1259:
Jews of Turkey by showing Turks that the Jews were suffering so much that they should not give in to Nazi demands to deport their Jews to the death camps.' How could Shaw claim that Jews happily paid an unfair tax that ruined them financially and psychologically? Many Jews unable to pay the tax who served at the labor camps in Aşkale returned broken men. Some died there. Not only is Shaw's statement unattributed to any source, but it is also factually inaccurate; the Nazis never demanded that Turkey deport its Jews to death camps. Moreover, adding that 'the deprivation of their wealth by the government drained what resentment there might otherwise have been among Turks against Jewish wealth while the mass of the population was suffering because of the war,' Shaw repeats the anti-Semitic campaign at the time depicting Jews as war profiteers.
517:
hurt. A phone call placed several hours later by a man claimed that the
Iranian Group of 28 was responsible for the bombing. Turkey's permanent ambassador to the UN disputed this, however, and alleged that Armenians were behind the attack. Shaw made light of the situation and attributed the bombing to the fact that he had probably assigned too many F's. But he claimed that Armenian and Greek students had threatened him over the previous two years and canceled the rest of his classes for the remainder of the quarter. With the controversy unabated ten years later, Shaw would claim Armenians were persecuting him not because of his scholarly views but for
609:
percent of the total Jewish immigration, legal and illegal, to
Palestine from all sources during the war". Wasserstein asks, "How can a supposedly professional historian arrive at such distorted, at times preposterous conclusions?" Shaw's points have been challenged in a more recent study by Corry Guttstadt, who contests that his work has contributed to "an ossified, self-perpetuating myth which is frequently propagated in international publications," and that Turkey, in fact, passed laws that prevented Jewish immigration and threatened to expel refugee academics if they lacked proper documentation (after their citizenship had been revoked by
532:, Shaw not only presented and published the Turkish version of the events of 1915-1916, he also used his academic and editorial influence to prevent the works of his opponents from being published in English: when he was a member of the reading committee of the University of California editions, the translation of a collection of documents proving the reality of the Armenian genocide was refused on the pretext that it was a propaganda pamphlet.
1018:
319:
published by the
Princeton University Press in 1962. Stanford Shaw served as Assistant and Associate Professor of Turkish Language and History, with tenure, in the Department of Near Eastern Languages and in the Department of History at Harvard University from 1958 until 1968, and as Professor of Turkish history at the University of California Los Angeles from 1968 until his retirement in 1992.
564:
wholly into the
Turkish nation." Shaw is so shoddy in his scholarship and so infuriating in his denials that one might argue that the metameaning of his work is indeed to celebrate the genocidal violence against the Armenians. Nonetheless, at this point, because of what I interpret as an overall absence of more direct statements celebrating the genocide, I classify him here in Type 2.
311:, also completing research on his dissertation in the Ottoman archives of Istanbul, where he was helped by a number of staff members, including Ziya Esrefoglu, Turgut Isiksal, Rauf Tuncay, and Attila Cetin, and in the Topkapi Palace archives, where he was provided with valuable assistance and support by its director, Hayrullah Ors and studied with Professor
444:, a scholar on Ottoman history, noted in his review that both volumes were "so full of errors, half-truths, oversimplifications and inexactitudes that a non-specialist will find them positively misleading....When almost every page is a minefield of misinformation, a detailed review is impossible." Another reviewer,
620:
writes that the book was written with the help of
Turkish career foreign service personnel and Turkish Jewish leaders. He states that the book " brought together Armenian genocide denial and an updated version of the centuries-old theme of utopian relations between Muslims and Jews in the face of the
608:
for factual and methodological errors. Wasserstein is aghast at Shaw's "tendency to ignore any negative evidence, while exaggerating the positive," for example, Shaw's claims that 90,000 Jewish refugees passed through Turkey on the way to
Palestine, however, Wasserstein notes that this number is "150
597:
was published. Shaw claimed that the
Republic of Turkey, as a neutral during the greater part of World War II, exerted its diplomatic efforts to the best of its abilities to save Jews of Turkish origins from extermination. The work was particularly receptive among Turkish government circles. It was,
1258:
It also serves to counter Shaw's humiliating contention—based on purported interviews that he cites nowhere of events that have been contradicted by scholars in Turkey and abroad and by the published accounts of
Turkish Jews who experienced that era—that Jews happily paid the tax, which 'helped the
516:
The second volume caused a stir among
Armenian students attending UCLA and the Armenian community of Los Angeles at large. Matters came to a head when on the night of 3 October 1977, a bomb, placed by unknown assailants, exploded at the doorstep of Shaw's home at 3:50 a.m., although no one was
219:
The family returned to St. Paul in 1939, where
Stanford went to the Webster Elementary School. After his parents divorced, Stanford went with his mother to Akron, Ohio during World War II, where he went to elementary school. Stanford and his mother remained there until she married Irving Jaffey and
563:
interpretation of modern Turkish history," and it has been said that "he makes clear his identification with the genocidal policy of the Turkish republic that minorities (Greeks, Armenians, Jews, Kurds) would be tolerated only to the extent that they agreed to be virtually invisible...assimilating
500:
the Shaws characterize the Armenians as "the victimizers rather than the victims, as the privileged rather than the oppressed, and the fabricators of unfounded tales of massacre." Hovannisian also criticized the book: "What could have been – what should have been – a valuable text is instead an
318:
He received his Ph.D. degree in 1958 from Princeton University. His dissertation was titled "The Financial and Administrative Organization and Development of Ottoman Egypt, 1517–1798," which was prepared under the direction of Professor Lewis Thomas and Professor Hamilton A.R. Gibb, and later
512:
describes the second volume as "a mine of data," though the information not necessarily being accurate. He highlighted the Shaws' treatment of the reigns of Selim III and Abdülhamit II as the book's strongest parts, but observed that the last one hundred years it covers suffers from a
409:, Istanbul. He received two major research awards from the United States National Endowment from the Humanities as well as fellowships from the Ford Foundation, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the Fulbright-Hayes Committee. He was also a Senior Fellow of the
294:
at the Azhar University, also doing research in the Ottoman archives of Egypt at the Citadel in Cairo for his Princeton Ph.D. dissertation concerning Ottoman rule in Egypt. Before leaving Egypt, he had a personal interview with President
44:
477:. Vryonis also stated that as much as 90% of the first volume had been lifted from the works of two Turkish historians and a Turkish-language encyclopedia. UCLA declined to investigate the allegations of plagiarism.
1872:
1635:
1817:
1746:
1837:
467:
in 1571. Vryonis also charged Shaw for largely failing to consult the proper primary sources of the period and therefore presenting a distorted picture of the formation of the
1736:
837:
904:
742:
1627:
1382:
440:, published in 1976, was met with generally mixed to negative reviews. Many faulted him for producing a work embellished with numerous historical errors and distortions.
1662:
1315:
452:, counted over 70 errors in the work and concluded, "One 'prejudice' that has vanished in the process is the respect for accuracy, clarity, and reasoned judgment."
463:'s forces did not subject Constantinople to a full scale sack and massacre upon its capture and his account of the treatment of the Greeks of Cyprus following the
1852:
522:
1023:
459:, a specialist in Byzantine and Early Ottoman Studies at UCLA, listed a litany of problems he encountered in the work, such as Shaw's assertion that Sultan
1867:
1857:
1792:
1827:
216:, a community on the shore of the Pacific Ocean between Santa Monica and Venice, where his parents operated a photographic shop on the Ocean Park pier.
1037:
464:
393:(Istanbul), and a member of the Middle East Studies Association, the American Historical Society, and the Tarih Vakfi (Istanbul). He also has received
312:
1847:
1822:
1455:
394:
1465:
1375:
1251:
857:
723:
328:
1107:
1807:
1777:
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1417:
363:
213:
149:
1619:
1812:
1797:
1433:
1862:
1438:
1368:
820:
621:
Christian enemy". Baer faults Shaw for relying on unverified statements by Turkish ambassadors to create a myth of Turkish heroism.
579:, a discriminatory tax designed to financially ruin non-Muslim citizens of Turkey, and repeats the antisemitic discourse of Jews as
307:
In 1956-7 he studied at the University of Istanbul with Professors Omer Lutfi Barkan, Mukrimin Halil Yinanc, Halil Sahillioglu, and
1157:
1802:
1475:
984:
489:
836:
Satan, Ali; Balcı, Meral (15 September 2017). Fatih Savaşan; Fatih Yardımcıoğlu; Mehmet Emin Altundemir; Furkan Beşel (eds.).
1832:
593:
In 1991, Shaw's study on the role of Turkey in providing refuge to the Jews of Europe in the years leading to and during the
370:
1068:
1842:
1731:
1334:
912:
777:
604:
340:
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in St. Paul, where he graduated in 1947, one out of only five students from a student body of 500 who went to college.
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1351:, with 13 library catalog records (under 'Shaw, ... 1930–' without '2006', previous page of browse report)
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382:
402:
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Turkey and the Holocaust: Turkey's Role in Rescuing Turkish and European Jewry from Nazi Persecution, 1933–1945
812:
673:
Turkey and the Holocaust: Turkey's role in rescuing Turkish and European Jewry from Nazi persecution, 1933–1945
181:
695:, published by the Cambridge University Press for the Middle East Studies Association, from 1970 until 1980.
1726:
972:
556:
1162:
872:
484:, which Shaw co-authored with his wife, Ezel Kural Shaw, and which was published in 1977 with the subtitle
1756:
1654:
1287:
Wasserstein, Bernard (7 January 1994). "Their Own Fault – Attempts to shift the blame for the Holocaust".
1001:
497:
209:
802:
1702:
248:. He received his B.A. at Stanford in 1951 and M.A. in 1952, with a thesis on the foreign policy of the
1545:
259:
He then studied Middle Eastern history along with Arabic, Turkish and Persian as a graduate student at
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808:
560:
509:
449:
351:
283:
260:
249:
102:
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279:
1348:
1194:"Innocent denials of known genocides: A further contribution to a psychology of denial of genocide"
599:
445:
398:
296:
291:
287:
233:
71:
1590:
1244:
Sultanic Saviors and Tolerant Turks: Writing Ottoman Jewish History, Denying the Armenian Genocide
804:
Sultanic Saviors and Tolerant Turks: Writing Ottoman Jewish History, Denying the Armenian Genocide
716:
Sultanic Saviors and Tolerant Turks: Writing Ottoman Jewish History, Denying the Armenian Genocide
406:
1670:
1540:
1338:
1221:
1118:
785:
496:. Most scholars today believe that the events of 1915 constitute genocide. However, according to
386:
332:
253:
208:, California, in 1933 because of his father's illness, and they lived there until 1939, first in
131:
930:
Stanford J. Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Volume I: A Critical Analysis
885:
505:
350:
The announcement of his death by his department at UCLA noted that his life was commemorated at
1516:
1405:
1247:
1213:
1076:
853:
816:
719:
679:
From Empire to Republic: The Turkish War of National Liberation 1918–1923: a documentary Study
493:
308:
1205:
576:
575:
In this book Shaw falsely claims, based on purported interviews, that Jews happily paid the
536:
263:
starting in 1952, receiving his M.A. in 1955. Subsequently he went to England to study with
141:
1239:
798:
781:
617:
540:
468:
631:
The Financial and Administrative Organization and Development of Ottoman Egypt, 1517–1798
366:
192:
Stanford Jay Shaw was born to Belle and Albert Shaw, who had immigrated to St. Paul from
1595:
1565:
1501:
1008:, ed. Richard G. Hovannisian. New Brunswick, NJ: Transactions Publishers, 1986, p. 125.
925:
873:
Wolf Leslau and Stanford J. Shaw: CNES mourns the passing of Professors Leslau and Shaw
580:
456:
429:
344:
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at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London and with Professor
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958:
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521:, a charge that was disputed by Jewish organizations, including the UCLA chapter of
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610:
299:, who arranged for him to take microfilms of Ottoman documents out of the country.
173:
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and from the Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture (IRCICA) at the
180:. Shaw's works have been criticized for their lack of factual accuracy as well as
17:
1570:
1560:
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1081:
545:
Malevolent Denial of the Facts of a Genocide and Innocent Disavowals of Violence
529:
441:
268:
205:
774:
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1209:
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501:
unfortunate example of nonscholarly selectivity and deceptive presentation."
355:
241:
1217:
362:, where his family accepted condolences from friends and colleagues and from
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1193:
750:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
594:
460:
165:
1521:
1443:
1360:
43:
1158:
Stanford Jay Shaw, 1930–2006: An academic who denied the Armenian Genocide
438:
Empire of the Gazis: the Rise and Decline of the Ottoman Empire, 1280–1808
989:
849:
663:(2 volumes, Cambridge University Press, 1976–1977) (with Ezel Kural Shaw)
649:
Between Old and New: The Ottoman Empire under Sultan Selim III. 1789–1807
359:
244:, with a minor in Near Eastern history, under the direction of Professor
549:
Malevolent Denial of the Facts of a Genocide and Celebration of Violence
525:, on campus, as well as a number of Jewish public figures and scholars.
504:
In the bibliography of his general study on modern Turkey, Turkologist
193:
1444:
Committee to Coordinate the Struggle with the Baseless Genocide Claims
681:(I – V vols. in 6 books, TTK/Turkish Historical Society, Ankara, 2000)
486:
Reform, Revolution, and Republic: the Rise of Modern Turkey, 1808–1975
336:
197:
177:
90:
1036:
For the Shaws' response, see Stanford J. Shaw and Ezel Kural Shaw, "
200:
respectively in the early years of the twentieth century. He was of
838:"International Congress on Political, Economic, and Social Studies"
691:
In addition to the above, Shaw was founder and first editor of the
428:
One of Shaw's most prominent works was a two-volume history on the
1344:
1354:
1106:
Manoukian, Socrates Peter; Kurugian, John O. (18 October 1977).
201:
127:
1364:
1067:
Manoukian, Socrates Peter; Kurugian, John O. (4 October 1977).
985:
Why scholars say Armenian Genocide was genocide but Obama won't
1636:
The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide
369:
and numerous other dignitaries and that he was buried at the
971:, part of the 2007 Holocaust and Genocide Lecture Series at
1873:
Recipients of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Turkey
852:: Center for Political, Economic and Social Research: 75.
1316:'Turkey, the Jews, and the Holocaust,' By Corry Guttstadt
669:(Macmillan, London, and New York University Press, 1991)
675:(Macmillan, London and New York University Press, 1992)
667:
The Jews of the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic
570:
The Jews of the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic
1747:
International Conference on the Holocaust and Genocide
1027:
9 (October 1978): pp. 379–388. Retrieved 6 March 2009.
1620:
The Armenian Aspirations and Revolutionary Movements
1004:. "The Armenian Genocide and Patterns of Denial" in
555:
Shaw's work has been characterized as a "vehemently
1737:
Destruction of Armenian cultural heritage in Turkey
1719:
1693:
1646:
1611:
1604:
1494:
1426:
1398:
1305:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013, p.1.
932:. Thessaloniki: Institute for Balkan Studies, 1983.
633:(Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 1962)
212:, where Stanford went to kindergarten, and then in
137:
123:
115:
98:
79:
53:
34:
1628:The Armenians in History and the Armenian Question
1282:
1280:
975:(27:24 mark). 17 April 2007. Accessed 17 May 2011.
1663:The Blue Book, Political Truth or Historical Fact
637:Ottoman Egypt in the Age of the French Revolution
953:
951:
164:(5 May 1930 – 16 December 2006) was an American
907:History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey
745:History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey
661:History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey
482:History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey
434:History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey
423:History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey
278:Following this, he went to Egypt to study with
220:moved back to St. Paul. Stanford then attended
1166:. 23 December 2006. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
1069:"Crude Bomb Explodes at UCLA Professor's Home"
1818:University of California, Los Angeles faculty
1376:
1187:
1185:
455:In his extensive review of the first volume,
401:and medals for lifetime achievement from the
385:(Ankara), recipient of honorary degrees from
331:between 1992 and 1997. His final post was at
8:
1274:. New York: New York University Press, 1993.
1042:International Journal of Middle East Studies
1024:International Journal of Middle East Studies
693:International Journal of Middle East Studies
643:The Budget of Ottoman Egypt, 1005/06-1596/97
327:He was recalled to teach Turkish history at
1838:Middle Eastern studies in the United States
1608:
1383:
1369:
1361:
42:
31:
1456:Assembly of Turkish American Associations
1246:. Indiana University Press. p. 218.
964:"Genocide Denial: Evolution of a Process"
770:
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
718:. Indiana University Press. p. 191.
547:", rather than Type 1, i.e presenting a "
252:from 1920–1938, based on research in the
204:. Stanford Shaw and his parents moved to
737:
735:
395:Order of Merit of the Republic of Turkey
1117:. pp. C6 (Part II). Archived from
1080:. pp. D1 (Part II). Archived from
703:
655:Ottoman Egypt in the Eighteenth Century
168:, best known for his works on the late
709:
707:
687:, Ankara, TTK, two volumes, 2006–2008.
1019:The Critic's View: Beyond Revisionism
551:". Nevertheless, Charny notes that:
7:
1853:Academic staff of Bilkent University
1418:Terminology of the Armenian genocide
1057:. London: I.B. Tauris, 2004, p. 360.
1006:The Armenian Genocide in Perspective
875:, UCLA Center for Near East Studies.
1434:Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs
1303:Turkey, the Jews, and the Holocaust
1868:20th-century American male writers
1858:American people of English descent
1793:American people of Russian descent
1466:Iğdır Genocide Memorial and Museum
1192:Charny, Israel W. (1 April 2000).
25:
1828:American male non-fiction writers
1357:at LC Authorities, with 2 records
1055:Turkey: A Modern History, 3rd. Ed
685:The Ottoman Empire in World War I
381:He was an honorary member of the
240:under the direction of Professor
1848:Deniers of the Armenian genocide
1823:20th-century American historians
651:(Harvard University Press, 1971)
645:(Mouton and Co. The Hague, 1968)
639:(Harvard University Press, 1964)
598:however, severely criticized by
1476:Institute for Armenian Research
182:denial of the Armenian genocide
1044:9 (October 1978): pp. 388–400.
448:, Professor of Turkish at the
436:. The first volume, subtitled
184:, and other pro-Turkish bias.
27:American historian (1930–2006)
1:
1732:Conspiracy theories in Turkey
1289:The Times Literary Supplement
913:The English Historical Review
605:The Times Literary Supplement
1742:Place name changes in Turkey
1471:Institute of Turkish Studies
1461:Turkish Coalition of America
916:93 (Apr. 1978): pp. 393–395.
539:classifies Shaw as a Type 2
513:"Turkish-nationalist bias."
480:In the second volume of the
411:Institute of Turkish Studies
403:Turkish-American Association
228:Education and early research
1808:Princeton University alumni
1778:Scholars of Ottoman history
1752:Assassination of Hrant Dink
886:Stanford J. Shaw: Biography
471:and Greek/Eastern Orthodox
1889:
1813:Harvard University faculty
1798:Stanford University alumni
1451:Turkish Historical Society
657:(Harvard University Press)
383:Turkish Historical Society
371:Ashkenazi Cemetery in Ulus
1863:Historians from Minnesota
1439:National Security Council
1314:Von Bieberstein, Alice. "
1210:10.1007/s12142-000-1019-6
1017:Hovannisian, Richard G. "
222:Mechanic Arts High School
155:
108:
41:
1486:University of Utah Press
1392:Armenian genocide denial
815:. pp. 21, 145–146.
813:Indiana University Press
588:Turkey and the Holocaust
364:Turkish Foreign Minister
313:İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı
1803:Cairo University alumni
1727:Kemalist historiography
1709:Perinçek v. Switzerland
1147:. 4 October 1977, p. 1.
973:Sonoma State University
894:. Accessed 9 June 2011.
788:. Accessed 9 June 2011.
780:17 October 2007 at the
752:41 (1978): pp. 160–162.
1757:Genocide justification
1655:The Banality of Denial
1002:Hovannisian, Richard G
714:Baer, Marc D. (2020).
566:
498:Richard G. Hovannisian
275:at Oxford University.
236:, where he majored in
1833:American orientalists
1703:Insulting Turkishness
1163:The Armenian Reporter
957:Lecture delivered by
775:Profile of Prof. Shaw
553:
1843:Historians of Turkey
1481:FactCheckArmenia.com
1124:on 14 September 2017
543:, i.e presenting a "
510:University of Leiden
450:University of London
352:Etz Ahayim Synagogue
261:Princeton University
250:British Labour Party
103:Princeton University
1349:Library of Congress
1198:Human Rights Review
1177:La Cause arménienne
1038:The Authors Respond
943:A Critical Analysis
741:Ménage, Victor L. "
600:Bernard Wasserstein
399:President of Turkey
391:Boğaziçi University
347:from 1999 to 2006.
297:Gamal Abd al-Nasser
288:University of Cairo
234:Stanford University
72:St. Paul, Minnesota
1671:Denial of Violence
1541:Edward J. Erickson
1339:Bilkent University
1301:Guttstadt, Corry.
1179:. p. 252 (note 2).
786:Bilkent University
387:Harvard University
339:, as professor of
333:Bilkent University
254:Hoover Institution
132:Bilkent University
1765:
1764:
1689:
1688:
1406:Armenian genocide
1322:. 2 January 2014.
1253:978-0-253-04542-3
1115:Los Angeles Times
1077:Los Angeles Times
1053:Zürcher, Eric J.
859:978-605-82738-7-0
842:Political Studies
725:978-0-253-04542-3
535:Genocide scholar
494:Armenian genocide
309:Zeki Velidi Togan
162:Stanford Jay Shaw
159:
158:
138:Doctoral students
110:Scientific career
58:Stanford Jay Shaw
18:Stanford Jay Shaw
16:(Redirected from
1880:
1609:
1537:
1525:
1512:Stanford J. Shaw
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1345:Stanford J. Shaw
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1270:Shaw, Stanford.
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739:
730:
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577:1942 Capital Tax
537:Israel W. Charny
465:Ottoman conquest
446:Victor L. Ménage
178:Turkish Republic
176:, and the early
142:Heath Ward Lowry
86:
83:16 December 2006
67:
65:
48:Stanford J. Shaw
46:
36:Stanford J. Shaw
32:
21:
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1586:Justin McCarthy
1546:Yusuf Halaçoğlu
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1519:
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1355:Ezel Kural Shaw
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1087:on 3 March 2016
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926:Vryonis, Speros
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903:Imber, Colin. "
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782:Wayback Machine
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618:Marc David Baer
591:
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541:Genocide Denier
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1427:Institutions
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1561:Heath Lowry
1532: [
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1502:Ziya Gökalp
1175:Y. Ternon,
1144:Daily Bruin
1108:"Shaw Bomb"
809:Bloomington
530:Yves Ternon
442:Colin Imber
269:Paul Wittek
206:Los Angeles
1772:Categories
1679:Dark Pasts
1495:Proponents
1399:Background
905:Review of
743:Review of
616:Historian
323:Last years
242:Carl Brand
214:Ocean Park
68:5 May 1930
64:1930-05-05
1612:Denialist
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1507:Esat Uras
1226:144586638
1218:1874-6306
941:Vryonis.
595:Holocaust
461:Mehmed II
432:, titled
417:Criticism
397:from the
210:Hollywood
188:Biography
166:historian
1411:template
1341:, Turkey
1242:(2020).
990:Newsweek
850:Sarajevo
801:(2020).
778:Archived
469:Armenian
389:and the
360:Istanbul
93:, Turkey
1720:Related
1335:Profile
1128:10 July
1091:10 July
969:YouTube
508:of the
474:millets
356:Ortaköy
341:Ottoman
286:at the
194:England
1712:(2013)
1682:(2018)
1674:(2015)
1666:(2009)
1658:(2003)
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1631:(1950)
1623:(1916)
1291:: 4–6.
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198:Russia
146:·
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116:Fields
91:Ankara
74:, U.S.
1605:Works
1536:]
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1222:S2CID
1122:(PDF)
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1072:(PDF)
699:Notes
148:
1695:Laws
1248:ISBN
1214:ISSN
1130:2008
1093:2008
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720:ISBN
559:and
492:the
343:and
329:UCLA
290:and
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80:Died
54:Born
1347:at
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