135:
second type of data is changes in allelic frequencies or phenotypes across different generations. This allows quantification of change in prevalence of a certain phenotype, indicating the type of selection. The third type of data is differences in allelic frequencies across space. This compares selection occurring in different populations and environmental conditions. The fourth type of data is DNA sequences from the genes contributing to observes phenotypic differences. The combination of these four types of data allow population studies that can identify the type of selection occurring and quantify the extent of selection.
99:
196:
225:. The size of this gall is under stabilizing selection, as determined by predation. These larvae are under threat from parasitic wasps, which lay a single egg in galls containing the flies. The single wasp offspring then consumes the fly larvae to survive. Therefore, a larger gall is favored to allow more places for larvae to hide from the wasp. However, larger galls attract a different type of predation from birds, as they can penetrate large galls with their beak. Therefore, the optimal gall is moderately sized in order to avoid predation from both birds and wasps.
184:, which consume the fleshy part of the cactus. This can be prevented by increasing the number of spines on the cactus. However, there is also a selection pressure in the opposite direction because there is a parasitic insect that will lay its eggs in spines if they are densely populated. This means that in order to manage both of these selection pressures the cacti experiences stabilizing selection to balance the appropriate number of spines to survive these different threats.
250:
33:
126:
value of the population. This narrowing of phenotypes causes a reduction in genetic diversity in a population. Maintaining genetic variation is essential for the survival of a population because it is what allows them to evolve over time. In order for a population to adapt to changing environmental conditions they must have enough genetic diversity to select for new traits as they become favorable.
236:
too many eggs could expend all of the energy of the mother bird causing her to die and the death of the chicks. Additionally, once the eggs hatch the mother must be able to obtain enough resources to keep all of the chicks alive. Therefore, the mother typically lays a moderate amount of eggs in order to increase offspring survival and maximize the number of offspring.
235:
Clutch Size − The number of eggs laid by a female bird (clutch size) is typically under stabilizing selection. This is because the female must lay as many eggs as possible to maximize the number of offspring. However, they can only lay as many eggs as they can support with their own resources. Laying
82:
value. This is thought to be the most common mechanism of action for natural selection because most traits do not appear to change drastically over time. Stabilizing selection commonly uses negative selection (a.k.a. purifying selection) to select against extreme values of the character. Stabilizing
165:
Birth Weight − A classic example of this is human birth weight. Babies of low weight lose heat more quickly and get ill from infectious diseases more easily, whereas babies of large body weight are more difficult to deliver through the pelvis. Infants of a more medium weight survive much more often.
125:
Stabilizing selection causes the narrowing of the phenotypes seen in a population. This is because the extreme phenotypes are selected against, causing reduced survival in organisms with those traits. This results in a population consisting of fewer phenotypes, with most traits representing the mean
102:
Depending on the environmental conditions, a wolf may have an advantage over wolves with other variations of fur color. Wolves with fur colors that do not camouflage appropriately with the environmental conditions will be spotted more easily by the deer, resulting in them not being able to sneak up
256:
The
Siberian husky experiences stabilizing selection in terms of their leg muscles. These dogs have to have enough muscle in order to pull sleds and move quickly. However, they also must be light enough to stay on top of the snow. This means that the leg muscles of the husky are most fit when they
176:
Height − Another example of a trait, that might be acted on by stabilizing selection, is plant height. A plant that is too short may not be able to compete with other plants for sunlight. However, extremely tall plants may be more susceptible to wind damage. Combined, these two selection pressures
134:
There are four primary types of data used to quantify stabilizing selection in a population. The first type of data is an estimation of fitness of different phenotypes within a single generation. Quantifying fitness in a single generation creates predictions for the expected fate of selection. The
138:
However, a meta-analysis of studies that measured selection in the wild failed to find an overall trend for stabilizing selection. The reason can be that methods for detecting stabilizing selection are complex. They can involve studying the changes that causes natural selection in the mean and
160:
Stabilizing selection is the most common form of nonlinear selection (non-directional) in humans. There are few examples of genes with direct evidence of stabilizing selection in humans. However, most quantitative traits (height, birthweight, schizophrenia) are thought to be under stabilizing
151:
The most common form of stabilizing selection is based on phenotypes of a population. In phenotype based stabilizing selection, the mean value of a phenotype is selected for, resulting a decrease in the phenotypic variation found in a population.
116:
founded the theory of stabilizing selection, publishing a paper in
Russian titled "Stabilizing selection and its place among factors of evolution" in 1941 and a monograph "Factors of Evolution: The Theory of Stabilizing Selection" in 1945.
468:
Levit GS, Hossfeld U, Olsson L (March 2006). "From the "Modern
Synthesis" to cybernetics: Ivan Ivanovich Schmalhausen (1884–1963) and his research program for a synthesis of evolutionary and developmental biology".
166:
For the larger or smaller babies, the baby mortality rate is much higher. The bell curve of the human population peaks at a birth weight that the newly born babies exhibit the minimum death rate.
143:
under natural conditions and examining the relationship between these fitness measurements and the trait value, but analysis and interpretation of the results is not straightforward.
87:. Instead of favoring individuals with extreme phenotypes, it favors the intermediate variants. Stabilizing selection tends to remove the more severe phenotypes, resulting in the
1002:
Brakefield PM, Beldade P, Zwaan BJ (May 2009). "The
African butterfly Bicyclus anynana: a model for evolutionary genetics and evolutionary developmental biology".
1196:
557:"Reconciling strong stabilizing selection with the maintenance of genetic variation in a natural population of black field crickets (Teleogryllus commodus)"
292:
177:
select to maintain plants of medium height. The number of plants of medium height will increase while the numbers of short and tall plants will decrease.
512:
Adams MB (June 1988). "A Missing Link in the
Evolutionary Synthesis. I. I. Schmalhausen. Factors of Evolution: The Theory of Stabilizing Selection".
1236:
71:
339:
212:. It has been suggested that the circular eyespots positioned on the wings are favoured functionally compared to other shapes and sizes.
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of the norm or average phenotypes. This means that most common phenotype in the population is selected for and continues to dominate in
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The
Siberian husky experiences stabilizing selection in terms of their leg muscles, allowing them to be strong but light.
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Kingsolver JG, Hoekstra HE, Hoekstra J, Berrigan D, Vignieri SN, Hill CE, Hoang A, Gilbert P, Beerli P (2001).
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selection, due to their polygenicity and the distribution of the phenotypes throughout human populations.
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1072:"Predation on rose galls: parasitoids and predators determine gall size through directional selection"
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1039:"The evolution–development interface and advances with the eyespot patterns of Bicyclus butterflies"
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Bicyclus anynana with wing eyespot, which experiences stabilizing selection to avoid predation.
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fly lays its eggs on the tip of plants, which then encase the larvae in a protective
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885:"A population genetic interpretation of GWAS findings for human quantitative traits"
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714:
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421:
32:
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911:
779:"Phenotypic selection in natural populations: what limits directional selection?"
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307:
27:
Type of selection in evolution where a trait stabilizes around the average value
830:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Cacti Spine Number − Desert populations of spiny cacti experience predation by
824:
Sanjak JS, Sidorenko J, Robinson MR, Thornton KR, Visscher PM (January 2018).
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471:
Journal of
Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution
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826:"Evidence of directional and stabilizing selection in contemporary humans"
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László Z, Sólyom K, Prázsmári H, Barta Z, Tóthmérész B (11 June 2014).
1015:
405:
181:
1174:
555:
Hunt J, Blows MW, Zajitschek F, Jennions MD, Brooks R (October 2007).
1155:"A Simple Definition and Prominent Examples of Stabilizing Selection"
631:"Measuring natural selection on genotypes and phenotypes in the wild"
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variance of the trait, or measuring fitness for a range of different
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in which the population mean stabilizes on a particular non-extreme
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794:
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are moderately sized, to balance their strength and their weight.
680:"The Strength of Super Genetic Selection in Natural Populations"
222:
1178:
883:
Simons YB, Bullaughey K, Hudson RR, Sella G (16 March 2018).
52:
3: disruptive selection: extremes favoured over intermediate.
730:"The Measurement of Selection on Correlated Characters"
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Evolution; International
Journal of Organic Evolution
384:
Evolution; International
Journal of Organic Evolution
202:
Butterfly's Winged Eyespots − The African butterfly
1296:
1255:
1212:
635:
Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology
436:
946:"Stabilizing Selection on birthweight in humans"
378:Charlesworth B, Lande R, Slatkin M (May 1982).
380:"A neo-Darwinian commentary on macroevolution"
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208:exhibits stabilizing selection with its wing
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293:Frequency-dependent foraging by pollinators
103:on the deer (leading to natural selection).
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777:Kingsolver JG, Diamond SE (March 2011).
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326:Lemey P, Salemi M, Vandamme AM (2009).
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50:: intermediate favoured over extremes.
7:
728:Lande R, Arnold SJ (November 1983).
112:The Russian evolutionary biologist
747:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1983.tb00236.x
397:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1982.tb05068.x
25:
1268:Models of nucleotide substitution
121:Influence on population structure
1056:10.1046/j.1365-2540.1998.00366.x
629:Linnen CR, Hoekstra HE (2009).
130:Analyzing stabilizing selection
72:negative or purifying selection
443:. Benjamin Cummings. pp.
435:Campbell NA, Reece JB (2002).
1:
83:selection is the opposite of
1097:10.1371/journal.pone.0099806
1037:Brakefield PM (March 1998).
1004:Cold Spring Harbor Protocols
912:10.1371/journal.pbio.2002985
61:Group A: original population
1130:"Variation in Clutch Sizes"
573:10.1534/genetics.107.077057
59:Y-axis: number of organisms
1366:
1324:Nonsynonymous substitution
332:Cambridge University Press
477:(2). Wiley-Liss: 89–106.
328:The Phylogenetic Handbook
268:Ambidirectional dominance
70:(not to be confused with
63:Group B: after selection
1319:Synonymous substitution
1263:Models of DNA evolution
978:"Stabilizing Selection"
851:10.1073/pnas.1707227114
783:The American Naturalist
687:The American Naturalist
647:10.1101/sqb.2009.74.045
605:"Low genetic variation"
609:evolution.berkeley.edu
254:
200:
104:
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1242:Stabilizing selection
1227:Directional selection
982:www.brooklyn.cuny.edu
298:Fluctuating selection
283:Directional selection
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198:
101:
68:Stabilizing selection
48:stabilizing selection
38:directional selection
35:
18:Stabilising selection
1350:Evolutionary biology
1232:Disruptive selection
357:"Negative Selection"
288:Disruptive selection
89:reproductive success
85:disruptive selection
1297:Molecular processes
1222:Balancing selection
1206:Molecular evolution
1088:2014PLoSO...999806L
960:"Natural Selection"
842:2018PNAS..115..151S
483:10.1002/jez.b.21087
278:Balancing selection
218:Eurosta solidaginis
40:: a single extreme
1237:Negative selection
1016:10.1101/pdb.emo122
273:Assortative mating
255:
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93:future generations
65:
1332:
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1214:Natural selection
1010:(5): pdb.emo122.
341:978-0-521-73071-6
114:Ivan Schmalhausen
76:natural selection
16:(Redirected from
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1309:Gene duplication
1273:Allele frequency
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205:Bicyclus anynana
56:phenotypic trait
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699:10.1086/319193
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526:10.1086/354706
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1278:Ka/Ks ratio
1159:BiologyWise
308:Koinophilia
1339:Categories
1283:Tajima's D
964:SparkNotes
902:1704.06707
641:: 155–68.
314:References
141:phenotypes
1345:Selection
542:146660877
355:Loewe L.
303:Hypergamy
182:peccaries
44:favoured.
42:phenotype
1116:24918448
1076:PLOS ONE
1043:Heredity
1024:20147150
931:29547617
870:29255044
811:26806172
803:21460543
764:36544045
756:28556011
715:11408433
707:18707288
665:20413707
591:17660544
561:Genetics
499:23594114
491:16419076
422:27361293
414:28568049
367:(1): 59.
262:See also
210:eyespots
147:Examples
54:X-axis:
1107:4053394
1084:Bibcode
922:5871013
861:5776788
838:Bibcode
656:3918505
582:2034650
534:3049441
445:450–451
439:Biology
406:2408095
241:Mammals
189:Insects
108:History
1256:Models
1164:16 May
1139:13 May
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171:Plants
156:Humans
897:arXiv
807:S2CID
760:S2CID
711:S2CID
683:(PDF)
538:S2CID
495:S2CID
418:S2CID
402:JSTOR
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