820:(literally "place for hearing" in Latin) was the area in which people gathered, and was sometimes constructed on a small hill or slope in which stacked seating could be easily made in the tradition of the Greek Theatres. The central part of the auditorium was hollowed out of a hill or slope, while the outer radian seats required structural support and solid retaining walls. This was of course not always the case as Romans tended to build their theatres regardless of the availability of hillsides. All theatres built within the city of Rome were completely man-made without the use of earthworks. The auditorium was not roofed; rather, awnings (
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Kabuki stages and theaters have steadily become more technologically sophisticated, and innovations including revolving stages and trap doors were introduced during the 18th century. A driving force has been the desire to manifest one frequent theme of kabuki theater, that of the sudden, dramatic revelation or transformation. A number of stage tricks, including actors' rapid appearance and disappearance, employ these innovations. The term
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1034:. This large theater has floors and walls divided into small movable sections, with the floor sections on adjustable pneumatric piston, so that the space may be adjusted into any configuration for each individual play. As new styles of theater performance have evolved, so has the desire to improve or recreate performance venues. This applies equally to artistic and presentation techniques, such as
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891:. Mostly the theaters were entirely open air. They consisted of several floors of covered galleries surrounding a courtyard which was open to the elements. A large portion of the audience would stand in the yard, directly in front of the stage. This layout is said to derive from the practice of holding plays in the yard of an inn. Archaeological excavations of
432:): typically placed immediately to the front, side and above the level of the stage. They are often separate rooms with an open viewing area which typically seat up to five people. These seats are typically considered the most prestigious of the house. A "state box" or "royal box" is sometimes provided for dignitaries.
1018:) which focused the attention of audience on the stage, completely immersing them in the imaginary world of the music drama. These concepts were revolutionary at the time, but they have since come to be taken for granted in the modern operatic environment as well as many other types of theatrical endeavors.
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House seats: these are "the best seats in the house", giving the best view of the stage. Though each theater's layout is different, these are usually in the center of the stalls. These seats are traditionally reserved for the cast and crew to invite family members, agents, and others. If they are not
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It was used as a "backstage" area where actors could change their costumes and masks, but also served to represent the location of the plays, which were usually set in front of a palace or house. Typically, there were two or three doors in the skene that led out onto orchestra, and from which actors
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theater is based on a
Chinese pattern. It is completely open, providing a shared experience between the performers and the audience throughout the play. Without any prosceniums or curtains to obstruct the view, the audience sees each actor at moments even before entering the primary platform of the
992:. The perspective of these elements could only be viewed properly from the center back of the auditorium, in the so-called "duke's chair." The higher one's status, the closer they would be seated to this vantage point, and the more the accurately they would be able to see the perspective elements.
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There are usually two main entrances of a theater building. One is at the front, used by the audience, and leads into a foyer and ticketing. The second is called the stage door, and it is accessible from backstage. This is where the cast and crew enter and exit the theater, and there is a tradition
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path), a walkway which extends into the audience and via which dramatic entrances and exits are made. Okuni also performed on a hanamichi stage with her entourage. The stage is used not only as a walkway or path to get to and from the main stage, but important scenes are also played on the stage.
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The stage includes a large square platform, devoid of walls or curtains on three sides, and traditionally with a painting of a pine tree at the back. The platform is elevated above the place where the audience sits, which is covered in white gravel soil. The four stage corners are marked by cedar
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At the beginning of 17th century theaters had moved indoors and began to resemble the arrangement we see most frequently today, with a stage separated from the audience by a proscenium arch. This coincided with a growing interest in scenic elements painted in perspective, such as those created by
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The temple has a pyramidal roof, with high walls, and a high-ceilinged interior. Within the large temple has a stage inside which is a large platform with its own pyramid roof. The stage area is separate from the audience area with the musician (a drummer on a high seat) behind the stage, and
1470:. Called the koothambalam or kuttampalam, it is a large high-caste rectangular, temple in Kerala which represented a “visual sacrifice” to any deities or gods of the temple. They were built for kutiyattam or “combined acting” performances, which only two dramas are performed today.
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Balconies or galleries: one or more raised seating platforms towards the rear of the auditorium. In larger theaters, multiple levels are stacked vertically above or behind the stalls. The first level is usually called the dress circle or grand circle. The next level may be the
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There are as many types of theaters as there are types of performance. Theaters may be built specifically for certain types of productions, they may serve for more general performance needs or they may be adapted or converted for use as a theater. They may range from open-air
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Rising from the circle of the orchestra was the audience. The audience sat on tiers of benches built up on the side of a hill. Greek theaters, then, could only be built on hills that were correctly shaped. A typical theater was enormous, able to seat around 15,000 viewers.
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pillars, and the whole is topped by a roof, even when the Noh stage is erected indoors. A ceramic jar system under the stage amplifies the sounds of dancing during the performance. There is a small door to permit entry of the musicians and vocalists.
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was literally a tent or hut, put up for the religious festival and taken down when it was finished. Later, the skene became a permanent stone structure. These structures were sometimes painted to serve as backdrops, hence the
English word
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means "suspension bridge", signifying something aerial that connects two separate worlds on a same level. The bridge symbolizes the mythic nature of Noh plays in which otherworldly ghosts and spirits frequently appear. In contrast,
384:) is sometimes used to refer to a particular subset of this area. In North American usage this is usually the rear seating block beneath the gallery (see below) whereas in Britain it can mean either the area in front near the
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dressing rooms also at the rear with exit doors behind. The audience would be seated on a smooth, polished floor. Several
Koothambalams exist within several Indian temples, and follow the same rectangular plan and structure.
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Some Roman theatres, constructed of wood, were torn down after the festival for which they were erected concluded. This practice was due to a moratorium on permanent theatre structures that lasted until 55 BC when the
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The independent roof is one of the most recognizable characteristic of the Noh stage. Supported by four columns, the roof symbolizes the sanctity of the stage, with its architectural design derived from the worship
1608:", The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization. Ed. Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth. Oxford University Press, 1998. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. Northwestern University. 11 May 2007.
392:, the usage refers to the sectioned pattern of both the seats of an auditorium and of the planted beds seen in garden construction. Throughout the 18th century the term was also used to refer to the
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may be found backstage. In an amphitheater, an area behind the stage may be designated for such uses while a blackbox theater may have spaces outside of the actual theater designated for such uses.
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and sound personnel may view the show and run their respective instruments. Other rooms in the building may be used for dressing rooms, rehearsal rooms, spaces for constructing sets, props and
281:, arena theaters and amphitheaters, this area is permanent part of the structure. In some theaters the stage area can be changed and adapted specifically to a production, often called a
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copied the Greek style of building, but tended not to be so concerned about the location, being prepared to build walls and terraces instead of looking for a naturally occurring site.
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spaces. The facility usually is organized to provide support areas for performers, the technical crew and the audience members, as well as the stage where the performance takes place.
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530:. A temple nearby, especially on the right side of the scene, is almost always part of the Greek theater complex, which could justify, as a transposition, the recurrence of the
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Contemporary theaters are often non-traditional, such as very adaptable spaces, or theaters where audience and performers are not separated. A major example of this is the
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496:, or "dancing place", a large circular or rectangular area. The orchestra was the site of the choral performances, the religious rites, and, possibly, the acting. An
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called "stage dooring" that some fans participate in, in which fans wait outside of the stage door after the show in hopes of getting an autograph from the actors.
1342:. This creates the impression that anything that could provide any shading has been banished. To break such monotony and make something happen is no easy thing."
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Often a theater will incorporate other spaces intended for the performers and other personnel. A booth facing the stage may be incorporated into the house where
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is still standing today and, with its amazing structural acoustics and having had its seating reconstructed, can be seen to be a marvel of Roman architecture.
903:(1599) was larger, at 100 feet (30 metres). Other evidence for the round shape is a line in Shakespeare's Henry V which calls the building "this
301:, and scenery are stored, and the performers standby before their entrance. These offstage spaces are called wings on either side of a proscenium stage. A
222:), while some theaters, such as black box theaters have movable seating allowing the production to create a performance area suitable for the production.
218:), this article is about structures used specifically for performance. Some theaters may have a fixed acting area (in most theaters this is known as the
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All theaters provide a space for an audience. In a fixed seating theatre the audience is often separated from the performers by the proscenium arch. In
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writes that "on the stage of the Noh theater there are no sets that change with each piece. Neither is there a curtain. There is only a simple panel (
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defines three stage types. In
Australia and New Zealand a small and simple theater, particularly one contained within a larger venue, is called a
477:('seeing place'). The theaters were large, open-air structures constructed on the slopes of hills. The most famous open-air greek theater was the
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The Globe has now been rebuilt as a fully working and producing theater near its original site (largely thanks to the efforts of film director
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Theatrical performances can also take place in venues adapted from other purposes, such as train carriages. For instance, in recent years the
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was built with the addition of a temple to avoid the law. Some Roman theatres show signs of never having been completed in the first place.
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Inside Rome, few theatres have survived the centuries following their construction, providing little evidence about the specific theatres.
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placed great importance on "mood setting" elements, such as a darkened theater, sound effects, and seating arrangements (lowering the
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Greek theaters were not enclosed; the audience could see each other and the surrounding countryside as well as the actors and chorus.
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Usually in a building used specifically for performance there are offstage spaces used by the performers and crew. This is where
956:, the first modern enclosed theaters were constructed in Italy. Their structure was similar to that of ancient theaters, with a
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Stalls or arena (in North
America, "orchestra"): the lower flat area, usually below or at the same level as the stage. The word
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939:) to give modern audiences an idea of the environment for which Shakespeare and other playwrights of the period were writing.
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1319:(flute pillar), clockwise from upstage right respectively. Each pillar is associated with the performers and their actions.
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1: hashigakari. 2: kyōgen spot. 3: stage attendants. 4: stick drum. 5: hip drum. 6: shoulder drum. 7: flute. 8: chorus. 9:
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stage. The theater itself is considered symbolic and treated with reverence both by the performers and the audience.
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1424:, is sometimes used as a catch-all for these tricks. Hanamichi and several innovations including revolving stage,
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and an architectural scenery, representing a city street. The oldest surviving examples of this style are the
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A theater building or structure contains spaces for an event or performance to take place, usually called the
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1399:("A Scene from a Play") by Masanobu Okumura (1686–1764), depicting Edo Ichimura-za theater in the early 1740s
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350:, the proscenium arch, like the stage, is a permanent feature of the structure. This area is known as the
1003:(1637) in Venice. The Italian opera houses were the model for the subsequent theaters throughout Europe.
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The first enclosed theaters were court theaters, open only to the sovereigns and the nobility. The first
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418:, especially in large opera houses, where the seats can be very high and a long distance from the stage.
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stage are just a few more examples of the multitude of stages where plays can occur. A theatre used for
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Nahe Ferne: Sakrale
Aspekte im Prisma der Profanbauten von Tadao Ando, Louis I. Kahn und Peter Zumthor
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969:
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847:, reminiscent of Western Roman theatre designs, however missing the more ornamental structure. The
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shrines. The roof also unifies the theater space and defines the stage as an architectural entity.
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899:, built 1587, have shown that it had en external diameter of 72 feet (22 metres). The nearby
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where many of
Shakespeare's plays were performed. They consisted of three principal elements: the
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stage. It is believed that the actors (as opposed to the chorus) acted entirely on the
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Maryland
Theatre in Hagerstown, Maryland, showing the stage, proscenium and seating
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581:(Athens, 1896), as presented in the article on "Theatre" from the 1911 edition of
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was located in the middle of the orchestra; in Athens, the altar was dedicated to
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are presented. The theater building serves to define the performance and
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The acting or performance space is the stage. In some theaters, such as
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the "katatome" (where the rock of the
Acropolis was met by the walls).
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1351:, a narrow bridge at upstage right used by actors to enter the stage.
1077:. The word originated in 1920s London, for a small-scale music venue.
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824:) could be pulled overhead to provide shelter from rain or sunlight.
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Contains archive material on hundreds of
British Theater buildings.
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907:", and several rough woodcut illustrations of the city of London.
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843:, is a good example of a classic Roman theatre, with an indented
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414:. The highest platform, or upper circle, is sometimes known as
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883:, theaters were constructed of wooden framing, infilled with
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used, they usually go on sale on the day of the performance.
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The seating areas can include some or all of the following:
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The Indian Koothambalam temple is a space used to perform
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The Japanese kabuki stage features a projection called a
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A contemporary Noh theatre with indoor roofed structure
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Specific designs of contemporary live theaters include
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at a 'block box' events centre in Auckland, New Zealand
1707:(Foundation ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
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there may have been a raised acting area called the
210:. A theater is not required for performance (as in
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1729:
190:-like structures to simple, undecorated rooms or
1703:Brockett, Oscar G.; Hildy, Franklin J. (2007).
8:
1680:The Noh Theater: Principles and Perspectives
511:was a large rectangular building called the
1682:. New York / Tokyo: John Weatherhill, Inc.
1600:
1598:
1345:Another unique feature of the stage is the
1784:Definition of a thrust stage in a theater.
1778:A database of theatre buildings in Europe.
1303:The pillars supporting the roof are named
1673:
1671:
1669:
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1322:The stage is made entirely of unfinished
707:ancient masonry (? of supporting walls).
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
359:
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1790:Definition of an arena stage in theater
1736:. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd.
1516:
1090:
622:walls terminating wings of auditorium.
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534:with the later solidified stone scene.
492:The centerpiece of the theater was the
1621:, The Johns Hopkins University Press.
1606:"Theatres (Greek and Roman), structure
1581:. Zurich: Park Books. pp. 78–79.
473:Greek theater buildings were called a
330:Auditorium § Auditorium structure
1432:have all contributed to kabuki play.
1124:, home to the Alley Theatre Company,
729:stone proscenium (1st or 2nd century
7:
1522:
1520:
1315:(secondary character's pillar), and
746:foundations of Neronian side wings.
519:could enter and exit. At first, the
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1506:, the smallest theater in the world
504:, the god of wine and the theater.
1748:Theatre Histories: An Introduction
1619:"The Uncompleted Theatres of Rome"
25:
1764:Carthalia – Theatres on Postcards
1746:Sorgenfrei, Carol Fisher, et al.
871:, London, showing round structure
757:fragments 5th-century orchestra.
1636:The Australian Oxford Dictionary
1504:The Theatre of Small Convenience
1307:(principal character's pillar),
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1167:
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696:fragment 5th-century orchestra.
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34:
27:Performing arts venue (building)
1528:"Theatre design | architecture"
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237:Ihitai 'Avei'a – Star Navigator
45:needs additional citations for
1770:Music Hall and Theatre History
1625:55.1 (2003) 67–79 10 May 2007.
1444:provide a vertical dimension.
1366:theaters is literally a path (
1267:The traditional stage used in
685:front wall of Neronian stage.
226:Elements of a theater building
1:
1776:European Theatre Architecture
1462:Koothambalam Theatre Exterior
545:, the ancestor of the modern
404:, from the French version of
364:Close-up of the seats in the
1290:) or sacred dance pavilion (
1084:has seen performances in an
839:, the theatre in modern-day
1750:. 2nd ed., Routledge, 2007.
1732:The Kabuki Theatre of Japan
1032:Walt Disney Modular Theater
999:open to the public was the
553:, but this is not certain.
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1385:
1224:
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577:From Dorpfeld and Reisch,
515:(meaning "tent" or "hut").
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396:who occupied the parterre.
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270:
206:performances is called an
1657:Oxford English Dictionary
1604:Richard Allan Tomlinson.
1499:List of national theaters
1007:German operatic influence
792:Roman theatre (structure)
572:
469:Theatre of Ancient Greece
718:oldest stage buildings.
366:Opera and Ballet Theatre
69:"Theater" structure
1678:Komparu, Kunio (1983).
1553:"It's Not Just a Stage"
1436:creates depth and both
1420:(外連), often translated
1338:) with a painting of a
990:Galli da Bibiena family
674:eastern boundary wall.
583:Encyclopædia Britannica
579:Das griechische Theater
454:The ancient theater in
234:An opera production of
162:, is a structure where
1766:(pictures of theaters)
1705:History of the Theatre
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1422:playing to the gallery
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1067:classical Indian dance
928:Around this time, the
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289:Backstage and offstage
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248:Backstage area of the
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1728:Scott, A. C. (1955).
1577:Brnić, Ivica (2019).
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1030:theater, notably the
1022:Contemporary theaters
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863:1596 illustration of
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779:old Dionysus temple.
768:4th-century portico.
596:double western wall.
574:The Theatre at Athens
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212:environmental theater
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1617:Constance Campbell.
1202:Asian theater design
1055:theater in the round
895:theater at London's
489:, and the audience.
320:Seating and audience
198:stage as well as an
138:The interior of the
54:improve this article
1660:(2 ed.). 1989.
1634:Moore, Bruce 1999.
1001:Teatro San Cassiano
855:Elizabethan England
279:proscenium theaters
1818:Parts of a theatre
1557:The Kennedy Center
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1161:Sydney Opera House
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192:black box theaters
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1714:978-0-205-47360-1
1588:978-3-03860-121-0
1311:(gazing pillar),
1196:, The Netherlands
1139:Queen's Theater (
1051:black box theater
970:Teatro all'antica
830:Theatre of Pompey
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1212:Theatre of Japan
1208:Theatre of China
1190:Efteling Theatre
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65:Find sources:
59:
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43:This article
41:
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1828:Dance venues
1797:
1794:Intro to Noh
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1562:February 19,
1560:. Retrieved
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1537:February 19,
1535:. Retrieved
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1454:Koothambalam
1448:Koothambalam
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1798:Hashigakari
1788:Arena Stage
1397:Shibai Ukie
1353:Hashigakari
1348:hashigakari
1313:wakibashira
1261:fue-bashira
1194:Kaatsheuvel
1174:Theatre of
997:opera house
982:Inigo Jones
954:Renaissance
952:During the
875:During the
637:entrances.
507:Behind the
208:opera house
186:to ornate,
148:opera boxes
144:opera house
1807:Categories
1532:Britannica
1511:References
1484:Auditorium
1452:See also:
1386:See also:
1335:kagami-ita
1317:fuebashira
1247:spot. 12:
1243:spot. 11:
1239:seat. 10:
1225:See also:
1206:See also:
1075:theatrette
1043:proscenium
974:Sabbioneta
930:green room
817:auditorium
551:proskenion
547:proscenium
543:proskenion
467:See also:
416:"the gods"
352:auditorium
344:proscenium
324:See also:
164:theatrical
110:March 2013
80:newspapers
1434:Hanamichi
1406:hanamichi
1359:hanamichi
1293:kaguraden
1176:São Paulo
1108:, Finland
1065:. In the
869:Southwark
663:diazoma.
509:orchestra
494:orchestra
483:orchestra
430:stage box
426:state box
412:mezzanine
188:cathedral
160:playhouse
18:State box
1813:Theatres
1478:See also
1282:pavilion
988:and the
976:(1590).
897:Bankside
893:The Rose
532:pediment
502:Dionysus
475:theatron
458:, Greece
390:parterre
378:parterre
314:costumes
310:lighting
176:audience
172:concerts
1442:chunori
1430:chunori
1145:Liberia
1106:Tampere
1028:modular
966:Vicenza
881:England
849:Arausio
837:Arausio
527:scenery
441:History
382:parquet
166:works,
156:theater
94:scholar
1711:
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1585:
1411:flower
1388:Kabuki
1382:Kabuki
1364:Kabuki
1325:hinoki
1298:Shinto
1287:haiden
1259:. 15:
1255:. 14:
1251:. 13:
1214:, and
1061:, and
1047:thrust
923:London
889:thatch
809:Romans
485:, the
456:Delphi
407:loggia
196:thrust
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89:
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67:
1417:keren
1368:michi
1296:) of
1245:shite
1141:Ganta
1063:arena
958:cavea
539:skene
521:skene
513:skene
498:altar
487:skene
422:Boxes
370:Minsk
295:props
267:Stage
257:stage
220:stage
204:opera
200:arena
158:, or
150:above
142:, an
101:JSTOR
87:books
1709:ISBN
1684:ISBN
1639:ISBN
1583:ISBN
1564:2022
1539:2022
1440:and
1438:seri
1428:and
1426:seri
1241:waki
1237:waki
1159:The
1120:The
1100:The
1086:taxi
822:vela
814:The
807:The
732:B.C.
402:loge
328:and
299:sets
194:. A
73:news
1362:in
1269:Noh
1227:Noh
1221:Noh
1192:in
1104:in
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428:or
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