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The starling has a sharpened or curved extreme, sometimes called the nose. The cutwater may be of concrete or masonry, but is often capped with a steel angle to resist abrasion, focusing force at a single point to fracture floating pieces of ice striking the pier. In cold climates, the starling is
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for the vertical load of the bridge piers, so would typically be symmetrical. Other symmetrical starlings may be used on tidal stretches of rivers because of bi-directional flow, requiring dual cutwaters; at low tide,
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Depending on their shape and location, some starlings may accumulate river debris, mud and other objects, potentially creating navigational hazards or hindering downstream water flow.
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typically sloped by about 20 to 45° from vertical, so current pushing against part-submerged ice tends to lift and shear it; this can be known as a
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or collisions with flood-borne debris. They may also form an important part of the structure of the bridge, spreading the weight of the piers.
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or similar construction. Starlings may be shaped to ease the flow of the water around the bridge, reducing the damage caused by
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On a narrow bridge, a cutwater shape can be carried up to the top of the parapet, to provide a pedestrian refuge.
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124:. Other starlings may be asymmetrical, with only an upstream cutwater, the downstream end being flat or rounded.
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is used for such a structure shaped with water flow in mind, as a pier or starling with a diamond point. A
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263:(1st ed.). Chicago: Chicago Gillette Pub. Co. pp. 179–195.
145:, Connecticut: starlings on the bridge piers and at each end of the
231:(4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. pp. 8–75.
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Raymond, William G.; Riggs, Henry E.; Sadler, Walter C. (1937).
149:(the fence-like structures around the piers are pile-supported
246:(5th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 163.
132:. This is distinct from a sloping top to shed the rain.
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260:The Ideals of Engineering Architecture
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244:The Elements of Railroad Engineering
143:Middletown–Portland railroad bridge
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227:Urquhart, Leonard Church (1959).
89:is a bulwark against ice floes.
27:Support structure in engineering
66:, surrounding the supports (or
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257:Fowler, Charles Evan (1929).
111:Starlings may form part of a
107:, low tide, looking upstream.
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229:Civil Engineering Handbook
208:. Encyclopaedia Britannia
118:Old Wye Bridge, Chepstow
105:Old Wye Bridge, Chepstow
18:Starling (architecture)
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286:Hydraulic engineering
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58:, usually built with
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176:Dolphin (structure)
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281:Bridge components
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44:architecture
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36:Tower Bridge
161:Refuges on
275:Categories
206:"cutwater"
192:References
186:Icebreaker
181:Breakwater
147:swing span
130:starkwater
87:starkwater
81:The term
170:See also
113:buttress
83:cutwater
52:sterling
48:starling
212:4 April
76:erosion
70:) of a
60:pilings
56:bulwark
72:bridge
64:bricks
122:scour
96:Shape
68:piers
214:2024
50:(or
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62:or
42:In
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20:)
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