1196:. While the Kremlin has used similar strategies in Argentina and Bolivia, it has adopted strategies that suit local conditions. In Argentina, political decision-making is more dispersed, while transfers of power are more frequent, making large-scale, long-term projects more difficult to implement. Therefore, in Argentina, Putin has used trade as a bargaining chip. In 2015 Argentina the television license for RT, to which the Kremlin retaliated by threatening to ban Argentine beef exports and suspend investment projects; several weeks later, RT was officially allowed to continue operating. In Bolivia, power is concentrated, allowing Russian state-owned companies deeper traction, pushing through projets with no significant resistance. Therefore, the Kremlin strategy in Bolivia has been to maximise influence by focusing on strategic markets and long-term infrastructure deals.
1097:, controls close to 80% of the newspaper distribution market. Bulgaria's exposure to oligarchic networks has had a negative impact, most significantly in the area of energy policy. The close proximity between Bulgarian and Russian elites is largely underpinned by Russia's significant economic presence in Bulgaria, with Gazprom being Bulgaria's sole natural gas provider and Rosatom having a dominant position in the country's nuclear sector. As Russia has increased influence over Bulgaria's economy, it has used dominant positions in strategic sectors to strengthen relationships and cultivate new ones with corrupt businessmen and local oligarchs. This has allowed for access to prominent politicians, over which they are able to exert considerable control.
1120:. Eventually, parliamentary election laws were changed to benefit the new governing party and keep them in power. Fidesz quickly instituted a system of clientelism: different government contracts and top positions in state institutions have almost exclusively been granted to organizations and individuals with connections and loyalty to the government. Funding for independent media has been cut, while state-owned and pro-government press have received grants and advertising expenditures. The government is keen to give up the Norway Grants founding (~ €200 million) just to impede the government independent support to the civil society, that is ~10% of the grant. The pro-government media organization, the
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Furthermore, Orbán's government has made certain aspects of the Paks II contracts confidential. This has led to uncertainty in terms of
Russian retaliation, should Hungary decide to back away from the project. However, it is likely that the Paks II project will gain approval from the Hungarian Atomic Energy Authority in 2021, allowing for the deepening of bilateral relations and increased risk of serving Russian interests through the creation or alternation of Hungarian policy surrounding the project.
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1526:'s anti-corruption measures were not working. This was attributed to state capture where state institutions had been repurposed for private profiteering mainly by the first family. The study concluded that public-driven prosecutions, rampant in Kenya, were likely to worsen corruption rather than reduce it.
1505:
meeting in 2011. The
Kremlin also worked to establish ties between the two states’ security services, with some suggesting that Zuma had sought to implement state surveillance capabilities with Russia's help. Finally, amid countrywide debate surrounding the future electrical need of South Africa, the
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Allegations of state capture were also known to have increased as the relationship between South Africa and Russia grew, resulting in a partnership that increasingly impacted upon the decision-making process of the
African state. Soon after President Zuma took office, Moscow attempted to make inroads
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is that, though in cases of corruption the outcome (of policy or regulatory decision) is not certain, in cases of state capture the outcome is known and is highly likely to be beneficial to the captors of the state. In 2017, a group of South
African academics further developed the concept in a report
1533:(now the current president) stated that he would end state capture in Kenya if he took office after the August 2022 General Elections. He claimed he would form a quasi-judicial public inquiry within 30 days to establish the extent of cronyism and state capture in the nation and make recommendations.
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in
December 2015, but had rejected the offer as "it makes a mockery of our hard-earned democracy‚ the trust of our people and no one apart from the President of the Republic appoints ministers." The Gupta family denied offering Jonas the job of Finance Minister. In 2016, Paul O'Sullivan's 'Forensics
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into the issues identified, including a full probe of Zuma's dealings with the Guptas, with findings to be published within 180 days. In May 2017, Jacob Zuma denied the allegation of blocking an attempt to set up a commission of inquiry to probe state capture. The report led to the establishment of
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to prevent the publication of the report on 14 October 2016, Madonsela's last day in office. Van Rooyen's application was dismissed, and the
President withdrew his application, leading to the release of the report on 2 November 2016. On 25 November 2016, Zuma announced that the Presidency would be
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South
African opposition parties have made claims of "state capture" following allegations that the Guptas had inserted themselves into a position where they could offer Cabinet positions and influence the running of government. These allegations were made in light of revelations by former ANC MP
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has been a keen advocate of Russia, taking a stance on subjects such as
Ukraine that seemingly follow the Russian narrative. Meanwhile, a lack of transparency is a key concern, with contracts relating to Paks II having been won by Hungarian business elites and companies owned by their families.
963:. Specifically, it was applied to situations where small corrupt groups used their influence over government officials to appropriate government decision-making in order to strengthen their own economic positions; these groups' members would later become known as
1166:, who potentially assisted Hungary in identifying loopholes to green-light construction, Hungary has allowed Russian influence to grow. Russian influence-seeking activities are clearly identifiable, with the Kremlin aiming to increase Russian involvement in the
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broke out, accusing
Borisov and his party of once again allying themselves with oligarchic organizations, permitting corruption and undermining political opposition. Press freedom in Bulgaria diminished to the point it was rated worst in the EU; one oligarch,
1001:
State capture seeks to influence the formation of laws, in order to protect and promote influential actors and their interests. In this way it differs from most other forms of corruption which instead seek selective enforcement of already existing laws.
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protester in Cape Town holding a protest placard calling for the prosecution of "all people involved in the state capture activities." The protest was against government corruption and state capture in the administration of South
African President Jacob
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report, the first major study of state capture in South Africa. It helped galvanise civil-society opposition to the unconstitutional developments in South African civil-society responses. The analysis was further developed in the book
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at every opportunity. One primary example involves Russian businesses who were active in pushing Hungarian businesses and/or businesspeople out of companies that were linked to the project. At the state level, Hungarian Prime Minister
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1124:(KESMA in Hungarian) largely dominates the media landscape, and as a result a significant number of Hungarians only consume government-controlled media. This group forms the most important voting bloc for Fidesz.
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The pattern is a simple one. "You remove management, and put in compliant management. You remove boards, and put in boards that are compliant. The rest is very easy. That has been the scenario at state-owned
1392:) was dismissed by Zuma. The Gupta family denied that the meeting took place and also denied offering Vytjie Mentor a ministerial position, while President Zuma claimed that he had no recollection of Mentor.
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Finally, while a large number of central and eastern European states seek to minimize energy dependence on Russia, Hungary has moved in the opposite direction, entering into a nuclear energy deal with
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into Africa, all the while capitalizing on a South African leader who had extensive Soviet Bloc connections. The transactional nature of the relationship began when Zuma pushed to be included in the
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reviewing the contents of the state capture report. He said it "was done in a funny way" with "no fairness at all," and argued he was not given enough time to respond to the public protector.
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economist David Fowkes stated that the negative impact of state capture on the country's economy was worse than expected, stating that it likely reduced GDP growth by an estimated 4% a year.
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1380:) to take on the route. She said that she declined the offer, which occurred at the Guptas' Saxonwold residence, while President Zuma was in another room. This came a few days before a
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Zuma and Van Rooyen denied any wrongdoing whilst the Guptas disputed evidence in the report and also denied being involved in corrupt activities. In an exclusive interview with
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on state capture in South Africa, titled "Betrayal of the Promise Report". The analysis emphasised the political character of state capture, arguing that in South Africa a
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are manipulated by government officials, state-backed companies, private companies or private individuals, so as to influence state policies and laws in their favour.
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2004:
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Following a formal complaint submitted in March 2016 by a catholic priest, Father Stanslaus Muyebe, the Guptas' alleged "state capture" was investigated by
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are also considered as examples of state capture. Both Argentina and Bolivia have been the subject of Russian strategic corruption efforts by its usage of
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Deputy Finance Minister Jonas said that he had been offered a ministerial position by the Guptas shortly before the dismissal of Finance Minister
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has been undermining the EU enlargement process, strengthening ruling parties and weakening independent institutions and political opposition.
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1239:, has effectively captured the state, resulting in the country losing its status as a 'free' country according to the Freedom House Index.
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and broke the law in the service of a political project, which they believed unachievable in the existing constitutional/legal framework.
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State capture is not necessarily illegal, depending on determination by the captured state itself, and may be attempted through private
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grouping during the financial crisis, receiving important backing from the Kremlin which ultimately led to Zuma attending his first
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1151:, resulting in increasingly unrestricted possibilities for the administration. Recently (2021) the governmental party assigned the
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for Justice' published a report, which alleged that South Africa's criminal justice system had been "captured" by the underworld.
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but differs in the scale and variety of influenced areas and, unlike regulatory capture, the private influence is never overt.
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1626:"Policy Research Working Paper 2444: "Seize the State, Seize the Day": State Capture, Corruption, and Influence in Transition"
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cabinet were prompted by allegations that it came to power due to the actions of an oligarchic structure (formerly allied to
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1510:, offered to provide up to nuclear reactors, despite it making little economic sense for the Russian company to intervene.
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2069:"RUSSIAN INFLUENCE IN HUNGARY: THE CASE OF PAKS 2 AND THE KREMLIN'S INFLUENCE SEEKING EFFORTS THROUGH NUCLEAR ENERGY"
2927:"ANALYSIS: State Capture wipes out third of SA's R4.9-trillion GDP – never mind lost trust, confidence, opportunity"
2604:
1983:"George Soros and his network are doing everything possible to overthrow governments that are resisting immigration"
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1522:, which was published by Africa Centre for Open Governance (AfriCOG) highlighted the issue, outlining why President
1426:(belonging to the Gupta Family), President Zuma said that 'state capture' was a fancy word used by media houses for
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proliferation. He said that a real state capture would include seizure of the three arms of the constitution—
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In 2016, there were allegations of an overly close and potentially corrupt relationship between the wealthy
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2005:"Our testimony about the state of the Hungarian media before the LIBE committee of the European Parliament"
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1143:". Altogether, these proceedings led to electoral victories by a two-thirds majority for Fidesz in
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1116:. This gave the party the power to manipulate the country's constitutional law and influence the
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have faced allegations of attempting state capture and colluding with foreign powers (including
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For instance, through clientelist networks and loyalty-based appointments, the ruling party of
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1771:"They will leave me jobless.’ Why declining press freedom in Bulgaria should worry us all"
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115:
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and influence. The influence may be through a range of state institutions, including the
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1523:
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Instances where politics have been ostensibly deformed by the power of drug barons in
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1385:
1345:
1341:
1311:
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1216:) to increase the political and financial gain of individuals in the administration.
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56:
1961:"The Art of Media War - This is how Viktor Orbán captured the free press in Hungary"
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4013:
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that they had been offered Cabinet positions by the Guptas at the family's home in
1325:
1321:
1298:
1260:
1205:
1140:
994:
refers to the way formal procedures (such as laws and social norms) and government
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71:
66:
16:
Corruption where private interests influence a state's decision-making processes
1131:
cunning, regularly using war terms and touts three ostensible public enemies: "
4204:
4069:
3903:
3418:
3373:
3330:
3129:
2831:
2107:
Ries, Nancy (1 October 2020). "Thugocracy: bandit regimes and state capture".
1811:
1795:
Conley, Heather A.; Stefanov, Ruslan; Mina, James; Vladimirov, Martin (2016).
1427:
1329:
1077:
1037:
948:
86:
2161:
2050:"Commission told Hungary how to win approval for Russia-backed nuclear plant"
1454:
in 2018, set up to investigate allegations of state capture in South Africa.
4173:
R v Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate, ex parte Pinochet (No 2)
4044:
3340:
3268:
3228:
3209:
3089:
2510:"Full statement by Deputy Finance Minister Mcebisi Jonas on Gupta job offer"
1349:
1022:
2977:"Nuclear Enrichment: Russia's Ill-Fated Influence Campaign in South Africa"
1785:, International Press Institute (18 February 2020). Retrieved: 7 June 2021.
1314:, former Deputy Finance Minister; explaining the process of state capture.
1259:
In May 2017, a group of academics convened by Mark Swilling and including
4179:
4091:
4075:
4003:
3413:
3383:
3153:
2717:"South Africa's Guptas to challenge influence-peddling report at inquiry"
2524:"Gupta family denies offering Jonas South Africa's finance minister role"
1368:
Mentor claimed that, in 2010, the Guptas had offered her the position of
1073:
1006:
106:
76:
41:
3928:
3724:
Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia
3325:
3223:
1507:
1159:
1105:
36:
3653:
2669:"South Africa report cites 'worrying' signs of government corruption"
2397:"Cosatu Protest: Future of the alliance on the line | Daily Maverick"
2320:"Keeping Up with the Guptas: What's behind the anti-Saxonwold revolt"
1624:
Hellman, Joel S.; Jones, Geraint; Kaufmann, Daniel (September 2000).
1232:
91:
2902:"R250bn lost to state capture in the last three years, says Gordhan"
2793:"Gupta bombshell: Zuma on the ropes after Gordhan's gloves come off"
2767:"South Africa's Guptas to challenge state capture report at inquiry"
2162:"State Capture in Serbia — A Conceptual and Contextual Introduction"
1721:
1896:"No agreement reached on EEA and Norway Grants funding for Hungary"
1849:"Major Hungarian opposition newspaper to close after Orban victory"
4028:
3613:
3273:
2444:"'Zuma said it's OK Ntombazana,' says former ANC MP Vytjie Mentor"
1502:
1354:
1108:'s state capture began in 2010, when the former opposition party,
2160:
Djokić, Katarina; Djordjević, Saša; Ignjatijević, Marija (2020).
2144:"The Destructive Effects of State Capture in the Western Balkans"
1874:"Hungary loses Norwegian funds as rule-of-law concerns intensify"
1518:
In May 2019, reports of state capture in Kenya started emerging.
4054:
3258:
2422:"Vytjie Mentor: I can prove Zuma was with me in the Gupta house"
2027:"EU Begins Legal Action Against Hungary Over its Anti-LGBTQ Law"
1985:. kormany.hu Cabinet Office of the Prime Minister. 10 March 2018
1560:: government accused of attempted state capture by judicial coup
1498:
1423:
1152:
3932:
3102:
3042:"Kenya Kwanza Manifesto: DP Ruto promises to end state capture"
2999:
2997:
2087:"Deals in the Dark: Russian Corrosive Capital in Latin America"
1826:"Hungary's largest paper Nepszabadsag shuts, alleging pressure"
1674:
Anticorruption in Transition: Contribution to the Policy Debate
970:
Allegations of state capture have led to protests against the
3098:
3018:"State Capture: Inside Kenya's Inability to Fight Corruption"
2867:"State Capture Report: What John Cena Wants Inquiry to Probe"
2644:"Zuma to launch a review on Madonsela's state capture report"
1938:
1747:"Bulgarian PM reshuffles government in bid to quell protests"
951:, around the year 2000, to describe the situation in certain
2833:#StraightTalk: ANN7 exclusive interview with Pres Jacob Zuma
2197:
The end of tyranny: South Africa’s civil society fights back
1376:
to drop their India route, allowing a Gupta-linked company (
1783:
Bulgarian independent media operating in a ‘captured state’
3649:
Special Investigation Service of the Republic of Lithuania
2554:"Joining the dots: Capture of the criminal justice system"
1715:"Политическата криза и дневният ред на промяната (pp.1–2)"
1619:
1617:
2952:"Damage from state capture 'worse than suspected' - SARB"
2667:
Parkinson, Joe; Steinhauser, Gabriele (6 November 2016).
3846:
International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities
2696:"#StateCapture report: Molefe-Gupta ties revealed | IOL"
1155:
Q society as enemy of the "nation" to its voting bloc.
2085:
Stefanov, Ruslan; Vladimirov, Martin (November 2020).
3643:
Governance and Economic Management Assistance Program
3602:
Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)
2881:"Zuma denies blocking state capture probe | IOL News"
1720:(in Bulgarian). iris.bg. 17 June 2013. Archived from
940:
in which private interests significantly influence a
3584:
Anti-corruption and Economic Malpractice Observatory
2459:"Gupta family denies offering former ANC MP top job"
2275:"Gupta family seen as symbol of Zuma's failing rule"
1917:
1586:. London, United Kingdom: Zed Books Ltd. p. 1.
4269:
Conflicts of interest on Knowledge (XXG) (category)
4196:
4157:
4037:
3966:
3864:
3824:
3785:
Citizen's Charter and Grievance Redressal Bill 2011
3775:
3766:
3559:
3513:
3504:
3459:
3361:
3202:
3193:
3172:
3136:
2975:Weiss, Andrew S.; Rumer, Eugene (1 December 2019).
2485:"Zuma has 'no recollection' of Mentor - Presidency"
1476:
University of Cape Town Graduate School of Business
1466:estimated the cost of state capture at 250 billion
1445:The report recommended establishment of a judicial
978:in 2017, and have caused an ongoing controversy in
1704:." Johannesburg: Public Affairs Research Institute
1112:, won the requisite two-thirds of the vote in the
1084:) which used underhand maneuvers to discredit the
944:decision-making processes to their own advantage.
3081:‘No Room To Hide: A President Caught in the Act’
2371:"Zuma defends relationship with Guptas – report"
2345:"Parliament must deal with 'state capture' – DA"
2252:"Zuma allies 'break ranks' with him over Guptas"
2228:"Jonas: All institutions in SA are under threat"
1442:—which has never been the case in South Africa.
3979:Conflict of interest in the healthcare industry
2483:Khoza, Amanda; Tandwa, Lizeka (15 March 2016).
2212:Chipkin, Ivor, and Mark Swilling, et al. 2018.
1303:
3753:Central Steering Committee for Anti-Corruption
3620:Fiji Independent Commission Against Corruption
3551:UNCAC Coalition of Civil Society Organisations
1941:. Reporters Without Borders. 19 September 2020
1462:On 11 September 2017, former Finance Minister
3944:
3114:
2619:"Zuma to take state capture report on review"
2605:"Zuma halts Madonsela's state capture report"
2168:. Belgrade Centre for Security Policy: 11–19.
2074:. EUROPEAN VALUES CENTER FOR SECURITY POLICY.
914:
8:
3856:United Nations Convention against Corruption
3836:Inter-American Convention Against Corruption
2982:. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
2815:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1520:Inside Kenya's Inability to Fight Corruption
1289:in South Africa during the Zuma government.
1287:Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality
145:United Nations Convention against Corruption
4149:Sponsorship of continuing medical education
3894:Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity
3729:Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission
3573:Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission
3011:
3009:
2851:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2373:. News24.com. 23 March 2016. Archived from
2347:. News24.com. 27 March 2016. Archived from
2214:Shadow State: The Politics of State Capture
1963:. 444.hu Pál Dániel Rényi. 28 February 2022
1274:Shadow State: The Politics of State Capture
1122:Central European Press and Media Foundation
3951:
3937:
3929:
3772:
3741:National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine
3637:Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau
3510:
3199:
3121:
3107:
3099:
2791:Dzonzi, Mike Cohen, Thembisile Augustine.
1580:Crabtree, John; Durand, Francisco (2017).
921:
907:
158:
18:
1918:"Közép Európai Sajtó és Média Alapítvány"
1529:In June 2022, UDA presidential candidate
3984:Conflicts of interest on Knowledge (XXG)
3671:Independent Corrupt Practices Commission
1332:, his family and leading members of the
1127:Government propaganda applies classical
3713:Sierra Leone Anti-corruption Commission
3578:Anti-Corruption Commission (Bangladesh)
2830:Africa News Network 7 TV (2017-11-13),
1583:Peru: Elite Power and Political Capture
1569:
1492:Russian involvement in SA state capture
872:
811:
770:
744:
543:
332:
161:
152:
114:
28:
21:
4187:R v Sussex Justices, ex parte McCarthy
3801:Freedom of information laws by country
3718:Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau
2844:
2808:
2747:
2737:
2216:. Johannesburg: Wits University Press.
1828:. BBC News. BBC News. October 11, 2016
1700:State Capacity Research Group. 2017. "
3665:Anti-Corruption Commission of Myanmar
3607:Commission Against Corruption (Macau)
3536:International Anti-Corruption Academy
2925:Merten, Marianne (28 February 2019).
2318:Munusamy, Ranjeni (1 February 2016).
1558:2023 Israeli judicial reform protests
135:International Anti-Corruption Academy
7:
3884:2012 Indian anti-corruption movement
3879:2011 Indian anti-corruption movement
3660:Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission
3590:National Anti-Corruption Observatory
1696:
1694:
1646:Kaufmann, Daniel; Vicente, Pedro C.
1608:"Romanian Democracy at Grave Danger"
1575:
1573:
4124:Pharmaceutical sales representative
3806:The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013
3701:National Anticorruption Directorate
3695:Anti-Corruption General Directorate
2226:Cairns, Patrick (12 October 2017).
1506:Russian state nuclear cooperation,
125:International Anti-Corruption Court
3531:Group of States Against Corruption
2254:. Rand Daily Mail. 1 February 2016
2048:Valero, Jorge (22 November 2017).
974:in 2013–2014 and in 2020–2021 and
130:Group of States Against Corruption
14:
3707:Investigative Committee of Russia
3022:Africa Centre for Open Governance
2950:Maguban, Khulekani (2019-06-06).
2166:Security Sector Capture in Serbia
1648:"Legal Corruption (October 2005)"
1372:, provided that she arranged for
1285:details state capture within the
1276:written by Chipkin and Swilling.
1162:in 2014. Let down in part by the
140:International Anti-Corruption Day
4264:
4263:
4254:
4253:
3899:Russian anti-corruption campaign
3889:Anti-austerity movement in Spain
3796:Foreign Extortion Prevention Act
2424:. Rand Daily Mail. 17 March 2016
2273:Wild, Franz (17 December 2015).
2094:National Endowment for Democracy
1847:Marton, Dunai (April 10, 2018).
195:Democratic Republic of the Congo
4259:Conflict of interest (category)
3735:Servicio de Vigilancia Aduanera
3596:National Supervisory Commission
2560:. Paul O'Sullivan. 13 July 2017
2530:. 16 March 2016. Archived from
2457:Khoza, Amanda (15 March 2016).
947:The term was first used by the
3683:Investigation Task Force Sweep
3677:National Accountability Bureau
3149:Corruption in local government
3137:Corruption in different fields
3093:Organisation Undoing Tax Abuse
3085:Organisation Undoing Tax Abuse
3073:- Report by the South African
2765:Macharia, James (3 Nov 2016).
1898:. regjeringen.no. 24 July 2021
1702:Betrayal of the Promise Report
1410:. President Zuma and Minister
1370:Minister of Public Enterprises
1:
3791:Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
3689:Central Anticorruption Bureau
2512:. The Sowetan. 16 March 2016.
2203:. Retrieved on 2021 March 21.
2121:10.1080/17533171.2020.1832804
1036:A distinguishing factor from
4233:Who Killed the Electric Car?
3851:OECD Anti-Bribery Convention
3841:International asset recovery
3625:Central Vigilance Commission
3180:Corruption Perceptions Index
3003:Weiss & Rumer 2019, p. 9
2446:. Times Live. 18 March 2016.
1474:), in a presentation at the
1352:, a suburb in Johannesburg.
1344:and Deputy Finance Minister
1068:2020–2021 Bulgarian protests
990:The classical definition of
3909:2017–2019 Romanian protests
3016:Maina, Wachira (May 2019).
2580:"State Capture Report 2016"
1876:. politico.eu. 24 July 2021
1677:. World Bank Publications.
1452:Zondo Commission of Inquiry
1088:party. Conversely, in 2020
4331:
3914:2017–2018 Russian protests
3546:Transparency International
3521:Global Financial Integrity
1486:South African Reserve Bank
1296:
1267:and others, published the
1255:Corruption in South Africa
1252:
1246:
1061:
4249:
3999:Judicial disqualification
3874:2011 Azerbaijani protests
3351:Offshore financial centre
3154:Interest group corruption
2180:"Nations in Transit 2020"
2007:. 444.hu. 7 November 2019
1773:. Retrieved: 7 June 2021.
1334:African National Congress
1237:Serbian Progressive Party
4119:Pharmaceutical marketing
3816:Whistleblower protection
3304:Cryptocurrency and crime
3083:Report by South African
2607:. eNCA. 13 October 2016.
2029:. time.com. 24 July 2021
1090:large anti-GERB protests
4295:Economics of regulation
4166:Nemo iudex in causa sua
3185:Economics of corruption
3095:State Capture Portfolio
3090:State Capture Portfolio
2869:. EWN. 3 November 2016.
2401:www.dailymaverick.co.za
1939:"Things do not improve"
1269:Betrayal of the Promise
1076:in 2013–14 against the
1064:2014 Bulgarian Protests
1025:, or through a corrupt
47:Economics of corruption
4050:Arm's length principle
3811:UK Bribery Act of 2010
3567:Oficina Anticorrupción
3316:Noble cause corruption
3173:Measures of corruption
1548:Democratic backsliding
1365:
1317:
1114:parliamentary election
986:Defining state capture
972:government in Bulgaria
936:is a type of systemic
567:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3541:Mo Ibrahim Foundation
3321:Professional courtesy
3284:Honest services fraud
2558:Forensics for Justice
2297:"Who are the Guptas?"
2195:Chipkin, Ivor. n.d. "
1470:(almost $ 17 billion
1447:commission of inquiry
1374:South African Airways
1358:
1247:Further information:
1224:State capture in the
955:countries making the
153:Corruption by country
102:State-corporate crime
82:Pyrrhic defeat theory
4315:Political neologisms
4310:Conflict of interest
4305:Public choice theory
4300:Political corruption
3960:Conflict of interest
3505:Institutions dealing
3239:Conflict of interest
3164:Political corruption
3070:The State of Capture
1804:The Kremlin Playbook
1118:Constitutional Court
938:political corruption
23:Political corruption
4109:Medical ghostwriter
3346:Offshore investment
2900:reporter, Citizen.
2727:on November 4, 2016
2715:Reuters Editorial.
2674:Wall Street Journal
2403:. 26 September 2017
1671:World Bank (2000).
1610:. 14 December 2017.
1282:How to Steal a City
1164:European Commission
1053:Examples by country
1029:. It is similar to
982:beginning in 2016.
4009:Regulatory capture
3747:Warioba Commission
3685:(Papua New Guinea)
3429:Regulatory capture
3234:Commercial bribery
2797:The M&G Online
2750:has generic name (
2642:Williams, Denise.
2534:on August 17, 2016
2377:on 4 December 2019
2299:. BBC. 14 May 2013
2142:Lemstra, Maarten.
2067:Istrate, Dominik.
1553:Regulatory capture
1481:The Daily Maverick
1390:Public Enterprises
1388:(then Minister of
1384:in which minister
1366:
1210:his administration
1031:regulatory capture
62:Influence peddling
29:Forms and concepts
4277:
4276:
4129:Pharmacovigilance
3926:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3762:
3761:
3500:
3499:
3477:Election security
3424:Political scandal
3159:Police corruption
2351:on 12 August 2018
1593:978-1-78360-904-8
1382:cabinet reshuffle
1263:, Lumkile Mondi,
1214:Russian officials
1204:Former President
1194:corrosive capital
1027:electoral process
931:
930:
898:
897:
205:Equatorial Guinea
4322:
4267:
4266:
4257:
4256:
4240:Taken for a Ride
4134:Political ethics
4082:Follow the money
3953:
3946:
3939:
3930:
3773:
3511:
3492:Vote suppression
3379:Crony capitalism
3309:Hawala and crime
3299:Money laundering
3279:Graft (politics)
3259:Confidence trick
3200:
3194:Forms or aspects
3123:
3116:
3109:
3100:
3075:Public Protector
3057:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3013:
3004:
3001:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2981:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2850:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2814:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2749:
2745:
2743:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2723:. Archived from
2712:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2615:
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2565:
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2506:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2480:
2474:
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2454:
2448:
2447:
2440:
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2433:
2431:
2429:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2409:
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2393:
2387:
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2384:
2382:
2367:
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2356:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2223:
2217:
2210:
2204:
2201:OpenGlobalRights
2193:
2187:
2186:
2185:. Freedom House.
2184:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2091:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2054:www.euractiv.com
2045:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1801:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1726:
1719:
1711:
1705:
1698:
1689:
1688:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1652:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1630:
1621:
1612:
1611:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1577:
1543:Crony capitalism
1405:Public Protector
1249:Zondo Commission
961:Soviet communism
923:
916:
909:
891:Papua New Guinea
672:Northern Ireland
159:
19:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4319:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4273:
4245:
4192:
4153:
4060:Business ethics
4033:
4019:Self-regulation
3994:Insider trading
3962:
3957:
3927:
3918:
3866:
3860:
3828:
3826:
3820:
3777:
3768:Anti-corruption
3758:
3555:
3507:with corruption
3506:
3496:
3472:Electoral fraud
3467:Ballot stuffing
3455:
3357:
3195:
3189:
3168:
3144:Corporate crime
3132:
3127:
3065:
3063:Further reading
3060:
3051:
3049:
3046:Citizen Digital
3040:
3039:
3035:
3026:
3024:
3015:
3014:
3007:
3002:
2995:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2974:
2973:
2969:
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2944:
2935:
2933:
2924:
2923:
2919:
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2899:
2898:
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2885:
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2879:
2878:
2874:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2843:
2838:
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2829:
2828:
2824:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2775:
2773:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2746:
2736:
2730:
2728:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2679:
2677:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2652:
2650:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2627:
2625:
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2612:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2588:
2586:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2563:
2561:
2552:
2551:
2547:
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2535:
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2517:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2493:
2491:
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2477:
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2427:
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2420:
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2415:
2406:
2404:
2395:
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2390:
2380:
2378:
2369:
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2354:
2352:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2328:
2326:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2302:
2300:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2280:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2257:
2255:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2236:
2234:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2211:
2207:
2194:
2190:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2146:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2089:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2071:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2032:
2030:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2010:
2008:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1986:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1966:
1964:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1944:
1942:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1923:
1921:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1901:
1899:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1879:
1877:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1857:
1855:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1831:
1829:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1799:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1781:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1756:
1754:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1730:
1728:
1727:on 27 June 2013
1724:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1628:
1623:
1622:
1615:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1579:
1578:
1571:
1567:
1539:
1516:
1494:
1460:
1458:Economic impact
1408:Thuli Madonsela
1318:
1308:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1226:Western Balkans
1222:
1220:Western Balkans
1202:
1182:
1168:Paks II project
1103:
1070:
1062:Main articles:
1060:
1055:
988:
927:
771:Central America
667:North Macedonia
116:Anti-corruption
52:Electoral fraud
17:
12:
11:
5:
4328:
4326:
4318:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4282:
4281:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4261:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4236:
4229:
4222:
4215:
4208:
4200:
4198:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4183:
4176:
4169:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4146:
4144:Revolving door
4141:
4139:Political bias
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4097:Medical ethics
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3970:
3968:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3948:
3941:
3933:
3924:
3923:
3920:
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3917:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3870:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3832:
3830:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3781:
3779:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3750:
3744:
3738:
3732:
3726:
3721:
3715:
3710:
3704:
3698:
3692:
3686:
3680:
3674:
3668:
3662:
3657:
3651:
3646:
3640:
3634:
3628:
3622:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3593:
3587:
3581:
3575:
3570:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3526:Global Witness
3523:
3517:
3515:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3482:Gerrymandering
3479:
3474:
3469:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3399:Ghost soldiers
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3212:
3206:
3204:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3118:
3111:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3087:
3078:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3033:
3005:
2993:
2967:
2942:
2931:Daily Maverick
2917:
2892:
2872:
2858:
2822:
2783:
2757:
2707:
2687:
2659:
2634:
2610:
2596:
2571:
2545:
2515:
2501:
2475:
2449:
2435:
2413:
2388:
2362:
2336:
2324:Daily Maverick
2310:
2288:
2277:. Sunday Times
2265:
2243:
2232:Moneyweb.co.za
2218:
2205:
2188:
2171:
2152:
2149:. Clingendael.
2134:
2115:(4): 473–485.
2099:
2077:
2059:
2040:
2018:
1996:
1974:
1952:
1930:
1909:
1887:
1865:
1839:
1817:
1812:resrep23311.13
1787:
1775:
1763:
1738:
1706:
1690:
1683:
1663:
1638:
1633:The World Bank
1613:
1599:
1592:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1538:
1535:
1524:Uhuru Kenyatta
1515:
1512:
1493:
1490:
1464:Pravin Gordhan
1459:
1456:
1414:applied for a
1412:Des van Rooyen
1302:
1297:Main article:
1294:
1291:
1279:The 2017 book
1244:
1241:
1221:
1218:
1201:
1198:
1181:
1178:
1102:
1099:
1095:Delyan Peevski
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
987:
984:
929:
928:
926:
925:
918:
911:
903:
900:
899:
896:
895:
894:
893:
888:
883:
875:
874:
870:
869:
868:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
814:
813:
809:
808:
807:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
773:
772:
768:
767:
766:
765:
760:
755:
747:
746:
742:
741:
740:
739:
737:United Kingdom
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
582:Czech Republic
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
546:
545:
541:
540:
539:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
335:
334:
330:
329:
328:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
164:
163:
155:
154:
150:
149:
148:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
119:
118:
112:
111:
110:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
31:
30:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4327:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4290:Deep politics
4288:
4287:
4285:
4270:
4262:
4260:
4252:
4251:
4248:
4242:
4241:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4221:
4220:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4156:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4036:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4024:State capture
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3954:
3949:
3947:
3942:
3940:
3935:
3934:
3931:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3863:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3825:International
3823:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3765:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3733:
3731:(South Korea)
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3687:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3672:
3669:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3641:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3514:International
3512:
3509:
3503:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3446:State capture
3444:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3389:Elite capture
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3198:
3196:of corruption
3192:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3124:
3119:
3117:
3112:
3110:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3047:
3043:
3037:
3034:
3023:
3019:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2978:
2971:
2968:
2957:
2953:
2946:
2943:
2932:
2928:
2921:
2918:
2907:
2903:
2896:
2893:
2882:
2876:
2873:
2868:
2862:
2859:
2854:
2848:
2835:
2834:
2826:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2798:
2794:
2787:
2784:
2772:
2768:
2761:
2758:
2753:
2748:|author=
2741:
2726:
2722:
2721:Reuters India
2718:
2711:
2708:
2697:
2691:
2688:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2663:
2660:
2649:
2645:
2638:
2635:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2611:
2606:
2600:
2597:
2585:
2581:
2575:
2572:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2546:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2519:
2516:
2511:
2505:
2502:
2490:
2486:
2479:
2476:
2464:
2460:
2453:
2450:
2445:
2439:
2436:
2423:
2417:
2414:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2363:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2325:
2321:
2314:
2311:
2298:
2292:
2289:
2276:
2269:
2266:
2253:
2247:
2244:
2233:
2229:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2153:
2145:
2138:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2100:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2078:
2070:
2063:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2041:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1875:
1869:
1866:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1840:
1827:
1821:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1764:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1723:
1716:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1684:9780821348024
1680:
1676:
1675:
1667:
1664:
1649:
1642:
1639:
1634:
1627:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1603:
1600:
1595:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1401:
1398:
1397:Nhlanhla Nene
1393:
1391:
1387:
1386:Barbara Hogan
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1346:Mcebisi Jonas
1343:
1342:Vytjie Mentor
1337:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1326:South African
1323:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1312:Mcebisi Jonas
1300:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1277:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1265:Haroon Bhorat
1262:
1256:
1250:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1200:United States
1199:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1180:Latin America
1179:
1177:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1147:and again in
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1129:Machiavellian
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1082:Boyko Borisov
1079:
1075:
1069:
1065:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1045:violated the
1044:
1039:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1003:
999:
997:
993:
992:state capture
985:
983:
981:
977:
973:
968:
966:
962:
958:
954:
953:Central Asian
950:
945:
943:
939:
935:
934:State capture
924:
919:
917:
912:
910:
905:
904:
902:
901:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
878:
877:
876:
871:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
817:
816:
815:
812:South America
810:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
776:
775:
774:
769:
764:
763:United States
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
750:
749:
748:
745:North America
743:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
549:
548:
547:
542:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
338:
337:
336:
331:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
225:Guinea-Bissau
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
167:
166:
165:
160:
157:
156:
151:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
122:
121:
120:
117:
113:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
97:State capture
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
63:
60:
58:
57:Elite capture
55:
53:
50:
48:
45:
43:
40:
38:
35:
34:
33:
32:
27:
24:
20:
4238:
4231:
4226:Side Effects
4224:
4217:
4210:
4203:
4185:
4178:
4171:
4164:
4114:Moral hazard
4087:Legal ethics
4074:
4023:
4014:Self-dealing
3989:Funding bias
3974:Chinese wall
3656:(Madagascar)
3580:(Bangladesh)
3487:Vote pairing
3445:
3439:Rent-setting
3434:Rent-seeking
3394:Failed state
3294:Match fixing
3264:Embezzlement
3243:Corporation
3215:Black market
3069:
3050:. Retrieved
3048:. 2022-06-30
3045:
3036:
3025:. Retrieved
3021:
2984:. Retrieved
2970:
2959:. Retrieved
2955:
2945:
2934:. Retrieved
2930:
2920:
2909:. Retrieved
2905:
2895:
2884:. Retrieved
2875:
2861:
2837:, retrieved
2832:
2825:
2800:. Retrieved
2796:
2786:
2774:. Retrieved
2770:
2760:
2729:. Retrieved
2725:the original
2720:
2710:
2699:. Retrieved
2690:
2678:. Retrieved
2672:
2662:
2651:. Retrieved
2647:
2637:
2626:. Retrieved
2622:
2613:
2599:
2587:. Retrieved
2583:
2574:
2562:. Retrieved
2557:
2548:
2536:. Retrieved
2532:the original
2527:
2518:
2504:
2492:. Retrieved
2488:
2478:
2466:. Retrieved
2462:
2452:
2438:
2426:. Retrieved
2416:
2405:. Retrieved
2400:
2391:
2379:. Retrieved
2375:the original
2365:
2353:. Retrieved
2349:the original
2339:
2327:. Retrieved
2313:
2301:. Retrieved
2291:
2279:. Retrieved
2268:
2256:. Retrieved
2246:
2235:. Retrieved
2231:
2221:
2213:
2208:
2200:
2191:
2174:
2165:
2155:
2137:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2093:
2080:
2062:
2053:
2043:
2031:. Retrieved
2021:
2009:. Retrieved
1999:
1987:. Retrieved
1977:
1965:. Retrieved
1955:
1945:19 September
1943:. Retrieved
1933:
1922:. Retrieved
1912:
1900:. Retrieved
1890:
1878:. Retrieved
1868:
1856:. Retrieved
1852:
1842:
1830:. Retrieved
1820:
1803:
1790:
1778:
1766:
1755:. Retrieved
1753:. 2020-07-23
1750:
1741:
1729:. Retrieved
1722:the original
1709:
1673:
1666:
1654:. Retrieved
1641:
1632:
1602:
1582:
1531:William Ruto
1528:
1519:
1517:
1495:
1480:
1461:
1444:
1421:
1402:
1394:
1367:
1338:
1322:Gupta family
1319:
1310:
1306:enterprises.
1304:
1299:Gupta family
1293:Gupta family
1280:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1261:Ivor Chipkin
1258:
1243:South Africa
1230:
1223:
1206:Donald Trump
1203:
1183:
1173:Viktor Orbán
1157:
1141:George Soros
1126:
1104:
1072:Protests in
1071:
1047:Constitution
1035:
1004:
1000:
991:
989:
980:South Africa
969:
946:
933:
932:
521:Turkmenistan
290:South Africa
280:Sierra Leone
96:
3829:and efforts
3827:instruments
3778:enforcement
3720:(Singapore)
3633:(Indonesia)
3569:(Argentina)
3451:State crime
3409:Mafia state
3404:Kleptocracy
3369:Clientelism
3336:Tax evasion
3219:Grey market
2906:The Citizen
2771:CNBC Africa
2648:The Citizen
2564:12 February
1967:28 February
1432:Legislative
1416:court order
1378:Jet Airways
1110:Fidesz–KDNP
1043:power elite
1011:legislature
996:bureaucracy
886:New Zealand
789:El Salvador
779:Costa Rica
727:Switzerland
662:Netherlands
491:South Korea
481:Philippines
471:North Korea
341:Afghanistan
295:South Sudan
72:Mafia state
67:Kleptocracy
4284:Categories
4219:Inside Job
4212:Big Pharma
4205:Bad Pharma
4070:Corruption
3904:Yo Soy 132
3749:(Tanzania)
3679:(Pakistan)
3592:(Cameroon)
3419:Plutocracy
3374:Coronelism
3331:Slush fund
3130:Corruption
3052:2022-07-20
3027:2022-07-20
2961:2019-07-29
2936:2019-06-09
2911:2017-11-29
2886:2017-10-16
2839:2017-11-21
2802:2016-12-25
2776:1 December
2731:2016-12-25
2701:2016-12-25
2680:1 December
2653:2016-12-08
2628:2016-12-08
2407:2017-09-27
2329:9 February
2303:7 February
2281:9 February
2258:9 February
2237:2017-10-12
2011:7 November
1924:2022-08-01
1920:. Cepmf.hu
1797:"Appendix"
1757:2020-07-23
1565:References
1428:propaganda
1330:Jacob Zuma
1328:president
1253:See also:
1078:Oresharski
1038:corruption
1021:, and the
1019:ministries
957:transition
949:World Bank
657:Montenegro
647:Luxembourg
526:Uzbekistan
506:Tajikistan
446:Kazakhstan
441:Kyrgyzstan
391:East Timor
361:Bangladesh
351:Azerbaijan
87:Slush fund
4045:AllTrials
3867:movements
3787:(pending)
3755:(Vietnam)
3743:(Ukraine)
3703:(Romania)
3697:(Romania)
3673:(Nigeria)
3667:(Myanmar)
3645:(Liberia)
3616:(Croatia)
3586:(Burundi)
3460:Elections
3341:Tax haven
3269:Extortion
3229:Collusion
3210:Baksheesh
2986:6 January
2811:cite news
2740:cite news
2623:CityPress
2129:228963796
1806:: 36–63.
1440:Judiciary
1436:Executive
1350:Saxonwold
1023:judiciary
1015:executive
965:oligarchs
881:Australia
865:Venezuela
820:Argentina
804:Nicaragua
642:Lithuania
496:Sri Lanka
486:Singapore
406:Indonesia
250:Mauritius
4180:R v Neil
4092:Lobbying
4076:Cui bono
4065:Cochrane
4004:Nepotism
3776:Laws and
3709:(Russia)
3691:(Poland)
3639:(Latvia)
3598:(China)
3560:National
3414:Nepotism
3384:Cronyism
3289:Kickback
2847:citation
2428:10 April
2381:30 March
2355:30 March
1989:8 August
1537:See also
1324:and the
1186:Colombia
1137:migrants
1133:Brussels
1074:Bulgaria
1058:Bulgaria
1007:lobbying
850:Paraguay
840:Colombia
799:Honduras
712:Slovenia
707:Slovakia
687:Portugal
572:Bulgaria
511:Thailand
476:Pakistan
456:Malaysia
376:Cambodia
325:Zimbabwe
305:Tanzania
215:Ethiopia
180:Cameroon
175:Botswana
107:Throffer
77:Nepotism
42:Cronyism
4038:Related
3865:Protest
3737:(Spain)
3627:(India)
3326:Scandal
3224:Bribery
3203:General
2538:24 June
2528:Reuters
2494:24 June
2468:24 June
2109:Safundi
2033:24 July
1902:24 July
1880:24 July
1853:Reuters
1751:Reuters
1731:2 March
1656:7 April
1508:Rosatom
1336:(ANC).
1160:Rosatom
1139:" and "
1106:Hungary
1101:Hungary
976:Romania
942:state's
873:Oceania
860:Uruguay
845:Ecuador
825:Bolivia
732:Ukraine
692:Romania
652:Moldova
622:Ireland
617:Iceland
612:Hungary
602:Germany
592:Finland
587:Denmark
577:Croatia
562:Belgium
557:Austria
552:Albania
531:Vietnam
461:Myanmar
451:Lebanon
396:Georgia
356:Bahrain
346:Armenia
310:Tunisia
285:Somalia
275:Senegal
270:Nigeria
260:Namibia
255:Morocco
240:Liberia
235:Lesotho
210:Eritrea
190:Comoros
37:Bribery
3967:Issues
3654:BIANCO
2584:Scribd
2489:news24
2463:news24
2127:
1858:May 1,
1832:May 1,
1810:
1681:
1590:
1438:, and
1361:COSATU
1235:, the
1233:Serbia
1190:Mexico
830:Brazil
758:Mexico
753:Canada
722:Sweden
702:Serbia
697:Russia
682:Poland
677:Norway
637:Latvia
632:Kosovo
607:Greece
597:France
544:Europe
516:Turkey
436:Kuwait
431:Jordan
421:Israel
386:Cyprus
371:Brunei
366:Bhutan
320:Zambia
315:Uganda
245:Malawi
170:Angola
162:Africa
92:Simony
4197:Media
4102:cases
4029:Shill
3614:USKOK
3362:State
3274:Fraud
3252:Shell
3247:Dummy
2980:(PDF)
2956:Fin24
2589:7 May
2183:(PDF)
2147:(PDF)
2125:S2CID
2090:(PDF)
2072:(PDF)
1808:JSTOR
1800:(PDF)
1725:(PDF)
1718:(PDF)
1651:(PDF)
1629:(PDF)
1514:Kenya
1503:BRICS
1364:Zuma.
959:from
835:Chile
794:Haiti
717:Spain
627:Italy
536:Yemen
501:Syria
466:Nepal
426:Japan
401:India
381:China
300:Sudan
265:Niger
230:Kenya
220:Ghana
200:Egypt
4055:Bias
2988:2021
2853:link
2817:link
2778:2016
2752:help
2682:2016
2591:2019
2566:2019
2540:2016
2496:2016
2470:2016
2430:2016
2383:2016
2357:2016
2331:2016
2305:2016
2283:2016
2260:2016
2035:2021
2013:2019
1991:2018
1969:2022
1947:2020
1904:2021
1882:2021
1860:2021
1834:2021
1733:2014
1679:ISBN
1658:2017
1588:ISBN
1499:BRIC
1468:rand
1450:the
1424:ANN7
1208:and
1188:and
1153:LGBT
1149:2018
1145:2014
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1086:GERB
1066:and
855:Peru
784:Cuba
416:Iraq
411:Iran
333:Asia
185:Chad
4158:Law
3631:KPK
2199:."
2117:doi
1472:USD
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