2050:, on liquid-fuel rockets. By May 1929, the engine produced a thrust of 200 kg (440 lb.) "for longer than fifteen minutes and in July 1929, the Opel RAK collaborators were able to attain powered phases of more than thirty minutes for thrusts of 300 kg (660-lb.) at Opel's works in Rüsselsheim," again according to Max Valier's account. The Great Depression brought an end to the Opel RAK activities. After working for the German military in the early 1930s, Sander was arrested by Gestapo in 1935, when private rocket-engineering became forbidden in Germany. He was convicted of treason to 5 years in prison and forced to sell his company, he died in 1938. Max Valier's (via
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engines to be regeneratively cooled by the liquid oxygen, which flowed around the inner wall of the combustion chamber before entering it. Problems with burn-through during testing prompted a switch from gasoline to less energetic alcohol. The final missile, 2.2 metres (7.2 ft) long by 140 millimetres (5.5 in) in diameter, had a mass of 30 kilograms (66 lb), and it was anticipated that it could carry a 2 kilograms (4.4 lb) payload to an altitude of 5.5 kilometres (3.4 mi). The GIRD X rocket was launched on 25 November 1933 and flew to a height of 80 meters.
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important. Interlocks are rarely used for upper, uncrewed stages where failure of the interlock would cause loss of mission, but are present on the RS-25 engine, to shut the engines down prior to liftoff of the Space
Shuttle. In addition, detection of successful ignition of the igniter is surprisingly difficult, some systems use thin wires that are cut by the flames, pressure sensors have also seen some use.
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1982:
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7 kg empty and 16 kg with fuel. The maximum thrust was 45 to 50 kp, with a total burning time of 132 seconds. These properties indicate a gas pressure pumping. The main purpose of these tests was to develop the liquid rocket-propulsion system for a Gebrüder-Müller-Griessheim aircraft under construction for a planned flight across the
English channel. Also spaceflight historian
412:. Recently some aerospace companies have used electric pumps with batteries for this. In simpler small engines an inert gas stored in a tank at a high pressure is sometimes used instead of pumps to force propellants into the combustion chamber. These engines may have a higher mass ratio, but are usually more reliable, and are therefore used widely in satellites for orbit maintenance.
584:, suffers from the extremely low temperatures required for storing liquid hydrogen (around 20 K or −253.2 °C or −423.7 °F) and very low fuel density (70 kg/m or 4.4 lb/cu ft, compared to RP-1 at 820 kg/m or 51 lb/cu ft), necessitating large tanks that must also be lightweight and insulating. Lightweight foam insulation on the
644:, both RP1 and LNG engines can be designed with a shared shaft with a single turbine and two turbopumps, one each for LOX and LNG/RP1. In space, LNG does not need heaters to keep it liquid, unlike RP1. LNG is less expensive, being readily available in large quantities. It can be stored for more prolonged periods of time, and is less explosive than LH
1641:
Injectors are commonly laid out so that a fuel-rich layer is created at the combustion chamber wall. This reduces the temperature there, and downstream to the throat and even into the nozzle and permits the combustion chamber to be run at higher pressure, which permits a higher expansion ratio nozzle
1547:
Fuel- and oxidizer-rich mixtures are burned in separate preburners and driving the turbopumps, then both high-pressure exhausts, one oxygen rich and the other fuel rich, are fed directly into the main chamber where they combine and combust, permitting very high pressures and high efficiency. Example:
1432:
A small percentage of the propellants are burnt in a preburner to power a turbopump and then exhausted through a separate nozzle, or low down on the main one. This results in a reduction in efficiency since the exhaust contributes little or no thrust, but the pump turbines can be very large, allowing
1375:
The propellants are forced in from pressurised (relatively heavy) tanks. The heavy tanks mean that a relatively low pressure is optimal, limiting engine power, but all the fuel is burned, allowing high efficiency. The pressurant used is frequently helium due to its lack of reactivity and low density.
1874:. At RNII Tikhonravov worked on developing oxygen/alcohol liquid-propellant rocket engines. Ultimately liquid propellant rocket engines were given a low priority during the late 1930s at RNII, however the research was productive and very important for later achievements of the Soviet rocket program.
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Ignition can be performed in many ways, but perhaps more so with liquid propellants than other rockets a consistent and significant ignitions source is required; a delay of ignition (in some cases as small as a few tens of milliseconds) can cause overpressure of the chamber due to excess propellant.
2012:
and gasoline as propellants. The rocket, which was dubbed "Nell", rose just 41 feet during a 2.5-second flight that ended in a cabbage field, but it was an important demonstration that rockets utilizing liquid propulsion were possible. Goddard proposed liquid propellants about fifteen years earlier
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Fuel and oxidizer must be pumped into the combustion chamber against the pressure of the hot gasses being burned, and engine power is limited by the rate at which propellant can be pumped into the combustion chamber. For atmospheric or launcher use, high pressure, and thus high power, engine cycles
1226:
Injectors can be as simple as a number of small diameter holes arranged in carefully constructed patterns through which the fuel and oxidizer travel. The speed of the flow is determined by the square root of the pressure drop across the injectors, the shape of the hole and other details such as the
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launched the first Soviet liquid-propelled rocket (the GIRD-9), fueled by liquid oxygen and jellied gasoline. It reached an altitude of 400 metres (1,300 ft). In
January 1933 Tsander began development of the GIRD-X rocket. This design burned liquid oxygen and gasoline and was one of the first
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Safety interlocks are sometimes used to ensure the presence of an ignition source before the main valves open; however reliability of the interlocks can in some cases be lower than the ignition system. Thus it depends on whether the system must fail safe, or whether overall mission success is more
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Testing for stability often involves the use of small explosives. These are detonated within the chamber during operation, and causes an impulsive excitation. By examining the pressure trace of the chamber to determine how quickly the effects of the disturbance die away, it is possible to estimate
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Paulet was clearly a pioneer in the field of rocketry and it is unsurprising that the Nazis were keen to recruit him to assist their efforts. The German
Astronautical Society invited him to Germany to become part of a team of researchers into rocket propulsion and he was initially interested, but
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Paulet was clearly a pioneer in the field of rocketry and it is unsurprising that the Nazis were keen to recruit him to assist their efforts. The German
Astronautical Society invited him to Germany to become part of a team of researchers into rocket propulsion and he was initially interested, but
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Nevertheless, particularly in larger engines, a high speed combustion oscillation is easily triggered, and these are not well understood. These high speed oscillations tend to disrupt the gas side boundary layer of the engine, and this can cause the cooling system to rapidly fail, destroying the
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Cryogenic fuel (hydrogen, or methane) is used to cool the walls of the combustion chamber and nozzle. Absorbed heat vaporizes and expands the fuel which is then used to drive the turbopumps before it enters the combustion chamber, allowing for high efficiency, or is bled overboard, allowing for
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Peru holds a special place among Latin
America's EMSAs because the country was home to Pedro Paulet, who invented the world's first liquid-propelled rocket engine in 1895 and the first modern rocket propulsion system in 1900. ... According to Wernher von Braun, 'Paulet should be considered the
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To prevent these issues the RS-25 injector design instead went to a lot of effort to vaporize the propellant prior to injection into the combustion chamber. Although many other features were used to ensure that instabilities could not occur, later research showed that these other features were
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on April 10 and April 12, 1929. These Opel RAK rockets have been the first
European, and after Goddard the world's second, liquid-fuel rockets in history. In his book "Raketenfahrt" Valier describes the size of the rockets as of 21 cm in diameter and with a length of 74 cm, weighing
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invented the centripetal injector in the early 1930s, and it has been almost universally used in
Russian engines. Rotational motion is applied to the liquid (and sometimes the two propellants are mixed), then it is expelled through a small hole, where it forms a cone-shaped sheet that rapidly
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which is a relatively low speed oscillation, the engine must be designed with enough pressure drop across the injectors to render the flow largely independent of the chamber pressure. This pressure drop is normally achieved by using at least 20% of the chamber pressure across the injectors.
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A fuel- or oxidizer-rich mixture is burned in a preburner and then drives turbopumps, and this high-pressure exhaust is fed directly into the main chamber where the remainder of the fuel or oxidizer undergoes combustion, permitting very high pressures and efficiency. Examples:
344:. The density and low pressure of liquid propellants permit lightweight tankage: approximately 1% of the contents for dense propellants and around 10% for liquid hydrogen. The increased tank mass is due to liquid hydrogen's low density and the mass of the required insulation.
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Injectors today classically consist of a number of small holes which aim jets of fuel and oxidizer so that they collide at a point in space a short distance away from the injector plate. This helps to break the flow up into small droplets that burn more easily.
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propellants have the advantage of self igniting, reliably and with less chance of hard starts. In the 1940s, the
Russians began to start engines with hypergols, to then switch over to the primary propellants after ignition. This was also used on the American
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uses a system of fluted posts, which use heated hydrogen from the preburner to vaporize the liquid oxygen flowing through the center of the posts and this improves the rate and stability of the combustion process; previous engines such as the F-1 used for the
1835:– a scientist and inventor – was designing and building liquid rocket engines which ran on compressed air and gasoline. Tsander investigated high-energy fuels including powdered metals mixed with gasoline. In September 1931 Tsander formed the Moscow based '
631:
because higher density allows for smaller motors, propellant tanks and associated systems. LNG also burns with less or no soot (less or no coking) than RP1, which eases reusability when compared with it, and LNG and RP1 burn cooler than
283:
in zero-gravity or during staging to avoid sucking gas into engines at start up. They are also subject to vortexing within the tank, particularly towards the end of the burn, which can also result in gas being sucked into the engine or
1964:
to help develop rocket technology, though he refused to assist after discovering that the project was destined for weaponization and never shared the formula for his propellant. According to filmmaker and researcher Álvaro Mejía,
222:
The flow of propellant into the combustion chamber can be throttled, which allows for control over the magnitude of the thrust throughout the flight. This enables real-time error correction during the flight along with efficiency
308:
procedures which attempt to remove as much of the vapor from the system as possible. Ice can also form on the outside of the tank, and later fall and damage the vehicle. External foam insulation can cause issues as shown by the
175:
for variable thrust operation. Some allow control of the propellant mixture ratio (ratio at which oxidizer and fuel are mixed). Some can be shut down and, with a suitable ignition system or self-igniting propellant, restarted.
2046:, curator at National Air and Space Museum in Washington, DC, confirms the Opel group was working, in addition to their solid-fuel rockets used for land-speed records and the world's first crewed rocket-plane flights with the
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to pump liquid propellants are complex to design, and can suffer serious failure modes, such as overspeeding if they run dry or shedding fragments at high speed if metal particles from the manufacturing process enter the
1217:
Additionally, injectors are also usually key in reducing thermal loads on the nozzle; by increasing the proportion of fuel around the edge of the chamber, this gives much lower temperatures on the walls of the nozzle.
3015:
when he discovered that the intention was to construct a weapon that would be used for military purposes he declined the invitation. As late as 1965, Oberth described him as one of the true pioneers of rocket science.
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when he discovered that the intention was to construct a weapon that would be used for military purposes he declined the invitation. As late as 1965, Oberth described him as one of the true pioneers of rocket science.
364:
rocket engine and up to 180:1 with the vacuum version. Instead of a pump, some designs use a tank of a high-pressure inert gas such as helium to pressurize the propellants. These rockets often provide lower
347:
For injection into the combustion chamber, the propellant pressure at the injectors needs to be greater than the chamber pressure. This is often achieved with a pump. Suitable pumps usually use centrifugal
2116:
After World War II the
American government and military finally seriously considered liquid-propellant rockets as weapons and began to fund work on them. The Soviet Union did likewise, and thus began the
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ignites on contact with air and will ignite and/or decompose on contact with water, and with any other oxidizer—it is one of the few substances sufficiently pyrophoric to ignite on contact with cryogenic
2936:
Even Wernher von Braun described Paulet as 'one of the fathers of aeronautics' and 'the pioneer of the liquid fuel propulsion motor'. He declared that 'by his efforts, Paulet helped man reach the Moon'.
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pioneer of the liquid fuel propulsion motor ... by his efforts, Paulet helped man reach the moon.' Paulet went on to found Peru's National Pro-Aviation League, a precursor of the Peruvian Air Force.
219:
Liquid rocket engines can swivel throughout flight. Swiveling allows the rocket engine to be pointed in different directions, which allows for finer-tuned control over the trajectory of the rocket.
304:, such as liquid oxygen, freeze atmospheric water vapor into ice. This can damage or block seals and valves and can cause leaks and other failures. Avoiding this problem often requires lengthy
1485:
turbines to pump propellant, then is exhausted. Since not all propellant flows through the main combustion chamber, the tap-off cycle is considered an open-cycle engine. Examples include the
1306:
atomizes. Goddard's first liquid engine used a single impinging injector. German scientists in WWII experimented with impinging injectors on flat plates, used successfully in the
1182:
and most spacecraft, including crewed vehicles, planetary probes, and satellites, storing cryogenic propellants over extended periods is unfeasible. Because of this, mixtures of
3027:
1928:
in 1927, claiming he had experimented with a liquid rocket engine while he was a student in Paris three decades earlier. Historians of early rocketry experiments, among them
1824:. A total of 100 bench tests of liquid-propellant rockets were conducted using various types of fuel, both low and high-boiling and thrust up to 300 kg was achieved.
1779:
found a German translation of a book by Tsiolkovsky of which "almost every page...was embellished by von Braun's comments and notes." Leading Soviet rocket-engine designer
356:
have been employed in the past. Turbopumps are usually lightweight and can give excellent performance; with an on-Earth weight well under 1% of the thrust. Indeed, overall
2184:
623:
but higher than that of RP1 (kerosene) and solid propellants, and its higher density, similarly to other hydrocarbon fuels, provides higher thrust to volume ratios than LH
1771:, multi-staged rockets, and using liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen in liquid propellant rockets. Tsiolkovsky influenced later rocket scientists throughout Europe, like
249:
shifts significantly rearward as the propellant is used; one will typically lose control of the vehicle if its center mass gets too close to the center of drag/pressure.
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1940:, have given differing amounts of credence to Paulet's report. Valier applauded Paulet's liquid-propelled rocket design in the Verein für Raumschiffahrt publication
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so LNG and RP1 do not deform the interior structures of the engine as much. This means that engines that burn LNG can be reused more than those that burn RP1 or LH
229:
In the case of an emergency, liquid propelled rockets can be shutdown in a controlled manner, which provides an extra level of safety and mission abort capability.
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265:, which has frequently led to loss of control of the vehicle. This can be controlled with slosh baffles in the tanks as well as judicious control laws in the
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Generally, ignition systems try to apply flames across the injector surface, with a mass flow of approximately 1% of the full mass flow of the chamber.
1561:
Selecting an engine cycle is one of the earlier steps to rocket engine design. A number of tradeoffs arise from this selection, some of which include:
329:
Liquid rocket engines have tankage and pipes to store and transfer propellant, an injector system and one or more combustion chambers with associated
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The first injectors used on the V-2 created parallel jets of fuel and oxidizer which then combusted in the chamber. This gave quite poor efficiency.
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and Heylandt), who died while experimenting in 1930, and Friedrich Sander's work on liquid-fuel rockets was confiscated by the German military, the
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had significant issues with oscillations that led to destruction of the engines, but this was not a problem in the RS-25 due to this design detail.
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because the mass of the pressurant tankage reduces performance. In some designs for high altitude or vacuum use the tankage mass can be acceptable.
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H°, is −5,105.70 ± 2.90 kJ/mol (−1,220.29 ± 0.69 kcal/mol). Its easy ignition makes it particularly desirable as a
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2070:, working on liquid rockets in the early 1930s, and many of whose members eventually became important rocket technology pioneers, including
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Max, Valier, Raketenfahrt: Eine technische Möglichkeit Gebundene Ausgabe – Großdruck, 1. Januar 1930, De Gruyter Oldenbourg, Reprint 2019 (
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The pintle injector permits good mixture control of fuel and oxidizer over a wide range of flow rates. The pintle injector was used in the
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2982:"El peruano que se convirtió en el padre de la astronáutica inspirado por Julio Verne y que aparece en los nuevos billetes de 100 soles"
2887:"El peruano que se convirtió en el padre de la astronáutica inspirado por Julio Verne y que aparece en los nuevos billetes de 100 soles"
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1839:', better known by its Russian acronym "GIRD". In May 1932, Sergey Korolev replaced Tsander as the head of GIRD. On 17 August 1933,
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Bipropellant liquid rockets are simple in concept but due to high temperatures and high speed moving parts, very complex in practice.
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For liquid-propellant rockets, four different ways of powering the injection of the propellant into the chamber are in common use.
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In Germany, engineers and scientists became enthralled with liquid propulsion, building and testing them in the late 1920s within
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Thousands of combinations of fuels and oxidizers have been tried over the years. Some of the more common and practical ones are:
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When operated within an atmosphere, pressurization of the typically very thin-walled propellant tanks must guarantee positive
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replaced Glushko and continued development of the ORM engines, including the engine for the rocket powered interceptor, the
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Non-storable liquid rockets require considerable preparation immediately before launch. This makes them less practical than
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1412:. The electric motor is powered by a battery pack. It is relatively simple to implement and reduces the complexity of the
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168:, where the fuel and oxidizer, such as hydrogen and oxygen, are gases which have been liquefied at very low temperatures.
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that can be achieved. A poor injector performance causes unburnt propellant to leave the engine, giving poor efficiency.
541:. The main advantages of this mixture are a clean burn (water vapor is the only combustion product) and high performance.
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electrolysis from the Martian atmosphere without requiring use of any of the Martian water resources to obtain Hydrogen.
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101:.) Liquids are desirable propellants because they have reasonably high density and their combustion products have high
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By the late 1930s, use of rocket propulsion for crewed flight began to be seriously experimented with, as Germany's
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weather of March 16, 1926, holds the launching frame of his most notable invention — the first liquid rocket.
1961:
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or its derivatives in combination with nitrogen oxides are generally used for such applications, but are toxic and
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series rockets, although reuse of solid rocket motors was also effectively demonstrated during the Shuttle program.
3105:
Frank H. Winter, "1928-1929 Forerunners of the Shuttle: the 'Von Opel Flights'", SPACEFLIGHT, Vol. 21,2, Feb. 1979
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made the first crewed rocket-powered flight using a liquid rocket engine, designed by German aeronautics engineer
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Tank pressure limits combustion chamber pressure and thrust; heavy tanks and associated pressurization hardware
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Must use cryogenic fuel; heat transfer to the fuel limits available power to the turbine and thus engine thrust
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would also describe Paulet as "the pioneer of the liquid fuel propulsion motor" and stated that "Paulet helped
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Typical liquid propellants have densities roughly similar to water, approximately 0.7–1.4g/cm. An exception is
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45:
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1851:(RNII). At RNII Gushko continued the development of liquid propellant rocket engines ОРМ-53 to ОРМ-102, with
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engine. These kinds of oscillations are much more common on large engines, and plagued the development of the
1210:
The injector implementation in liquid rockets determines the percentage of the theoretical performance of the
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higher power turbopumps. The limited heat available to vaporize the fuel constrains engine power. Examples:
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Rocket 09 (left) and 10 (GIRD-09 and GIRD-X). Museum of Cosmonautics and Rocket Technology; St. Petersburg.
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The idea of a liquid-fueled rocket as understood in the modern context first appeared in 1903 in the book
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1944:, saying the engine had "amazing power" and that his plans were necessary for future rocket development.
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on June 20, 1939. The only production rocket-powered combat aircraft ever to see military service, the
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27% (AK27) and kerosene/gasoline mixture (TM-185) – various Russian (USSR) cold-war ballistic missiles (
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2348:"Thomas Mueller's answer to Is SpaceX's Merlin 1D's thrust-to-weight ratio of 150+ believable? - Quora"
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3251:"A tiny start-up based in Brooklyn has a 3D-printed rocket engine it says is the largest in the world"
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studied Tsiolkovsky's works as youths and both sought to turn Tsiolkovsky's theories into reality.
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Heister, Stephen D.; Anderson, William E.; Pourpoint, Timothée L.; Cassady, R. Joseph (2019-02-07).
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Space Policy in Developing Countries: The Search for Security and Development on the Final Frontier
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and in an effort to shift the public image of von Braun away from his history with Nazi Germany.
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Liquid propellants are often pumped into the combustion chamber with a lightweight centrifugal
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A liquid rocket engine can be tested prior to use, whereas for a solid rocket motor a rigorous
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3237:"Launch startup Skyrora successfully tests 3D-printed rocket engines powered by plastic waste"
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627:, although its density is not as high as that of RP1. This makes it specially attractive for
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1802:. This resulted in the creation of ORM (from "Experimental Rocket Motor" in Russian) engines
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3217:"Relativity Space will 3D-print rockets at new autonomous factory in Long Beach, California"
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design, but at the expense of the extra dry mass of the battery pack. Example engine is the
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388:. For feeding propellants to the combustion chamber, liquid-propellant engines are either
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3189:"Orbex builds single-piece rocket engine 3D printed on SLM 800 - Aerospace Manufacturing"
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s), principally because carbon monoxide and oxygen can be straightforwardly produced by
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using three types of propellant are rare. Liquid oxidizer propellants are also used in
1798:(GDL), where a new research section was set up for the study of liquid-propellant and
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Problems of Flight by Jet Propulsion-Interplanetary Flights (Translated from Russian)
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Shutdown and restart capabilities allow for multiple burn cycles throughout a flight.
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133:
90:
3090:"Fritz von Opel, Speech at Deutsches Museum, April 3, 1968, re-print in "Opel Post""
1857:
1819:
1653:, which uses the fuel or less commonly the oxidizer to cool the chamber and nozzle.
4049:
4008:
3981:
3740:
3536:
3531:
3384:. Washington, D.C.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA History Div
1957:
1953:
1911:
1886:
1764:
1363:
1280:
1191:
1187:
1106:
895:
870:
745:
722:
718:
714:
710:
698:
682:
674:
670:
518:
514:
510:
397:
317:
280:
137:
17:
3138:
1981:
1808:
1602:
High specific impulse; high combustion chamber pressures allowing for high thrust
245:
Because the propellant is a very large proportion of the mass of the vehicle, the
205:
than solids and hybrid rocket motors and can provide very high tankage efficiency.
3270:
2837:
208:
A Liquid rocket engine can also usually be reused for several flights, as in the
4856:
4823:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4064:
4059:
3865:
3358:
2125:
2063:
1989:
1086:
1011:
990:
986:
887:
862:
4084:
3541:
3028:"Un documental reivindicará al peruano Paulet como pionero de la astronáutica"
2129:
2118:
2075:
2047:
2030:
1929:
1900:
1697:
1681:
1663:
1442:
1438:
1421:
1307:
970:
349:
294:
2614:
2308:
2128:
engines started being used for spaceflight. Examples of such engines include
4891:
3221:
3010:
Hitler's Secret Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Nazi Plan for Final Victory
2953:
2932:
Hitler's Secret Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Nazi Plan for Final Victory
2869:
Hitler's Secret Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Nazi Plan for Final Victory
2838:"The alleged contributions of Pedro E. Paulet to liquid-propellant rocketry"
2772:
2318:
1969:
would later attempt to discredit Paulet's discoveries in the context of the
1933:
1791:
1621:
Greatly increased complexity &, therefore, mass (more-so for full-flow)
1482:
1466:
1342:
as damping mechanisms to stop particular resonant frequencies from growing.
1183:
1118:
1114:
1021:
409:
361:
2842:
Nasa, Washington Essays on the History of Rocketry and Astronautics, Vol. 2
2263:
2066:
near Berlin. Max Valier was a co-founder of an amateur research group, the
3376:
2629:
2313:, Springer Praxis Books, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005, pp. 1–34,
2273:
2074:. Von Braun served as head of the army research station that designed the
241:
Use of liquid propellants can also be associated with a number of issues:
5352:
5347:
5267:
5252:
5237:
4941:
4645:
3378:
Challenge to Apollo : the Soviet Union and the space race, 1945-1974
2986:
2891:
2026:
2013:
and began to seriously experiment with them in 1921. The German-Romanian
1970:
1903:
1454:
1446:
1434:
1389:
1328:
1276:
982:
782:
759:
706:
702:
581:
470:
444:
288:
213:
157:
5482:* Different versions of the engine use different propellant combinations
3416:
604:, as a piece broke loose, damaged its wing and caused it to break up on
5447:
5272:
5247:
5242:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4911:
4687:
4650:
4640:
4635:
4609:
4498:
4385:
4330:
4324:
3860:
3493:
2734:. Israel Program for Scientific Translations. pp. 32, 38–39, 58–59
2157:
1596:
Simple; low dry mass; allows for high power turbopumps for high thrust
1507:
881:
830:
818:
741:
729:
366:
340:
which has a much lower density, while requiring only relatively modest
112:. This allows the volume of the propellant tanks to be relatively low.
2108:, which produced up to 1,700 kgf (16.7 kN) thrust at full power.
5402:
5136:
5131:
5100:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5039:
5028:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
4951:
4901:
4776:
4720:
4713:
4697:
4681:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4590:
4584:
4574:
4450:
4443:
4282:
4233:
3483:
3461:
1828:
1532:
1160:
799:
577:
482:
3285:"Meet Launcher, the rocket engine builder with just eight employees"
2757:. Bill Sweetman. Osceola, WI: Motorbooks International. p. 47.
1728:
to create triethylaluminum-triethylborane, better known as TEA-TEB.
1649:
and better system performance. A liquid rocket engine often employs
2474:
2017:
published a book in 1922 suggesting the use of liquid propellants.
5452:
5392:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5167:
5161:
5105:
5094:
5084:
5034:
4886:
4876:
4828:
4796:
4781:
4771:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4568:
4562:
4436:
4430:
4425:
4405:
4370:
4365:
4342:
4319:
4287:
4251:
4244:
4238:
4228:
4223:
3403:
2149:
2104:
in 1944-45, also used a Walter-designed liquid rocket engine, the
2080:
1980:
1881:
1450:
1377:
1335:
1287:
1078:
1064:
793:
530:
526:
494:
261:
232:
3406:"How to Design, Build, and Test Small Liquid-Fuel Rocket Engines"
2029:, the world's first rocket program, in Rüsselsheim. According to
360:
including a turbopump have been as high as 155:1 with the SpaceX
276:
where the rocket suffers from uncommanded cycles of acceleration.
5089:
5079:
4871:
4707:
4546:
4461:
4360:
4349:
4308:
4302:
4297:
4262:
3255:
2822:
2375:
1925:
1915:
1536:
1528:
1515:
1511:
1503:
1490:
1486:
1458:
1409:
1350:
the stability and redesign features of the chamber if required.
1190:. Consequently, to improve handling, some crew vehicles such as
1179:
1044:
978:
974:
959:
955:
935:
919:
913:
910:
906:
666:
658:
561:
522:
490:
477:
of Blue Origin's New Shepard, the first and second stage of the
474:
198:
must be applied during manufacturing to ensure high reliability.
153:
145:
4122:
3420:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5362:
3412:
The Heinkel He 176, worlds's first liquid-fuel rocket aircraft
3411:
3203:"Orbex unveiled largest 3D printed rocket engine in the world"
3032:
2000:
of a liquid-propellant rocket took place on March 16, 1926 at
749:
448:
436:
291:, possibly leading to the formation of an explosive mixture.
1914:, who had experimented with rockets throughout his life in
1605:
Simple; no turbopumps; low dry mass; high specific impulse
1346:
unnecessary, and the gas phase combustion worked reliably.
1757:
Exploration of the Universe with Rocket-Propelled Vehicles
384:
feed system, valves, regulators, propellant tanks and the
372:
The major components of a rocket engine are therefore the
190:
The use of liquid propellants has a number of advantages:
2607:
Developments of Rocketry and Space Technology in the USSR
2236:. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 25, 186, 187.
2536:
Issledovaniye mirovykh prostranstv reaktivnymi priborami
2525:
Rocket Propulsion elements - Sutton Biblarz, section 8.1
1366:. For orbital use, lower power cycles are usually fine.
256:
at all times to avoid catastrophic collapse of the tank.
3271:"Air Force funding keeps Launcher development on track"
2491:, 7th ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 2001.
313:. Non-cryogenic propellants do not cause such problems.
2540:Исследование мировых пространств реактивными приборами
2913:
Von Braun, Wernher; Ordway III, Frederick I. (1968).
2425:"Methane Engine Just for Future Space Transportation"
2037:
launched two liquid-fuel rockets at Opel Rennbahn in
777:
vehicle (with a specific impulse of approximately 250
182:
apply a liquid or gaseous oxidizer to a solid fuel.
2140:
and also engines used for first or second stages in
1948:
would name Paulet as a pioneer in rocketry in 1965.
1481:
of the rocket engine and routes them through engine
5192:
5121:
4818:
4811:
4542:
4533:
4381:
4200:
4191:
4180:
4017:
3996:
3940:
3887:
3878:
3843:
3797:
3766:
3728:
3719:
3689:
3658:
3615:
3589:
3582:
3519:
3454:
352:due to their high power and light weight, although
41:
A simplified diagram of a liquid-propellant rocket.
2185:Comparison of solid-fuelled orbital launch systems
2085:Drawing of the He 176 V1 prototype rocket aircraft
861:as the fuel) – used for the Hellmuth-Walter-Werke
473:main stage and the Ariane 5 ECA second stage, the
27:Rocket engine that uses liquid fuels and oxidizers
2919:. París: Larousse / Paris -Match. pp. 51–52.
2058:and integrated into the activities under General
1680:, electrical (spark or hot wire), and chemical.
611:Liquid methane/LNG has several advantages over LH
2609:. Novosti Press Pub. House. pp. 12–14, 19.
1565:Tradeoff comparison among popular engine cycles
869:B Komet, an operational rocket fighter plane of
566:Propulsion Cryogenics & Advanced Development
396:, with pump-fed engines working in a variety of
3327:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
3302:Baker, David; Zak, Anatoly (9 September 2013).
2451:"Mars Rocket Vehicle Using In Situ Propellants"
1334:Some combustion chambers, such as those of the
1202:with non-toxic fuel and oxidizer combinations.
3352:(14). Universidad Católica San Pablo: 95–122.
4134:
3432:
1599:High specific impulse; fairly low complexity
8:
2815:"Pedro Paulet: pionero peruano del espacio"
2310:History and principles of rocket propulsion
1847:In 1933 GDL and GIRD merged and became the
1510:and Delta IV second stages (closed cycle),
4815:
4539:
4197:
4188:
4141:
4127:
4119:
3884:
3725:
3586:
3439:
3425:
3417:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2365:
2363:
2361:
521:, the first stage and second stage of the
171:Most designs of liquid rocket engines are
3357:
2399:Hagemann, Dr. Gerald (November 4, 2015).
3851:Atmosphere-breathing electric propulsion
3342:"Pedro Paulet, sabio multidisciplinario"
2394:
2392:
2227:
2225:
2175:Comparison of orbital launchers families
1746:
1563:
856:
848:
844:
836:
287:Liquid propellants can leak, especially
36:
3305:Race for Space 1: Dawn of the Space Age
3162:Heinkel He 176 – Dichtung und Wahrheit,
2797:
2785:
2665:
2653:
2587:
2575:
2563:
2551:
2234:Rocket Propulsion Elements, 3rd edition
2221:
1794:Glushko pursued rocket research at the
1763:. The magnitude of his contribution to
865:A, -B and -C engine family used on the
97:. (Alternate approaches use gaseous or
2487:Sutton, George P. and Biblarz, Oscar,
2033:'s account, Opel RAK rocket designer,
1849:Reactive Scientific Research Institute
1837:Group for the Study of Reactive Motion
934:) and unsymmetric dimethyl hydrazine (
509:rocket stage, the upper stages of the
124:using a single type of propellant, or
2854:
2808:
2806:
2303:
2301:
1666:can even cause an engine to explode.
810:Many non-cryogenic bipropellants are
7:
4172:Comparison of orbital rocket engines
2916:Histoire Mondiale de L'Astronautique
2605:Glushko, Valentin (1 January 1973).
2590:, p. 3,166,182,187,205–206,208.
2257:
2255:
2180:Comparison of orbital rocket engines
2170:Comparison of orbital launch systems
1271:engine, it is currently used in the
576:One of the most efficient mixtures,
67:Combustion product gasses enter the
3175:"Astra Rocket Engine — Delphin 3.0"
3115:Boyne, Walter J. (September 2004).
2753:Gordon, E.; Sweetman, Bill (1992).
2190:List of space launch system designs
1724:. May be used in conjunction with
918:Inhibited red fuming nitric acid (I
136:, with some of the advantages of a
3756:Field-emission electric propulsion
1956:". Paulet was later approached by
1906:for horizontal or vertical flight.
1433:for high power engines. Examples:
259:Liquid propellants are subject to
57:Pumps carry the fuel and oxidizer.
25:
3830:Microwave electrothermal thruster
2455:Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets
2401:"LOX/Methane The Future is Green"
1543:Full-flow staged combustion cycle
1113:, interplanetary probes (Such as
790:Non-cryogenic/storable/hypergolic
740:OH) – early liquid rockets, like
728:Liquid oxygen (LOX) and alcohol (
564:(Blue Origin) engines. (See also
5183:
4102:
3137:Magazines, Hearst (1 May 1931).
2836:Ordway, F. I. (September 1977).
2813:Paulet de Vásquez, Sara (2002).
2689:from the original on 2021-04-03.
1759:by the Russian rocket scientist
1642:to be used which gives a higher
1237:The main types of injectors are
342:pressure to prevent vaporization
128:using two types of propellant.
64:mixes and burns the two liquids.
3149:Popular Mechanics 1931 curtiss.
1318:To avoid instabilities such as
1167:and SuperDraco engines for the
1043:Unsymmetric dimethylhydrazine (
1018:Development (or study): BA-3200
311:Space Shuttle Columbia disaster
3960:Pulsed nuclear thermal rocket
3856:High Power Electric Propulsion
3324:Rockets and People Volumes 1-4
3147:– via Internet Archive.
2502:"Sometimes, Smaller is Better"
2268:. Cambridge University Press.
2200:List of orbital launch systems
2062:in the early and mid-1930s in
2004:, when American professor Dr.
1864:RP-318 rocket-powered aircraft
1477:Takes hot gases from the main
1388:, and the second stage of the
1089:(50% UDMH, 50% hydrazine) and
279:Liquid propellants often need
1:
4968:RD-0202 to 0206, 0208 to 0213
3815:Helicon double-layer thruster
3784:Electrodeless plasma thruster
3779:Magnetoplasmadynamic thruster
2704:. Routledge. pp. 74–75.
2702:The Soviet Armaments Industry
2371:"About LNG Propulsion System"
1767:is astounding, including the
1331:, but were finally overcome.
1139:) and dinitrogen tetroxide (N
640:. Unlike engines that burn LH
533:, and the upper stage of the
201:Liquid systems enable higher
5519:Rocket engines by propellant
3143:. Hearst Magazines. p.
3008:Fitzgerald, Michael (2018).
2930:Fitzgerald, Michael (2018).
2867:Fitzgerald, Michael (2018).
2683:"The Man Behind the Curtain"
1960:, being invited to join the
1676:Methods of ignition include
1380:, used in the Space Shuttle
677:-derived vehicles including
186:Advantages and disadvantages
3359:10.36901/persona.v14i14.209
2948:Harding, Robert C. (2012).
1988:, bundled against the cold
1769:Tsiolkovsky rocket equation
1406:brushless DC electric motor
1227:density of the propellant.
905:rocket fighter prototypes,
773:(CO) – proposed for a Mars
586:Space Shuttle external tank
142:Bipropellant liquid rockets
5535:
3164:Jet&Prop 1/94 p. 17–21
2489:Rocket Propulsion Elements
2247:NASA:Liquid rocket engines
2232:Sutton, George P. (1963).
1962:Astronomische Gesellschaft
1735:
1634:
1362:are desirable to minimize
1153:orbital maneuvering system
619:) is lower than that of LH
481:, the upper stages of the
419:
29:
5478:
5181:
4167:
4100:
3774:Pulsed inductive thruster
2700:Albrecht, Ulrich (1993).
2630:"Gas Dynamics Laboratory"
2249:, 1998, Purdue University
2008:launched a vehicle using
1775:. Soviet search teams at
1571:
1569:
1265:Descent Propulsion System
841:, and hydrazine hydrate,
821:(80% hydrogen peroxide, H
74:Exhaust exits the rocket.
3948:Nuclear pulse propulsion
3707:Electric-pump-fed engine
3607:Hybrid-propellant rocket
3597:Liquid-propellant rocket
3404:An online book entitled
3095:. May 1968. p. 4ff.
3036:(in Spanish). 2012-04-05
2210:List of military rockets
2205:List of sounding rockets
2035:Friedrich Wilhelm Sander
1290:engine designed for the
769:Liquid oxygen (LOX) and
758:Liquid oxygen (LOX) and
657:Liquid oxygen (LOX) and
615:. Its performance (max.
544:Liquid oxygen (LOX) and
422:Liquid rocket propellant
320:for most weapon systems.
83:liquid-propellant rocket
30:Not to be confused with
5013:RD-250 to 252, 261, 262
4004:Beam-powered propulsion
3977:Fission-fragment rocket
3932:Nuclear photonic rocket
3900:Nuclear electric rocket
3666:Staged combustion cycle
3602:Solid-propellant rocket
3321:Chertok, Boris (2005).
2725:Tsander, F. A. (1964).
2319:10.1007/3-540-27041-8_1
2078:weapon for the Nazis.
1967:Frederick I. Ordway III
1800:electric rocket engines
1796:Gas Dynamics Laboratory
1615:Lower specific impulse
1522:Staged combustion cycle
1250:Centripetal or swirling
1247:Cross-impinging triplet
1157:Reaction control system
884:interceptor prototypes.
629:reusable launch systems
358:thrust to weight ratios
166:cryogenic rocket engine
32:Rocket-powered aircraft
4055:Non-rocket spacelaunch
3905:Nuclear thermal rocket
3805:Pulsed plasma thruster
3375:Siddiqi, Asif (2000).
3340:Mejía, Álvaro (2017).
3057:. NASA. Archived from
3012:. pp. Chapter 3.
2934:. pp. Chapter 3.
2871:. pp. Chapter 3.
2086:
1993:
1907:
1827:During this period in
1761:Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
1752:
1711:enthalpy of combustion
1557:Engine cycle tradeoffs
1244:Self-impinging doublet
1084:
1034:red fuming nitric acid
807:
766:'s first liquid rocket
325:Principle of operation
238:
164:. The engine may be a
122:monopropellant rockets
120:Liquid rockets can be
78:
5489:are under development
4877:YF-20, 21, 22, 24, 25
4656:RD-107, 108, 117, 118
3721:Electrical propulsion
3448:Spacecraft propulsion
3346:Persona & Cultura
3055:"Re-Creating History"
2274:10.1017/9781108381376
2084:
2002:Auburn, Massachusetts
1984:
1895:of 1902, featuring a
1885:
1872:Bereznyak-Isayev BI-1
1790:From 1929 to 1930 in
1750:
1637:Rocket engine cooling
1420:designed and used by
1149:Space Shuttle orbiter
1082:
1040:Anti-aircraft missile
965:Nitric acid 73% with
829:as the oxidizer) and
797:
568:project of NASA, and
554:liquefied natural gas
302:Cryogenic propellants
272:They can suffer from
236:
130:Tripropellant rockets
40:
3953:Antimatter-catalyzed
3751:Hall-effect thruster
3564:Solar thermal rocket
2819:Ciencia y tecnología
2788:, p. 167 Vol 1.
2656:, p. 165 Vol 1.
2134:launch escape system
1918:, wrote a letter to
1783:and rocket designer
1651:regenerative cooling
1340:Helmholtz resonators
1314:Combustion stability
1091:dinitrogen tetroxide
1049:dinitrogen tetroxide
967:dinitrogen tetroxide
867:Messerschmitt Me 163
386:rocket engine nozzle
126:bipropellant rockets
5509:American inventions
4978:RD-0216, 0217, 0235
4641:RD-0107, 0108, 0110
3895:Direct Fusion Drive
3810:Vacuum arc thruster
3697:Pressure-fed engine
3676:Gas-generator cycle
3583:Chemical propulsion
3520:Physical propulsion
3273:. 14 November 2019.
3259:. 20 February 2019.
3225:. 28 February 2020.
3205:. 13 February 2019.
3191:. 13 February 2019.
2857:, pp. 115–116.
2467:2001JSpRo..38..730L
1841:Mikhail Tikhonravov
1743:Russia–Soviet Union
1566:
1428:Gas-generator cycle
1261:Apollo Lunar Module
1125:Monomethylhydrazine
606:atmospheric reentry
464:Space Launch System
378:pyrotechnic igniter
354:reciprocating pumps
18:Bipropellant rocket
4109:Spaceflight portal
4075:Reactionless drive
4040:Aerogravity assist
3880:Nuclear propulsion
3287:. 9 November 2020.
3239:. 3 February 2020.
3124:Air Force Magazine
2578:, p. 6–7,333.
2106:Walter HWK 109-509
2087:
1994:
1954:man reach the Moon
1908:
1753:
1738:History of rockets
1583:Staged-combustion
1564:
1479:combustion chamber
1371:Pressure-fed cycle
1222:Types of injectors
1155:(OMS) engines and
1085:
996:High-test peroxide
808:
376:(thrust chamber),
374:combustion chamber
239:
196:quality management
103:specific impulse (
95:liquid propellants
79:
62:combustion chamber
46:Liquid rocket fuel
5514:Rocket propulsion
5496:
5495:
5438:Space Shuttle SRB
5179:
5178:
5117:
5116:
4807:
4806:
4529:
4528:
4116:
4115:
4070:Atmospheric entry
4025:Orbital mechanics
3992:
3991:
3874:
3873:
3825:Resistojet rocket
3715:
3714:
3690:Intake mechanisms
3623:Liquid propellant
3527:Cold gas thruster
3140:Popular Mechanics
3077:978-3-486-76182-5
2764:978-0-87938-498-2
2681:(November 2007).
2634:Russian Space Web
2430:. IHI Corporation
2328:978-3-540-22190-6
2283:978-1-108-38137-6
2265:Rocket Propulsion
2112:Post World War II
2072:Wernher von Braun
2060:Walter Dornberger
2006:Robert H. Goddard
1986:Robert H. Goddard
1950:Wernher von Braun
1773:Wernher von Braun
1702:Triethylaluminium
1687:F-1 rocket engine
1628:
1627:
1396:Electric pump-fed
1169:Dragon spacecraft
1159:(RCS) thrusters.
1006:) and kerosene –
894:) and kerosene –
814:(self igniting).
99:solid propellants
71:through a throat.
16:(Redirected from
5526:
5187:
5186:
5023:RD-263, 268, 273
4954:along other LREs
4816:
4676:RD-191, 151, 181
4540:
4198:
4189:
4143:
4136:
4129:
4120:
4106:
4090:Alcubierre drive
4080:Field propulsion
4030:Orbital maneuver
4018:Related concepts
3885:
3736:Colloid thruster
3726:
3587:
3489:Specific impulse
3441:
3434:
3427:
3418:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3383:
3371:
3361:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3289:
3288:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3171:
3165:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3121:
3112:
3106:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3086:
3080:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2864:
2858:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2810:
2801:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2733:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2602:
2591:
2585:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2504:. Archived from
2498:
2492:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2429:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2405:
2396:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2367:
2356:
2355:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2305:
2296:
2295:
2259:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2229:
2195:List of missiles
2154:Relativity Space
1861:
1833:Fredrich Tsander
1823:
1812:
1781:Valentin Glushko
1696:Ignition with a
1567:
1303:Valentin Glushko
1071:(used to launch
860:
840:
780:
617:specific impulse
593:
570:Project Morpheus
274:pogo oscillation
203:specific impulse
21:
5534:
5533:
5529:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5524:
5523:
5499:
5498:
5497:
5492:
5474:
5195:
5188:
5184:
5175:
5113:
5003:RD-0255 to 0257
4998:RD-0243 to 0245
4860:
4849:
4845:
4839:
4827:
4803:
4544:
4535:
4525:
4389:
4383:
4377:
4208:
4202:
4183:
4176:
4163:
4161:launch vehicles
4147:
4117:
4112:
4096:
4013:
3988:
3936:
3870:
3839:
3793:
3767:Electromagnetic
3762:
3711:
3702:Pump-fed engine
3685:
3654:
3611:
3578:
3515:
3506:Rocket equation
3472:Reaction engine
3450:
3445:
3400:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3374:
3339:
3330:
3328:
3320:
3311:
3309:
3301:
3298:
3293:
3292:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3159:
3155:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3119:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3104:
3100:
3092:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3070:
3066:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3039:
3037:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3007:
3006:
3002:
2993:
2991:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2964:
2956:. p. 156.
2947:
2946:
2942:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2898:
2896:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2853:
2849:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2812:
2811:
2804:
2796:
2792:
2784:
2780:
2765:
2755:Soviet X-planes
2752:
2751:
2747:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2664:
2660:
2652:
2648:
2638:
2636:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2604:
2603:
2594:
2586:
2582:
2574:
2570:
2562:
2558:
2550:
2546:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2511:
2509:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2486:
2482:
2449:Landis (2001).
2448:
2447:
2443:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2398:
2397:
2390:
2381:
2379:
2369:
2368:
2359:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2307:
2306:
2299:
2284:
2261:
2260:
2253:
2245:
2241:
2231:
2230:
2223:
2218:
2166:
2160:, or Launcher.
2142:launch vehicles
2138:SpaceX Dragon 2
2114:
2095:Hellmuth Walter
2056:Heereswaffenamt
2044:Frank H. Winter
2023:
1979:
1880:
1855:
1817:
1806:
1745:
1740:
1734:
1716:
1659:
1647:
1639:
1633:
1580:Expander cycle
1559:
1356:
1316:
1224:
1208:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1100:
1096:
1075:crew vehicles.)
1058:
1054:
1038:MIM-3 Nike Ajax
1031:
1027:
1005:
1001:
953:
949:
945:
941:
933:
929:
925:
893:
858:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
828:
824:
792:
778:
771:carbon monoxide
739:
735:
654:
647:
643:
639:
635:
626:
622:
614:
589:
551:
457:
452:
442:
435:Liquid oxygen (
432:
424:
418:
406:
338:liquid hydrogen
327:
267:guidance system
188:
156:, and a liquid
150:liquid hydrogen
118:
109:
77:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5532:
5530:
5522:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5501:
5500:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5490:
5483:
5479:
5476:
5475:
5473:
5472:
5471:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5399:United States
5397:
5396:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5357:
5356:
5355:
5350:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5335:
5327:
5326:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5297:
5296:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5232:
5231:
5230:
5227:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5200:
5198:
5190:
5189:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5173:
5172:
5171:
5165:
5159:
5153:United States
5151:
5150:
5149:
5141:
5140:
5139:
5134:
5125:
5123:
5119:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5111:
5110:
5109:
5103:
5098:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5076:United States
5074:
5073:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5044:
5043:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4957:
4956:
4955:
4946:
4945:
4944:
4936:
4935:
4934:
4929:
4921:
4920:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4865:
4863:
4858:
4847:
4843:
4813:
4809:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4762:LR70-NA , S-3D
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4728:United States
4726:
4725:
4724:
4717:
4710:
4702:
4701:
4700:
4692:
4691:
4690:
4685:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4603:
4602:
4601:
4594:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4565:
4556:
4554:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4514:
4504:
4503:
4502:
4492:
4491:
4490:
4483:
4476:
4469:
4464:
4458:United States
4456:
4455:
4454:
4447:
4440:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4416:
4409:
4398:
4396:
4387:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4346:
4338:United States
4336:
4335:
4334:
4327:
4322:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4305:
4300:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4285:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4248:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4217:
4215:
4206:
4195:
4186:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4150:Rocket engines
4148:
4146:
4145:
4138:
4131:
4123:
4114:
4113:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4087:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4035:Gravity assist
4032:
4027:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4006:
4000:
3998:
3997:External power
3994:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3970:Bussard ramjet
3962:
3957:
3956:
3955:
3944:
3942:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3902:
3897:
3891:
3889:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3801:
3799:
3798:Electrothermal
3795:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3770:
3768:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3738:
3732:
3730:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3693:
3691:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3671:Expander cycle
3668:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3640:Monopropellant
3637:
3636:
3635:
3630:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3593:
3591:
3584:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3511:Thermal rocket
3508:
3503:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3464:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3436:
3429:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3399:
3398:External links
3396:
3395:
3394:
3372:
3348:(in Spanish).
3337:
3318:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3276:
3262:
3242:
3228:
3208:
3194:
3180:
3166:
3153:
3129:
3107:
3098:
3081:
3064:
3061:on 2007-12-01.
3046:
3019:
3000:
2973:
2962:
2940:
2922:
2905:
2878:
2859:
2847:
2828:
2802:
2800:, p. 8-9.
2790:
2778:
2763:
2745:
2717:
2710:
2692:
2670:
2658:
2646:
2628:Zak, Anatoly.
2620:
2592:
2580:
2568:
2556:
2544:
2534:Russian title
2527:
2518:
2493:
2480:
2475:10.2514/2.3739
2461:(5): 730–735.
2441:
2416:
2388:
2357:
2339:
2327:
2297:
2282:
2251:
2239:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2165:
2162:
2113:
2110:
2091:Heinkel He 176
2052:Arthur Rudolph
2022:
2019:
2015:Hermann Oberth
1978:
1975:
1946:Hermann Oberth
1879:
1876:
1868:Leonid Dushkin
1785:Sergey Korolev
1744:
1741:
1736:Main article:
1733:
1730:
1726:triethylborane
1714:
1691:Apollo program
1658:
1655:
1645:
1635:Main article:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1577:Gas generator
1574:
1573:
1570:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1545:
1540:
1524:
1519:
1518:(bleed cycle).
1499:
1497:Expander cycle
1494:
1475:
1470:
1430:
1425:
1414:turbomachinery
1404:, generally a
1402:electric motor
1398:
1393:
1373:
1355:
1352:
1315:
1312:
1297:Apollo program
1257:
1256:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1223:
1220:
1207:
1204:
1200:hybrid rockets
1196:Space Ship Two
1173:
1172:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1111:service module
1098:
1094:
1076:
1056:
1052:
1041:
1029:
1025:
1019:
1003:
999:
993:
963:
951:
947:
943:
939:
931:
927:
923:
916:
891:
885:
826:
822:
791:
788:
787:
786:
767:
764:Robert Goddard
756:
737:
733:
726:
693:first stages,
653:
652:Semi-cryogenic
650:
645:
641:
637:
633:
624:
620:
612:
574:
573:
549:
546:liquid methane
542:
462:main engines,
455:
450:
440:
431:
428:
420:Main article:
417:
414:
405:
404:Pressurization
402:
326:
323:
322:
321:
314:
299:
292:
285:
277:
270:
257:
254:gauge pressure
250:
247:center of mass
231:
230:
227:
224:
220:
217:
206:
199:
187:
184:
180:Hybrid rockets
134:hybrid rockets
117:
114:
107:
76:
75:
72:
65:
58:
55:
49:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5531:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5506:
5504:
5488:
5484:
5481:
5480:
5477:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5343:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5197:
5191:
5169:
5166:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5148:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5138:
5137:RD-211 to 214
5135:
5133:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5120:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5030:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5008:RD-215 to 219
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4983:RD-0233, 0234
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4973:RD-0207, 0214
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4953:
4952:Paektusan LRE
4950:
4949:
4947:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4854:
4850:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4814:
4810:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
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4758:
4755:
4753:
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4711:
4709:
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4703:
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4695:
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4689:
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4683:
4679:
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4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4636:RD-0105, 0109
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4612:
4611:
4607:
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4459:
4457:
4453:
4452:
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4438:
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4427:
4424:
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4421:
4417:
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4410:
4408:
4407:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4390:
4380:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4347:
4345:
4344:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4332:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4320:KVD-1 (RD-56)
4318:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4310:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4254:
4253:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4209:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4179:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4166:
4162:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4144:
4139:
4137:
4132:
4130:
4125:
4124:
4121:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4099:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4045:Oberth effect
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3975:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3965:Fusion rocket
3963:
3961:
3958:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3933:
3930:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3888:Closed system
3886:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3842:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3820:Arcjet rocket
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3790:
3789:Plasma magnet
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3765:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3729:Electrostatic
3727:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3682:
3681:Tap-off cycle
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3651:
3650:Tripropellant
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3581:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3569:Photon rocket
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3559:Magnetic sail
3557:
3555:
3554:Electric sail
3552:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3477:Reaction mass
3475:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3467:Rocket engine
3465:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3442:
3437:
3435:
3430:
3428:
3423:
3422:
3419:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3380:
3379:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3338:
3326:
3325:
3319:
3307:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3296:Sources cited
3295:
3286:
3280:
3277:
3272:
3266:
3263:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3246:
3243:
3238:
3232:
3229:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3212:
3209:
3204:
3198:
3195:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3160:Volker Koos,
3157:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3133:
3130:
3125:
3118:
3111:
3108:
3102:
3099:
3091:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3068:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3047:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3004:
3001:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2977:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2963:9781136257902
2959:
2955:
2951:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2926:
2923:
2918:
2917:
2909:
2906:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2882:
2879:
2875:
2870:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2851:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2832:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2794:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2746:
2730:
2729:
2721:
2718:
2713:
2711:3-7186-5313-3
2707:
2703:
2696:
2693:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2674:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2647:
2635:
2631:
2624:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2569:
2566:, p. 27.
2565:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2508:on 2012-04-14
2507:
2503:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2445:
2442:
2426:
2420:
2417:
2402:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2352:www.quora.com
2349:
2343:
2340:
2330:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2266:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2240:
2235:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2120:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2083:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2011:
2010:liquid oxygen
2007:
2003:
1999:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1977:United States
1976:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1938:John D. Clark
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1892:Avion Torpedo
1888:
1884:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1862:powering the
1859:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1749:
1742:
1739:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1719:rocket engine
1712:
1708:
1707:liquid oxygen
1703:
1699:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1638:
1630:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1611:Disadvantages
1609:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1586:Pressure-fed
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1551:
1550:SpaceX Raptor
1546:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1474:
1473:Tap-off cycle
1471:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1408:, drives the
1407:
1403:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1359:
1354:Engine cycles
1353:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1298:
1293:
1292:Space Shuttle
1289:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1213:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1009:
997:
994:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
961:
957:
937:
921:
917:
915:
912:
908:
904:
900:
897:
889:
886:
883:
879:
878:
872:
868:
864:
854:
832:
820:
817:
816:
815:
813:
805:
801:
796:
789:
784:
776:
772:
768:
765:
761:
757:
755:
751:
747:
743:
731:
727:
725:first stages.
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
699:Atlas rockets
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
661:(kerosene) –
660:
656:
655:
651:
649:
630:
618:
609:
607:
603:
599:
598:
592:
591:Space Shuttle
587:
583:
579:
571:
567:
563:
560:(SpaceX) and
559:
556:, LNG) – the
555:
547:
543:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
465:
461:
460:Space Shuttle
453:
446:
443:) and liquid
438:
434:
433:
429:
427:
423:
415:
413:
411:
403:
401:
399:
398:engine cycles
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
370:
368:
363:
359:
355:
351:
345:
343:
339:
334:
332:
324:
319:
318:solid rockets
315:
312:
307:
303:
300:
296:
293:
290:
286:
282:
281:ullage motors
278:
275:
271:
268:
264:
263:
258:
255:
251:
248:
244:
243:
242:
235:
228:
225:
221:
218:
215:
211:
210:Space Shuttle
207:
204:
200:
197:
193:
192:
191:
185:
183:
181:
177:
174:
169:
167:
163:
162:liquid oxygen
159:
155:
151:
147:
144:use a liquid
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
115:
113:
111:
106:
100:
96:
92:
91:rocket engine
88:
87:liquid rocket
84:
73:
70:
66:
63:
59:
56:
53:
50:
47:
44:
43:
39:
33:
19:
5486:
5027:
4948:North Korea
4719:
4712:
4680:
4608:
4596:
4589:
4567:
4516:
4509:
4497:
4485:
4478:
4471:
4449:
4442:
4435:
4418:
4411:
4404:
4348:
4341:
4329:
4307:
4250:
4243:
4181:
4154:solid motors
4107:
4050:Space launch
3982:Fission sail
3910:Radioisotope
3741:Ion thruster
3659:Power cycles
3645:Bipropellant
3596:
3537:Steam rocket
3532:Water rocket
3405:
3386:. Retrieved
3377:
3349:
3345:
3329:. Retrieved
3323:
3310:. Retrieved
3304:
3279:
3265:
3254:
3245:
3231:
3220:
3211:
3197:
3183:
3177:. June 2020.
3169:
3161:
3156:
3148:
3139:
3132:
3123:
3117:"Rocket Men"
3110:
3101:
3084:
3067:
3059:the original
3049:
3038:. Retrieved
3031:
3022:
3013:
3009:
3003:
2992:. Retrieved
2990:(in Spanish)
2985:
2976:
2967:
2949:
2943:
2935:
2931:
2925:
2915:
2908:
2897:. Retrieved
2895:(in Spanish)
2890:
2881:
2872:
2868:
2862:
2850:
2841:
2831:
2818:
2798:Siddiqi 2000
2793:
2786:Chertok 2005
2781:
2754:
2748:
2736:. Retrieved
2727:
2720:
2701:
2695:
2679:Asif Siddiqi
2673:
2668:, p. 4.
2666:Siddiqi 2000
2661:
2654:Chertok 2005
2649:
2637:. Retrieved
2633:
2623:
2606:
2588:Siddiqi 2000
2583:
2576:Siddiqi 2000
2571:
2564:Siddiqi 2000
2559:
2554:, p. 1.
2552:Siddiqi 2000
2547:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2521:
2510:. Retrieved
2506:the original
2496:
2488:
2483:
2458:
2454:
2444:
2434:November 29,
2432:. Retrieved
2419:
2409:November 29,
2407:. Retrieved
2380:. Retrieved
2374:
2351:
2342:
2332:, retrieved
2309:
2264:
2242:
2233:
2123:
2115:
2101:
2088:
2024:
1997:
1995:
1958:Nazi Germany
1941:
1920:
1912:Pedro Paulet
1909:
1890:
1887:Pedro Paulet
1846:
1826:
1789:
1765:astronautics
1756:
1754:
1695:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1660:
1643:
1640:
1610:
1591:
1560:
1364:gravity drag
1360:
1357:
1348:
1344:
1338:engine, use
1333:
1325:
1319:
1317:
1301:
1285:
1281:Falcon Heavy
1258:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1216:
1209:
1198:plan to use
1192:Dream Chaser
1188:carcinogenic
1174:
1107:lunar module
1069:Long March 2
876:
871:World War II
852:
809:
806:rocket plane
803:
774:
746:World War II
723:Long March 8
719:Long March 7
715:Long March 6
711:Long March 5
671:Zenit rocket
610:
596:
575:
519:Long March 8
515:Long March 5
511:Long March 3
495:third stages
425:
407:
390:pressure-fed
371:
346:
335:
328:
305:
260:
240:
189:
178:
173:throttleable
170:
141:
138:solid rocket
119:
104:
86:
82:
80:
5485:Engines in
5132:RD-109, 119
5070:RD-864, 869
5055:RD-854, 861
5018:RD-253, 275
4666:RD-170, 171
4065:Aerocapture
4060:Aerobraking
3941:Open system
3925:"Lightbulb"
3866:Mass driver
3616:Propellants
3547:Diffractive
2039:Rüsselsheim
1990:New England
1921:El Comercio
1899:fixed to a
1856: [
1818: [
1807: [
1678:pyrotechnic
1572:Cycle type
1241:Shower head
1087:Aerozine 50
1012:Black Arrow
991:Taepodong-2
987:North Korea
954:) – Soviet
888:Nitric acid
863:HWK 109-509
833:(methanol,
802:'s Me 163B
667:first stage
602:destruction
588:led to the
539:GSLV Mk-III
505:as well as
416:Propellants
89:utilizes a
5503:Categories
4872:YF-1, 2, 3
4820:Hypergolic
4792:Rutherford
4511:Prometheus
4473:Archimedes
4085:Warp drive
3915:Salt-water
3633:Hypergolic
3542:Solar sail
3040:2022-03-11
2994:2022-03-11
2899:2022-03-11
2855:Mejía 2017
2512:2010-06-01
2382:2020-08-25
2334:2023-11-29
2216:References
2130:SuperDraco
2126:3D printed
2119:Space Race
2076:V-2 rocket
2048:Opel RAK.1
2031:Max Valier
1996:The first
1942:Die Rakete
1930:Max Valier
1866:. In 1938
1777:Peenemünde
1698:pyrophoric
1682:Hypergolic
1664:hard start
1592:Advantages
1422:Rocket Lab
1418:Rutherford
1376:Examples:
1308:Wasserfall
1275:engine on
1267:) and the
1103:Titans 2–4
812:hypergolic
748:) A4, aka
535:GSLV Mk-II
467:core stage
382:propellant
350:turbopumps
295:Turbopumps
5413:Castor 30
5293:Zefiro 40
5288:Zefiro 23
5229:SpaB-140C
4626:NK-33, 44
4536:cryogenic
4382:Methalox
4201:Hydrolox
4193:Cryogenic
3628:Cryogenic
3368:258143557
3222:Space.com
2954:Routledge
2615:699561269
2292:203039055
2124:In 2010s
1934:Willy Ley
1910:Peruvian
1792:Leningrad
1483:turbopump
1384:, Apollo
1320:chugging,
1310:missile.
1283:rockets.
1263:engines (
1206:Injectors
1184:hydrazine
1127:(MMH, (CH
1119:Voyager 2
1115:Voyager 1
1109:, Apollo
1105:, Apollo
1022:Hydrazine
903:MiG I-270
691:Saturn IB
499:Saturn IB
430:Cryogenic
410:turbopump
362:Merlin 1D
306:chilldown
5428:Orbus-21
5283:Zefiro 9
5046:Ukraine
4824:Aerozine
4812:Storable
4704:Ukraine
4646:RD-0110R
4543:Kerolox
3920:Gas core
3455:Concepts
2987:BBC News
2892:BBC News
2773:22704082
2687:Archived
2164:See also
2132:used in
2027:Opel RAK
1971:Cold War
1904:tiltwing
1657:Ignition
1463:Falcon 9
1455:Ariane 5
1447:Delta IV
1435:Saturn V
1390:Delta II
1329:Saturn V
1277:Falcon 9
1177:storable
1083:Titan II
1073:Shenzhou
1010:(1970s)
983:Shahab-5
977:-B,-D),
962:-c,-d,-e
958:-C, aka
909:-A, aka
783:Zirconia
760:gasoline
754:Redstone
707:Falcon 9
703:Falcon 1
687:Saturn I
663:Saturn V
597:Columbia
582:hydrogen
503:Saturn I
487:Saturn V
479:Delta IV
471:Ariane 5
445:hydrogen
394:pump-fed
289:hydrogen
214:Falcon 9
160:such as
158:oxidizer
148:such as
93:burning
52:Oxidizer
5487:italics
5448:Star 48
5443:Star 37
5423:Orbus-6
5344:Israel
5278:Waxwing
5234:Europe
5226:SpaB-65
5128:Russia
4993:RD-0237
4988:RD-0236
4959:Russia
4938:Israel
4898:Europe
4742:Kestrel
4688:S1.5400
4651:RD-0124
4617:Russia
4610:SCE-200
4506:Europe
4499:RD-0169
4494:Russia
4420:Longyun
4413:Lingyun
4331:RD-0146
4325:RD-0120
4316:Russia
4273:Vulcain
4259:Europe
4182:Liquid
4158:orbital
4009:Tethers
3861:MagBeam
3746:Gridded
3501:Staging
3494:Delta-v
3388:21 July
3331:21 July
3312:21 July
2844:. NASA.
2825:: 5–12.
2738:13 June
2639:20 July
2463:Bibcode
2158:Skyrora
2136:of the
2064:a field
2021:Germany
1732:History
1722:ignitor
1700:agent:
1689:on the
1631:Cooling
1508:Atlas V
1269:Kestrel
880:crewed
875:Ba 349
831:C-Stoff
819:T-Stoff
730:ethanol
695:Titan I
507:Centaur
367:delta-v
331:nozzles
5403:AJ-60A
5368:KM-V2b
5359:Japan
5333:Salman
5299:India
5273:Topaze
5238:Mage 1
5203:China
5194:Solid
5101:TR-201
5065:RD-856
5060:RD-855
5050:RD-843
5040:S5.98M
5029:RD-270
4923:India
4917:Viking
4907:Astris
4902:Aestus
4892:YF-50D
4868:China
4777:RS-27A
4767:Merlin
4757:LR-105
4721:RD-810
4714:RD-801
4698:TEPREL
4694:Spain
4682:RD-193
4671:RD-180
4661:RD-120
4605:India
4598:Welkin
4591:YF-130
4585:YF-115
4580:YF-102
4575:YF-100
4559:China
4487:Aeon R
4480:Aeon 1
4467:Raptor
4451:YF-215
4444:YF-209
4437:TQ-15A
4401:China
4294:Japan
4283:CE-7.5
4279:India
4234:YF-75D
4220:China
3835:VASIMR
3484:Thrust
3462:Rocket
3366:
3075:
2960:
2771:
2761:
2708:
2613:
2325:
2290:
2280:
2099:Me 163
1998:flight
1936:, and
1897:canopy
1853:ORM-65
1829:Moscow
1815:ORM-52
1709:. The
1533:RD-191
1467:Merlin
1273:Merlin
1254:Pintle
1212:nozzle
1161:SpaceX
1061:Proton
1047:) and
1032:) and
896:Soviet
877:Natter
873:, and
851:·
800:NMUSAF
779:
775:hopper
752:, and
742:German
689:, and
578:oxygen
558:Raptor
501:, and
491:second
483:Ares I
223:gains.
69:nozzle
5468:X-254
5463:X-248
5453:UA120
5433:Orion
5408:Algol
5393:SRB-A
5388:M-34c
5363:KM-V1
5353:RSA-3
5329:Iran
5222:FG-47
5217:FG-46
5212:FG-36
5207:FG-02
5168:XLR81
5162:RS-88
5157:Curie
5147:Gamma
5122:Other
5106:XLR81
5095:RS-88
5090:LR-91
5085:LR-87
5035:S5.92
4963:17D61
4932:Vikas
4912:Vexin
4887:YF-40
4882:YF-23
4855:, or
4835:, or
4829:UH 25
4797:XLR50
4782:RS-56
4772:RS-27
4752:LR-89
4747:LR-79
4631:RD-58
4621:NK-15
4569:TH-12
4563:TH-11
4534:Semi-
4431:TQ-12
4426:TQ-11
4406:BF-20
4371:RS-68
4366:RS-25
4343:BE-3U
4288:CE-20
4268:Vinci
4252:YF-90
4245:YF-79
4239:YF-77
4229:YF-75
4224:YF-73
3844:Other
3590:State
3382:(PDF)
3364:S2CID
3308:. RHK
3120:(PDF)
3093:(PDF)
2732:(PDF)
2428:(PDF)
2404:(PDF)
2288:S2CID
2150:Orbex
2146:Astra
2144:from
2102:Komet
1901:delta
1860:]
1822:]
1811:]
1804:ORM-1
1451:RS-68
1410:pumps
1378:AJ-10
1336:RS-25
1288:RS-25
1180:ICBMs
1165:Draco
1065:Rokot
938:, (CH
922:, HNO
804:Komet
683:Delta
679:Soyuz
594:
531:H-IIB
527:H-IIA
298:pump.
284:pump.
262:slosh
116:Types
5458:SRMU
5383:M-34
5378:M-24
5373:M-14
5348:LK-1
5338:Rafe
5323:S200
5318:S139
5268:P230
5263:P120
5196:fuel
5080:AJ10
4942:LK-4
4837:UDMH
4787:S-3D
4708:RD-8
4547:RP-1
4518:M-10
4462:BE-4
4361:RL10
4350:BE-7
4309:LE-9
4303:LE-7
4298:LE-5
4263:HM7B
4184:fuel
4156:for
4152:and
3574:WINE
3390:2022
3333:2022
3314:2022
3256:CNBC
3073:ISBN
2958:ISBN
2823:Lima
2769:OCLC
2759:ISBN
2740:2022
2706:ISBN
2641:2022
2611:OCLC
2436:2022
2411:2022
2376:JAXA
2323:ISBN
2278:ISBN
1926:Lima
1916:Peru
1878:Peru
1537:LE-7
1529:SSME
1516:LE-5
1512:H-II
1506:for
1504:RL10
1491:BE-3
1489:and
1487:J-2S
1459:HM7B
1441:and
1286:The
1279:and
1194:and
1175:For
1147:) –
1117:and
1101:) –
1059:) –
1045:UDMH
979:Iran
975:Scud
971:R-12
960:SS-1
956:Scud
936:UDMH
920:RFNA
914:SRBM
911:SS-1
907:Scud
901:and
899:BI-1
890:(HNO
798:The
721:and
705:and
697:and
659:RP-1
580:and
562:BE-4
537:and
523:H-II
493:and
475:BE-3
458:) –
212:and
154:RP-1
146:fuel
60:The
5418:GEM
5313:S12
5258:P80
5253:PAP
5248:P-6
5243:P-4
5143:UK
4927:PS4
4857:HNO
4853:MON
4833:MMH
4737:H-1
4732:F-1
4551:LOX
4393:LOX
4356:J-2
4212:LOX
3354:doi
3145:716
3033:EFE
2471:doi
2315:doi
2270:doi
2068:VfR
1924:in
1889:'s
1813:to
1713:, Δ
1514:'s
1465:'s
1457:'s
1449:'s
1443:J-2
1439:F-1
1437:'s
1400:An
1386:SPS
1382:OMS
1163:'s
1151:'s
1131:)HN
1016:USA
926:+ N
882:VTO
750:V-2
732:, C
675:R-7
665:'s
600:'s
548:(CH
489:'s
454:, H
439:, O
437:LOX
392:or
152:or
85:or
5505::
5308:S9
5303:S7
4851:,
4840:/
4831:,
4826:,
4549:/
4391:/
4386:CH
4210:/
4205:LH
3362:.
3350:14
3344:.
3253:.
3219:.
3122:.
3030:.
2984:.
2966:.
2952:.
2889:.
2840:.
2821:.
2817:.
2805:^
2767:.
2685:.
2632:.
2595:^
2469:.
2459:38
2457:.
2453:.
2391:^
2373:.
2360:^
2350:.
2321:,
2300:^
2286:.
2276:.
2254:^
2224:^
2156:,
2152:,
2148:,
2121:.
1932:,
1858:ru
1831:,
1820:ru
1809:ru
1693:.
1662:A
1646:SP
1535:,
1531:,
1461:,
1453:,
1445:,
1093:(N
1067:,
1063:,
1051:(N
1036:–
1024:(N
1014:,
1008:UK
998:(H
989::
985:,
981::
973:,
859:O)
855:(H
839:OH
835:CH
762:–
717:,
713:,
709:,
701:,
685:,
681:,
673:,
669:,
648:.
632:LH
608:.
572:.)
552:,
529:,
525:,
517:,
513:,
497:,
485:,
469:,
449:LH
400:.
380:,
333:.
140:.
108:sp
81:A
5170:*
5164:*
5108:*
5097:*
4862:)
4859:3
4848:4
4846:O
4844:2
4842:N
4822:(
4553:)
4545:(
4395:)
4388:4
4384:(
4214:)
4207:2
4203:(
4142:e
4135:t
4128:v
3440:e
3433:t
3426:v
3392:.
3370:.
3356::
3335:.
3316:.
3126:.
3079:)
3043:.
2997:.
2902:.
2775:.
2742:.
2714:.
2643:.
2617:.
2542:)
2538:(
2515:.
2477:.
2473::
2465::
2438:.
2413:.
2385:.
2354:.
2317::
2294:.
2272::
1715:c
1644:I
1552:.
1539:.
1493:.
1469:.
1424:.
1392:.
1171:.
1145:4
1143:O
1141:2
1137:2
1135:H
1133:2
1129:3
1121:)
1099:4
1097:O
1095:2
1057:4
1055:O
1053:2
1030:4
1028:H
1026:2
1004:2
1002:O
1000:2
952:2
950:H
948:2
946:N
944:2
942:)
940:3
932:4
930:O
928:2
924:3
892:3
857:2
853:n
849:4
847:H
845:2
843:N
837:3
827:2
825:O
823:2
744:(
738:5
736:H
734:2
646:2
642:2
638:2
634:2
625:2
621:2
613:2
550:4
456:2
451:2
447:(
441:2
269:.
110:)
105:I
54:.
48:.
34:.
20:)
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