217:, the picture has become more complex. What was thought to be one disease is, in fact, probably at least three different diseases, each related to a different genetic change. Therefore it is currently a little confusing to define what Stargardt's disease is. Stargardt disease (STGD1) is caused by bi-allelic ABCA4 gene variants (i.e., autosomal recessive). Importantly, the exact genotype (i.e., combinations of both ABCA4 variants along with the presence of additional genetic modifiers) is highly prognostic for the age of onset and disease progression.
432:(1875–1927) was a German ophthalmologist born in Berlin. He studied medicine at the University of Kiel, qualifying in 1899. He later became head of the Bonn University's ophthalmology clinic, followed by a post as chair of ophthalmology at the University of Marburg. In 1909 he described 7 patients with a recessively inherited macular dystrophy, now known as Stargardt's disease, being described as a progressive and severe reduction of central vision, which develops in the first and second decade of life.
51:
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Kubota Vision is in Phase III clinical trials of a visual cycle modulator that modulates RPE65 activity to treat
Stargardt's. Kubota Vision published the results of a dose range study of a drug known as Emixustat, with findings that will effect dose selection for their phase III trial set to complete
379:
Certain foods, especially carrots, are rich in vitamin A, but the amount from food is not harmful. Foods with a high vitamin A content are often yellow or orange in color, such as squash, pumpkin, and sweet potato, but some, such as liver, are not. There are supplements on the market with more than a
371:
MD Stem Cells' approach using Bone Marrow
Derived Stem Cells has shown benefit in various retinal diseases. In Stargardt, 94.1% of patients had improved vision or remained stable with results showing high statistical significance (p=0.0004). Reasons for improvement may include transfer of organelles
495:
Alkeus Pharma is evaluating the potential of deuterated vitamin A as the drug ALK-001. The hope is that the deuterated vitamin A will reduce the build-up of toxic vitamin A metabolites in the retina and therefore slow rate of visual deterioration. To create deuterated vitamin A some of the hydrogen
375:
Ultra-violet light has more energy and is a more damaging wavelength spectra than visible light. In an effort to mitigate this, some ophthalmologists may recommend that the patient wears a broad-brimmed hat or sunglasses when they are outdoors. Sometimes, doctors also instruct their patients to wear
227:
The carrier frequency in the general population of ABCA4 alleles is 5 to 10%. Different combinations of ABCA4 genes will result in widely different age of onset and retinal pathology. The severity of the disease is inversely proportional to ABCA4 function and it is thought that ABCA4 related disease
448:
Gene therapy is designed to insert a copy of a corrected gene into retinal cells. The hope is to return cell function back to normal and the treatment has the potential to stop disease progression. This therapy will not restore impaired vision back to normal. The research is being undertaken by a
391:
Advances in technology have brought devices that help
Stargardt patients who are losing their vision maintain their independence. Low-vision aids can range from hand lenses to electronic devices and can allow those losing their vision to be able to carry out daily activities. Some patients may even
1533:
Schwartz, SD; Regillo, CD; Lam, BL; Eliott, D; Rosenfeld, PJ; Gregori, NZ; Hubschman, JP; Davis, JL; Heilwell, G; Spirn, M; Maguire, J; Gay, R; Bateman, J; Ostrick, RM; Morris, D; Vincent, M; Anglade, E; Del Priore, LV; Lanza, R (7 February 2015). "Human embryonic stem cell-derived retinal pigment
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MD Stem Cells, a research-physician clinical development company using autologous bone marrow derived stem cells (BMSC), has released results of the
Stargardt Disease cohort within their ongoing Stem Cell Ophthalmology Study II (SCOTS2) clinical trial (NCT 03011541). Average visual improvement was
282:
cycle. Defective ABCA4 leads to improper shuttling of vitamin A throughout the retina, and accelerated formation of toxic vitamin A dimers (also known as bisretinoids), and associated degradation byproducts. Vitamin A dimers and other byproducts are widely accepted as the cause of STGD1. As such,
172:
The presentation usually occurs in childhood or adolescence, though there is no upper age limit for presentation and late-onset is possible. The main symptom is loss of visual acuity, uncorrectable with glasses. This manifests as the lack of the ability to see fine details when reading or viewing
407:
The majority of patients will progress to legal blindness, which means that central reading vision will be lost. However, perimetry and microperimetry studies indicate that the peripheral light sensitivity is preserved over a long time in a significant fraction of all patients (i.e., >50%).
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is used less often than in the past. These investigations may be followed by genetic testing in order to avoid misdiagnosis. Other diseases may have overlapping phenotypic features with
Stargardt Disease and the disease itself has multiple variants. In one study, 35% of patients diagnosed with
416:
A 2017 prospective epidemiologic study that recruited 81 patients with STGD over 12 months reported an incidence of between 1 and 1.28 per 10 000 individuals. The median age of presentation was 27 years (range 5–64 years), most (90%) were symptomatic, with a median visual acuity of
408:
Stargardt disease has no impact on general health and life expectancy is normal. Some patients, usually those with the late-onset form, can maintain excellent visual acuities for extended periods and are therefore able to perform tasks such as reading or driving.
440:
There are several clinical trials in various stages involving several potential therapeutic areas, gene therapy, stem cell therapy, drug therapy and artificial retinas. In general all are testing the safety and benefits of their respective therapies in
355:
to support these recommendations, but they are based on scientific understanding of the mechanisms underlying the disease pathology. There are three strategies doctors recommend for potential harm reduction: reducing retinal exposure to damaging
193:(delayed dark adaptation). There is a wide variation between individuals in the symptoms experienced as well as the rate of deterioration in vision. Vision loss can be attributed to buildup of byproducts of vitamin A in photoreceptor cells and
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1736:
445:. These studies are designed to evaluate the safety, dose and effectiveness in small number of people in Phase I with Phase II evaluating similar criteria in a larger population but including a greater insight into potential side effects.
343:
Stargardt
Disease through physical ophthalmic examination were found to be misdiagnosed when subsequent genetic testing was done. Genetic testing can be utilized to ensure a proper diagnosis for which the correct treatment can be applied.
479:
and functioning retinal cells. This therapy has the potential stop disease progression and in the long term improve vision. To improve vision this technique will need to replicate the complex multi-layered and
1578:"A Phase 2 Multicenter, Double-Masked, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study to Investigate the Long Term Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics and Effects of ALK-001 on the Progression of Stargardt Disease"
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Smoking, overweight or obesity, and poor diet quality may also contribute to more rapid degeneration. On the other hand, the consumption of oily fish, in a diet similar to that which doctors recommend for
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slowing the formation of vitamin A dimers might lead to a treatment for
Stargardt. When vitamin A dimers and byproducts damage the retinal cells, fluorescent granules called
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At present there is no gene therapy for
Stargardt Disease. However, ophthalmologists recommend measures that could slow the rate of progression. There are no
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533:, the camera is an external device held on spectacles, the camera signal is processed and then fed via wires into the retina to terminate in some
148:
gene variants (STGD1). However, there are
Stargardt-like diseases with mimicking phenotypes that are referred to as STGD3 and STGD4, and have a
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epithelium in patients with age-related macular degeneration and
Stargardt's macular dystrophy: follow-up of two open-label phase 1/2 studies".
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2872:
2697:
1476:"Randomised study evaluating the pharmacodynamics of emixustat hydrochloride in subjects with macular atrophy secondary to Stargardt disease"
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2737:
1055:
Adler L, 4th; Boyer, NP; Chen, C; Ablonczy, Z; Crouch, RK; Koutalos, Y (2015). "The 11-cis Retinal Origins of Lipofuscin in the Retina".
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has a role to play in other diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa, cone-rod dystrophies and age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
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209:
Historically from Stargardt's first description of his eponymous disease until recently, the diagnosis was based on looking at the
2565:
275:
700:"Cis-acting modifiers in the ABCA4 locus contribute to the penetrance of the major disease-causing variant in Stargardt disease"
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injection. The therapy is known as SAR422459 and it has been terminated prematurely due to halt in developing the drug product.
318:. If characteristic features are found the investigations undertaken will depend on locally available equipment and may include
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17.96% (95% CI, 16.39 to 19.53%) with 61.8% of eyes improving and 23.5% remaining stable with no adverse events occurring.
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The long-term prognosis for patients with Stargardt disease is widely variable and depends on the age of onset and genetic
3606:
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2544:
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Ibanez, Manuel Benjamin; GuimarĂŁes, Thales Antonio Cabral; Capasso, Jenina; Bello, Nicholas; Levin, Alex V. (March 2021).
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yellow-tinted glasses (which filter out blue light) when indoors and in artificial light or in front of a digital screen.
319:
173:
distant objects. Symptoms typically develop before age 20 (median age of onset: ~17 years old), and include: wavy vision,
511:
of hydrogen. A Phase II clinical trial is taking place using ALK-001 with an estimated completion date of December 2024.
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2742:
2727:
327:
288:
58:
1625:"Stem Cell Ophthalmology Treatment Study (SCOTS): Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells in the Treatment of Stargardt Disease"
1187:"Stem Cell Ophthalmology Treatment Study (SCOTS): Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells in the Treatment of Stargardt Disease"
1939:
1897:
1862:
1361:
from The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science. Retrieved Jan 2012
698:
Lee, W; Zernant, J; Nagasaki, T; Molday, LL; Su, PY; Fishman, GA; Tsang, SH; Molday, RS; Allikmets, R (26 June 2021).
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2663:
2637:
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372:(mitochondria, lysosomes), enhanced clearing of toxic Vitamin A byproducts, and neuroprotection of photoreceptors.
299:
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2333:
3702:
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2532:
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daily allowance of vitamin A that should be avoided, but each individual should discuss this with their doctor.
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is caused by mutations in a gene that encodes a membrane bound protein that is involved in the elongation of
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Spiteri Cornish, Kurt; Ho, Jason; Downes, Susan; Scott, Neil W.; Bainbridge, James; Lois, Noemi (2017).
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Autosomal-dominant Stargardt-like diseases were linked to genes such as PROM1 (STGD3) or ELOVL4 (STGD4)
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646:"Stargardt disease : Definition(s) from the Unified Medical Language System ® Diseases Database"
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251:
244:
161:
44:
Stargardt macular dystrophy & degeneration, juvenile macular degeneration, fundus flavimaculatus
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952:"A genotype-phenotype correlation matrix for ABCA4 disease based on long-term prognostic outcomes"
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Fakin A, Robson AG, Fujinami K, Moore AT, Michaelides M, Pei-Wen Chiang J; et al. (2016).
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though implanting and maintaining an electrical device within the eye that interfaces with the
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Cideciyan AV, Swider M, Aleman TS, Tsybovsky Y, Schwartz SB, Windsor EA; et al. (2009).
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are in the early stages of development and their use could be of benefit to many people with
164:
that begins in childhood, adolescence or adulthood, resulting in progressive loss of vision.
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Chuang, AT; Margo, CE; Greenberg, PB (July 2014). "Retinal implants: a systematic review".
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1987:
1972:
1116:
Deutman, August; Hoyng, Carol; van Lith-Verhoeven, Janneke (2006). "Macular dystrophies".
886:"Phenotype and Progression of Retinal Degeneration Associated With Nullizigosity of ABCA4"
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819:
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752:"Photoreceptor degeneration in ABCA4-associated retinopathy and its genetic correlates"
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Lee, W; Zernant, J; Su, PY; Nagasaki, T; Tsang, SH; Allikmets, R (25 January 2022).
919:
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556:"Clinical Characteristics and Current Therapies for Inherited Retinal Degenerations"
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2020:
2015:
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1982:
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488:. There are a number of research groups working with stem cells one of which is
1793:
1474:
Kubota, Ryo; Birch, David G.; Gregory, Jeff K.; Koester, John M. (2020-11-19).
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2005:
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1501:
1300:"Retinal light sensitivity as outcome measure in recessive Stargardt disease"
1212:
1203:
1155:
750:
Pfau M, Cukras CA, Huryn LA, Zein WM, Ullah E, Boyle MP; et al. (2022).
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Diagnosis is firstly clinical through history and examination usually with a
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3003:
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2010:
1957:
1952:
1929:
1847:
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1028:"OMIM Entry - * 601691 - ATP-BINDING CASSETTE, SUBFAMILY A, MEMBER 4; ABCA4"
534:
500:
361:
315:
295:
233:
210:
117:
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608:"Über familiäre, progressive Degeneration in der Makulagegend des Auges"
3207:
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2692:
2499:
2430:
2400:
2390:
1997:
1592:"Stargardt disease: The leading cause of juvenile macular degeneration"
623:
504:
497:
481:
401:
1450:
3542:
3491:
3310:
2212:
2189:
1909:
1740:
1399:
1245:"New Stargardt Treatments- MD Stem Cells SCOTS2 or ALK-001 Vitamin A"
485:
462:
450:
303:
255:
198:
153:
820:"ABCA4 disease progression and a proposed strategy for gene therapy"
607:
213:
using examination and investigation of the eye. Since the advent of
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237:
157:
145:
140:. In terms of the first description of the disease, it follows an
1804:
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1924:
1771:
1610:"Bone Marrow Derived Stem Cell Ophthalmology Treatment Study II"
3404:
3367:
2763:
2166:
1895:
1851:
1041:
1027:
232:
STGD1: By far the most common form of Stargardt disease is the
144:
inheritance pattern, which has been later linked to bi-allelic
1373:"The Epidemiology of Stargardt Disease in the United Kingdom"
529:
presents many challenges. An example of a device is made by
461:
is used to deliver a normal gene to the target tissue via a
475:
involves injecting cells with the potential to mature into
368:
accumulation and maintaining good general health and diet.
338:
are also useful for diagnostic and prognostic purposes.
1057:
Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science
274:
In STGD1, the genetic defect causes malfunction of the
388:, can be used to slow the progression of the disease.
254:
form of Stargardt disease caused by mutations in the
1718:
265:
mutations outside known functional domains of ABCA4.
3659:
3632:
3557:
3510:
3443:
3334:
3281:
3246:
3206:
3118:
3069:
3034:
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2513:
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2361:
2211:
2188:
2179:
2104:
2066:
2033:
1996:
1917:
1908:
1814:
1722:
1132:"Stargardt misdiagnosis: How ocular genetics helps"
1014:"Stargardt disease/Fundus flavimaculatus – EyeWiki"
123:
111:
103:
95:
87:
77:
65:
40:
35:
1008:
1006:
1004:
2856:arteritic anterior (AAION or arteritic AION)
890:Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
261:Late-onset Stargardt disease is associated with
3548:Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis 2
3524:Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis 3
1185:Weiss, Jeffrey N.; Levy, Steven (2021-02-03).
945:
943:
879:
877:
813:
811:
809:
745:
743:
612:Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fĂĽr Ophthalmologie
291:of the retina appear, reflecting such damage.
3416:
1863:
554:Sahel, J.-A.; Marazova, K.; Audo, I. (2015).
326:which are associated with retinal pathology.
197:is usually less affected than fine, central (
61:is used for diagnosis of Stargardt's disease.
8:
2930:Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia
1344:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1275:"Stargardt Disease | National Eye Institute"
932:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
866:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
798:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
601:
599:
328:Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography
160:genes, respectively. It is characterized by
2258:Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy
1136:American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A
1099:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1042:"OMIM Entry - * 604365 - PROMININ 1; PROM1"
560:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
3423:
3409:
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3128:
2917:
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1914:
1905:
1892:
1870:
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1719:
49:
32:
1650:
1640:
1509:
1491:
1398:
1388:
1220:
1202:
975:
901:
843:
775:
723:
674:"Stargardt disease/Fundus flavimaculatus"
668:
666:
579:
136:is the most common inherited single-gene
83:Loss of central vision, low visual acuity
1623:Weiss, Jeffrey N.; Levy, Steven (2021).
546:
1337:
1092:
925:
859:
791:
1445:
1443:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1120:(4 ed.). Elsevier Mosby. pp. 1171–74.
1112:
1110:
537:that interface with the optic nerve.
7:
3728:Membrane transport protein disorders
2738:Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy
1676:The British Journal of Ophthalmology
27:Genetic form of macular degeneration
3469:Surfactant metabolism dysfunction 3
2861:non-arteritic anterior (NAION)
2698:Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
1298:Pfau M, Holz FG, MĂĽller PL (2021).
191:difficulty adapting to dim lighting
2733:Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis
25:
2461:Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy
294:In STGD4, a butterfly pattern of
2566:Central retinal artery occlusion
1688:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-303708
1493:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-317712
1480:British Journal of Ophthalmology
1316:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-316201
1304:British Journal of Ophthalmology
386:age related macular degeneration
276:ATP-binding cassette transporter
236:form caused by mutations in the
224:play a role remains to be seen.
152:inheritance due to defects with
2571:Branch retinal artery occlusion
2300:Terrien's marginal degeneration
2601:Bietti's crystalline dystrophy
2561:Central retinal vein occlusion
2290:Pellucid marginal degeneration
1:
2654:Vitelliform macular dystrophy
2545:Posterior vitreous detachment
2411:Persistent pupillary membrane
1843:NCBI Genetic Testing Registry
1548:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61376-3
320:Scanning laser ophthalmoscopy
3141:Leber's congenital amaurosis
3052:Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
2743:Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease
2728:Persistent fetal vasculature
2659:Leber's congenital amaurosis
1069:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.07.022
496:atoms are replaced with the
392:opt for in-person services.
289:retinal pigmented epithelium
59:Optical coherence tomography
1940:Meibomian gland dysfunction
1451:"Home – ClinicalTrials.gov"
572:10.1101/cshperspect.a017111
507:and is therefore twice the
353:prospective clinical trials
300:very long chain fatty acids
3744:
2664:Birdshot chorioretinopathy
2638:Central serous retinopathy
2456:Focal choroidal excavation
2329:Corneal neovascularization
2146:Subconjunctival hemorrhage
1390:10.1016/j.oret.2017.03.001
968:10.1172/jci.insight.156154
768:10.1172/jci.insight.155373
364:with the hope of lowering
322:which highlights areas of
3698:
3623:Dilated cardiomyopathy 1O
3497:Harlequin-type ichthyosis
3376:
3363:
3131:
3047:Convergence insufficiency
2920:
2789:
2772:
2759:
2688:Primary juvenile glaucoma
2533:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
2175:
2162:
1948:
1904:
1891:
1882:Diseases of the human eye
247:defect in the PROM1 gene.
57:
48:
3583:Pseudoxanthoma elasticum
2557:Ocular ischemic syndrome
1642:10.3390/medicines8020010
1204:10.3390/medicines8020010
824:Human Molecular Genetics
704:Human Molecular Genetics
606:K. B. Stargardt (1909).
531:Argus retinal prosthesis
280:visual phototransduction
185:, sensitivity to glare,
183:loss of depth perception
18:Stargardt's disease
3485:Retinitis pigmentosa 19
3057:One and a half syndrome
2811:Foster Kennedy syndrome
340:Fluorescein angiography
278:(ABCA4) protein of the
3571:Dubin–Johnson syndrome
3296:Argyll Robertson pupil
2096:Periorbital cellulitis
509:standard atomic weight
187:impaired colour vision
3650:Adrenomyeloneuropathy
3501:Lamellar ichthyosis 2
3269:Scintillating scotoma
2935:Kearns–Sayre syndrome
2878:Toxic and nutritional
2851:posterior (PION)
2334:Kayser–Fleischer ring
903:10.1167/iovs.16-19829
3646:Adrenoleukodystrophy
3042:Conjugate gaze palsy
2913:Paralytic strabismus
2846:anterior (AION)
2628:Retinitis pigmentosa
2623:Macular degeneration
2396:Intermediate uveitis
2312:Keratoconjunctivitis
1377:Ophthalmology Retina
1148:10.1002/ajmg.a.62045
998:Yatsenko et al. 2001
650:diseasesdatabase.com
449:partnership between
443:phase I or II trials
162:macular degeneration
3685:Gallbladder disease
3481:Stargardt disease 1
3347:Childhood blindness
3326:Parinaud's syndrome
2896:Extraocular muscles
2684:Ocular hypertension
2648:Epiretinal membrane
2633:Retinal haemorrhage
2488:Congenital cataract
1612:. 8 September 2021.
716:10.1093/hmg/ddab122
503:which has an extra
360:, avoiding excess
332:electroretinography
142:autosomal recessive
2873:Leber's hereditary
2540:Retinal detachment
2493:Childhood cataract
2305:Post-LASIK ectasia
2086:Orbital cellulitis
2035:Lacrimal apparatus
1815:External resources
1455:clinicaltrials.gov
836:10.1093/hmg/ddn421
624:10.1007/BF01961301
490:Ocata Therapeutics
421:equivalent 20/66.
222:missense mutations
168:Signs and symptoms
150:autosomal dominant
134:Stargardt disease
3710:
3709:
3398:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3359:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3301:Marcus Gunn pupil
3277:
3276:
3198:Visual impairment
3065:
3064:
2971:
2970:
2958:Fourth-nerve (IV)
2886:
2885:
2823:Optic disc drusen
2755:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2469:
2468:
2357:
2356:
2263:Corneal dystrophy
2158:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2029:
2028:
1838:
1837:
1359:Stargardt Disease
710:(14): 1293–1304.
523:visual impairment
473:Stem-cell therapy
459:Lentiviral vector
358:ultraviolet light
195:Peripheral vision
131:
130:
113:Diagnostic method
36:Stargardt disease
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3735:
3703:ABC transporters
3432:Genetic disorder
3425:
3418:
3411:
3402:
3365:
3129:
3120:Vision disorders
3079:Refractive error
3021:Brown's syndrome
2977:Other strabismus
2963:Sixth-nerve (VI)
2953:Oculomotor (III)
2925:Ophthalmoparesis
2918:
2909:
2900:Binocular vision
2833:Optic neuropathy
2799:optic papillitis
2787:
2774:
2761:
2650:(Macular pucker)
2368:
2349:Band keratopathy
2186:
2177:
2164:
2091:Orbital lymphoma
1978:Blepharophimosis
1968:Blepharochalasis
1915:
1906:
1893:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1849:
1720:
1708:
1707:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1654:
1644:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1542:(9967): 509–16.
1530:
1524:
1523:
1513:
1495:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1447:
1438:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1402:
1392:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1343:
1335:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1271:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1224:
1206:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1127:
1121:
1114:
1105:
1104:
1098:
1090:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1010:
999:
996:
990:
989:
979:
947:
938:
937:
931:
923:
905:
881:
872:
871:
865:
857:
847:
815:
804:
803:
797:
789:
779:
747:
738:
737:
727:
695:
689:
688:
686:
684:
670:
661:
660:
658:
656:
642:
636:
635:
603:
594:
593:
583:
551:
519:Retinal implants
455:Oxford BioMedica
324:autofluorescence
53:
33:
21:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3694:
3655:
3628:
3595:Cystic fibrosis
3553:
3506:
3457:Tangier disease
3439:
3436:ABC transporter
3429:
3399:
3390:
3372:
3351:
3330:
3273:
3242:
3202:
3156:Color blindness
3122:
3114:
3061:
3035:Other binocular
3030:
2967:
2939:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2882:
2827:
2780:
2768:
2747:
2703:Ocular hypotony
2668:
2528:Chorioretinitis
2509:
2465:
2449:Chorioretinitis
2425:
2406:Rubeosis iridis
2384:
2353:
2324:Corneal opacity
2280:Corneal ectasia
2207:
2171:
2150:
2136:Pseudopterygium
2100:
2062:
2025:
1992:
1988:Ankyloblepharon
1944:
1900:
1887:
1886:
1876:
1839:
1834:
1833:
1810:
1809:
1731:
1717:
1712:
1711:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1580:. 19 July 2021.
1576:
1575:
1571:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1459:
1457:
1449:
1448:
1441:
1428:
1424:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1336:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1283:
1281:
1279:www.nei.nih.gov
1273:
1272:
1263:
1254:
1252:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1115:
1108:
1091:
1079:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1012:
1011:
1002:
997:
993:
949:
948:
941:
924:
896:(11): 4668–78.
883:
882:
875:
858:
817:
816:
807:
790:
749:
748:
741:
697:
696:
692:
682:
680:
678:eyewiki.aao.org
672:
671:
664:
654:
652:
644:
643:
639:
605:
604:
597:
553:
552:
548:
543:
484:anatomy of the
438:
427:
414:
398:
349:
312:
272:
270:Pathophysiology
250:STGD3: A rare
243:STGD4: A rare
215:genetic testing
207:
170:
138:retinal disease
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3741:
3739:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3715:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3689:Sitosterolemia
3676:
3673:Sitosterolemia
3663:
3661:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3614:
3598:
3586:
3574:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3539:
3527:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3488:
3472:
3460:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3440:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3405:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3386:Onchocerciasis
3383:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3287:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3238:Quadrantanopia
3235:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3212:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3183:Oguchi disease
3175:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3132:
3126:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3098:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3075:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3026:Duane syndrome
3023:
3018:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3006:
2996:
2991:
2981:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2949:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2921:
2915:
2906:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2837:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2794:Optic neuritis
2790:
2784:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2723:Phthisis bulbi
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2606:Coats' disease
2603:
2598:
2596:of prematurity
2593:
2588:
2583:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2554:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2519:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2505:Ectopia lentis
2502:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2479:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2441:
2435:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2363:Vascular tunic
2359:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2246:Photokeratitis
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2217:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2194:
2192:
2183:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2119:Conjunctivitis
2116:
2110:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2072:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2053:Dacryocystitis
2050:
2045:
2043:Dacryoadenitis
2039:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2002:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1921:
1919:
1912:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1796:
1785:
1774:
1763:
1748:
1732:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1723:Classification
1716:
1715:External links
1713:
1710:
1709:
1666:
1615:
1601:
1583:
1569:
1525:
1486:(3): 403–408.
1466:
1439:
1422:
1383:(6): 508–513.
1363:
1351:
1310:(2): 258–264.
1290:
1261:
1236:
1177:
1122:
1106:
1077:
1047:
1033:
1019:
1000:
991:
939:
873:
805:
739:
690:
662:
637:
618:(3): 534–550.
595:
566:(2): a017111.
545:
544:
542:
539:
477:differentiated
469:in June 2022.
437:
434:
430:Karl Stargardt
426:
423:
413:
410:
397:
394:
348:
345:
336:microperimetry
311:
308:
271:
268:
267:
266:
259:
248:
241:
206:
203:
169:
166:
129:
128:
125:
121:
120:
115:
109:
108:
105:
101:
100:
97:
93:
92:
89:
85:
84:
81:
75:
74:
69:
63:
62:
55:
54:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3740:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3705:
3704:
3697:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3674:
3670:
3669:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3631:
3624:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3584:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3549:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3537:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3525:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3437:
3433:
3426:
3421:
3419:
3414:
3412:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3375:
3371:
3366:
3362:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3306:Adie syndrome
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3161:Achromatopsia
3159:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3101:Anisometropia
3099:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2904:Accommodation
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2818:Optic atrophy
2816:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2718:Keratomycosis
2716:
2714:
2713:Globe rupture
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2643:Macular edema
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2552:Retinoschisis
2550:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2439:Choroideremia
2437:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2416:Iridodialysis
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2344:Arcus senilis
2342:
2340:
2339:Haab's striae
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2253:Corneal ulcer
2251:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2231:acanthamoebic
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2181:Fibrous tunic
2178:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2058:Xerophthalmia
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1963:Lagophthalmos
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1873:
1868:
1866:
1861:
1859:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1714:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1682:(7): 852–56.
1681:
1677:
1670:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1619:
1616:
1611:
1605:
1602:
1597:
1596:Alkeus Pharma
1593:
1587:
1584:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1529:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1467:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1436:Who Named It?
1433:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1352:
1347:
1341:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1291:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1250:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1181:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1142:(3): 814–19.
1141:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1096:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1078:9780128010594
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1051:
1048:
1043:
1037:
1034:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1015:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1001:
995:
992:
987:
983:
978:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
946:
944:
940:
935:
929:
921:
917:
913:
909:
904:
899:
895:
891:
887:
880:
878:
874:
869:
863:
855:
851:
846:
841:
837:
833:
830:(5): 931–41.
829:
825:
821:
814:
812:
810:
806:
801:
795:
787:
783:
778:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
746:
744:
740:
735:
731:
726:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
694:
691:
679:
675:
669:
667:
663:
651:
647:
641:
638:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
614:(in German).
613:
609:
602:
600:
596:
591:
587:
582:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
550:
547:
540:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
510:
506:
502:
499:
493:
491:
487:
483:
478:
474:
470:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
446:
444:
435:
433:
431:
424:
422:
420:
411:
409:
405:
403:
395:
393:
389:
387:
381:
377:
373:
369:
367:
363:
359:
354:
346:
344:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
309:
307:
305:
301:
297:
292:
290:
286:
281:
277:
269:
264:
260:
257:
253:
249:
246:
242:
239:
235:
231:
230:
229:
225:
223:
218:
216:
212:
204:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
167:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
126:
122:
119:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
80:
76:
73:
72:Ophthalmology
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
47:
43:
39:
34:
19:
3723:Eye diseases
3700:
3678:
3666:
3639:
3616:
3600:
3588:
3576:
3564:
3541:
3529:
3517:
3490:
3480:
3474:
3462:
3450:
3434:, membrane:
3196: /
3192: /
3171:Monochromacy
3103: /
2999:Heterophoria
2987: /
2686: /
2682: /
2586:hypertensive
2559: /
2380:Ciliary body
2295:Keratoglobus
2203:Episcleritis
2081:Enophthalmos
2076:Exophthalmos
2021:Trichomegaly
2016:Distichiasis
1918:Inflammation
1822:
1798:
1787:
1776:
1765:
1750:
1735:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1632:
1628:
1618:
1604:
1595:
1586:
1572:
1539:
1535:
1528:
1483:
1479:
1469:
1458:. Retrieved
1454:
1429:
1425:
1380:
1376:
1366:
1354:
1340:cite journal
1307:
1303:
1293:
1282:. Retrieved
1278:
1253:. Retrieved
1251:. 2022-11-10
1248:
1239:
1194:
1190:
1180:
1139:
1135:
1125:
1117:
1095:cite journal
1060:
1056:
1050:
1036:
1022:
994:
959:
955:
928:cite journal
893:
889:
862:cite journal
827:
823:
794:cite journal
759:
755:
707:
703:
693:
681:. Retrieved
677:
653:. Retrieved
649:
640:
615:
611:
563:
559:
549:
517:
513:
494:
471:
467:
447:
439:
428:
415:
412:Epidemiology
406:
399:
390:
382:
378:
374:
370:
350:
313:
293:
273:
226:
219:
208:
171:
133:
132:
3321:Cycloplegia
3264:Photophobia
3259:Hemeralopia
3216:Hemianopsia
3194:Vision loss
3105:Aniseikonia
3096:Astigmatism
3016:Cyclotropia
2994:Hypertropia
2806:Papilledema
2778:Optic nerve
2611:Sickle cell
2591:Purtscher's
2576:Retinopathy
2444:Choroiditis
2285:Keratoconus
2106:Conjunctiva
1983:Xanthelasma
1935:Blepharitis
956:JCI Insight
756:JCI Insight
527:optic nerve
175:blind spots
88:Usual onset
41:Other names
3717:Categories
3370:Infections
3291:Anisocoria
3254:Asthenopia
3247:subjective
3231:homonymous
3226:bitemporal
3178:Nyctalopia
3166:Dichromacy
3110:Presbyopia
3071:Refraction
2892:Strabismus
2782:Optic disc
2141:Pinguecula
2006:Trichiasis
1789:DiseasesDB
1783:D000080362
1460:2021-04-25
1284:2021-04-25
1255:2023-09-27
683:5 February
655:5 February
541:References
535:electrodes
463:subretinal
366:lipofuscin
285:lipofuscin
201:) vision.
179:blurriness
3701:see also
3438:disorders
3342:Nystagmus
3316:Mydriasis
3190:Blindness
3136:Amblyopia
3124:Blindness
3084:Hyperopia
3009:Exophoria
3004:Esophoria
2989:Exotropia
2985:Esotropia
2523:Retinitis
2221:Keratitis
2198:Scleritis
2131:Pterygium
2011:Madarosis
1958:Ectropion
1953:Entropion
1930:Chalazion
1800:SNOMED CT
1635:(2): 10.
1629:Medicines
1502:0007-1161
1431:synd/2306
1400:2164/9878
1332:216645815
1213:2305-6320
1197:(2): 10.
1191:Medicines
1172:229691125
1156:1552-4825
1063:: e1–12.
501:deuterium
396:Prognosis
362:Vitamin A
347:Treatment
316:Slit-lamp
310:Diagnosis
296:dystrophy
234:recessive
211:phenotype
124:Treatment
118:Slit lamp
91:Childhood
67:Specialty
3381:Trachoma
3146:Diplopia
2841:Ischemic
2766:Pathways
2680:Glaucoma
2581:diabetic
2483:Cataract
2421:Synechia
2273:Meesmann
2241:Exposure
2226:herpetic
2124:allergic
2114:Chemosis
2048:Epiphora
1824:Orphanet
1805:70099003
1704:25193594
1696:24403565
1661:33546345
1556:25458728
1520:33214244
1417:55251624
1409:31047443
1324:32345606
1231:33546345
1164:33369172
1087:26310175
986:34874912
920:23322124
912:27583828
854:19074458
786:35076026
734:33909047
632:12557316
590:25324231
482:neurally
436:Research
263:missense
252:dominant
245:dominant
205:Genetics
99:Lifelong
96:Duration
79:Symptoms
3221:binasal
3208:Anopsia
3151:Scotoma
2945:palsies
2708:Red eye
2693:Floater
2500:Aphakia
2431:Choroid
2401:Hyphema
2391:Uveitis
1998:Eyelash
1652:7913552
1511:8867285
1249:AP News
1222:7913552
977:8855796
845:2640207
777:8855828
725:8255130
581:4315917
505:neutron
498:isotope
425:History
419:Snellen
402:alleles
287:in the
107:Genetic
3543:ABCB11
3492:ABCA12
3311:Miosis
3089:Myopia
2868:Kjer's
2616:photic
2515:Retina
2268:Fuchs'
2236:fungal
2213:Cornea
2190:Sclera
1973:Ptosis
1910:Eyelid
1898:Adnexa
1772:248200
1761:362.75
1702:
1694:
1659:
1649:
1562:
1554:
1536:Lancet
1518:
1508:
1500:
1415:
1407:
1330:
1322:
1229:
1219:
1211:
1170:
1162:
1154:
1118:Retina
1085:
1075:
984:
974:
918:
910:
852:
842:
784:
774:
732:
722:
630:
588:
578:
486:retina
451:Sanofi
304:ELOVL4
256:ELOVL4
199:foveal
189:, and
154:ELOVL4
104:Causes
3680:ABCG8
3668:ABCG5
3641:ABCD1
3618:ABCC9
3611:TNDM2
3602:ABCC8
3590:ABCC7
3578:ABCC6
3566:ABCC2
3531:ABCB7
3519:ABCB4
3476:ABCA4
3464:ABCA3
3452:ABCA1
3335:Other
3283:Pupil
2673:Other
2317:sicca
2169:Globe
2068:Orbit
1794:31282
1746:H35.5
1700:S2CID
1564:85799
1560:S2CID
1413:S2CID
1328:S2CID
1168:S2CID
962:(2).
916:S2CID
762:(2).
628:S2CID
258:gene.
240:gene.
238:ABCA4
158:PROM1
146:ABCA4
3660:ABCG
3633:ABCD
3607:HHF1
3558:ABCC
3536:ASAT
3511:ABCB
3444:ABCA
2475:Lens
2375:Iris
1925:Stye
1778:MeSH
1767:OMIM
1756:9-CM
1692:PMID
1657:PMID
1552:PMID
1516:PMID
1498:ISSN
1405:PMID
1346:link
1320:PMID
1227:PMID
1209:ISSN
1160:PMID
1152:ISSN
1101:link
1083:PMID
1073:ISBN
982:PMID
934:link
908:PMID
868:link
850:PMID
800:link
782:PMID
730:PMID
685:2018
657:2018
586:PMID
457:. A
453:and
334:and
127:None
3687:4,
1829:827
1752:ICD
1737:ICD
1684:doi
1647:PMC
1637:doi
1544:doi
1540:385
1506:PMC
1488:doi
1484:106
1434:at
1395:hdl
1385:doi
1312:doi
1308:105
1217:PMC
1199:doi
1144:doi
1140:185
1065:doi
1061:134
972:PMC
964:doi
898:doi
840:PMC
832:doi
772:PMC
764:doi
720:PMC
712:doi
620:doi
576:PMC
568:doi
156:or
3719::
3648:,
3609:,
3499:,
3483:,
1827::
1803::
1792::
1781::
1770::
1759::
1744::
1741:10
1698:.
1690:.
1680:98
1678:.
1655:.
1645:.
1631:.
1627:.
1594:.
1558:.
1550:.
1538:.
1514:.
1504:.
1496:.
1482:.
1478:.
1453:.
1442:^
1411:.
1403:.
1393:.
1379:.
1375:.
1342:}}
1338:{{
1326:.
1318:.
1306:.
1302:.
1277:.
1264:^
1247:.
1225:.
1215:.
1207:.
1193:.
1189:.
1166:.
1158:.
1150:.
1138:.
1134:.
1109:^
1097:}}
1093:{{
1081:.
1071:.
1059:.
1003:^
980:.
970:.
958:.
954:.
942:^
930:}}
926:{{
914:.
906:.
894:57
892:.
888:.
876:^
864:}}
860:{{
848:.
838:.
828:18
826:.
822:.
808:^
796:}}
792:{{
780:.
770:.
758:.
754:.
742:^
728:.
718:.
708:30
706:.
702:.
676:.
665:^
648:.
626:.
616:71
610:.
598:^
584:.
574:.
562:.
558:.
492:.
404:.
330:,
306:)
181:,
177:,
3691:)
3683:(
3675:)
3671:(
3652:)
3644:(
3625:)
3621:(
3613:)
3605:(
3597:)
3593:(
3585:)
3581:(
3573:)
3569:(
3550:)
3546:(
3538:)
3534:(
3526:)
3522:(
3503:)
3495:(
3487:)
3479:(
3471:)
3467:(
3459:)
3455:(
3424:e
3417:t
3410:v
1871:e
1864:t
1857:v
1754:-
1739:-
1729:D
1706:.
1686::
1663:.
1639::
1633:8
1598:.
1566:.
1546::
1522:.
1490::
1463:.
1419:.
1397::
1387::
1381:1
1348:)
1334:.
1314::
1287:.
1258:.
1233:.
1201::
1195:8
1174:.
1146::
1103:)
1089:.
1067::
1044:.
1030:.
1016:.
988:.
966::
960:7
936:)
922:.
900::
870:)
856:.
834::
802:)
788:.
766::
760:7
736:.
714::
687:.
659:.
634:.
622::
592:.
570::
564:5
302:(
20:)
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