766:, in which they win a full term if a majority of voters vote for retention. Many other states elect judges through non-partisan elections in which multiple candidates appear on the ballot without their partisan affiliation listed. Most of the remaining states base their judicial selection system on gubernatorial appointments or partisan elections, although several states use a mix of different methods. South Carolina and Virginia use a system of legislative appointment, while in Vermont, the governor makes the initial appointment of judges, but the legislature has the power to re-appoint judges to new terms.
629:
appeal of right to an intermediate appellate court (in contrast, an appellant's opening brief to a
California intermediate appellate court can run up to 14,000 words). The vast majority of decisions of Virginia circuit courts in civil and criminal cases were thereby insulated from appellate review on the merits. In March 2021, Virginia enacted a comprehensive reform package allowing for appeals of right to the Court of Appeals in civil and criminal cases. The same bill expanded the Court of Appeals from 11 to 17 judges to handle the increased workload.
176:
778:. Although most states limit judicial terms to a set number of years, judges in Massachusetts and New Hampshire serve until they reach a mandatory retirement limit, while in Rhode Island, judges serve lifetime appointments. Most judges represent the entire state, but in Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, and Mississippi, judges represent districts of the state. Many states, including some states in which the governor is not otherwise involved in the appointment process, allow the governor to make interim appointments to fill judicial vacancies.
613:
points of law it has already addressed – to the intermediate Court of
Appeals. Under this so-called "push-down" or "deflection" model of appellate procedure, the state supreme court can immediately establish final statewide precedents on important issues of first impression as soon as they arise, rather than waiting several months or years for the intermediate appellate court to make a first attempt at resolving the issue (and leaving the law uncertain in the interim).
381:
370:
702:
47:
997:". This similar terminology is probably a holdover from the time when Maine was part of Massachusetts. In Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Delaware, New Jersey, and New York, the highest courts formerly used variations of the term "Court of Errors," which indicated that the court's primary purpose was to correct the errors of lower courts.
789:
The various states provide different methods for the removal of state supreme court judges during their terms, with many states providing multiple methods. Two common methods of removal are impeachment by the state legislature, and removal by state judicial boards or commissions. Other states provide
612:
appeals are filed with the appropriate
Supreme Court (Iowa and Nevada each have a single Supreme Court, while Oklahoma has separate civil and criminal Supreme Courts) which then keeps all cases of first impression for itself to decide. It forwards the remaining cases – which deal with
573:
hear all appeals from the trial courts. This was the case, for example, in Nevada prior to 2014. For certain categories of cases, many state supreme courts that otherwise have discretionary review operate under mandatory review, usually with regard to cases involving the interpretation of the state
681:
In theory, state supreme courts are bound by the precedent established by the U.S. Supreme Court as to all issues of federal law, but in practice, the
Supreme Court reviews very few decisions from state courts. For example, in 2007 the Court reviewed 244 cases appealed from federal courts and only
665:(1938), no part of the federal Constitution actually grants federal courts or the federal Congress the power to directly dictate the content of state law (as distinguished from creating altogether separate federal law that in a particular situation may override state law). Clause 1 of Section 2 of
568:
are entrusted with deciding the vast majority of appeals. Intermediate appellate courts generally focus on the mundane task of what appellate specialists call "error correction," which means their primary task is to decide whether the record reflects that the trial court correctly applied existing
773:
to recommend a list of candidates from which the governor must choose, but a minority of states allow the governor to nominate candidates even if they were not recommended by the commission. Many of the states that use gubernatorial appointment require the appointment to be confirmed by the state
669:
describes the scope of federal judicial power, but only extended it to "the Laws of the United States" and not the laws of the several or individual states. It is this silence on that latter issue that gave rise to the
American distinction between state and federal common law not found in other
628:
first appeal of right for the vast majority of civil and criminal cases. Appellants were still free to petition for review, but such petitions were subject to severe length constraints (6,125 words or 35 pages in
Virginia) and necessarily were more narrowly targeted than an opening brief in an
501:, the judgment of a state supreme court is considered final and binding in both state and federal courts. State supreme courts are completely distinct from any United States federal courts located within the geographical boundaries of a state's territory, or the federal-level Supreme Court.
512:
on decisions issued by lower courts, and do not make any finding of facts or hold trials. They can, however, overrule the decisions of lower courts, remand cases to lower courts for further proceedings, and establish binding precedent for future cases. Some state supreme courts do have
656:. The U.S. Supreme Court is the only federal court that has jurisdiction over direct appeals from state court decisions, although other federal courts are sometimes allowed "collateral review" of state cases in specific situations, for example regarding individuals on death row.
2479:
held on
November 8, 2022, voters approved a constitutional amendment to change the name of the court to the "Supreme Court of Maryland", and the title of its judges to "Justice." The name of the intermediate appellate court was changed to the
2471:. Maryland's jury trial courts are called "Circuit Courts" (non-jury trials are usually conducted by the "District Courts," whose decisions may be appealed to the Circuit Courts), and its intermediate appellate court was formerly called the "
682:
22 from state courts. Despite the relatively small number of decisions reviewed, Professors Sara Benesh and Wendy
Martinek found that state supreme courts follow precedent more closely than federal courts in the area of
645:
and must be accepted in both state and federal courts. However, when a case involves federal statutory or constitutional law, review of state supreme court decisions may be sought by way of a petition for writ of
893:
As for the court's actual facilities, a state supreme court may be housed in the state capitol, in a nearby state office building shared with other courts or state executive branch agencies, or in a small
624:
heard appeals as a matter of right only in family and administrative cases. After two other states adopted appeals of right in the late 2000s, this left
Virginia as the only state in the Union with
906:, and a lobby with a filing window where the court clerk can accept filings and release new decisions in the form of "slip opinions" (that is, in looseleaf format held together only by a staple).
802:
Traditionally, state supreme courts are headquartered in the capital cities of their respective states, though they may occasionally hold oral arguments elsewhere. The six main exceptions are:
196:
3230:
758:
State supreme court judges are selected in a variety of ways, with the method of selection often depending on the circumstances in which the seat is filled. Under one common method, the
693:
Additionally, some scholars have argued that state and federal courts should judge according to different judicial theories on topics such as statutory interpretation and stare decisis.
302:
769:
Various other factors can influence the appointment and re-appointment of state supreme court judges. Most judicial selection systems involving gubernatorial appointment make use of a
581:
One of the informal traditions of the
American legal system is that all litigants are entitled to at least one appeal after a final judgment on the merits. However, appeal is merely a
2449:. In New Mexico, judges are initially appointed by the governor, then face a partisan election; after that initial partisan election, judges win new terms through retention elections.
306:
549:
over all matters of state law. Many states have two or more levels of courts below the state supreme court; for example, in Pennsylvania, a case might first be heard in one of the
469:. Among the most common methods for selection are gubernatorial appointment, non-partisan election, and partisan election, but the different states follow a variety of procedures.
4080:
4499:
256:
191:
2934:
561:. In other states, including Delaware, the state supreme court is the only appellate court in the state and thus has direct appellate jurisdiction over all lower courts.
4494:
898:
reserved for its exclusive use. State supreme courts normally require a courtroom for oral argument, private chambers for all justices, a conference room, offices for
2763:
4451:
2961:
666:
457:
of legal issues. Although state supreme court rulings on matters of state law are final, rulings on matters of federal law (generally made under the state court's
3223:
2861:
948:
762:, the governor fills judicial vacancies by choosing from a list compiled by a non-partisan commission. These judges serve an interim term until they stand in a
794:, court action, gubernatorial action (with legislative consent), or through a resolution passed by a super-majority in both houses of the state legislature.
2408:
931:
914:
Because state supreme courts generally hear only appeals, some courts have names which directly indicate their function – in the state of
262:
4381:
3884:
2125:
941:
3216:
781:
In many states with judicial elections, political contributions from groups such as trade associations and political action committees are allowed.
321:
281:
4073:
2226:
226:
4425:
4098:
3971:
2293:
409:
161:
151:
4415:
4171:
3927:
3392:
3152:
3034:
2246:
1239:
485:, and state courts handle many more cases than do federal courts. Each of the fifty states has at least one supreme court that serves as the
4226:
3534:
2369:
1489:
978:
358:
64:
489:
in the state; two states, Texas and Oklahoma, have separate supreme courts for civil and criminal matters. The five permanently inhabited
4504:
4472:
4435:
3999:
2541:
2335:
1495:
775:
550:
252:
4309:
4107:
4066:
4031:
3254:
2403:
2375:
2363:
1832:
1671:
653:
569:
law. In a few states without intermediate appellate courts, the state supreme court may operate under "mandatory review", in which it
505:
466:
462:
186:
2910:
2730:
2676:
2637:
2577:
2472:
2341:
130:
2832:
Zachary B. Pohlman, Stare Decisis and the Supreme Court(s): What States Can Learn from Gamble, 95 Notre Dame L. Rev. 1731 (2020),
111:
4456:
4401:
3029:
2848:
585:
provided by statute, court rules, or custom; the U.S. Supreme Court has repeatedly ruled that there is no federal constitutional
2748:, 528 U.S. 259, 270 n.5 (2000) ("he Constitution does not . . . require states to create appellate review in the first place");
83:
4354:
4043:
2299:
2002:
1933:
2976:
2502:
Partisanship reflects the parties of the appointing governors, except in cases where a judge is registered with another party.
2388:
2252:
770:
554:
68:
3126:
2523:
90:
4321:
3752:
2874:
1908:
1880:
661:
558:
2800:
4430:
4410:
4331:
4286:
4241:
4216:
3985:
3945:
3778:
3692:
3574:
3506:
3055:
2398:
2393:
2314:
2220:
1927:
1762:
1558:
1439:
994:
977:
originally named their highest courts the "Superior Court of Judicature." Since 1780, Massachusetts has used the name "
621:
565:
214:
3074:
4271:
4266:
4146:
3652:
3638:
3323:
2981:
2862:
Big Business Taking over State Supreme Courts: How Campaign Contributions to Judges Tip the Scales Against Individuals
2481:
2085:
1690:
1665:
1126:
986:
982:
960:
439:
342:
313:
620:
has always operated under discretionary review for nearly all cases, but from its creation in 1985, the intermediate
564:
Like the U.S. Supreme Court, most state supreme courts have implemented "discretionary review." Under such a system,
97:
4336:
4326:
4291:
3792:
3764:
3704:
3050:
2230:
1979:
1951:
1902:
1784:
478:
57:
4371:
4281:
4246:
4221:
4186:
4156:
3991:
3860:
3678:
3586:
3520:
3430:
3351:
2075:
1828:
1737:
1579:
1464:
1308:
1170:
967:, which was used by state supreme courts to correct certain types of egregious errors committed by lower courts.
617:
518:
498:
447:
402:
175:
79:
4376:
4276:
4166:
4126:
3872:
3666:
3378:
3271:
2604:
2103:
1715:
1217:
1037:
272:
221:
4386:
4341:
4261:
4236:
4211:
4176:
3896:
3806:
3626:
3560:
3494:
3404:
2476:
2147:
1973:
1644:
1536:
1417:
1261:
458:
508:
and state law. Generally, state supreme courts, like most appellate tribunals, are exclusively for hearing
450:, the judgment of a state supreme court is considered final and binding in both state and federal courts.
4349:
4304:
4256:
4231:
4206:
4161:
4151:
4141:
3932:
3820:
3728:
3612:
3548:
3482:
3366:
3337:
3311:
3208:
2436:
In Hawaii, a judicial commission re-appoints judges, while in Vermont, the legislature re-appoints judges.
1998:
1622:
1514:
1396:
1192:
1148:
1131:
Appointment by governor with the advice and consent of the California Commission on Judicial Appointments
1105:
923:
845:
546:
242:
31:
17:
4420:
4391:
4366:
4296:
4251:
4191:
4136:
3963:
3957:
3950:
3908:
3846:
3716:
3600:
3442:
3297:
2320:
2272:
2168:
2050:
1806:
1743:
1601:
1330:
1083:
514:
395:
3977:
4316:
4201:
4131:
3740:
3553:
3487:
3468:
3371:
3283:
2256:
1858:
1374:
1059:
882:
878:
482:
385:
877:
Tennessee, whose state constitution requires its supreme court to sit at three coequal locations of
4181:
4036:
3644:
3592:
3579:
3418:
3410:
2427:
Massachusetts and New Hampshire have mandatory retirement ages, while Rhode Island has life tenure.
2283:
During good behavior, subject to a retention election every ten years after his or her appointment
2278:
1286:
1267:
4361:
4196:
3865:
3838:
3832:
3454:
3357:
3276:
3200:
2028:
1352:
886:
763:
683:
575:
530:
104:
4005:
3877:
3384:
2782:
2752:, 519 U.S. 102, 110 (1996) ("the Federal Constitution guarantees no right to appellate review").
4058:
3104:
2819:
862:
Pennsylvania, whose supreme court has facilities at three coequal locations: the state capital
701:
3784:
3721:
3697:
3460:
3343:
3329:
2939:
2935:"Maryland to require legislators to live in their districts; state will rename its high court"
2906:
2900:
2833:
2726:
2672:
2633:
2600:
2573:
1696:
2720:
2664:
2567:
465:. Each state supreme court consists of a panel of judges selected by methods outlined in the
3798:
3671:
3631:
3618:
3540:
3526:
3512:
3423:
3397:
3289:
2627:
919:
915:
687:
494:
453:
Generally, a state supreme court, like most appellate tribunals, is exclusively for hearing
3901:
3733:
3684:
3435:
3003:
2962:"Election Day was a "Namechanger": Voters Successfully Rename Maryland's Appellate Courts"
2081:
1470:
1198:
852:
791:
642:
374:
267:
2764:"Virginia Court of Appeals set to get six new judges after lawmakers agree to expansion"
3812:
3566:
3499:
2056:
856:
841:
930:
of general unlimited jurisdiction and the intermediate appellate court is called the "
369:
4488:
4089:
4047:
3709:
3658:
3474:
3316:
3239:
2446:
1064:
974:
970:
964:
937:
822:
759:
522:
486:
435:
423:
247:
35:
3889:
3825:
3770:
3745:
3605:
3447:
3259:
2493:
Refers only to the initial method of appointing a judge at the start of a new term.
2458:
Montana makes use of non-partisan retention elections at the end of a judge's term.
1445:
867:
3914:
3852:
2716:
927:
903:
837:
830:
806:
Alaska, whose supreme court is located in and usually sits in its largest city,
490:
46:
3194:
3757:
3303:
952:
895:
871:
863:
826:
648:
641:, a state supreme court's ruling on a matter of purely state law is final and
638:
443:
30:
This article is about courts in the United States. For Australian states, see
2801:
Context and Compliance: A Comparison of State Supreme Courts and the Circuits
1978:
Appointment by governor with the advice and consent of both chambers of the
1907:
Appointment by governor with the advice and consent of both chambers of the
899:
811:
807:
671:
504:
The exact duties and powers of the state supreme courts are established by
3051:"Seedtime of an American Judiciary: From Independence to the Constitution"
947:
Other states' supreme courts have used the term "Appeals": Pennsylvania's
2468:
981:" (to distinguish itself from the state legislature, which is called the
956:
605:
526:
3177:
922:, the highest court is called the "Court of Appeals". In New York, the "
4027:
1. Chief Justice elected biennially by the court from among its members
2669:
The Judicial Branch of State Government: People, Process, and Politics
815:
675:
601:
509:
454:
2722:
American Civil Procedure: A Guide to Civil Adjudication in US Courts
818:(quarterly), and in other Alaskan communities on an as-needed basis.
3153:"Top Illinois Court Axes Mandatory Retirement Law for State Judges"
2902:
Introduction to Paralegal Studies and the Law: A Practical Approach
2629:
Structural and Other Alternatives for the Federal Courts of Appeals
990:
700:
3030:"APPELLATE PROCEDURE IN EQUITY CASES: A GUIDE FOR APPEALS AT LAW"
597:
4062:
3212:
729: Gubernatorial appointment, followed by retention election
534:
40:
2725:. Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International. p. 28.
2698:
Valerie Miller, "Judges renew their call for appeals court,"
2665:"Chapter 2, The Roles, Functions, and Powers of State Courts"
2445:
Many, though not all, of the states in this category use the
2346:
Initial 10, with a term of good behavior upon reconfirmation
545:
As the highest court in the state, a state supreme court has
2834:
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3525188
2055:
Appointment by governor with the advice and consent of the
1742:
Appointment by governor with the advice and consent of the
1695:
Appointment by governor with the advice and consent of the
1670:
Appointment by governor with the advice and consent of the
1494:
Appointment by governor with the advice and consent of the
1469:
Appointment by governor with the advice and consent of the
1444:
Appointment by governor with the advice and consent of the
1266:
Appointment by governor with the advice and consent of the
1197:
Appointment by governor with the advice and consent of the
711: Gubernatorial appointment, judges serve a single term
2977:"Maryland's appellate courts will get new names Dec. 14"
2632:. Washington, D.C.: Federal Judicial Center. p. 7.
825:
and maintains only branch offices in the state capital
753: Partisan election, followed by retention election
723: Gubernatorial appointment, other body re-appoints
3201:
Your State-by-State Guide to Every State Supreme Court
833:, and hears argument at all three locations each year.
608:
have a unique procedure for appeals. In those states,
2370:
Supreme Court of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians
2340:
Appointment by governor with the confirmation of the
2319:
Appointment by governor with the confirmation of the
2298:
Appointment by governor with the confirmation of the
2277:
Appointment by governor with the confirmation of the
497:, each have comparable supreme courts. On matters of
821:
California, whose supreme court is headquartered in
27:
Highest court in the state judiciary of a U.S. state
4465:
4444:
4400:
4117:
4097:
955:'s supreme courts under the 1844 constitution; and
836:Louisiana, whose supreme court is headquartered in
705:
Processes for selecting state supreme court judges:
71:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2658:
2656:
2572:(6th ed.). Clifton Park: Delmar. p. 35.
717: Gubernatorial appointment and re-appointment
477:Under the system of federalism established by the
3004:"Appellate Division - Second Judicial Department"
2843:
2841:
2710:
2708:
2364:Supreme Court of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma
963:". The term "Errors" refers to the now-obsolete
940:mixes the two; its highest court is called the "
735: Legislative appointment and re-appointment
633:Relationship with federal courts and federal law
2899:Edwards, Linda L.; Edwards, J. Stanley (2002).
851:Maine, whose supreme court is headquartered in
667:Article Three of the United States Constitution
2933:Munro, Dana; Opilo, Emily (November 9, 2022).
4074:
3224:
3099:
3097:
3095:
670:English-speaking common law federations like
403:
8:
2818:Pojanowski, Jeffrey A. (February 25, 2013).
2524:"Federal vs. State Courts - Key Differences"
1001:List of state and territorial supreme courts
774:legislature or some other body, such as the
2671:. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. pp. 37–96.
2484:. It became effective on December 14, 2022.
2409:List of female state supreme court justices
4081:
4067:
4059:
3231:
3217:
3209:
2195:
1009:
410:
396:
144:
4500:State supreme courts of the United States
2849:"Judicial Selection: Significant Figures"
2126:Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia
533:, and writs of actual innocence based on
131:Learn how and when to remove this message
18:State supreme courts of the United States
4495:State court systems of the United States
3105:"Judicial Selection: An Interactive Map"
2366:(formerly the Judicial Appeals Tribunal)
659:As the U.S. Supreme Court recognized in
521:has original jurisdiction over cases of
2799:Sara C. Benesh and Wendy L. Martinek, "
2515:
2420:
2227:United States Secretary of the Interior
2199:Name and territory or federal district
593:States with unique appellate procedures
517:over specific issues; for example, the
350:
329:
289:
205:
160:
2542:"Comparing Federal & State Courts"
2300:Senate of the Northern Mariana Islands
2294:Northern Mariana Islands Supreme Court
959:'s supreme court were all called the "
932:Supreme Court—Appellate Division
557:, and then finally be appealed to the
3035:University of Pennsylvania Law Review
2783:"Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288 (1989)"
2247:District of Columbia Court of Appeals
989:". Additionally the highest court in
7:
2626:McKenna, Judith A. (December 1994).
2229:(Justices) & appointment by the
1490:Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court
541:Jurisdiction and appellate procedure
69:adding citations to reliable sources
3075:"The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania"
3049:Swindler, William F. (March 1976).
2905:. Albany, NY: Delmar. p. 124.
2467:This was also formerly the case in
2336:Supreme Court of the Virgin Islands
2255:with the advice and consent of the
2084:with the advice and consent of the
949:court of last resort from 1780-1808
551:Pennsylvania courts of common pleas
282:List of statewide elected officials
4108:Supreme Court of the United States
4032:Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals
3255:Chief Justice of the United States
2404:Supreme Court of the United States
2376:Supreme Court of the Navajo Nation
1833:Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals
1672:Executive Council of New Hampshire
790:for the removal of judges through
686:and appear to follow precedent in
654:Supreme Court of the United States
463:Supreme Court of the United States
25:
4024:indicate appointed supreme courts
3028:Orfield, Lester B. (March 1942).
2975:Lash, Steve (November 29, 2022).
2378:(formerly the "Court of Appeals")
2342:Legislature of the Virgin Islands
3131:National Center for State Courts
2879:National Center for State Courts
2702:19, no. 3 (January 21, 2002): 1.
2192:Territories and federal district
1496:Massachusetts Governor's Council
985:); New Hampshire uses the name "
829:, and the state's largest city,
776:Massachusetts Governor's Council
431:
379:
368:
174:
45:
4475:(federal and state, all levels)
4044:Texas Court of Criminal Appeals
3246:and insular area supreme courts
3127:"Methods of Judicial Selection"
2820:"Statutes in Common Law Courts"
2003:Texas Court of Criminal Appeals
1934:South Carolina General Assembly
56:needs additional citations for
2851:. Brennan Center. May 8, 2015.
2389:United States court of appeals
2253:president of the United States
870:, and the second-largest city
555:Superior Court of Pennsylvania
537:or other biological evidence.
1:
3056:William & Mary Law Review
2762:Oliver, Ned (March 8, 2021).
2566:Walston-Dunham, Beth (2012).
1909:Rhode Island General Assembly
1881:Supreme Court of Pennsylvania
662:Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins
566:intermediate appellate courts
559:Supreme Court of Pennsylvania
4436:United States Virgin Islands
2822:– via papers.ssrn.com.
2399:United States federal courts
2394:United States district court
2315:Supreme Court of Puerto Rico
2221:High Court of American Samoa
1928:South Carolina Supreme Court
1763:North Carolina Supreme Court
1559:Supreme Court of Mississippi
1440:Maine Supreme Judicial Court
855:, and not the state capital
844:and not in the capital city
810:(monthly), but also sits in
741: Non-partisan elections
622:Court of Appeals of Virginia
4473:Courts of the United States
3178:"EBCI Tribal Court website"
2667:. In Hogan, Sean O. (ed.).
2482:Appellate Court of Maryland
2086:Virginia House of Delegates
1691:Supreme Court of New Jersey
1666:New Hampshire Supreme Court
1127:Supreme Court of California
983:Massachusetts General Court
961:Court of Errors and Appeals
902:and other support staff, a
34:. For other countries, see
4521:
4505:Subnational supreme courts
2663:Manweller, Mathew (2006).
2231:Governor of American Samoa
1980:Tennessee General Assembly
1952:South Dakota Supreme Court
1903:Rhode Island Supreme Court
1785:North Dakota Supreme Court
479:United States Constitution
29:
4017:
3266:
3251:
2076:Supreme Court of Virginia
1829:Supreme Court of Oklahoma
1738:New York Court of Appeals
1580:Supreme Court of Missouri
1465:Supreme Court of Maryland
1309:Supreme Court of Illinois
1171:Connecticut Supreme Court
618:Supreme Court of Virginia
519:Supreme Court of Virginia
461:) can be appealed to the
4426:Northern Mariana Islands
2700:Las Vegas Business Press
2605:Constitution of Virginia
2473:Court of Special Appeals
2104:Washington Supreme Court
1720:Appointment by governor
1716:New Mexico Supreme Court
1240:Supreme Court of Georgia
1218:Supreme Court of Florida
1038:Supreme Court of Alabama
942:Supreme Court of Appeals
747: Partisan elections
386:United States portal
273:Agriculture commissioner
150:This article is part of
4090:Highest judicial bodies
2864:. AmericanProgress.org.
2601:"Article VI, Section 1"
2148:Wisconsin Supreme Court
1974:Tennessee Supreme Court
1645:Supreme Court of Nevada
1537:Minnesota Supreme Court
1418:Louisiana Supreme Court
1262:Supreme Court of Hawaii
459:concurrent jurisdiction
434:in some states) is the
236:Other common officials:
3992:Maite Oronoz Rodríguez
3933:Anna Blackburne-Rigsby
2152:Non-partisan election
2130:Non-partisan election
2108:Non-partisan election
1999:Supreme Court of Texas
1863:Non-partisan election
1789:Non-partisan election
1649:Non-partisan election
1623:Nebraska Supreme Court
1606:Non-partisan election
1563:Non-partisan election
1541:Non-partisan election
1519:Semipartisan election
1515:Michigan Supreme Court
1401:Non-partisan election
1397:Kentucky Supreme Court
1291:Non-partisan election
1244:Non-partisan election
1193:Delaware Supreme Court
1149:Colorado Supreme Court
1110:Non-partisan election
1106:Arkansas Supreme Court
995:Supreme Judicial Court
979:Supreme Judicial Court
814:and the state capital
755:
547:appellate jurisdiction
481:, federal courts have
32:Judiciary of Australia
2477:2022 general election
2358:Tribal supreme courts
2321:Senate of Puerto Rico
2273:Supreme Court of Guam
2236:During good behavior
2169:Wyoming Supreme Court
2051:Vermont Supreme Court
1807:Supreme Court of Ohio
1744:New York State Senate
1602:Montana Supreme Court
1331:Indiana Supreme Court
1084:Arizona Supreme Court
771:nominating commission
704:
553:, be appealed to the
515:original jurisdiction
297:State representatives
80:"State supreme court"
4416:District of Columbia
4119:State supreme courts
4092:in the United States
3554:Elizabeth T. Clement
3488:Laurance B. VanMeter
3372:Collins J. Seitz Jr.
3195:State supreme courts
2964:. November 13, 2022.
2546:United States Courts
2257:United States Senate
1859:Oregon Supreme Court
1375:Kansas Supreme Court
1060:Alaska Supreme Court
920:District of Columbia
483:limited jurisdiction
322:List of legislatures
166:of the United States
65:improve this article
3645:Gordon J. MacDonald
3593:Mary Rhodes Russell
3580:Michael K. Randolph
3411:Mark E. Recktenwald
2875:"Removal of Judges"
2569:Introduction to Law
2279:Legislature of Guam
2251:Appointment by the
2225:Appointment by the
1287:Idaho Supreme Court
1268:Hawaii State Senate
1032:Partisan breakdown
866:, the largest city
506:state constitutions
428:state supreme court
375:Politics portal
338:State supreme court
303:Alabama to Missouri
253:Lieutenant governor
248:Auditor/Comptroller
4457:Philippine Islands
4046:, Presiding Judge
4034:, Presiding Judge
3922:Federal districts:
3866:S. Bernard Goodwyn
3839:Matthew B. Durrant
3358:Andrew J. McDonald
3151:Journal, A. B. A.
2202:Mode of selection
2029:Utah Supreme Court
2007:Partisan election
1885:Partisan election
1811:Partisan election
1767:Partisan election
1422:Partisan election
1353:Iowa Supreme Court
1313:Partisan election
1042:Partisan election
1016:Mode of selection
764:retention election
756:
684:search and seizure
576:capital punishment
467:state constitution
307:Montana to Wyoming
263:Secretary of state
187:State constitution
164:State governments
4482:
4481:
4452:Panama Canal Zone
4056:
4055:
3785:John W. Kittredge
3722:Sharon L. Kennedy
3698:Paul Martin Newby
3461:Susan Christensen
3330:Patricia Guerrero
2940:The Baltimore Sun
2715:Oakley, John B.;
2355:
2354:
2189:
2188:
1701:7, then until 70
1697:New Jersey Senate
420:
419:
359:District attorney
167:
141:
140:
133:
115:
16:(Redirected from
4512:
4083:
4076:
4069:
4060:
3978:Alexandro Castro
3799:Steven R. Jensen
3672:David K. Thomson
3632:Elissa F. Cadish
3619:Michael Heavican
3541:Kimberly S. Budd
3527:Matthew J. Fader
3513:Valerie Stanfill
3424:G. Richard Bevan
3398:Michael P. Boggs
3290:Peter J. Maassen
3233:
3226:
3219:
3210:
3182:
3181:
3174:
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3141:
3139:
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3123:
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3112:
3107:. Brennan Center
3101:
3090:
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3079:
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3008:www.nycourts.gov
3000:
2994:
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2989:
2982:The Daily Record
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2797:
2791:
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2778:
2772:
2771:
2768:Virginia Mercury
2759:
2753:
2750:M.L.B. v. S.L.J.
2746:Smith v. Robbins
2743:
2737:
2736:
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2428:
2425:
2372:(North Carolina)
2196:
1010:
792:recall elections
752:
746:
740:
734:
728:
722:
716:
710:
574:constitution or
495:Washington, D.C.
491:U.S. territories
446:. On matters of
412:
405:
398:
384:
383:
382:
373:
372:
243:Attorney general
215:State executives
178:
168:
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155:
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3905:
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3902:Annette Ziegler
3899:
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3878:Steven González
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3734:M. John Kane IV
3731:
3725:
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3695:
3689:
3688:
3685:Rowan D. Wilson
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3436:Mary Jane Theis
3433:
3427:
3426:
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3407:
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3395:
3389:
3388:
3385:Carlos G. Muñiz
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2717:Amar, Vikram D.
2714:
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2431:
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2422:
2417:
2385:
2360:
2215:Retirement age
2211:
2206:
2194:
2082:Virginia Senate
2080:Appointment by
2022:
2017:
2001:
1932:Appointment by
1852:
1847:
1831:
1471:Maryland Senate
1199:Delaware Senate
1028:
1024:Retirement age
1020:
1013:Name and state
1008:
1003:
912:
800:
787:
754:
750:
748:
744:
742:
738:
736:
732:
730:
726:
724:
720:
718:
714:
712:
708:
706:
699:
637:Under American
635:
595:
543:
475:
473:Role and powers
440:state judiciary
416:
380:
378:
377:
367:
318:
278:
277:
233:
230:
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183:
165:
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149:
137:
126:
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74:
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62:
50:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4411:American Samoa
4407:
4405:
4404:supreme courts
4398:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4352:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4332:South Carolina
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4307:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4287:North Carolina
4284:
4279:
4274:
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4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
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4209:
4204:
4199:
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4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
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4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4123:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4103:
4101:
4099:Federal courts
4095:
4094:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4063:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4040:
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4018:
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3998:
3997:
3989:
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3859:
3858:
3850:
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3844:
3836:
3831:
3830:
3824:
3819:
3818:
3813:Holly M. Kirby
3810:
3805:
3804:
3796:
3791:
3790:
3782:
3777:
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3616:
3611:
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3604:
3599:
3598:
3590:
3585:
3584:
3578:
3573:
3572:
3567:Natalie Hudson
3564:
3559:
3558:
3552:
3547:
3546:
3538:
3533:
3532:
3524:
3519:
3518:
3510:
3505:
3504:
3500:John L. Weimer
3498:
3493:
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3472:
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3408:
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3396:
3391:
3390:
3382:
3377:
3376:
3370:
3365:
3364:
3355:
3350:
3349:
3344:Monica Márquez
3341:
3336:
3335:
3327:
3322:
3321:
3315:
3310:
3309:
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3296:
3295:
3287:
3282:
3281:
3275:
3270:
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3268:
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3263:
3252:
3249:
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3240:Chief justices
3238:
3236:
3235:
3228:
3221:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3198:
3190:
3189:External links
3187:
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2173:Missouri Plan
2171:
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2062:
2059:
2057:Vermont Senate
2053:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2033:Missouri Plan
2031:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1956:Missouri Plan
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1942:
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1936:
1930:
1924:
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1920:
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1911:
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1837:Missouri Plan
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1627:Missouri Plan
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1584:Missouri Plan
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1379:Missouri Plan
1377:
1371:
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1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1357:Missouri Plan
1355:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1335:Missouri Plan
1333:
1327:
1326:
1323:
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1317:
1314:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1222:Missouri Plan
1220:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1175:Missouri Plan
1173:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1153:Missouri Plan
1151:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1088:Missouri Plan
1086:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1025:
1022:
1017:
1014:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
993:is named the "
911:
908:
891:
890:
875:
860:
849:
842:French Quarter
834:
819:
799:
796:
786:
783:
749:
743:
737:
731:
725:
719:
713:
707:
698:
695:
634:
631:
594:
591:
589:to an appeal.
542:
539:
474:
471:
418:
417:
415:
414:
407:
400:
392:
389:
388:
364:
363:
362:
361:
353:
352:
348:
347:
346:
345:
340:
332:
331:
327:
326:
325:
324:
317:
316:
314:State senators
299:
298:
292:
291:
287:
286:
285:
284:
276:
275:
270:
265:
260:
250:
245:
239:
238:
237:
232:
231:
218:
208:
207:
203:
202:
200:
199:
194:
189:
180:
179:
171:
170:
158:
157:
139:
138:
53:
51:
44:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4517:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4466:Complete list
4464:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4443:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4399:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4382:West Virginia
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4267:New Hampshire
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4227:Massachusetts
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4116:
4110:
4109:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4091:
4084:
4079:
4077:
4072:
4070:
4065:
4064:
4061:
4049:
4048:Sharon Keller
4045:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4037:Scott Rowland
4033:
4029:
4026:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4016:
4008:
4007:
4001:
3994:
3993:
3987:
3980:
3979:
3973:
3966:
3965:
3964:Robert Torres
3959:
3952:
3951:Michael Kruse
3947:
3941:
3934:
3929:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3910:
3903:
3898:
3891:
3886:
3879:
3874:
3867:
3862:
3855:
3854:
3848:
3841:
3840:
3834:
3827:
3822:
3815:
3814:
3808:
3801:
3800:
3794:
3787:
3786:
3780:
3773:
3772:
3766:
3759:
3754:
3747:
3742:
3735:
3730:
3723:
3718:
3711:
3710:Jon J. Jensen
3706:
3699:
3694:
3687:
3686:
3680:
3673:
3668:
3661:
3660:
3659:Stuart Rabner
3654:
3647:
3646:
3640:
3633:
3628:
3621:
3620:
3614:
3607:
3602:
3595:
3594:
3588:
3581:
3576:
3569:
3568:
3562:
3555:
3550:
3543:
3542:
3536:
3529:
3528:
3522:
3515:
3514:
3508:
3501:
3496:
3489:
3484:
3477:
3476:
3475:Marla Luckert
3470:
3463:
3462:
3456:
3449:
3444:
3437:
3432:
3425:
3420:
3413:
3412:
3406:
3399:
3394:
3387:
3386:
3380:
3373:
3368:
3360:
3359:
3353:
3346:
3345:
3339:
3332:
3331:
3325:
3318:
3317:John Dan Kemp
3313:
3306:
3305:
3299:
3292:
3291:
3285:
3278:
3273:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3250:
3245:
3241:
3234:
3229:
3227:
3222:
3220:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3179:
3173:
3170:
3158:
3154:
3147:
3144:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3119:
3106:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3076:
3070:
3067:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3045:
3042:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3024:
3021:
3009:
3005:
2999:
2996:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2971:
2968:
2963:
2957:
2954:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2929:
2926:
2914:
2912:9780766835894
2908:
2904:
2903:
2895:
2892:
2880:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2855:
2850:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2821:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2805:Marq. L. Rev.
2802:
2796:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2777:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2739:
2734:
2732:9789041128720
2728:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2692:
2680:
2678:9781851097517
2674:
2670:
2666:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2641:
2639:9780788115752
2635:
2631:
2630:
2622:
2619:
2611:September 16,
2606:
2602:
2596:
2593:
2581:
2579:9781133707981
2575:
2571:
2570:
2562:
2559:
2547:
2543:
2537:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2519:
2516:
2509:
2499:
2496:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2461:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2447:Missouri Plan
2442:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2424:
2421:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2348:
2345:
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2339:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2191:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2020:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1850:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1065:Missouri Plan
1063:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1023:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1005:
1000:
998:
996:
992:
988:
987:Supreme Court
984:
980:
976:
975:New Hampshire
972:
971:Massachusetts
968:
966:
965:writ of error
962:
958:
954:
950:
945:
943:
939:
938:West Virginia
935:
933:
929:
925:
924:Supreme Court
921:
917:
909:
907:
905:
901:
897:
888:
884:
880:
876:
873:
869:
865:
861:
858:
854:
850:
847:
843:
839:
835:
832:
828:
824:
823:San Francisco
820:
817:
813:
809:
805:
804:
803:
797:
795:
793:
784:
782:
779:
777:
772:
767:
765:
761:
760:Missouri Plan
703:
696:
694:
691:
689:
685:
679:
677:
673:
668:
664:
663:
657:
655:
651:
650:
644:
640:
632:
630:
627:
623:
619:
616:Notably, the
614:
611:
607:
603:
599:
592:
590:
588:
584:
579:
577:
572:
567:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
540:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
523:habeas corpus
520:
516:
511:
507:
502:
500:
496:
492:
488:
487:highest court
484:
480:
472:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
436:highest court
433:
429:
425:
424:United States
413:
408:
406:
401:
399:
394:
393:
391:
390:
387:
376:
371:
366:
365:
360:
357:
356:
355:
354:
351:Local offices
349:
344:
341:
339:
336:
335:
334:
333:
328:
323:
320:
319:
315:
312:
311:
310:
308:
304:
296:
295:
294:
293:
288:
283:
280:
279:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
258:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
240:
235:
234:
228:
224:
223:
219:
217:
216:
212:
211:
210:
209:
204:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
184:
182:
181:
177:
173:
172:
169:
159:
156:
153:
147:
146:
143:
135:
132:
124:
121:December 2013
113:
110:
106:
103:
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82: –
81:
77:
76:Find sources:
70:
66:
60:
59:
54:This article
52:
48:
43:
42:
37:
36:Supreme court
33:
19:
4337:South Dakota
4327:Rhode Island
4322:Pennsylvania
4292:North Dakota
4118:
4106:
4035:
4021:
4004:
3990:
3976:
3962:
3940:Territories:
3939:
3921:
3913:
3890:Tim Armstead
3851:
3837:
3826:Nathan Hecht
3811:
3797:
3783:
3771:Paul Suttell
3769:
3746:Meagan Flynn
3683:
3657:
3643:
3617:
3606:Mike McGrath
3591:
3565:
3539:
3525:
3511:
3473:
3459:
3448:Loretta Rush
3409:
3383:
3356:
3342:
3328:
3302:
3288:
3260:John Roberts
3253:
3243:
3203:
3172:
3160:. Retrieved
3156:
3146:
3134:. Retrieved
3130:
3121:
3109:. Retrieved
3084:November 15,
3082:. Retrieved
3069:
3060:
3054:
3044:
3033:
3023:
3013:November 15,
3011:. Retrieved
3007:
2998:
2988:December 14,
2986:. Retrieved
2980:
2970:
2956:
2944:. Retrieved
2938:
2928:
2918:December 23,
2916:. Retrieved
2901:
2894:
2882:. Retrieved
2878:
2869:
2857:
2828:
2812:
2804:
2795:
2786:
2776:
2767:
2757:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2721:
2699:
2694:
2682:. Retrieved
2668:
2645:December 11,
2643:. Retrieved
2628:
2621:
2609:. Retrieved
2595:
2585:November 26,
2583:. Retrieved
2568:
2561:
2549:. Retrieved
2545:
2536:
2527:
2518:
2498:
2489:
2463:
2454:
2441:
2432:
2423:
1446:Maine Senate
969:
946:
936:
913:
892:
868:Philadelphia
801:
788:
780:
768:
757:
692:
680:
660:
658:
647:
636:
625:
615:
609:
596:
586:
582:
580:
570:
563:
544:
503:
476:
452:
427:
421:
337:
300:
220:
213:
148:
142:
127:
118:
108:
101:
94:
87:
75:
63:Please help
58:verification
55:
4431:Puerto Rico
4402:Territorial
4242:Mississippi
4157:Connecticut
3915:Kate M. Fox
3853:Paul Reiber
3197:Ballotpedia
3162:October 25,
3157:ABA Journal
2946:November 9,
2807:795 (2009).
928:trial court
918:and in the
910:Terminology
904:law library
846:Baton Rouge
838:New Orleans
831:Los Angeles
688:confessions
531:prohibition
432:other names
343:State court
290:Legislative
4489:Categories
4377:Washington
4277:New Mexico
4272:New Jersey
4147:California
4006:Rhys Hodge
3758:Debra Todd
3304:Ann Timmer
3277:Tom Parker
2787:Justia Law
2684:October 5,
2510:References
2475:". In the
2239:8 (2 + 6)
953:New Jersey
900:law clerks
896:courthouse
872:Pittsburgh
864:Harrisburg
827:Sacramento
649:certiorari
639:federalism
493:, as well
444:U.S. state
430:(known by
197:Statehouse
192:Comparison
91:newspapers
4387:Wisconsin
4342:Tennessee
4301:Oklahoma
4237:Minnesota
4212:Louisiana
2233:(Judges)
2210:Number of
2142:3R–1D–1I
1434:5R–1D–1I
1027:Number of
926:" is the
883:Knoxville
879:Nashville
812:Fairbanks
808:Anchorage
697:Selection
690:as well.
672:Australia
583:privilege
499:state law
448:state law
330:Judiciary
268:Treasurer
206:Executive
4445:Obsolete
4372:Virginia
4355:criminal
4310:criminal
4282:New York
4257:Nebraska
4247:Missouri
4232:Michigan
4222:Maryland
4207:Kentucky
4187:Illinois
4162:Delaware
4152:Colorado
4142:Arkansas
3361:(acting)
3136:July 23,
3111:July 23,
2884:July 23,
2719:(2009).
2551:July 24,
2469:Maryland
2383:See also
2212:members
2207:(Years)
1029:members
1021:(Years)
957:Delaware
916:New York
853:Portland
798:Location
606:Oklahoma
527:mandamus
222:Governor
152:a series
4392:Wyoming
4367:Vermont
4252:Montana
4192:Indiana
4172:Georgia
4167:Florida
4137:Arizona
4127:Alabama
4022:Italics
3063:(3): 9.
2528:FindLaw
887:Jackson
857:Augusta
785:Removal
652:to the
643:binding
510:appeals
455:appeals
438:in the
422:In the
105:scholar
4346:Texas
4317:Oregon
4262:Nevada
4202:Kansas
4177:Hawaii
4132:Alaska
3080:. 2022
2909:
2729:
2675:
2636:
2607:. 1970
2576:
2185:5R–0D
2120:5D–4I
2070:4R–1D
2045:5R–0D
2023:9R–0D
1993:5R–0D
1968:5R–0D
1922:3R–2D
1897:5D–2R
1875:7D–0R
1853:4R–1D
1823:4R–3D
1801:4R–1I
1779:5R–2D
1757:7D–0R
1732:5D–0R
1710:4D–3R
1685:4R–1D
1639:6R–1D
1596:5R–2D
1553:7D–0R
1531:4D–3R
1509:5R–2D
1484:5R–2D
1459:7D–0R
1391:5D–2R
1369:7R–0D
1347:5R–0D
1325:5D–2R
1303:4R–1I
1281:4D–1R
1256:8R–1I
1234:7R–0D
1212:3D–2R
1187:7D–0R
1165:7D–0R
1143:6D–1R
1100:7R–0D
1078:4R–1I
1054:9R–0D
1006:States
885:, and
816:Juneau
751:
745:
739:
733:
727:
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715:
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676:Canada
604:, and
602:Nevada
154:on the
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4350:civil
4305:civil
4217:Maine
4182:Idaho
3244:state
3204:Bolts
3078:(PDF)
3038:: 19.
2803:" 93
2415:Notes
2021:9R–0D
1913:Life
1851:5R–4D
1676:Life
1500:Life
991:Maine
587:right
442:of a
112:JSTOR
98:books
4421:Guam
4362:Utah
4297:Ohio
4197:Iowa
3164:2023
3138:2020
3113:2020
3086:2023
3015:2023
2990:2022
2948:2022
2920:2015
2907:ISBN
2886:2020
2727:ISBN
2686:2020
2673:ISBN
2647:2021
2634:ISBN
2613:2013
2587:2020
2574:ISBN
2553:2020
2205:Term
1019:Term
973:and
944:".
934:".
674:and
598:Iowa
571:must
426:, a
257:List
227:List
84:news
4042:3.
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3242:of
2330:70
2267:74
2261:15
2179:70
2155:10
2133:12
2114:75
2093:70
2090:12
2064:90
2039:75
2036:10
2013:74
1962:70
1941:72
1938:10
1891:75
1888:10
1869:75
1817:70
1792:10
1773:72
1751:70
1748:14
1704:70
1679:70
1590:70
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1525:70
1503:70
1478:70
1475:10
1428:70
1425:10
1385:75
1363:72
1341:75
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1316:10
1275:70
1272:10
1228:75
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1159:72
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1134:12
1094:70
1072:70
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1048:70
610:all
535:DNA
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4000:VI
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3972:MP
3958:GU
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3928:DC
3909:WY
3897:WI
3885:WV
3873:WA
3861:VA
3847:VT
3833:UT
3821:TX
3807:TN
3793:SD
3779:SC
3765:RI
3753:PA
3741:OR
3729:OK
3717:OH
3705:ND
3693:NC
3679:NY
3667:NM
3653:NJ
3639:NH
3627:NV
3613:NE
3601:MT
3587:MO
3575:MS
3561:MN
3549:MI
3535:MA
3521:MD
3507:ME
3495:LA
3483:KY
3469:KS
3455:IA
3443:IN
3431:IL
3419:ID
3405:HI
3393:GA
3379:FL
3367:DE
3352:CT
3338:CO
3324:CA
3312:AR
3298:AZ
3284:AK
3272:AL
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1959:8
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