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in 1572 by the States of the first province to rebel, Holland, as a replacement of the royal stadtholder (He had previously held the post as an appointee of Philip II.). His personal influence and reputation was subsequently associated with the office and transferred to members of his house. After
499:
ever actually commanded a fleet in battle. In the army, he could appoint officers by himself; in the navy only affirm appointments of the five admiralty councils. Legal powers of the stadtholder were thus rather limited, and by law he was a mere official. His real powers, however, were sometimes
551:
s tried to extend their right of affirmation, while they also attempted to add the remaining stadholderships like
Friesland and Groningen to their other holdings. In reaction, the regents in Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, and Overijssel, after the death of William II in 1650, appointed no
437:
s held appointments from several provinces at the same time. The highest executive and legislative power was normally exerted by the sovereign States of each province, but the stadtholder had some prerogatives, like appointing lower officials and sometimes having the ancient right to affirm the
697:
to become the first 'Sovereign Prince'. William had been living in exile in London during the French occupation. On 13 November 1813 he returned to the
Netherlands to accept the invitation. On 16 March 1815 he assumed the title of King of the
417:. The United Provinces were struggling to adapt existing feudal concepts and institutions to the new situation and tended to be conservative in this matter, as they had after all rebelled against the king to defend their ancient rights. The
169:, or as a direct cognate, "stead holder" (in modern Dutch "stad" means "city", but the older meaning of "stad" – also "stede" – was "place", and it is a cognate of English "stead", as "instead of"); it was a term for a "
116:
of the Dutch
Republic as a whole during the 16th to 18th centuries, in an effectively hereditary role. For the last half century of its existence, it became an officially hereditary title under Prince
81:
413:
became obsolete in the rebellious northern
Netherlands – the feudal lord himself having been abolished – but the office nevertheless continued in these provinces who now united themselves into the
105:
The title was used for the highest executive official of each province performing several duties, such as appointing lower administrators and maintaining peace and order, in the early
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was thus more powerful than a governor, who had only limited authority, but the stadtholder was not a vassal himself, having no title to the land. The local rulers of the independent
1080:
1257:
1252:
353:, also King of Spain, who had inherited the Burgundian Netherlands, completed this process by becoming the sole feudal overlord: Lord of the Netherlands. Only the
1221:
742:
906:
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Tensions nonetheless persisted between
Orangists and republicans in the United Provinces, sometimes exploding into direct conflict. Maurice in 1618 and
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was able to suppress this opposition, and many leaders of the
Patriot movement went into exile in France. The stadtholderate was strengthened with the
737:
533:
414:
1124:
718:
for example arguing that without its influence in the United
Provinces, "their machine of government would no more move than a ship without wind".
666:
the
Habsburg lords continued to appoint provincial stadtholders for the region, this ceased when they were annexed by France in 1794. In 1806,
570:
was swept to power. After the death of
William III in 1702 they again abstained from appointing a stadtholder. These periods are known as the
711:
1066:
682:. He ruled for nine days, until his uncle Napoleon took charge himself, annexing the kingdom to the French Empire, until its fall in 1813.
623:
525:
422:
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109:. As multiple provinces appointed the same stadtholder, the stadtholder of the powerful province of Holland at times functioned as the
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970:
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from 1672 replaced entire city councils with their partisans to increase their power: the so-called "Changings of the
Legislative" (
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no longer represented the lord but became the highest executive official, appointed by the States of each province (e.g. the
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622:, seeking to permanently limit the powers of the stadholderate. The Patriots first took over many city councils, then the
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382:
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626:, and ultimately raised civil militias to defend their position against Orangist partisans, bringing the country to the
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under the regency of his mother. The misgovernment of this regency caused much resentment, which issued in 1780 in the
690:
121:
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212:
1014:
747:
148:
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before Maurice in 1590 became stadtholder of five provinces, a position he would hold until his death (his cousin
231:
216:
619:
601:) everywhere (previously only in Friesland). As William (for the first time in the history of the Republic) was
793:
560:, something overcome by popular feeling during the catastrophic events of 1672, the Dutch Year of Disaster (
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567:
540:
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from a shortlist of candidates. As these councils themselves appointed most members of the States, the
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acquired most of the Low Countries, and the constituent parts (duchies, counties, lordships) of these
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of all provinces of the Republic, until fleeing French revolutionary troops in 1795. His son,
90:, first appointed as a medieval official and ultimately functioning as a national leader. The
654:. William V fled to England, and the office of stadtholder was abolished that year, when the
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After the French invasion of 1747, the regents were forced by a popular movement to accept
472:, and were as such a member of the States of that province, because they held the title of
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174:
1205:
1089:
1049:
Simon Schama – Patriots and Liberators: : Revolution in the Netherlands, 1780–1813
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and his heirs in the separate Austrian branch of Habsburgs). Due to the centralist and
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lords to represent them in their absence. If a lord had several dominions (or, being a
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The exiles returned with French armies in the winter of 1795 and overcame the frozen
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and the Low Countries (the electoral Imperial title would be held by his brother
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means "steward". Its component parts literally translate as "place holder," from
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529:
448:
298:
266:
201:
788:
177:". However, this is not the word for the military rank of lieutenant, which is
1114:
306:
17:
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593:, as stadtholder in the other provinces. On 22 November 1747, the office of
586:
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102:
of a province during the Burgundian and Habsburg period (1384 – 1581/1795).
1200:
1185:
1169:
1048:
667:
562:
443:
344:
910:. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 750.
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held the post in the remaining two provinces, Friesland and Groningen).
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greater, especially given the martial law atmosphere of the 'permanent'
1195:
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on the throne. He abdicated his throne in 1810 in favour of his son
614:
After William IV's death in 1751, his infant son was duly appointed
524:
his assassination, however, there was a short-lived move to install
483:
of the provinces of Holland and Zeeland was normally also appointed
405:, seven of the Dutch provinces declared their independence with the
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163:
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31:
340:, appointed by the Duke in his capacity of duke, count or lord.
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556:, and banned his son William from the stadtholdership by an
27:
Low Countries governing official from 14th to 18th centuries
464:, who after the Dutch Revolt most often held the office of
685:
Soon after the French army withdrew from the Netherlands,
369:
s continued to be appointed to represent Charles and King
285:, to whom was delegated the full authority of the lord. A
710:
The stadtholderate was taken as a political model by the
605:
in all provinces, his function accordingly was restyled
456:
could very indirectly influence the general policy. In
147:
in England, Statthalter in the Holy Roman Empire and
1054:
Dutch language Knowledge (XXG): List of stadtholders
1214:
1178:
1132:
1097:
479:On the Republic's central 'confederal' level, the
143:is roughly comparable to the historical titles of
1011:The Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy I
132:, in 1815 became the first sovereign king of the
429:). Although each province could assign its own
281:), some of these could be ruled by a permanent
843:. London: Harper & Row. pp. 293–294.
1222:Politics and government of the Dutch Republic
1074:
743:List of governors of the Habsburg Netherlands
646:Abolition and transition to sovereign kingdom
519:(William I of Orange); he had been appointed
508:after 1618 ruled as a military dictator, and
8:
872:
870:
385:policies of Philip, the actual power of the
826:Etymologisch Woordenboek van het Nederlands
606:
230:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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1081:
1067:
1059:
738:List of stadtholders in the Low Countries
534:William Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg
250:Learn how and when to remove this message
890:
888:
415:Republic of the Seven United Netherlands
1258:Political history of the Dutch Republic
1253:Titles of national or ethnic leadership
780:
389:s strongly diminished, compared to the
994:. London: Hodder & Stoughton Ltd.
959:The Development of American Federalism
920:
861:
714:with regard to the executive powers –
632:Prussian military intervention in 1787
712:Founding Fathers of the United States
409:, the representative function of the
73:
7:
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662:. Similarly, while from 1572 in the
526:Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester
495:of the confederate fleet, though no
476:as one of their patrimonial titles.
423:States of Holland and West Friesland
228:adding citations to reliable sources
763:List of monarchs of the Netherlands
658:revolutionary forces installed the
515:The leader of the Dutch Revolt was
359:Imperial Abbey of Stavelot-Malmedy
25:
1110:Council of State (Raad van State)
1030:Van Dale Etymologisch Woordenboek
700:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
624:States of the province of Holland
357:and two smaller territories (the
134:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
1123:
1092:institutions, offices and titles
1044:WorldStatesmen – the Netherlands
365:) remained outside his domains.
297:(which included the present-day
200:
992:The Glorious Revolution of 1688
379:Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor
674:, putting his younger brother
1:
576:Second Stadtholderless Period
474:Marquis of Veere and Flushing
881:. Vol. 11. p. 555.
583:William IV, Prince of Orange
572:First Stadtholderless Period
130:William I of the Netherlands
1145:Grand pensionary (Advocaat)
1032:(Dutch etymology, in Dutch)
468:there, held the dignity of
373:, his son and successor in
94:was the replacement of the
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1015:Cambridge University Press
957:Riker, William H. (1987).
820:Philippa, M. (2003–2009).
748:Governor-general of Norway
401:When, in 1581, during the
336:mostly each had their own
149:Governor-general of Norway
1121:
1009:Ward, A. W., ed. (1922).
841:Europe Divided: 1559-1598
355:Prince-Bishopric of Liège
343:In the 16th century, the
877:Lieber, F., ed. (1854).
547:). By intimidation, the
328:In the 15th century the
309:) made extensive use of
1243:Dutch words and phrases
907:Encyclopædia Britannica
879:Encyclopaedia americana
839:Elliott, J. H. (1968).
794:Encyclopedia Britannica
528:as governor-general of
607:
568:William III of England
334:Burgundian Netherlands
179:
75:[ˈstɑtˌɦʌudər]
70:
52:
693:, was invited by the
597:was made hereditary (
541:William III of Orange
393:or governor-general.
35:
1248:Gubernatorial titles
664:Southern Netherlands
512:attempted the same.
510:William II of Orange
442:) of the members of
321:to represent him in
224:improve this section
118:William IV of Orange
990:Ashley, M. (1966).
901:"Stadtholder"
768:King's Commissioner
695:Triumvirate of 1813
636:William V of Orange
608:Stadhouder-Generaal
566:), when the future
446:councils or choose
427:States of Friesland
192:Seventeen Provinces
935:, p. 171–172.
706:As political model
672:Kingdom of Holland
628:brink of civil war
517:William the Silent
348:Holy Roman Emperor
269:were appointed by
120:. His son, Prince
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37:William the Silent
1230:
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687:William Frederick
660:Batavian Republic
585:, stadtholder of
506:Maurice of Orange
489:Dutch States Army
462:Princes of Orange
407:Act of Abjuration
363:Duchy of Bouillon
330:Dukes of Burgundy
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670:established the
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640:Act of Guarantee
620:Patriot movement
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502:Eighty Years War
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984:Bibliography
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47:against the
45:Dutch Revolt
40:
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1150:Burgomaster
1140:Stadtholder
921:Ashley 1966
862:Ashley 1966
828:(in Dutch).
616:stadtholder
603:stadtholder
595:stadtholder
554:stadtholder
549:stadtholder
530:Elizabeth I
521:stadtholder
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481:stadtholder
470:First Noble
466:stadtholder
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267:Middle Ages
263:Stadtholder
160:Stadtholder
141:stadtholder
126:stadtholder
92:stadtholder
62:stadtholder
43:during the
41:stadtholder
1237:Categories
1191:Patriciaat
1115:Vroedschap
849:B000X7VPEA
775:References
630:. Through
383:absolutist
307:Luxembourg
183:in Dutch.
175:lieutenant
139:The title
71:stadhouder
945:Ward 1922
933:Ward 1922
808:Ward 1922
753:Orangists
691:William V
634:, Prince
591:Groningen
587:Friesland
440:co-option
371:Philip II
351:Charles V
323:Groningen
291:provinces
265:s in the
211:does not
180:luitenant
155:Etymology
122:William V
1215:See also
1201:Regenten
1186:Jonkheer
1170:Alderman
963:Springer
722:See also
680:Louis II
668:Napoleon
642:(1788).
574:and the
563:Rampjaar
425:and the
361:and the
345:Habsburg
240:May 2019
111:de facto
86:) was a
1196:Patroon
1155:Schepen
1133:Offices
487:of the
458:Zeeland
433:, most
303:Belgium
293:of the
232:removed
217:sources
187:History
171:steward
88:steward
55:In the
1206:Ridder
1179:Titles
1160:Schout
998:
969:
847:
656:French
460:, the
444:regent
275:vassal
271:feudal
173:" or "
39:was a
1165:Drost
1023:Other
676:Louis
375:Spain
279:fiefs
164:Latin
100:count
67:Dutch
996:ISBN
967:ISBN
845:ASIN
589:and
491:and
305:and
215:any
213:cite
96:duke
59:, a
226:by
98:or
1239::
1013:.
961:.
904:.
887:^
869:^
824:.
791:.
702:.
611:.
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325:.
301:,
277:,
151:.
136:.
69::
1082:e
1075:t
1068:v
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