277:
808:
22:
379:
2592:
1715:
Musk said Lox and methane would be SpaceX's propellants of choice on a mission to Mars, which has long been his stated goal. SpaceX's initial work will be to build a Lox/methane rocket for a future upper stage, codenamed Raptor. The design of this engine would be a departure from the "open cycle" gas
207:
was contacted and eventually visited
Kuznetsov's plant. Upon meeting initial skepticism about the high specific impulse and other specifications, Kuznetsov shipped an engine to the US for testing. Oxidizer-rich staged combustion had been considered by American engineers, but was not considered a
403:
project, up to 1000 flights are expected for Raptor from SpaceX. Further, the full-flow cycle eliminates the need for an interpropellant turbine seal normally required to separate oxidizer-rich gas from the fuel turbopump or fuel-rich gas from the oxidizer turbopump, thus improving reliability.
116:
where a portion of propellant never reaches the main combustion chamber. The disadvantage is engineering complexity, partly a result of the preburner exhaust of hot and highly pressurized gas which, particularly when oxidizer-rich, produces extremely harsh conditions for turbines and plumbing.
347:. Relative to a single-shaft design, the twin-shaft design requires an additional turbine (and possibly another preburner), but allows for individual control of the two turbopumps. Hydrolox engines are typically twin-shaft designs due to greatly differing propellant densities.
25:
Fuel-rich staged combustion cycle. Here, all of the fuel and a portion of the oxidizer are fed through the preburner, generating fuel-rich gas. After being run through a turbine to power the pumps, the gas is injected into the combustion chamber and burned with the remaining
394:
Benefits of the full-flow staged combustion cycle include turbines that run cooler and at lower pressure, due to increased mass flow, leading to a longer engine life and higher reliability. As an example, up to 25 flights were anticipated for an engine design studied by the
1623:
412:. Full gasification of components leads to faster chemical reactions in the combustion chamber, allowing a smaller combustion chamber. This in turn makes it feasible to increase the chamber pressure, which increases efficiency.
386:
Full-flow staged combustion (FFSC) is a twin-shaft staged combustion fuel cycle design that uses both oxidizer-rich and fuel-rich preburners where the entire supply of both propellants passes through the turbines. The fuel
329:. In the twin-shaft design, the two propellant turbopumps are driven by separate turbines, which are in turn driven by the outflow of either one or separate preburners. Examples of twin-shaft designs include the
407:
Since the use of both fuel and oxidizer preburners results in full gasification of each propellant before entering the combustion chamber, FFSC engines belong to a broader class of rocket engines called
108:
The main advantage is fuel efficiency due to all of the propellant flowing to the main combustion chamber, which also allows for higher thrust. The staged combustion cycle is sometimes referred to as
1347:
Haeseler, Dietrich; Maeding, Chris; Preclik, Dieter; Rubinski, Vitali; Kosmatechva, Valentina (9 July 2006). "LOX-Kerosene
Oxidizer-Rich Gas-Generator and Main Combustion Chamber Subscale Testing".
1615:
1515:
1716:
generator system that the current Merlin 1 engine series uses. Instead, the new rocket engine would use a much more efficient "staged combustion" cycle that many
Russian rocket engines use.
1846:
300:. The RD-180 has an oxidizer-rich preburner, while the RS-25 has two fuel-rich preburners. The SpaceX Raptor has both oxidizer-rich and fuel-rich preburners, a design called
1737:
1702:
249:
combustion with the kerosene in the combustion chamber proper. This gives the efficiency advantages of staged combustion, while avoiding major engineering problems.
1926:
1235:
2628:
2322:
1671:
2440:
96:
that feed the engine with propellant. The gas is then injected into the main combustion chamber and combusted completely with the other propellant to produce
1141:
256:
Space
Shuttle main engine is another example of a staged combustion engine, and the first to use liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen. Its counterpart in the
2061:
1812:
1289:
1894:
1389:
1325:
1266:
2338:
1889:
1505:
1468:
2790:
826:
419:
requirements, and the increased engineering complexity and parts count of the two preburners, relative to a single-shaft staged combustion cycle.
1838:
1645:
1040:
292:
Several variants of the staged combustion cycle exist. Preburners that burn a small portion of oxidizer with a full flow of fuel are called
1195:
447:
1760:
276:
1919:
599:āAn Aerojet Rocketdyne project partially funded by the United States Air Force as a potential replacement for the RD-180 Russian engine.
2621:
2243:
268:, thrust, and chamber pressure, but with some differences that reduced complexity and cost at the expense of increased engine weight.
2856:
2317:
1364:
822:
436:
422:
As of 2024, only four full-flow staged combustion rocket engines had ever progressed sufficiently to be tested on test stands; the
2940:
228:(ULA--the Boeing/Lockheed-Martin joint venture) after 2006, and ULA continues to fly the Atlas V with RD-180 engines as of 2022.
1597:
350:
In addition to the propellant turbopumps, staged combustion engines often require smaller boost pumps to prevent both preburner
2894:
181:
1786:
1729:
1694:
2945:
2343:
2208:
1912:
462:
146:
1545:
2955:
2614:
2447:
2302:
2271:
2266:
832:
281:
1227:
825:āDemonstration project for the front part of a full flow engine, with no combustion chamber or other backend subsystems.
2841:
455:
288:. In the full-flow rocket engine, the preburner exhaust is fed into a turbine and then into the main combustion chamber.
203:, Kuznetsov was ordered to destroy the NK-33 technology, but instead he warehoused dozens of the engines. In the 1990s,
1663:
1575:
1156:
1115:
829:
project to develop a part of a new rocket engine technology in the early 2000s; no full engine ever built; never flown.
315:. In the single-shaft design, one set of preburner and turbine drives both propellant turbopumps. Examples include the
1419:
439:
demonstration project in the mid-2000s, SpaceX's flight capable Raptor engine first test-fired in
February 2019, and
2960:
2930:
2755:
2645:
807:
2909:
2402:
2261:
1152:
134:
89:
2435:
2194:
2168:
2110:
2094:
2084:
994:
47:
2864:
2935:
2889:
2874:
2491:
2464:
2419:
2407:
2387:
2115:
2089:
396:
74:
1381:
391:
is driven by the fuel-rich preburner, and the oxidizer turbopump is driven by the oxidizer-rich preburner.
245:
powered engines may use a closed-cycle process by catalytically decomposing the peroxide to drive turbines
2542:
2392:
2292:
2034:
1315:
1258:
920:
865:
617:
568:
550:
225:
1441:
2735:
2695:
2127:
2120:
1935:
1479:
925:
542:
208:
feasible direction because of resources they assumed the design would require to make work. The
Russian
1065:
History
Channel, interviews with Aerojet and Kuznetsov engineers about the history of staged combustion
2879:
2238:
2233:
2137:
2051:
285:
170:
88:. In the preburner, a small portion of propellant, usually fuel-rich, is partly combusted under non-
2950:
2884:
2785:
2637:
2397:
2382:
2297:
2184:
2163:
2132:
1320:
999:
989:
930:
725:
578:
367:
113:
51:
2591:
979:
849:
Mjƶlnirā New
Frontier Aerospace LCH4/LOX engine in development. As of July 2024, it has not flown.
21:
2741:
2596:
2562:
2527:
2367:
493:
433:
257:
1179:
378:
231:
The first laboratory staged-combustion test engine in the West was built in
Germany in 1963, by
1108:
Staged
Combustion Cycle Rocket Engine Design Trade-offs for Future Advanced Passenger Transport
2904:
2726:
2557:
2512:
2412:
2312:
2014:
1988:
1360:
1187:
1036:
416:
238:
557:
launch vehicles. RD-171 (and its RD-171M successor), -180 and -191 are derivatives of RD-170.
296:, while preburners that burn a small portion of fuel with a full flow of oxidizer are called
2846:
2577:
2567:
2517:
2223:
1976:
1352:
1290:"Stoke Space Completes First Successful Hotfire Test of Full-Flow, Staged-Combustion Engine"
1028:
967:
538:
497:
265:
217:
189:
142:
70:
2869:
2189:
1993:
1959:
870:
646:
620:
213:
154:
150:
66:
1075:
415:
Potential disadvantages of the full-flow staged combustion cycle include more stringent
2836:
2795:
2780:
2765:
2700:
2690:
2685:
2660:
2522:
2457:
2158:
1998:
984:
935:
836:
609:
426:
363:
316:
232:
221:
80:
Typically, propellant flows through two kinds of combustion chambers; the first called
2924:
2899:
2815:
2770:
2731:
2705:
2675:
2670:
2532:
2452:
2307:
2276:
2056:
2046:
2041:
1964:
1954:
962:
860:
721:
692:
681:
670:
613:
507:
P111 - liquid oxygen/kerosene demonstrator engine developed between 1956 and 1967 at
465:. As of 2024, the Raptor is the only FFSC engine that has flown on a launch vehicle.
359:
344:
193:
58:
54:
1813:"Rocket Report: ABL loses its second booster; Falcon 9 cleared for return to flight"
1601:
2805:
2800:
2775:
2721:
2680:
2537:
2496:
2469:
2228:
2024:
2019:
1899:
1510:
957:
910:
905:
900:
895:
642:
590:
586:
582:
423:
65:
in stages. The main advantage relative to other rocket engine power cycles is high
145:, designed by Melnikov, a former assistant to Isaev. About the same time (1959),
1537:
1022:
370:, to incrementally increase propellant pressure prior to entering the preburner.
2552:
2547:
2353:
915:
843:
771:
688:
engine under development which should power the RFA One near Augsburg, Germany.
606:
489:
440:
323:
200:
1867:
1259:"Elon Musk Unveils SpaceX's 1st Rocket Engine Test for Starship Rocket (Video)"
2810:
2572:
2029:
699:
engine under development which should power the Launcher Light launch vehicle.
564:
501:
400:
355:
330:
62:
1191:
819:āUSSR engine under development 1962ā1970 for the UR-700 project; never flown.
1506:"Behind the curtain: Ars goes inside Blue Origin's secretive rocket factory"
1106:
948:
649:
launch vehicle's first stage. Later variants include the RD-275 and RD-275M.
632:
554:
388:
166:
93:
1567:
1411:
508:
724:
through 2011 (with periodic upgrades), and planned for further use on the
1646:"USSF Awards Launcher Millions To Continue E-2 Rocket Engine Development"
1568:"Instagram post by Ursa Major Technologies ā¢ May 16, 2017 at 11:07pm UTC"
770:
upper stage engine developed for the never-flown upgraded version of the
696:
685:
674:
628:
451:
351:
242:
1904:
1356:
811:
SpaceX Raptor FFSC rocket engine, sample propellant flow schematic, 2019
616:
engineāusing the oxygen-rich staged combustion (ORSC) cycleāused on the
2606:
2348:
1981:
731:
652:
624:
560:
546:
512:
479:
261:
204:
138:
1839:"Blue Origin has Shown off a New Video of its New Glenn Rocket Design"
1787:"New Frontier Aerospace tests rocket engine for point-to-point travel"
1105:
Sippel, Martin; Yamashiro, Ryoma; Cremaschi, Francesco (10 May 2012).
631:, first launched in 2024 and also planned to be used on Blue Origin's
482:āFirst staged combustion rocket engine used on the Blok L upper stage.
1971:
1949:
1032:
816:
781:
638:
574:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
488:āSoviet engine developed for the never-flown upgraded version of the
429:
319:
209:
185:
97:
57:. In the staged combustion cycle, propellant flows through multiple
1761:"Stoke Space ignites its ambitious main engine for the first time"
1730:"SpaceX's new test rocket briefly hovers during first free flight"
885:
880:
846:
LCH4/LOX engine in development. As of June 2024, it has not flown.
806:
759:
709:
485:
377:
333:
275:
253:
162:
158:
20:
1349:
42nd AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit
563:āa series of oxygen/kerosene engines used in the second stage of
284:
preburner shown during a 2015 sub-system test on a test stand at
952:
890:
875:
796:
785:
775:
745:
659:
656:
602:
340:
337:
326:
224:, rockets. The purchase contract was subsequently taken over by
2610:
1908:
1180:"The wild physics of Elon Musk's methane-guzzling super-rocket"
792:
788:
767:
763:
753:
749:
739:
735:
717:
713:
663:
596:
446:
The first flight test of a full-flow staged-combustion engine
358:. For example, the RD-180 and RS-25 use boost pumps driven by
212:
engine also employs a staged-combustion rocket engine cycle.
635:
launch vehicle, with first flight test no earlier than 2024.
1900:
Design Tool for Liquid Rocket Engine Thermodynamic Analysis
1382:"China successfully debuts Long March 7 ā Recovers capsule"
854:
Past and present applications of staged-combustion engines
1228:"SpaceX advances drive for Mars rocket via Raptor power"
1868:"Is SpaceX's Raptor engine the king of rocket engines?"
1316:"Starhopper successfully conducts debut Boca Chica Hop"
677:
booster engine under development near Denver, Colorado.
1895:
Nasa's full flow stages combustion cycle demonstrator
1114:. Space Propulsion 2012. ST28-5. Bordeaux: DLR-SART.
500:
block 1 launch vehicles in 2013ā2014). In use on the
137:
in 1949. The first staged combustion engine was the
2855:
2829:
2754:
2714:
2655:
2644:
2505:
2484:
2428:
2375:
2366:
2331:
2285:
2254:
2216:
2207:
2177:
2146:
2103:
2077:
2070:
2007:
1942:
1151:. Vol. 5, no. 1 (2004 Winter ed.).
216:began purchasing the RD-180 in circa 2000 for the
1442:"ULA now planning first launch of Vulcan in 2021"
496:and refurbished/remarketed as the AJ-26 (used on
943:Future applications of staged-combustion engines
443:engine developed for its Nova vehicle in 2024.
157:. Kuznetsov later evolved that design into the
839:/LOX engine in development, first flown in 2019
432:project in the 1960s, the US government-funded
1412:"AR1 Booster Engine | Aerojet Rocketdyne"
645:engine developed in the 1960s and used on the
2622:
1920:
1616:"RFA test-fired its staged combustion engine"
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
127:
8:
1695:"SpaceX's Mars rocket to be methane-fuelled"
1100:
1098:
1096:
280:Oxidizer-rich turbine exhaust from a SpaceX
92:, increasing the volume of flow driving the
1024:History of Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines
581:engine developed in the 2000s; used on the
2652:
2629:
2615:
2607:
2372:
2213:
2074:
1927:
1913:
1905:
1294:Stoke Space / 100% reusable rockets / USA
188:using staged combustion was developed by
2339:Atmosphere-breathing electric propulsion
1226:Belluscio, Alejandro G. (7 March 2014).
1076:"RS-25 Engine | L3HarrisĀ® Fast. Forward"
1016:
1014:
382:Full-flow staged combustion rocket cycle
307:Staged combustion designs can be either
2791:Homogeneous charge compression ignition
1010:
720:engine in the 1970ā1980s, flown on the
623:launch vehicle, which will replace the
1238:from the original on 11 September 2015
1178:O'Callaghan, Jonathan (31 July 2019).
756:engine used on the H-II rocket family.
149:began work on the closed cycle engine
1674:from the original on 23 December 2015
1198:from the original on 22 February 2021
567:rocket as well as in upper stages of
7:
1705:from the original on 30 October 2013
1578:from the original on 1 October 2021
165:engines for the unsuccessful Lunar
2244:Field-emission electric propulsion
1837:Williams, Matt (24 January 2019).
1314:Burghardt, Thomas (25 July 2019).
1121:from the original on 19 March 2014
742:engine used on the Energia rocket.
14:
2318:Microwave electrothermal thruster
1849:from the original on 27 July 2019
1740:from the original on 26 July 2019
1518:from the original on 9 March 2016
1422:from the original on 4 March 2016
1392:from the original on 27 June 2016
1328:from the original on 26 July 2019
1269:from the original on 27 July 2019
823:Integrated powerhead demonstrator
666:main stage engine in development.
374:Full-flow staged combustion cycle
73:, while its main disadvantage is
2590:
1693:Todd, David (22 November 2012).
1664:"GSLV MkIII, the next milestone"
1155:. pp. 12ā19. Archived from
795:upper stage engine, used on the
680:Rocket Factory Augsburg "Helix"
1626:from the original on 9 May 2017
1548:from the original on 9 May 2017
1380:Rui C. Barbosa (25 June 2016).
669:HadleyāUrsa Major Technologies
474:Oxidizer-rich staged combustion
2448:Pulsed nuclear thermal rocketā
2344:High Power Electric Propulsion
1257:Wall, Mike (4 February 2019).
492:launch vehicle. Later sold to
450:when SpaceX flew their Raptor
16:Rocket engine operation method
1:
2303:Helicon double-layer thruster
2272:Electrodeless plasma thruster
2267:Magnetoplasmadynamic thruster
1811:Berger, Eric (26 July 2024).
1759:Berger, Eric (11 June 2024).
1728:Grush, Loren (26 July 2019).
1504:Berger, Eric (9 March 2016).
397:DLR (German Aerospace Center)
199:After the abandonment of the
1785:Foust, Jeff (25 July 2024).
774:launch vehicle. Used on the
153:for Korolev's orbital ICBM,
114:gas generator, or open cycle
2696:Stirling (pseudo/adiabatic)
1288:Kuna, Erik (11 June 2024).
1142:"Launch Vehicle Propulsion"
803:Full-flow staged combustion
704:Fuel-rich staged combustion
302:full-flow staged combustion
141:(11D33) used in the Soviet
2977:
2588:
2262:Pulsed inductive thruster
128:
90:stoichiometric conditions
2436:Nuclear pulse propulsion
2195:Electric-pump-fed engine
2095:Hybrid-propellant rocket
2085:Liquid-propellant rocket
1598:"Berthoud Business News"
995:Combustion tap-off cycle
533:āa series of Soviet and
448:occurred on 25 July 2019
133:) was first proposed by
2941:Rocket engines by cycle
2492:Beam-powered propulsion
2465:Fission-fragment rocket
2420:Nuclear photonic rocket
2388:Nuclear electric rocket
2154:Staged combustion cycle
2090:Solid-propellant rocket
1542:Ursa Major Technologies
1021:Sutton, George (2006).
463:South Texas Launch Site
86:main combustion chamber
32:staged combustion cycle
2543:Non-rocket spacelaunch
2393:Nuclear thermal rocket
2293:Pulsed plasma thruster
921:Proton (rocket family)
866:Angara (rocket family)
812:
553:and previously on the
383:
289:
226:United Launch Alliance
84:and the second called
75:engineering complexity
27:
2946:Spacecraft propulsion
2209:Electrical propulsion
1936:Spacecraft propulsion
926:Zenit (rocket family)
810:
381:
279:
24:
2956:Thermodynamic cycles
2880:Regenerative cooling
2758:combustion / thermal
2657:Without phase change
2648:combustion / thermal
2638:Thermodynamic cycles
2441:Antimatter-catalyzed
2239:Hall-effect thruster
2052:Solar thermal rocket
1870:. Everyday Astronaut
1469:"BE-4 Rocket Engine"
1140:Emdee, Jeff (2004).
537:engines used on the
437:Integrated powerhead
399:in the frame of the
286:Stennis Space Center
264:, which had similar
169:. The non-cryogenic
112:, as opposed to the
34:(sometimes known as
2383:Direct Fusion Drive
2298:Vacuum arc thruster
2185:Pressure-fed engine
2164:Gas-generator cycle
2071:Chemical propulsion
2008:Physical propulsion
1890:Rocket power cycles
1670:. 7 February 2014.
1386:NASASpaceFlight.com
1357:10.2514/6.2006-5197
1321:NASASpaceFlight.com
1232:NASAspaceflight.com
1000:Pressure-fed engine
990:Gas-generator cycle
951:first stage with 7
931:Space Launch System
726:Space Launch System
454:FFSC engine on the
192:circa 1963 for the
125:Staged combustion (
69:, measured through
59:combustion chambers
52:bipropellant rocket
2597:Spaceflight portal
2563:Reactionless drive
2528:Aerogravity assist
2368:Nuclear propulsion
1866:Dodd, Tim (2019).
813:
494:Aerojet Rocketdyne
434:Aerojet Rocketdyne
384:
290:
28:
2961:Soviet inventions
2931:Rocket propulsion
2918:
2917:
2895:Vapor-compression
2821:Staged combustion
2750:
2749:
2715:With phase change
2604:
2603:
2558:Atmospheric entry
2513:Orbital mechanics
2480:
2479:
2362:
2361:
2313:Resistojet rocket
2203:
2202:
2178:Intake mechanisms
2111:Liquid propellant
2015:Cold gas thruster
1620:SpaceWatch Global
1448:. 25 October 2018
1042:978-1-56347-649-5
368:pressurized tanks
239:Hydrogen peroxide
147:Nikolai Kuznetsov
2968:
2890:Vapor absorption
2653:
2631:
2624:
2617:
2608:
2594:
2578:Alcubierre drive
2568:Field propulsion
2518:Orbital maneuver
2506:Related concepts
2373:
2224:Colloid thruster
2214:
2075:
1977:Specific impulse
1929:
1922:
1915:
1906:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1712:
1710:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1652:. 26 April 2022.
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1622:. 26 July 2021.
1612:
1606:
1605:
1600:. Archived from
1594:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1484:
1478:. Archived from
1476:ULA Website 2014
1473:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1223:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1146:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1120:
1113:
1102:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1080:www.l3harris.com
1072:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1033:10.2514/4.868870
1018:
968:Stoke Space Nova
266:specific impulse
190:Valentin Glushko
131:
130:
71:specific impulse
2976:
2975:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2851:
2825:
2757:
2746:
2736:Organic Rankine
2710:
2664:
2661:hot air engines
2658:
2647:
2640:
2635:
2605:
2600:
2584:
2501:
2476:
2424:
2358:
2327:
2281:
2255:Electromagnetic
2250:
2199:
2190:Pump-fed engine
2173:
2142:
2099:
2066:
2003:
1994:Rocket equation
1960:Reaction engine
1938:
1933:
1886:
1873:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1852:
1850:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1821:
1819:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1795:
1793:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1769:
1767:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1743:
1741:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1708:
1706:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1677:
1675:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1629:
1627:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1604:on 7 June 2022.
1596:
1595:
1591:
1581:
1579:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1551:
1549:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1521:
1519:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1471:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1451:
1449:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1425:
1423:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1395:
1393:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1367:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1331:
1329:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1298:
1296:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1272:
1270:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1241:
1239:
1225:
1224:
1211:
1201:
1199:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1162:
1160:
1159:on 8 March 2016
1144:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1111:
1104:
1103:
1094:
1084:
1082:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1020:
1019:
1012:
1008:
976:
945:
940:
871:SpaceX Starship
856:
805:
762:(RD-56)āSoviet
706:
691:Launcher E-2 ā
571:series rockets.
476:
471:
410:gas-gas engines
376:
364:expander cycles
274:
220:and later, the
214:Lockheed Martin
178:
174:
129:ŠŠ°Š¼ŠŗŠ½ŃŃŠ°Ń ŃŃ
ŠµŠ¼Š°
123:
106:
67:fuel efficiency
40:preburner cycle
17:
12:
11:
5:
2974:
2972:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2936:Rocket engines
2933:
2923:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2861:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2762:
2760:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2729:
2724:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2667:
2665:
2656:
2650:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2611:
2602:
2601:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2523:Gravity assist
2520:
2515:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2488:
2486:
2485:External power
2482:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2458:Bussard ramjet
2450:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2390:
2385:
2379:
2377:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2289:
2287:
2286:Electrothermal
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2226:
2220:
2218:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2159:Expander cycle
2156:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2128:Monopropellant
2125:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1999:Thermal rocket
1996:
1991:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1952:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1885:
1884:External links
1882:
1881:
1880:
1861:
1860:
1843:Universe Today
1829:
1803:
1777:
1751:
1720:
1685:
1655:
1637:
1607:
1589:
1559:
1529:
1496:
1485:on 13 May 2015
1459:
1433:
1403:
1372:
1365:
1339:
1306:
1280:
1249:
1209:
1170:
1153:Aerospace Corp
1132:
1092:
1067:
1055:
1041:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
985:Expander cycle
982:
980:Airāfuel ratio
975:
972:
971:
970:
965:
960:
955:
944:
941:
939:
938:
936:Vulcan Centaur
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
857:
855:
852:
851:
850:
847:
840:
830:
820:
804:
801:
800:
799:
779:
757:
743:
729:
712:āUS developed
705:
702:
701:
700:
689:
678:
667:
650:
636:
600:
594:
572:
558:
516:
505:
483:
475:
472:
470:
467:
411:
375:
372:
354:and turbopump
314:
310:
299:
295:
273:
270:
258:Soviet shuttle
233:Ludwig Boelkow
176:
172:
143:Molniya rocket
122:
119:
111:
105:
102:
87:
83:
61:, and is thus
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2973:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2885:Transcritical
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2865:HampsonāLinde
2863:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2857:Refrigeration
2854:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2786:Gas-generator
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2771:Brayton/Joule
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2753:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2676:Brayton/Joule
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2643:
2639:
2632:
2627:
2625:
2620:
2618:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2587:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2533:Oberth effect
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2453:Fusion rocket
2451:
2449:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:Closed system
2374:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2308:Arcjet rocket
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2277:Plasma magnet
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2217:Electrostatic
2215:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2169:Tap-off cycle
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2138:Tripropellant
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2057:Photon rocket
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2047:Magnetic sail
2045:
2043:
2042:Electric sail
2040:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1965:Reaction mass
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1955:Rocket engine
1953:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1918:
1916:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1869:
1864:
1863:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1830:
1818:
1814:
1807:
1804:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1778:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1752:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1689:
1686:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1641:
1638:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1611:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1500:
1497:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1467:Blue Origin.
1463:
1460:
1447:
1446:SpaceNews.com
1443:
1437:
1434:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1407:
1404:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1373:
1368:
1366:9781624100383
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1340:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1310:
1307:
1295:
1291:
1284:
1281:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1253:
1250:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1174:
1171:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1133:
1117:
1110:
1109:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1056:
1044:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1005:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
977:
973:
969:
966:
964:
963:Long March 10
961:
959:
956:
954:
950:
947:
946:
942:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
861:Space Shuttle
859:
858:
853:
848:
845:
841:
838:
834:
831:
828:
824:
821:
818:
815:
814:
809:
802:
798:
794:
790:
787:
783:
780:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
758:
755:
751:
747:
744:
741:
737:
733:
730:
727:
723:
722:Space Shuttle
719:
715:
711:
708:
707:
703:
698:
694:
690:
687:
683:
679:
676:
672:
668:
665:
661:
658:
654:
651:
648:
644:
640:
637:
634:
630:
626:
622:
619:
615:
611:
608:
604:
601:
598:
595:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
573:
570:
566:
562:
559:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
517:
514:
510:
506:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
484:
481:
478:
477:
473:
468:
466:
464:
460:
458:
453:
449:
444:
442:
441:Stoke Spaceās
438:
435:
431:
428:
425:
420:
418:
413:
409:
405:
402:
398:
392:
390:
380:
373:
371:
369:
366:, as well as
365:
361:
357:
353:
348:
346:
342:
339:
335:
332:
328:
325:
321:
318:
312:
308:
305:
303:
298:oxidizer-rich
297:
293:
287:
283:
278:
271:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
234:
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
206:
202:
197:
195:
194:Proton rocket
191:
187:
183:
179:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
120:
118:
115:
109:
103:
101:
99:
95:
91:
85:
81:
78:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
36:topping cycle
33:
23:
19:
2820:
2742:Regenerative
2671:Bell Coleman
2595:
2538:Space launch
2470:Fission sail
2398:Radioisotope
2229:Ion thruster
2153:
2147:Power cycles
2133:Bipropellant
2025:Steam rocket
2020:Water rocket
1872:. Retrieved
1851:. Retrieved
1842:
1832:
1820:. Retrieved
1817:Ars Technica
1816:
1806:
1794:. Retrieved
1790:
1780:
1768:. Retrieved
1765:Ars Technica
1764:
1754:
1742:. Retrieved
1733:
1723:
1714:
1707:. Retrieved
1699:Flightglobal
1698:
1688:
1676:. Retrieved
1667:
1658:
1649:
1640:
1628:. Retrieved
1619:
1610:
1602:the original
1592:
1580:. Retrieved
1571:
1562:
1550:. Retrieved
1541:
1532:
1520:. Retrieved
1511:Ars Technica
1509:
1499:
1487:. Retrieved
1480:the original
1475:
1462:
1450:. Retrieved
1445:
1436:
1426:28 September
1424:. Retrieved
1415:
1406:
1396:28 September
1394:. Retrieved
1385:
1375:
1348:
1342:
1330:. Retrieved
1319:
1309:
1297:. Retrieved
1293:
1283:
1271:. Retrieved
1262:
1252:
1240:. Retrieved
1231:
1200:. Retrieved
1183:
1173:
1163:30 September
1161:. Retrieved
1157:the original
1148:
1135:
1123:. Retrieved
1107:
1083:. Retrieved
1079:
1070:
1062:
1058:
1046:. Retrieved
1023:
958:Long March 9
953:BE-4 engines
911:Long March 8
906:Long March 7
901:Long March 6
896:Long March 5
591:Long March 7
587:Long March 6
583:Long March 5
469:Applications
456:
445:
421:
414:
406:
393:
385:
349:
309:single-shaft
306:
301:
291:
251:
246:
237:
230:
198:
135:Alexey Isaev
126:
124:
110:closed cycle
107:
79:
44:closed cycle
43:
39:
35:
31:
29:
18:
2910:Ionocaloric
2905:Vuilleumier
2727:Hygroscopic
2553:Aerocapture
2548:Aerobraking
2429:Open system
2413:"Lightbulb"
2354:Mass driver
2104:Propellants
2035:Diffractive
916:N1 (rocket)
607:Blue Origin
509:Bolkow GmbH
461:, at their
459:test rocket
324:Blue Origin
48:power cycle
2951:Combustion
2925:Categories
2875:Pulse tube
2847:Mixed/dual
2573:Warp drive
2403:Salt-water
2121:Hypergolic
2030:Solar sail
1709:5 December
1452:5 November
1416:Rocket.com
1063:Cosmodrome
1048:5 November
1006:References
565:Soyuz-2.1b
502:Soyuz-2-1v
457:Starhopper
427:Energomash
401:SpaceLiner
356:cavitation
331:Rocketdyne
317:Energomash
313:twin-shaft
94:turbopumps
2870:Kleemenko
2756:Internal
2116:Cryogenic
1791:SpaceNews
1734:The Verge
1668:Frontline
1572:Instagram
1263:Space.com
1202:1 January
1192:1357-0978
1149:Crosslink
949:New Glenn
728:in 2020s.
633:New Glenn
555:Atlas III
417:materials
389:turbopump
294:fuel-rich
218:Atlas III
167:N1 rocket
104:Tradeoffs
82:preburner
63:combusted
26:oxidizer.
2837:Combined
2796:Humphrey
2781:Expander
2766:Atkinson
2701:Stoddard
2691:Stirling
2686:Ericsson
2646:External
2408:Gas core
1943:Concepts
1847:Archived
1738:Archived
1703:Archived
1678:12 March
1672:Archived
1650:Sat News
1624:Archived
1576:Archived
1546:Archived
1522:12 March
1516:Archived
1489:19 March
1420:Archived
1390:Archived
1326:Archived
1267:Archived
1236:Archived
1196:Archived
1184:Wired UK
1125:19 March
1116:Archived
1027:. AIAA.
974:See also
835:āSpaceX
797:GSLV Mk2
776:GSLV Mk1
697:kerosene
686:kerosene
675:kerosene
629:Delta IV
452:methalox
352:backflow
322:and the
272:Variants
260:was the
243:kerosene
2900:Siemens
2816:Scuderi
2732:Rankine
2497:Tethers
2349:MagBeam
2234:Gridded
1989:Staging
1982:Delta-v
1874:5 April
1853:27 July
1822:26 July
1796:26 July
1770:11 June
1744:27 July
1630:22 June
1332:26 July
1299:11 June
1273:27 July
1242:9 March
732:RD-0120
653:SCE-200
625:Atlas V
579:Chinese
561:RD-0124
547:Atlas V
539:Energia
535:Russian
513:Astrium
511:(later
498:Antares
480:S1.5400
360:tap-off
262:RD-0120
205:Aerojet
184:engine
139:S1.5400
121:History
46:) is a
2806:Miller
2801:Lenoir
2776:Diesel
2722:Kalina
2706:Manson
2681:Carnot
2323:VASIMR
1972:Thrust
1950:Rocket
1582:20 May
1552:20 May
1538:"Home"
1363:
1190:
1085:23 May
1039:
833:Raptor
817:RD-270
786:Indian
782:CE-7.5
657:Indian
647:Proton
643:Soviet
639:RD-253
621:Vulcan
589:, and
575:YF-100
569:Angara
551:Angara
531:RD-191
527:RD-180
523:RD-171
519:RD-170
430:RD-270
424:Soviet
345:Raptor
343:, and
336:, the
320:RD-180
282:Raptor
247:before
210:RD-180
186:RD-253
98:thrust
55:engine
2830:Mixed
2332:Other
2078:State
1483:(PDF)
1472:(PDF)
1145:(PDF)
1119:(PDF)
1112:(PDF)
886:H-IIB
881:H-IIA
844:Stoke
760:KVD-1
710:RS-25
543:Zenit
486:NK-33
334:RS-25
254:RS-25
163:NK-33
159:NK-15
50:of a
42:, or
2842:HEHC
2811:Otto
2062:WINE
1876:2021
1855:2019
1824:2024
1798:2024
1772:2024
1746:2019
1711:2012
1680:2016
1632:2022
1584:2017
1554:2017
1524:2016
1491:2014
1454:2022
1428:2016
1398:2016
1361:ISBN
1334:2019
1301:2024
1275:2019
1244:2014
1204:2021
1188:ISSN
1165:2016
1127:2014
1087:2024
1050:2022
1037:ISBN
891:GSLV
876:H-II
842:S1Eā
837:LCH4
746:LE-7
660:RP-1
627:and
610:LCH4
603:BE-4
529:and
362:and
341:LE-7
338:JAXA
327:BE-4
252:The
182:UDMH
161:and
155:GR-1
151:NK-9
30:The
1353:doi
1029:doi
793:LOX
789:LH2
772:N-1
768:LOX
764:LH2
754:LOX
750:LH2
740:LOX
736:LH2
718:LOX
714:LH2
693:LOX
682:LOX
671:LOX
664:LOX
618:ULA
614:LOX
597:AR1
490:N-1
311:or
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