850:(Dsg1); therefore, creating an opportunity for epidermal bacterial invasion with the splitting of the stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum. With bacterial invasion, 1 to 2 cm (diameter) brown lesions will begin to appear within the 24 to 48 hour range; and lesions will first appear cranially before progressing posteriorly as crusting ulcers with possible formation of suppurative folliculitis. However, in younger animals that may die within 3 to 5 days, crusting ulcers may only be situated in the cranial region due to lack of time to progress. Often the young piglets severely affected by
248:
37:
897:
783:
present, suggesting it was the causative agent. This case is concerning because he was considered immunocompetent, which is often not the case for rare bacterial infections. There have been very few human cases found other than these rare instances, and it is not currently considered a risk to human
753:
is not a common pathogen but when it does infect, it affects the skin of the distal limbs. This condition can be referred to as summer eczema or grease heel and it results in scabs and hair loss. It can heal on its own or can be easily treated with antibiotics the bacteria is susceptible to. In this
954:
can enter the skin of pigs through any cut. Managing the pigs so they are unable to bite each other or ensuring the flooring is soft can decrease infection. The barn should be disinfected and cleaned regularly to ensure bacteria cannot grow as easily. Any new sows entering the barn should be washed
805:
is a common finding worldwide; however the development of exudative epidermitis is based on opportunity and the age of the pigs involved Rarely there are exudative epidermitis outbreaks with whole herds affected. However, in cases of outbreak it is often the youngest whom are most severely affected
669:
is the causative agent of exudative epidermitis in piglets. This condition is commonly referred to as greasy pig disease. It gets this nickname from its classic appearance of scabs all over the body. It most often presents in nursery age piglets or younger, and can lead to death as the piglet loses
879:
Exudative epidermitis is often fatal in piglets especially those within the 1 to 5 week-old range as they are most at risk for the development of the acute disease form. As animals age the likelihood of developing the acute disease form lessens therefore mortality decreases; however, producers may
590:
exfoliative toxin (SHET) producing strains are further divided into plasmid carrying (SHETB) and plasmidless (SHETA). It was found that genes encoding four different exfoliative toxins (ExhA, ExhB, ExhC and ExhD) were homologous to SHETB. These exotoxins are similar to the exfoliative toxin (ETA,
706:
species. This type of mastitis can be very difficult to control as cows can spread it without being clinically ill. This bacteria most commonly causes persistent intramammary infections, which can lead to the cow needing to be culled from the herd. This bacteria can also cause a skin disease in
1088:
is important for choosing the right antibiotic in that case. Ensuring bacteria do not develop resistance to many antimicrobials is important for both animal and human health. This is especially true in food animals, such as pigs, because resistant bacteria responsible for many common
606:
allows for evasion from phagocytes, coagulase production to form clots, surface fibronectin-binding proteins for adhesion and production of staphylokinase and lipase to evade host defences. These virulence factors in combination with other factors like age, being immunocompromised, genetic
967:
of the farm and isolating any new pigs before introducing them to the herd can reduce transmission. For young piglets, reducing the chance of chilling can impact how sick the piglets will get. Keeping the barn dry and clean as well as ensuring there is adequate
770:
is rare and for this reason is not considered a common zoonosis. There is a higher risk of people being infected if they work in close contact with infected pigs frequently, such as one case reported in a farmer with a previously infected foot causing
857:
Besides the characteristic brown lesions of the dermis, ulcerative lesions can form in the mucosa of the mouth and on the tongue. Additionally, peripheral lymph nodes will swell, and internal organs such as the kidney and lungs may become distended.
630:
was sensitive to ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol and florfenicol. This multi-drug resistance has been linked to certain genes. For beta-lactam resistance, the mechanism is by altering penicillin binding protein production which is encoded by
3300:
446:
positive; however, some strains isolated from both pigs and cattle have been found to be coagulase negative so it can be considered coagulase variable. This variability can make it difficult to tell apart from similar bacteria such as
409:
are medium in size (1 to 3 mm in diameter) and appear white, opaque, convex, and circular. Rarely, some have been observed to appear yellow on sheep blood agar but the vast majority of colonies do not produce any pigment.
2380:"Sequence Analysis of Staphylococcus hyicus ATCC 11249T, an Etiological Agent of Exudative Epidermitis in Swine, Reveals a Type VII Secretion System Locus and a Novel 116-Kilobase Genomic Island Harboring Toxin-Encoding Genes"
2795:
Aarestrup FM, Jensen LB (October 2002). "Trends in antimicrobial susceptibility in relation to antimicrobial usage and presence of resistance genes in
Staphylococcus hyicus isolated from exudative epidermitis in pigs".
740:
found in retailed chicken meat were resistant to every antibiotic tested. This is concerning because it means these resistant bacteria are in contact with people and could have large health implications if infected.
996:, and topical oils which can relieve symptoms. In farms which are "antibiotic-free", pigs which fall ill are removed from the production system rather than treated. Farmers generally treat infected pigs
3203:
Martins PD, de
Almeida TT, Basso AP, de Moura TM, Frazzon J, Tondo EC, Frazzon AP (September 2013). "Coagulase-positive staphylococci isolated from chicken meat: pathogenic potential and vancomycin resistance".
597:
produces. The mechanism of action is via serine protease-like exfoliative toxins. Swine desmoglein 1 (Dsg1) is a desmosomal intracellular adhesion molecule that is cleaved by the exfoliative toxins produced by
955:
to reduce contamination. When the first signs of disease are noticed, changing the bedding or moving the pigs to a new stall can reduce contamination. Using sterile needles for injections and controlling
678:. As it progresses to the entire body, treatment becomes more difficult. The bacteria can normally be present on the skin, in the nose as well as the vagina and prepuce. For this reason, it is considered
818:
caused exudative epidermitis include parasitism, viral infection, and other immunity issues, nutritional deficiencies, issues with management and hygiene practices, and possible genetic susceptibility.
732:. Lameness is a cause for concern in the industry and contributes to economic losses as well as welfare issues. It is considered to be a normal part of poultry skin flora and may be a contributor to
647:
gene is for chloramphenicol and streptomycin resistance. Genetic elements for resistance to methicillin and zinc have been reported, therefore susceptibility testing is recommended before treatment.
2206:"Species Identification and Strain Typing of Staphylococcus agnetis and Staphylococcus hyicus Isolates from Bovine Milk by Use of a Novel Multiplex PCR Assay and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis"
635:
A. Further, it has been suggested that resistance may be passed between staphylococcal species especially when treating pigs prophylactically. Other implicated plasmid resistance genes are
810:
from sow to piglets; and for the individual animal, those that have open wounds, sores or have been exposed to a form of trauma or irritation are predisposed to develop an infection of
2756:"Antimicrobial resistance in staphylococci from animals with particular reference to bovine Staphylococcus aureus, porcine Staphylococcus hyicus, and canine Staphylococcus intermedius"
3602:
1745:"An investigation of exudative epidermitis (greasy pig disease) and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Staphylococcus hyicus and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical cases"
806:
with high mortality and morbidity. A predilection for the outbreak of disease include newly founded herds, gilt litters, and an overall diminished passive transfer of antibodies for
883:
Diagnosis of exudative epidermitis is often made based on the characteristic brown lesions that progress to crusting ulcers along with the other clinical signs mentioned above.
1529:
Laber KE, Whary MT, Bingel SA, Goodrich JA, Smith AC, Swindle MM (2002-01-01). "Chapter 15 - Biology and
Diseases of Swine". In Fox JG, Anderson LC, Loew FM, Quimby FW (eds.).
622:
has demonstrated resistance to penicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, trimethoprim, erythromycin, sulfonamides, lincomycin and chloramphenicol. Further resistance testing of
2676:
Amtsberg G (2010). "Nachweis von
Exfoliation auslösenden Substanzen in Kulturen von Staphylococcus hyicus des Schweines und Staphylococcus epidermidis Biotyp 2 des Rindes".
736:. This bacteria has also been cultured from chicken meat labelled for human consumption, and could be a cause of Staphylococcus food poisoning. In one study the strains of
2710:
Nishifuji K, Sugai M, Amagai M (January 2008). "Staphylococcal exfoliative toxins: "Molecular scissors" of bacteria that attack the cutaneous defense barrier in mammals".
3576:
602:
allowing for separation of stratum granulosum and stratum spinosum. Other virulence factors have been reported, the production of protein A with binding sites for
3615:
607:
susceptibility, trauma (physical, chemical, solar), disease status and environmental conditions can vary the expression of exudative epidermitis experienced.
1073:
3328:
Devriese LA, Nzuambe D, Godard C (April 1985). "Identification and characteristics of staphylococci isolated from lesions and normal skin of horses".
395:
have been identified to date. The bacterium is quite resistant and can remain viable in the environment for long periods of time without drying out.
3563:
3589:
870:
Kidneys and ureters may become distended with mucus and debris collection; additionally lungs may accumulate congestion during the disease process
2960:
Torrison J, Cameron R (2019-06-03). "Integumentary System: Skin, Hoof, and Claw". In
Zimmerman JJ, Karriker LA, Ramirez A, Schwartz KJ (eds.).
1583:"Autogenous vaccination reduces antimicrobial usage and mortality rates in a herd facing severe exudative epidermitis outbreaks in weaned pigs"
1390:
931:
is developed to the strain within the barn. Vaccination reduces the chance that pigs will die from the disease and can help reduce the use of
3421:
2977:
2904:
2451:
1672:
1546:
1323:"Differentiation and distribution of three types of exfoliative toxin produced by Staphylococcus hyicus from pigs with exudative epidermitis"
1148:
228:
commonly infects pig herds worldwide due to its global distribution. It can be found on asymptomatic carrier pigs at sites such as the skin,
670:
fluid through the skin and becomes dehydrated. The morbidity varies greatly but can be up to 80% in some instances. Lesions in the form of
3661:
2885:
Ramirez A (2018). "Diseases affecting pigs: an overview of common bacterial, viral and parasiticpathogens of pigs". In
Wiseman J (ed.).
3450:
Dischinger J, Basi
Chipalu S, Bierbaum G (January 2014). "Lantibiotics: promising candidates for future applications in health care".
2440:
Frana TS, Hau SJ (2019). "Staphylococcosis". In
Zimmerman JJ, Karriker LA, Ramirez A, Schwartz KJ, Stevenson GW, Jianqiang Z (eds.).
1713:
Rajkhowa S, Pegu SR, Mrinalee D, Kaushik P, Anubrata D (2011). "Occurrence of exudative epidermitis in pigs and its treatment".
353:
2836:"An investigation of resistance to β-lactam antimicrobials among staphylococci isolated from pigs with exudative epidermitis"
1085:
388:
280:
154:
3594:
296:
The first known description of exudative epidermitis in pigs was in 1842 and the causative agent was later identified as
206:. Most notably, it is the agent that causes porcine exudative epidermitis, also known as greasy pig disease, in piglets.
36:
2891:. Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Publications. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing. pp. 3–29.
1275:
Devriese LA, Vlaminck K, Nuytten J, De
Keersmaecker P (July 1983). "Staphylococcus hyicus in skin lesions of horses".
698:
The bacterial species has been isolated from milk in dairy herds and is one of the more uncommon causes of contagious
2477:"Clinical, microbial, and biochemical aspects of the exfoliative toxins causing staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome"
935:
to treat exudative epidermitis. Vaccinated sows can pass on antibodies to the piglets so that the piglets have some
969:
674:
are usually most severe around the lips, nose, and ears. These lesions are characteristic in their release of oily
347:
319:
1533:. American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine (Second ed.). Burlington: Academic Press. pp. 615–673.
3620:
3075:
690:
has also been noted as a cause of arthritis in young pigs in the absence of any signs of exudative epidermitis.
454:
341:
2149:"Characteristics of Staphylococcus hyicus strains isolated from pig carcasses in two different slaughterhouses"
1077:
699:
2629:"Cloning and sequence analysis of genes encoding Staphylococcus hyicus exfoliative toxin types A, B, C, and D"
854:
causing exudative epidermitis die from dehydration characterized by a loss of protein serum and electrolytes.
578:), which produces the clinical presentation of exudative epidermitis, as these toxins specifically target the
1998:. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences - Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science. 2015-12-09
3656:
2255:"Phylogenetic relationships of 38 taxa of the genus Staphylococcus based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis"
960:
754:
way it is often a cosmetic issue or a slight discomfort, and is not life threatening like in other species.
1019:
to become rehydrated. Rehydration is crucial as dehydration is the common cause of death in infected pigs.
626:
isolates found high resistance to penicillin, macrolides, tetracycline, sulfonamides and streptomycin, but
3505:
728:
679:
449:
381:
215:
658:
is most noted for causing disease in pigs but has been shown to cause problems in other species as well.
3047:
2302:
593:
121:
2059:
Neumann EJ, Ramirez A, Schwartz KJ (2010). "Diseases Caused by
Bacteria, Mycoplasmas and Spirochetes".
3076:"Importance of Staphylococcus hyicus ssp hyicus as a cause of arthritis in pigs up to 12 weeks of age"
3039:
2148:
726:
animals, but is thought to be a cause of bacterial chondro-necrosis along with other species such as
686:
and sepsis in piglets which if they recover can result in poor growth that can affect them for life.
534:
359:
2095:"Characterization of Staphylococcus hyicus with the ATB 32 Staph system and with conventional tests"
1927:
Hajek V, Devriese LA, Mordarski M, Goodfellow M, Pulverer G, Varaldo PE (1986-10-01). "Elevation of
498:
but these are not commonly expressed by bovine strains. Most strains are capable of fermentation of
1791:"Antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus hyicus isolated from exudative epidermitis in pigs"
920:
264:
247:
3486:
2983:
2929:
2910:
2329:
Sasaki T, Tsubakishita S, Tanaka Y, Sakusabe A, Ohtsuka M, Hirotaki S, et al. (March 2010).
2179:
997:
989:
928:
828:
758:
is almost exclusively seen in lesions and is not a normal part of the healthy equine skin flora.
579:
272:
31:
3581:
3628:
3550:
3467:
3427:
3417:
3389:
3345:
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3095:
3014:
2973:
2900:
2867:
2813:
2777:
2727:
2658:
2604:
2555:
2506:
2457:
2447:
2409:
2360:
2272:
2235:
2171:
2124:
1956:
1864:
1820:
1766:
1678:
1668:
1612:
1542:
1500:
1444:
1344:
1292:
1248:
1210:
1154:
1144:
1090:
554:
530:
470:
88:
3633:
3038:
Borissov, I.; Andonova, M.; Urumova, V.; Sotirov, L. (Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (2004).
3459:
3379:
3337:
3265:
3255:
3213:
3175:
3134:
3087:
2965:
2892:
2857:
2847:
2805:
2767:
2719:
2685:
2648:
2640:
2594:
2586:
2575:"Chromosomal and extrachromosomal synthesis of exfoliative toxin from Staphylococcus hyicus"
2545:
2537:
2496:
2488:
2399:
2391:
2350:
2342:
2262:
2225:
2217:
2163:
2114:
2106:
1948:
1907:
1854:
1810:
1802:
1756:
1602:
1594:
1552:
1534:
1490:
1482:
1434:
1426:
1334:
1284:
1240:
1200:
1190:
936:
776:
603:
583:
575:
495:
406:
268:
175:
3162:
Devriese LA, Uyttebroek E, Dom P, de Herdt P, Ducatelle R, Haesebrouck F (September 1992).
1137:
Zimmerman JJ, Karriker LA, Ramirez A, Schwartz KJ, Stevenson GW, Jianqiang Z, eds. (2019).
3060:
2941:
2315:
1042:
229:
3301:"Uses of Antimicrobials in Food Animals in Canada: Impact on Resistance and Human Health"
3242:
Osman K, Badr J, Al-Maary KS, Moussa IM, Hessain AM, Girah ZM, et al. (2016-11-22).
2524:
Sato H, Watanabe T, Murata Y, Ohtake A, Nakamura M, Aizawa C, et al. (August 1999).
2378:
Calcutt MJ, Foecking MF, Hsieh HY, Adkins PR, Stewart GC, Middleton JR (February 2015).
1471:"Spondylodiscitis and bacteremia due to Staphylococcus hyicus in an immunocompetent man"
959:
may also decrease infection. Exudative epidermitis is contagious between pigs and quick
574:
into virulent and avirulent strains is based on the production of an exfoliative toxin (
3270:
3243:
3091:
2862:
2835:
2689:
2404:
2379:
2355:
2330:
2230:
2205:
1761:
1744:
1607:
1582:
1557:
1538:
1495:
1470:
1439:
1414:
1339:
1322:
1288:
1205:
1178:
915:. The vaccine is made using the genes that encode exfoliative toxin type B (ExhB) from
703:
419:
376:
313:
165:
98:
2809:
2653:
2628:
2573:
Sato H, Watanabe T, Higuchi K, Teruya K, Ohtake A, Murata Y, et al. (July 2000).
2526:"New exfoliative toxin produced by a plasmid-carrying strain of Staphylococcus hyicus"
2119:
2094:
1952:
1843:"Additional differentiating characters of the two subspecies of Staphylococcus hyicus"
1815:
1790:
1244:
3650:
3607:
3384:
3367:
3341:
2987:
2914:
2599:
2590:
2574:
2550:
2525:
2501:
2476:
2331:"Multiplex-PCR method for species identification of coagulase-positive staphylococci"
1030:
932:
900:
Managing the barn conditions and the welfare of the piglets can reduce the spread of
491:
480:
241:
150:
2644:
2541:
2183:
2110:
919:
strains. Since there is no commercial vaccine available yet, the vaccine used is an
3555:
2723:
1054:
1008:
993:
847:
435:
2167:
1806:
618:
has frequently been reported to be resistant to a range of antimicrobial agents.
2446:(Eleventh ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 926–930.
1859:
1842:
1026:
1016:
1012:
964:
298:
233:
3528:
3463:
3123:"Intramammary infections with different non-aureus staphylococci in dairy cows"
2969:
2290:
418:
on blood agar however they do show a characteristic small zone of hemolysis on
3180:
3163:
2461:
2267:
2254:
2063:(Fifth ed.). American Association of Swine Veterinarians. pp. 27–28.
1912:
1883:
1158:
1081:
1069:
1046:
1038:
1034:
1001:
985:
896:
772:
683:
399:
324:
276:
179:
78:
3431:
3260:
3099:
2896:
2886:
2772:
2755:
2395:
1960:
1682:
1486:
3002:
2852:
775:. Another notable case is a man who was diagnosed with a case of infectious
546:
515:
443:
415:
304:
58:
3471:
3393:
3279:
3225:
3189:
3148:
3139:
3122:
2871:
2817:
2781:
2731:
2662:
2608:
2559:
2510:
2441:
2413:
2364:
2276:
2239:
2175:
1770:
1616:
1504:
1448:
1214:
1138:
880:
note a reduction in feed conversion and weight gain post-disease recovery.
835:, and reddening of skin specifically in the inguinal and axillary regions.
814:. Additional factors that may increase individual animal susceptibility to
3411:
3349:
3217:
3107:
3018:
2128:
1868:
1824:
1662:
1348:
1296:
682:
in most herds, though the pathogenesis may be sporadic. It can also cause
3522:
2492:
2346:
2221:
1882:
Devriese LA, Hajek V, Oeding P, Meyer SA, Schleifer KH (1 October 1978).
1430:
1252:
1061:
1005:
832:
529:
from other members of the genus can be done based on the sequence of its
503:
462:
392:
211:
187:
157:
48:
1661:
Zimmerman JJ, Karriker LA, Ramirez A, Stevenson GW, Schwartz KJ (2012).
1469:
Foissac M, Lekaditi M, Loutfi B, Ehrhart A, Dauchy FA (September 2016).
1195:
3568:
3542:
3537:
2147:
Hassler C, Nitzsche S, Iversen C, Zweifel C, Stephan R (October 2008).
908:
839:
733:
723:
675:
671:
643:(C) for macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins and the pS194-like
519:
511:
507:
499:
466:
332:
191:
68:
3164:"Staphylococcus hyicus associated with pox in chickens and in turkeys"
1598:
1413:
Casanova C, Iselin L, von Steiger N, Droz S, Sendi P (December 2011).
1231:
Devriese LA, Derycke J (May 1979). "Staphylococcus hyicus in cattle".
267:. Managing the pigs can prevent disease and reduce the severity of an
2475:
Ladhani S, Joannou CL, Lochrie DP, Evans RW, Poston SM (April 1999).
2204:
Adkins PR, Middleton JR, Calcutt MJ, Stewart GC, Fox LK (June 2017).
1743:
Park J, Friendship RM, Poljak Z, Weese JS, Dewey CE (February 2013).
542:
483:
384:
237:
219:
195:
171:
3499:
2834:
Park J, Friendship RM, Weese JS, Poljak Z, Dewey CE (October 2013).
1983:
956:
708:
246:
199:
161:
779:. A culture of his infected bone and blood was confirmed to have
434:
and differentiation from similar organisms may require extensive
3503:
1143:(Eleventh ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
1049:. These antibiotics could be used to treat pigs infected with
203:
3368:"Recent developments in staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome"
3040:"Microbiological and laboratory studies on porcine arthritis"
1093:
in people may be linked to animal antimicrobial resistance.
1080:
increasing in all bacteria, sending samples to a diagnostic
1841:
Varaldo PE, Hájek V, Canepari P, Satta G (September 1985).
1667:(10th ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.
1581:
Arsenakis I, Boyen F, Haesebrouck F, Maes DG (June 2018).
1025:
was found to be susceptible to many antibiotics including
1789:
Wegener HC, Watts JL, Salmon SA, Yancey RJ (March 1994).
1000:
with sprays or oils. Sprays can have antibiotics such as
963:
can reduce the chance of the disease spreading. Ensuring
255:
but it is impossible to tell without further diagnostics.
2295:
gene for 16S rRNA, partial sequence, strain: ATCC 11249"
1391:"Overview of Exudative Epidermitis (Greasy pig disease)"
2754:
Werckenthin C, Cardoso M, Martel JL, Schwarz S (2001).
927:
that is currently affecting the herd of pigs to ensure
3244:"Staphylococcus in Chicken Meat Retailed to Consumers"
3001:
Phillips Jr, W. E.; King, R. E.; Kloos, W. E. (1980).
2888:
Achieving sustainable production of pig meat Volume 3
1177:
Szafraniec GM, Szeleszczuk P, Dolka B (August 2020).
976:
that can grow in the barn and possibly infect pigs.
3512:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2741:
1072:as this antibiotic is still effective against most
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
711:-like syndrome most common in young adult cattle.
2705:
2703:
2701:
2699:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
3323:
3321:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2259:International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
1900:International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
867:Head, neck, feet, general body, mouth and tongue
838:Epidermal inflammatory processes accompanied by
494:. Porcine strains express surface receptors for
279:, which should be tested to ensure S. hyicus is
214:, however it has been shown to be able to cause
3361:
3359:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1836:
1834:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1226:
1224:
1057:have been shown to be effective in controlling
251:Gram positive cocci in clusters. This could be
3121:Nyman AK, Fasth C, Waller KP (February 2018).
2622:
2620:
2618:
2253:Takahashi T, Satoh I, Kikuchi N (April 1999).
2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1415:"Staphylococcus hyicus bacteremia in a farmer"
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
3452:International Journal of Medical Microbiology
3416:(3rd ed.). Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell.
3405:
3403:
3237:
3235:
2829:
2827:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
984:Treatments for exudative epidermitis include
911:can be used for prevention of infection with
792:in exudative epidermitis (greasy pig disease)
8:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1935:(Devriese et al., 1978) to species status:
335:in 1986. Other bacteria closely related to
3500:
3410:McVey DS, Kennedy M, Chengappa MM (2013).
3295:
3293:
3291:
3289:
20:
3383:
3269:
3259:
3179:
3138:
3074:Hill, Bd; Corney, Bg; Wagner, Tm (1996).
2964:(1st ed.). Wiley. pp. 292–312.
2861:
2851:
2771:
2678:Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin Reihe B
2652:
2598:
2549:
2500:
2403:
2354:
2266:
2229:
2118:
1911:
1858:
1814:
1760:
1606:
1556:
1494:
1438:
1338:
1204:
1194:
1327:FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology
972:and humidity can decrease the amount of
895:
842:are attributed to exfoliative toxins of
3495:- the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
3007:American Journal of Veterinary Research
1102:
846:. Exfoliative toxins will cleave swine
3056:
3045:
2937:
2927:
2311:
2300:
137:Sompolinsky 1953; Devriese et al. 1978
317:genus in 1965. The similar bacterium
7:
2627:Ahrens P, Andresen LO (March 2004).
1939:(Devriese et al., 1978) comb. nov".
3372:Clinical Microbiology and Infection
1941:Systematic and Applied Microbiology
1179:"Staphylococcus agnetis in Poultry"
1074:methicillin-resistant Staphylococci
3092:10.1111/j.1751-0813.1996.tb10022.x
2690:10.1111/j.1439-0450.1979.tb00814.x
1888:(Sompolinsky 1953) comb. nov. and
1340:10.1111/j.1574-695X.1998.tb01140.x
1289:10.1111/j.2042-3306.1983.tb01786.x
210:is generally considered to not be
14:
2712:Journal of Dermatological Science
1715:Indian Journal of Animal Sciences
827:Early clinical signs can include
469:negative. It also normally shows
331:until it was elevated to its own
3385:10.1046/j.1198-743x.2001.00258.x
2591:10.1128/JB.182.14.4096-4100.2000
2335:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
2210:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
2099:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
1795:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
1539:10.1016/b978-012263951-7/50018-1
1419:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
35:
3206:Foodborne Pathogens and Disease
2645:10.1128/JB.186.6.1833-1837.2004
2542:10.1128/IAI.67.8.4014-4018.1999
2111:10.1128/jcm.29.6.1221-1224.1991
1847:Journal of General Microbiology
1749:The Canadian Veterinary Journal
426:Biochemistry and identification
2724:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2007.05.007
1233:Research in Veterinary Science
414:colonies normally do not show
1:
3080:Australian Veterinary Journal
2810:10.1016/S0378-1135(02)00177-3
2481:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
2168:10.1016/j.meatsci.2008.02.001
1953:10.1016/S0723-2020(86)80071-6
1807:10.1128/JCM.32.3.793-795.1994
1245:10.1016/S0034-5288(18)32893-5
457:based methods or genotyping.
367:Morphological characteristics
3342:10.1016/0378-1135(85)90052-5
722:has been rarely reported in
374:, like other members of the
275:sprays and oils as well as
1860:10.1099/00221287-131-9-2231
1389:Davies PR (November 2013).
387:that forms clusters. It is
3678:
3662:Bacteria described in 1953
3464:10.1016/j.ijmm.2013.09.003
2970:10.1002/9781119350927.ch17
1937:Staphylococcus chromogenes
1531:Laboratory Animal Medicine
1321:Andresen LO (April 1998).
862:Areas of the body affected
797:Epidemiological background
320:Staphylococcus chromogenes
3248:Frontiers in Microbiology
3181:10.1080/03079459208418873
2268:10.1099/00207713-49-2-725
1913:10.1099/00207713-28-4-482
1277:Equine Veterinary Journal
766:Humans being affected by
263:can be prevented with an
174:and forms white circular
170:It consists of clustered
127:
120:
32:Scientific classification
30:
23:
3261:10.3389/fmicb.2016.01846
3127:Journal of Dairy Science
2897:10.19103/AS.2017.0013.14
2396:10.1128/genomeA.01525-14
1487:10.11599/germs.2016.1097
1068:is often susceptible to
707:cattle which leads to a
561:Virulence and resistance
3413:Veterinary microbiology
3366:Ladhani S (June 2001).
3330:Veterinary Microbiology
2853:10.1186/1746-6148-9-211
2840:BMC Veterinary Research
2798:Veterinary Microbiology
2633:Journal of Bacteriology
2579:Journal of Bacteriology
2093:Lämmler C (June 1991).
1395:Merck Veterinary Manual
801:Endemic infection with
639:(L) for tetracyclines,
557:and annotated in 2015.
389:facultatively anaerobic
190:. It causes disease in
155:facultatively anaerobic
3140:10.3168/jds.2017-13467
3055:Cite journal requires
2773:10.1051/vetres:2001129
2530:Infection and Immunity
2310:Cite journal requires
2261:. 49 Pt 2 (2): 725–8.
1086:susceptibility testing
904:
651:Disease in all species
604:immunoglobulin G (IgG)
430:The identification of
256:
3608:staphylococcus-hyicus
3514:Staphylococcus hyicus
3489:Staphylococcus hyicus
3218:10.1089/fpd.2013.1492
2293:Staphylococcus hyicus
1986:Staphylococcus hyicus
1929:Staphylococcus hyicus
1890:Staphylococcus hyicus
1886:Staphylococcus hyicus
1587:The Veterinary Record
1078:antibiotic resistance
1059:Staphylococcus hyicus
1023:Staphylococcus hyicus
1011:. Any pigs which are
952:Staphylococcus hyicus
899:
887:Prevention of disease
790:Staphylococcus hyicus
729:Staphlococcus agnetis
720:Staphylococcus hyicus
667:Staphylococcus hyicus
656:Staphylococcus hyicus
616:Staphylococcus hyicus
594:Staphylococcus aureus
541:) gene. The complete
477:Staphylococcus hyicus
450:Staphlococcus agnetis
372:Staphylococcus hyicus
271:. Treatment includes
250:
226:Staphylococcus hyicus
146:Staphylococcus hyicus
131:Staphylococcus hyicus
25:Staphylococcus hyicus
2493:10.1128/cmr.12.2.224
2384:Genome Announcements
2347:10.1128/JCM.01232-09
2222:10.1128/JCM.02239-16
2061:Swine Disease Manual
1431:10.1128/JCM.05645-11
1015:may need fluids and
553:ATCC 11249 was also
292:History and taxonomy
16:Species of bacterium
2760:Veterinary Research
1196:10.3390/ani10081421
1091:foodborne illnesses
923:with the strain of
525:Differentiation of
436:biochemical testing
354:S. pseudintermedius
303:in 1953. Based on
947:Management of pigs
921:autogenous vaccine
905:
580:stratum granulosum
438:. Most strains of
265:autogenous vaccine
257:
186:is a known animal
3644:
3643:
3629:Open Tree of Life
3506:Taxon identifiers
3423:978-0-470-95949-7
2979:978-1-119-35085-9
2962:Diseases of Swine
2906:978-1-78676-096-8
2453:978-1-119-35090-3
2443:Diseases of Swine
1674:978-0-8138-2267-9
1664:Diseases of swine
1599:10.1136/vr.104720
1548:978-0-12-263951-7
1150:978-1-119-35090-3
1140:Diseases of Swine
1053:. Novobiocin and
323:was considered a
311:was moved to the
232:of nasal cavity,
142:
141:
89:Staphylococcaceae
3669:
3637:
3636:
3624:
3623:
3611:
3610:
3598:
3597:
3585:
3584:
3572:
3571:
3559:
3558:
3546:
3545:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3501:
3475:
3436:
3435:
3407:
3398:
3397:
3387:
3363:
3354:
3353:
3325:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3297:
3284:
3283:
3273:
3263:
3239:
3230:
3229:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3183:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3142:
3133:(2): 1403–1418.
3118:
3112:
3111:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3058:
3053:
3051:
3043:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2957:
2946:
2945:
2939:
2935:
2933:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2865:
2855:
2831:
2822:
2821:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2775:
2751:
2736:
2735:
2707:
2694:
2693:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2656:
2624:
2613:
2612:
2602:
2585:(14): 4096–100.
2570:
2564:
2563:
2553:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2504:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2437:
2418:
2417:
2407:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2358:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2313:
2308:
2306:
2298:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2270:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2233:
2216:(6): 1778–1788.
2201:
2188:
2187:
2153:
2144:
2133:
2132:
2122:
2090:
2065:
2064:
2056:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1980:
1965:
1964:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1862:
1838:
1829:
1828:
1818:
1786:
1775:
1774:
1764:
1740:
1723:
1722:
1710:
1687:
1686:
1658:
1621:
1620:
1610:
1578:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1526:
1509:
1508:
1498:
1466:
1453:
1452:
1442:
1410:
1399:
1398:
1386:
1353:
1352:
1342:
1318:
1301:
1300:
1272:
1257:
1256:
1228:
1219:
1218:
1208:
1198:
1174:
1163:
1162:
1134:
937:passive immunity
777:spondylodiscitis
584:stratum spinosum
576:virulence factor
496:immunoglobulin G
391:. Six different
236:, and genitals (
133:
40:
39:
21:
3677:
3676:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3632:
3627:
3619:
3614:
3606:
3601:
3593:
3588:
3580:
3575:
3567:
3562:
3554:
3549:
3541:
3536:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3508:
3487:Type strain of
3483:
3478:
3449:
3445:
3443:Further reading
3440:
3439:
3424:
3409:
3408:
3401:
3365:
3364:
3357:
3327:
3326:
3319:
3310:
3308:
3299:
3298:
3287:
3241:
3240:
3233:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3168:Avian Pathology
3161:
3160:
3156:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3054:
3044:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3023:
3021:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2980:
2959:
2958:
2949:
2936:
2926:
2919:
2917:
2907:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2833:
2832:
2825:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2766:(3–4): 341–62.
2753:
2752:
2739:
2709:
2708:
2697:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2626:
2625:
2616:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2454:
2439:
2438:
2421:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2309:
2299:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2203:
2202:
2191:
2151:
2146:
2145:
2136:
2092:
2091:
2068:
2058:
2057:
2010:
2001:
1999:
1982:
1981:
1968:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1840:
1839:
1832:
1788:
1787:
1778:
1742:
1741:
1726:
1712:
1711:
1690:
1675:
1660:
1659:
1624:
1580:
1579:
1566:
1549:
1528:
1527:
1512:
1468:
1467:
1456:
1412:
1411:
1402:
1388:
1387:
1356:
1320:
1319:
1304:
1274:
1273:
1260:
1230:
1229:
1222:
1176:
1175:
1166:
1151:
1136:
1135:
1104:
1099:
1043:oxytetracycline
982:
949:
894:
889:
877:
864:
825:
799:
794:
764:
747:
717:
696:
664:
653:
613:
591:ETB, ETD) that
568:
563:
428:
369:
294:
289:
259:Infection with
138:
135:
129:
116:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3675:
3673:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3657:Staphylococcus
3649:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3625:
3612:
3599:
3586:
3573:
3560:
3547:
3534:
3518:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3482:
3481:External links
3479:
3477:
3476:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3422:
3399:
3355:
3317:
3285:
3231:
3195:
3154:
3113:
3086:(5): 179–181.
3066:
3057:|journal=
3030:
3013:(2): 274–276.
2993:
2978:
2947:
2905:
2877:
2823:
2787:
2737:
2695:
2684:(4): 257–272.
2668:
2614:
2565:
2516:
2467:
2452:
2419:
2370:
2321:
2312:|journal=
2282:
2245:
2189:
2134:
2066:
2008:
1966:
1947:(3): 169–173.
1919:
1906:(4): 482–490.
1874:
1830:
1776:
1724:
1688:
1673:
1622:
1564:
1547:
1510:
1454:
1425:(12): 4377–8.
1400:
1354:
1302:
1258:
1220:
1164:
1149:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1095:
981:
978:
948:
945:
933:antimicrobials
893:
890:
888:
885:
876:
873:
872:
871:
868:
863:
860:
824:
821:
798:
795:
793:
786:
763:
760:
746:
743:
716:
713:
704:Staphylococcus
695:
692:
663:
660:
652:
649:
612:
609:
567:
564:
562:
559:
535:thermonuclease
427:
424:
420:chocolate agar
377:Staphylococcus
368:
365:
348:S. intermedius
314:Staphylococcus
307:similarities,
293:
290:
288:
285:
178:when grown on
166:Staphylococcus
140:
139:
136:
125:
124:
118:
117:
113:S. hyicus
110:
108:
104:
103:
100:Staphylococcus
96:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
56:
52:
51:
46:
42:
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2:
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3591:
3587:
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3544:
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3530:
3524:
3520:
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3515:
3511:
3507:
3502:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3395:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3336:(3): 269–77.
3335:
3331:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3306:
3305:Health Canada
3302:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3281:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3199:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3174:(3): 529–33.
3173:
3169:
3165:
3158:
3155:
3150:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3117:
3114:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3070:
3067:
3062:
3049:
3041:
3034:
3031:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2997:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2943:
2931:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2889:
2881:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2791:
2788:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2672:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2639:(6): 1833–7.
2638:
2634:
2630:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2536:(8): 4014–8.
2535:
2531:
2527:
2520:
2517:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2487:(2): 224–42.
2486:
2482:
2478:
2471:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2374:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2322:
2317:
2304:
2297:. 2008-08-27.
2296:
2294:
2286:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2249:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2162:(2): 505–10.
2161:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2126:
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492:teichoic acid
489:
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481:bacteriolytic
478:
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464:
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382:gram-positive
379:
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349:
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343:
342:S. schleiferi
338:
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151:Gram-positive
148:
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122:Binomial name
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3307:. 2002-09-06
3304:
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3048:cite journal
3033:
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3010:
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3003:"Europe PMC"
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2918:. Retrieved
2887:
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1055:enrofloxacin
1050:
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1021:
1017:electrolytes
1009:penicillin G
983:
973:
951:
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940:
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912:
906:
901:
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848:desmoglein-1
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823:Pathogenesis
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780:
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570:Division of
569:
550:
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475:
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439:
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429:
411:
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380:genus, is a
375:
371:
370:
358:
352:
346:
340:
336:
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318:
312:
308:
297:
295:
287:Microbiology
260:
258:
252:
225:
224:
207:
183:
164:
145:
144:
143:
130:
128:
112:
111:
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2938:|work=
1933:chromogenes
1896:subsp. nov"
1894:chromogenes
1721:(7): 700–1.
1593:(26): 744.
1189:(8): 1421.
1027:norfloxacin
986:antibiotics
970:ventilation
965:biosecurity
749:In horses,
545:(2,472,129
479:produces a
299:Micrococcus
281:susceptible
277:antibiotics
240:of sow and
234:conjunctiva
222:in humans.
3651:Categories
3311:2020-10-26
3024:2021-06-29
2920:5 November
2846:(1): 211.
2462:1051779035
2002:2020-10-06
1159:1051779035
1097:References
1070:vancomycin
1047:gentamicin
1039:cephalexin
1035:ampicillin
1013:dehydrated
1002:novobiocin
902:S. hyicus.
816:S. hyicus-
773:bacteremia
684:bacteremia
611:Resistance
547:base pairs
490:-specific
473:activity.
400:blood agar
325:subspecies
305:phenotypic
244:of boar).
216:bacteremia
180:blood agar
79:Bacillales
3432:826123137
3100:1751-0813
2988:132524904
2940:ignored (
2930:cite book
2915:188421572
1961:0723-2020
1683:757838376
1066:S. hyicus
1051:S. hyicus
998:topically
990:topically
980:Treatment
974:S. hyicus
961:isolation
941:S. hyicus
925:S. hyicus
917:S. hyicus
913:S. hyicus
875:Diagnosis
852:S. hyicus
844:S. hyicus
812:S. hyicus
808:S. hyicus
803:S. hyicus
781:S. hyicus
768:S. hyicus
756:S. hyicus
751:S. hyicus
738:S. hyicus
688:S. hyicus
628:S. hyicus
624:S. hyicus
620:S. hyicus
600:S. hyicus
588:S. hyicus
572:S. hyicus
566:Virulence
555:sequenced
551:S. hyicus
527:S. hyicus
516:trehalose
488:S. hyicus
459:S. hyicus
444:coagulase
440:S. hyicus
432:S. hyicus
416:hemolysis
412:S. hyicus
404:S. hyicus
393:serotypes
337:S. hyicus
329:S. hyicus
309:M. hyicus
283:to them.
261:S. hyicus
253:S. hyicus
208:S. hyicus
184:S. hyicus
158:bacterium
107:Species:
59:Bacillota
3582:10736293
3529:Q2332104
3523:Wikidata
3472:24210177
3394:11442563
3280:27920760
3254:: 1846.
3226:23841655
3190:18670970
3149:29174143
2872:24131819
2818:12223165
2782:11432424
2732:17582744
2663:14996814
2609:10869090
2560:10417168
2511:10194458
2414:25700402
2365:20053855
2277:10319495
2240:28330895
2184:21758623
2176:22063359
1988:subsp. (
1771:23904636
1617:29599298
1505:27622163
1449:21998429
1215:32823920
1062:in vitro
1006:procaine
929:immunity
833:lethargy
829:anorexia
788:Role of
784:health.
700:mastitis
533:gene or
531:16S rRNA
518:but not
504:fructose
463:catalase
453:without
407:colonies
360:S. felis
339:include
269:outbreak
212:zoonotic
188:pathogen
176:colonies
85:Family:
55:Phylum:
49:Bacteria
45:Domain:
3634:1090459
3569:3227717
3538:BacDive
3350:3159146
3271:5118462
3108:8660240
3019:7369600
2863:4015292
2405:4335327
2356:2832457
2231:5442534
2129:1864941
1996:VetBact
1931:subsp.
1892:subsp.
1869:4067578
1825:8195396
1762:3552588
1608:6047161
1558:7158357
1496:5018387
1440:3233007
1349:9626935
1297:6884317
1206:7460464
1183:Animals
1076:. With
909:vaccine
892:Vaccine
840:exudate
734:fowlpox
724:poultry
715:Poultry
702:in the
680:endemic
676:exudate
672:macules
520:maltose
512:lactose
508:mannose
500:glucose
467:oxidase
333:species
273:topical
242:prepuce
192:poultry
160:in the
95:Genus:
75:Order:
69:Bacilli
65:Class:
3595:966377
3491:at Bac
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2120:269973
2117:
1990:hyicus
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1045:, and
988:given
762:Humans
745:Horses
694:Cattle
543:genome
514:, and
486:and a
484:enzyme
385:coccus
357:, and
301:hyicus
238:vagina
230:mucosa
220:sepsis
202:, and
200:horses
196:cattle
3577:IRMNG
3556:4ZKHY
3543:14554
2984:S2CID
2911:S2CID
2600:94597
2551:96690
2502:88916
2390:(1).
2180:S2CID
2152:(PDF)
1475:Germs
957:mange
709:mange
662:Swine
549:) of
471:DNase
172:cocci
162:genus
149:is a
3621:1284
3616:NCBI
3603:LPSN
3590:ITIS
3564:GBIF
3493:Dive
3468:PMID
3428:OCLC
3418:ISBN
3390:PMID
3346:PMID
3276:PMID
3222:PMID
3186:PMID
3145:PMID
3104:PMID
3096:ISSN
3061:help
3015:PMID
2974:ISBN
2942:help
2922:2020
2901:ISBN
2868:PMID
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2659:PMID
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2556:PMID
2507:PMID
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2172:PMID
2125:PMID
1957:ISSN
1865:PMID
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1767:PMID
1679:OCLC
1669:ISBN
1613:PMID
1543:ISBN
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1293:PMID
1249:PMID
1211:PMID
1155:OCLC
1145:ISBN
1084:for
1004:and
582:and
442:are
218:and
204:pigs
3551:CoL
3460:doi
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3380:doi
3338:doi
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3256:doi
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3135:doi
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2966:doi
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