 1675 letter by
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421:(1651), wrote "A dwarf on a giant's shoulders sees farther of the two."
94:
The earliest documented attestation of this aphorism appears in 1123 in
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227:
1077:"Stephen Hawking's 1966 doctoral thesis made available for first time"
1122:"On the shoulders of giants: Why include data citations in research?"
513:
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On the Shoulders of Giants: The Great Works of Physics and Astronomy
171:(960–1028) and closed in the first quarter of the 12th century with
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2.10. No reference or allusion to the quotation is found there.
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Teshuvot (responsa) haRid, responsum 62, columns 301–303. See
284:
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Latein und Volkssprache im deutschen Mittelalter, 1100 - 1500
487:
is the title of the fourth studio album by English rock band
1194:
Merton, Robert King; Eco, Umberto; Donoghue, Denis (1993).
907:
The Great Equations: The hunt for cosmic beauty in numbers
940:. Cambridge : The University Press. pp. cv–cvi.
110:(young men simply can see more sharply), William writes:
1178:
Lectio philosophorum: recherches sur l'Ecole de Chartres
762:
Castelberg, Marcus; Fasching, Richard F., eds. (2013).
510:
on its edge; this is intended as a quotation of Newton.
360:
Later editors of Burton misattributed the quotation to
372:, chapter 10; volume 2" became a reference to Lucan's
992:
Opuscules philosophiques, pub. avec une vie de Pascal
454:
the desolate intervals of time", an idea he got from
32:
Standing on the shoulders of giants (disambiguation)
27:
Stylistic device to acknowledge previous discoveries
1952:
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751:(in German). Max Niemeyer Verlag. pp. 256–295.
1009:. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2006. 101–13. Print.
814:. Translated by MacGarry, Daniel Doyle. Berkeley:
308:quotes the phrase "on shoulders of giants" in his
274:written in 5 February 1675 and published in 1855:
1939:Statal Institute of Higher Education Isaac Newton
1196:On the shoulders of giants: a Shandean postscript
865:The Ecclesiastical History of Ordericus Vitalis,
867:Oxford University Press, 1973 Bk.8, ch.7 p.238.
663:"Letter from Sir Isaac Newton to Robert Hooke"
1230:
534:." Additionally, Hawking wrote a book called
8:
223:The phrase also appears in the works of the
1237:
1223:
1215:
934:Vives, Juan Luis; Watson, Foster (1913).
607:
491:. The title was actually a misquote by
1046:"United Kingdom Two Pound Coin Design"
786:
720:Llano, Ignacio Cabello (31 May 2022).
364:; in their hands Burton's attribution
1489:Newton's law of universal gravitation
1210:Overview of history of the expression
709:. Univ. of Toronto Press. p. 50.
630:Strategic Sourcing in the New Economy
108:quanto juniores, tanto perspicaciores
7:
1647:Newton's theorem of revolving orbits
808:MacGarry, Daniel Doyle, ed. (1955).
127:The same aphorism was attributed to
1595:Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy
1336:standing on the shoulders of giants
508:STANDING ON THE SHOULDERS OF GIANTS
59:standing on the shoulders of giants
45:standing on the shoulders of giants
18:Standing on the Shoulders of Giants
1962:
833:Southern, Richard William (1952).
667:Historical Society of Pennsylvania
484:Standing on the Shoulder of Giants
366:Didacus Stella, in luc 10, tom. ii
270:remarked in a letter to his rival
247:Early modern and modern references
25:
1999:Sociology of scientific knowledge
1994:Metaphors referring to body parts
1187:Rethinking the School of Chartres
1126:National Snow and Ice Data Center
1075:Kennedy, Maev (22 October 2017).
880:Dwarfs on the Shoulders of Giants
707:Rethinking the School of Chartres
475:lunar landing mission was titled
1924:Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes
332:shoulders in a 1658 painting by
147:According to medieval historian
67:nani gigantum humeris insidentes
1944:Newton International Fellowship
1625:generalized Gauss–Newton method
1538:Newton's method in optimization
1198:. University of Chicago press.
1189:. University of Toronto Press.
816:University of California Press
495:after seeing the quote on the
218:four New Testament evangelists
1:
995:(in French). Hachette et cie.
957:Enarrationes (tomus secundum)
460:Der handschriftliche Nachlass
385:quoted the expression in his
208:. The tall windows under the
1565:Newton's theorem about ovals
471:NASA’s official film of the
352:(1624), quotes Stella thus:
310:De causis corruptarum artium
1934:Sir Isaac Newton Sixth Form
1590:Corpuscular theory of light
1516:Schrödinger–Newton equation
783:. folio 217 recto (f 217r).
413:Later in the 17th century,
346:, in the second edition of
159:sums up the quality of the
2035:
1343:Notes on the Jewish Temple
1185:Jeauneau, Édouard (2009).
1176:Jeauneau, Édouard (1973).
1020:"Oasis - Official website"
777:John of Salisbury (1159).
705:Jeauneau, Édouard (2009).
536:On the Shoulders of Giants
477:On the Shoulders of Giants
36:On the Shoulders of Giants
29:
1151:Impact of Social Sciences
1094:Hawking, Stephen (2002).
863:Marjorie Chibnall (ed.),
836:Making of the Middle Ages
554:writes in his 1980 novel
349:The Anatomy of Melancholy
312:(1531) with disapproval:
104:Institutiones grammaticae
1494:post-Newtonian expansion
1374:Corruptions of Scripture
1366:Ancient Kingdoms Amended
959:(in Latin). p. 24.
793:: CS1 maint: location (
766:(in German). De Gruyter.
596:Stigler's law of eponymy
149:Richard William Southern
2019:Quotations from science
2014:12th-century quotations
1684:Absolute space and time
1548:truncated Newton method
1521:Newton's laws of motion
1484:Newton's law of cooling
989:Pascal, Blaise (1887).
951:Estella, Diego (1582).
882:, Tradition Spring 1993
571:Collective intelligence
466:Contemporary references
425:Samuel Taylor Coleridge
1919:Isaac Newton Telescope
1909:Isaac Newton Institute
1679:Newton–Puiseux theorem
1674:Parallelogram of force
1662:kissing number problem
1652:Newton–Euler equations
1555:Gauss–Newton algorithm
1504:gravitational constant
911:Constable and Robinson
633:. Palgrave Macmillan.
627:Keith, Bonnie (2016).
506:bears the inscription
504:British two pound coin
497:British two pound coin
446:Thus Spoke Zarathustra
437:
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135:, who in 1159 wrote:
124:
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106:. Where Priscian says
66:
1873:Isaac Newton Gargoyle
1783: (nephew-in-law)
1759:Copernican Revolution
1754:Scientific Revolution
1615:Newton–Cotes formulas
1479:Newton's inequalities
1456:Structural coloration
841:Yale University Press
581:Distributed cognition
439:Against this notion,
433:
404:
391:
387:Questions harmoniques
354:
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233:(c. 1180 – c. 1250):
191:
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1880:Astronomers Monument
1570:Newton–Pepys problem
1543:Apollonius's problem
1511:Newton–Cartan theory
1424:Newton–Okounkov body
1357:hypotheses non fingo
1346: (c. 1680)
1026:on 27 September 2007
1007:The Nietzsche Reader
617:, The Phrase Finder.
557:The Name of the Rose
212:show the four major
54:It is a metaphor of
30:For other uses, see
1689:Luminiferous aether
1637:Newton's identities
1610:Newton's cannonball
1585:Classical mechanics
1575:Newtonian potential
1436:Newtonian telescope
1056:on 29 December 2008
878:Shnayer Z. Leiman,
528:James Clerk Maxwell
441:Friedrich Nietzsche
129:Bernard of Chartres
75:Bernard of Chartres
73:, is attributed to
1914:Isaac Newton Medal
1719: (birthplace)
1533:Newtonian dynamics
1431:Newton's reflector
1153:. 19 November 2015
591:School of Chartres
586:Great Conversation
337:
265:
206:Chartres Cathedral
202:
198:Chartres Cathedral
125:
96:William of Conches
1976:
1975:
1868: (sculpture)
1835:Abraham de Moivre
1789: (professor)
1717:Woolsthorpe Manor
1669:Newton's quotient
1642:Newton polynomial
1600:Newton's notation
1331: (1661–1665)
1100:. Running Press.
920:978-1-84529-281-2
903:Crease, Robert P.
726:Fontes Medii Aevi
688:Merton, Robert K.
509:
161:cathedral schools
153:Ordericus Vitalis
133:John of Salisbury
71:John of Salisbury
16:(Redirected from
2026:
1964:
1859: (monotype)
1823:William Stukeley
1819: (disciple)
1799:Benjamin Pulleyn
1775:Catherine Barton
1694:Newtonian series
1605:Rotating spheres
1351:General Scholium
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85:Early references
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1580:Newtonian fluid
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843:. p. 203.
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520:Stephen Hawking
499:while in a pub.
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431:(1828), wrote:
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306:Juan Luis Vives
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2009:Isaac Newton
1966:Isaac Newton
1878:
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1787:Isaac Barrow
1725: (home)
1466:Newtonianism
1441:Newton scale
1404:Impact depth
1377: (1754)
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1259:
1253:Publications
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1129:. Retrieved
1125:
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1096:
1089:
1081:the Guardian
1080:
1070:
1058:. Retrieved
1054:the original
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1024:the original
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978:(in French).
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1866:by Paolozzi
1805:Roger Cotes
1414:Newton disc
1328:Quaestiones
1301:Arithmetica
1030:31 December
780:Metalogicon
552:Umberto Eco
458:'s work in
451:Zarathustra
210:rose window
194:rose window
90:Middle Ages
1983:Categories
1953:Categories
1929:XMM-Newton
1846:Depictions
1817:John Keill
1739:Apple tree
1734:Later life
1729:Early life
1309:De Analysi
1180:. Hakkert.
1170:References
1157:6 November
1131:6 November
1050:Royal Mint
953:"Caput. X"
850:0300002300
818:. p.
429:The Friend
282: [
280:Des-Cartes
2004:Tradition
1768:Relations
1277:Principia
1060:4 January
789:cite book
646:15 August
473:Apollo 17
417:, in his
381:In 1634,
375:Pharsalia
228:tosaphist
1891:Namesake
1857:by Blake
1451:Spectrum
1392:Calculus
1361: )
1261:Fluxions
905:(2008).
690:(1993).
565:See also
326:Cedalion
295:kyphosis
214:prophets
140:stature.
100:Priscian
49:metaphor
1409:Inertia
1397:fluxion
1293:Queries
1285:Opticks
1269:De Motu
330:Orion's
237:Should
169:Fulbert
165:Gerbert
47:" is a
1864:Newton
1855:Newton
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672:7 June
637:
514:R.E.M.
301:Others
239:Joshua
225:Jewish
56:dwarfs
1699:table
602:Notes
489:Oasis
427:, in
362:Lucan
278:What
177:could
63:Latin
1159:2022
1133:2022
1102:ISBN
1062:2009
1032:2006
915:ISBN
845:ISBN
795:link
674:2018
648:2016
635:ISBN
544:, a
530:and
502:The
34:and
820:167
730:doi
328:on
285:sic
196:of
131:by
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