268:
In the United States, the state of an industry is "merely evidence of due care rather than a controlling factor", but a number of states have state-of-the-art statutes that "make a manufacturer's compliance with technological feasibility an absolute defense to a products liability suit". Because the
263:
The state-of-the-art defense allows a defendant to be absolved of liability if he can prove that the state of technical and scientific knowledge, at the time when he put the product into circulation, was not such as to enable the existence of the defect to be discovered. The
Directive allows Member
273:
Remote control rear view mirrors, disc brakes, automatic slack adjusters for drum brakes and sealed lighting systems are just a few examples of products that have advanced the state of the art. When one of these gains a degree of industry acceptance, it begins to bridge a legal gap between what is
140:
Over time, use of the term increased in all fields where this kind of art has a significant role. In this relation it has been quoted by the author that "although eighteenth-century writers did not use the term, there was indeed in existence a collection of scientific and engineering knowledge and
144:
Despite its actual meaning, which does not convey technology that is ahead of the industry, the phrase became so widely used in advertising that a 1985 article described it as "overused", stating that " has no punch left and actually sounds like a lie". A 1994 essay listed it among "the same old
255:, the producer can also raise the state-of-the-art defense: general tort law does not hold him liable if he could not know or discover the defect for lack of fault, and the Product Liability Statute expressly provides for this defense". This defense is available throughout the
94:
In advertising, the phrase is often used to convey that a product is made with the best or latest available technology, but it has been noted that "the term 'state of the art' requires little proof on the part of advertisers", as it is considered mere
467:
by stating, "While our commerce has been considerably curtailed, for want of that extensive credit formerly given in Europe, and for default of remittance; the useful arts have been almost imperceptibly pushed to a considerable degree of perfection".
188:(EPC), "he state of the art shall be held to comprise everything made available to the public by means of a written or oral description, by use, or in any other way, before the date of filing of the European patent application" according to
269:
state of the art is constantly advancing, the ability of manufacturers to claim that their products are "state-of-the-art" tracks their potential liability when these products are defective. As an industry magazine explained in 1984:
242:. With respect to negligence, "an engineer may defend against a claim of negligence by contending that he met the standards of his profession and the state of the art". With respect to product liability, manufacturers generally have
250:
the assertion that their product represents the "state of the art", and that the manufacturer therefore could not have made the product any safer in light of the knowledge available at the time. For example, "nder
843:
825:
389:"'The State of the Art' as an Example for a Textual Linguistic 'Globalization Effect'. Code Switching, Borrowing, and Change of Meaning as Conditions of Cross-cultural Communication"
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state of the art from a design standpoint, and what is state of the art from a usage standpoint. This could place a carrier in a vulnerable position in the not too distant future.
641:
Headnote II. The expression 'background art' used in the
English text of Rule 27(1)(c) and (d) EPC must have the same meaning as the more familiar expression 'prior art'.
65:
achieved at a particular time. However, in some contexts it can also refer to a level of development reached at any particular time as a result of the common
99:. The use of the term in patent law "does not connote even superiority, let alone the superlative quality the ad writers would have us ascribe to the term".
107:
The concept of the "state of the art" originated at the beginning of the 20th century. The earliest use of the term "state of the art" documented by the
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States to eliminate the state-of-the-art defense, but only
Luxembourg, which has little manufacturing industry, has done so.
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125:. The relevant passage reads: "In the present state of the art this is all that can be done". The term "art" refers to
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for any injury caused by defects in their products. However, in some jurisdictions a manufacturer may raise as a
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The Gas
Turbine: Progress in the Design and Construction of Turbines Operated by Gases of Combustion
123:
The Gas
Turbine: Progress in the Design and Construction of Turbines Operated by Gases of Combustion
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62:
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The
European Patent Convention uses the term 'state of the art' which is equivalent to prior art
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689:(3rd ed.). Dearborn, Michigan: Society of Manufacturing Engineers. p. 209.
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61:) refers to the highest level of general development, as of a device, technique, or
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304:
479:. Vol. 30. Washington: United States Government Printing Office. p. 186.
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The expression "background art" is also used in certain legal provisions, such as
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Revista de
Divulgação CientĂfica em LĂngua Portuguesa, LinguĂstica e Literatura
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under the
Product Liability Directive, art. 7(e). Pursuant to this article:
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The
Writings of Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745–1799
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Legal
Research Service for the Boards of Appeal, European Patent Office,
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expertise that can be identified as the state of the art for that time".
134:
656:; Kocaoglu, Dundar F. (1981). Brown, Julienne V.; Maisel, J. W. (eds.).
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The term has been used since 1910, and has become both a common term in
96:
768:
A History of Civil Litigation: Political and Economic Perspectives
335:(4th ed.). Long Grove, Illinois: Waveland Press. p. 82.
228:
85:
552:
Management from A to Zweig: The Complete Works of Mark Zweig
510:
A History of Aerodynamics and Its Impact on Flying Machines
184:, and is a synonym of the expression "prior art". In the
80:, and a legally significant phrase with respect to both
491:, p. 11 n.4 (useful arts are manufacturing processes).
601:
Biotechnology and Patent Law: Patenting Living Beings
513:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 4.
442:. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company. p. 6.
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as well, but merely for the examination of novelty.
822:Regarding the patent law concept, see for example:
554:. Fayetteville, Arkansas: ZweigWhite. p. 115.
117:(1856 – after 1943), an engineering graduate (
113:dates back to 1910, from an engineering manual by
710:Zekoll, Joachim; Reimann, Mathias, eds. (2005).
227:The state of the art is important in the law of
771:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 75.
271:
261:
361:"Is 'State of the Art' Patently Ill Defined?"
8:
481:Other literary sources are collected in the
459:(29 January 1798). Washington distinguished
844:Case Law of the Boards of Appeal of the EPO
760:
758:
738:European Community Law for the New Economy
629:"T 0011/82 (Control Circuit) of 15.4.1983"
499:
497:
800:. Vol. 141, no. 10. p. 7.
714:. Kluwer Law International. p. 220.
598:Sreenivasulu, N. S.; Raju, C. B. (2008).
483:United States Patent and Trademark Office
149:" that should be avoided in advertising.
27:Highest development that can be achieved
321:
662:. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 440.
574:Under the European Patent Convention:
826:Guidelines for Examination in the EPO
7:
794:"Don't ignore a 'safer alternative'"
792:Standley, Gerald F. (October 1984).
25:
195:. Due account should be taken of
32:State of the art (disambiguation)
604:. Noida: Manupatra. p. 95.
436:Suplee, Henry Harrison (1910).
234:, specifically in the areas of
1:
686:Fundamentals of Manufacturing
455:used the term in a letter to
387:Haase, Fee-Alexandra (2010).
329:Borchers, Timothy A. (2022).
294:List of emerging technologies
219:), and has the same meaning.
741:. Intersentia. p. 440.
332:Persuasion in the Media Age
900:
858: : "State of the art"
847:(9th edition, July 2019),
838: : "State of the art"
798:Commercial Carrier Journal
765:Vandall, Frank J. (2011).
712:Introduction to German Law
186:European Patent Convention
161:
119:University of Pennsylvania
29:
485:'s Supplemental Brief in
110:Oxford English Dictionary
735:Bergkamp, Lucas (2003).
683:Rufe, Philip D. (2013).
631:. European Patent Office
546:Zweig, Mark C. (2010) .
536:(1985), Vol. 27, p. 56.
659:Engineering Management
276:
266:
69:employed at the time.
884:Technical terminology
505:Anderson, John D. Jr.
290:Emerging technologies
214:Rule 27(1)(b) and (c)
174:Australian patent law
115:Henry Harrison Suplee
471:Fitzpatrick, John C.
207:Rule 42(1)(b) and(c)
30:For other uses, see
257:European Community
168:In the context of
103:Origin and history
879:Product liability
778:978-0-19-539191-6
748:978-90-5095-229-3
721:978-90-411-2261-2
696:978-0-87263-870-9
669:978-0-07-011316-9
654:Cleland, David I.
611:978-81-89542-31-3
561:978-1-60950-017-7
520:978-0-521-66955-9
453:George Washington
366:Los Angeles Times
342:978-1-4786-4691-4
240:product liability
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465:useful arts
421:24 December
372:24 December
357:Smith, Jack
74:advertising
874:Patent law
868:Categories
828:, section
583:Article 56
576:Article 54
316:References
300:Innovation
253:German law
236:negligence
158:Patent law
131:performing
82:patent law
806:0734-1423
534:Executive
457:Lafayette
408:1807-5193
232:liability
164:Prior art
135:fine arts
89:liability
78:marketing
507:(1998).
461:commerce
279:See also
217:EPC 1973
170:European
127:technics
178:novelty
147:clichés
97:puffery
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775:
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635:31 May
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406:
402:(13).
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145:tired
463:from
415:(PDF)
392:(PDF)
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773:ISBN
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716:ISBN
691:ISBN
664:ISBN
637:2018
606:ISBN
581:and
556:ISBN
515:ISBN
423:2022
404:ISSN
374:2022
337:ISBN
238:and
229:tort
180:and
172:and
86:tort
84:and
76:and
47:SotA
43:SOTA
37:The
586:EPC
579:EPC
210:EPC
200:EPC
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133:or
45:or
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