1280:, the statute involved was clearly an intrusion of federal law into the internal affairs of corporations; to the extent that state law differed or impeded suit, the congressional intent could be compromised in state-created causes of action. In this case, Congress was concerned, not with regulating corporations as such, but with dulling their impact upon federal elections. As we have seen, the existence or nonexistence of a derivative cause of action for damages would not aid or hinder this primary goal."
716:(the relief a court is asked to grant). Often the facts or circumstances that entitle a person to seek judicial relief may create multiple causes of action. Although it is fairly straightforward to file a statement of claim in most jurisdictions, if it is not done properly, then the filing party may lose their case due to simple technicalities. The need to balance procedural expediency and continuity (the technicalities of which one might fall foul) expressed as procedural rules.
36:
905:, the Court, examining the statute's legislative history and looking at what it believed were the purposes of the statute, held that a private right of action should be implied under § 14(a) of the Act. Under the circumstances, the Court said, it was "the duty of the courts to be alert to provide such remedies as are necessary to make effective the congressional purpose."
954:. It was the job of Congress, not the federal courts, Justice Powell said, to create causes of action. Therefore, the only appropriate analysis was whether Congress intended to create a private right of action. "Absent the most compelling evidence of affirmative congressional intent, a federal court should not infer a private cause of action."
914:(1975), the issue was whether a civil cause of action existed under a criminal statute prohibiting corporations from making contributions to a presidential campaign. The Court said that no such action should be implied, and laid down four factors to be considered in determining whether a statute implicitly included a private right of action:
1124:, authored an opinion in 1988 that adopted Richardson's strict constructionist view with regard to the interpretation of the California Insurance Code. A 2008 decision by the Court of Appeal and a 2010 decision by the Supreme Court itself finally established that Justice Richardson's strict constructionism as adopted by the Lucas court would
1302:
Justice
Rehnquist wrote for the majority: "Once again, we are called upon to decide whether a private remedy is implicit in a statute not expressly providing one. During this Term alone, we have been asked to undertake this task no fewer than five times in cases in which we have granted certiorari."
891:
An implied private right of action is not a cause of action expressly created by a statute. Rather, a court interprets the statute to silently include such a cause of action. Since the 1950s, the United States
Supreme Court "has taken three different approaches, each more restrictive than the prior,
945:
of the
Education Amendments of 1972, which prohibited sex discrimination in any federally funded program. The Court, stating that the female plaintiff was within the class protected by the statute, that Congress had intended to create a private right of action to enforce the law, that such a right
860:
freedom from unreasonable search and seizures had been violated by federal agents could sue for the violation of the
Amendment itself, despite the lack of any federal statute authorizing such a suit. The existence of a remedy for the violation was implied from the importance of the right violated.
995:
were simply meant to be "relied upon in determining legislative intent." "The ultimate question," the Court concluded, "is one of legislative intent, not one of whether this Court thinks that it can improve upon the statutory scheme that
Congress enacted into law." Despite Justice Powell's
793:
can be admitted or denied (including denial on the basis of insufficient information in the complaint to form a response). The answer may also contain counterclaims in which the "Counterclaim
Plaintiff" states its own causes of action. Finally, the answer may contain
690:' in U.S. federal practice and in many U.S. states. It can be any communication notifying the party to whom it is addressed of an alleged fault which resulted in damages, often expressed in amount of money the receiving party should pay/reimburse.
1050:
factors for their general test for determining whether an implied private cause of action exists under a state statute, including
Colorado, Connecticut, Hawaii, Iowa, New York, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, West Virginia, and Washington.
821:
will determine that a law that creates rights also allows private parties to bring a lawsuit, even though no such remedy is explicitly provided for in the law. Implied causes of action arising under the
1293:
See
Chemerinsky, supra, § 6.3 at 385; see also Susan Stabile, "The Role of Congressional Intent in Determining the Existence of Implied Private Rights of Action," 71 Notre Dame L. Rev. 861 (1996).
1089:
statute "embodying a public policy" was privately enforceable by any injured member of the public for whose benefit the statute was enacted. This was most unsatisfactory to conservatives on the
645:
798:. Most defenses must be raised at the first possible opportunity either in the answer or by motion or are deemed waived. A few defenses, in particular a court's lack of subject matter
1132:, Justice Ming Chin wrote for a unanimous court that "we begin with the premise that a violation of a state statute does not necessarily give rise to a private cause of action."
935:
test for several years, and in applying the test, "or the most part, the Court refused to create causes of action." An important application of the test, however, came in
2378:
946:
of action was consistent with the remedial purpose
Congress had in mind, and that discrimination was a matter of traditionally federal and not state concern. Justice
487:
1396:, 149 F.3d 161 (1998) to find an implied private right of action; Goodale, J. C., Frieden, R. (2021). All about Cable and Broadband. United States: Law Journal Press
782:. If a complaint does not allege facts sufficient to support every element of a claim, the court, upon motion by the opposing party, may dismiss the complaint for
2393:
1658:
991:(1979). At issue was an implied right under another section of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and the Court said that the first three factors mentioned in
638:
1638:
752:
2388:
1764:
2596:
857:
631:
1385:
1377:
1117:
2398:
2383:
770:
The points a plaintiff must prove to win a given type of case are called the "elements" of that cause of action. For example, for a claim of
1012:
977:
at this late date, the lack of precedential support for this decision militates strongly against its extension beyond the facts of the case"
1653:
135:
950:, however, dissented and criticized the Court's approach to implied rights of action, which he said was incompatible with the doctrine of
1599:
526:
1794:
844:
575:
1723:
823:
295:
119:
580:
1789:
531:
146:
53:
2368:
1759:
1749:
937:
902:
100:
2373:
57:
1105:
on the issue of whether a cause of action existed to enforce a statute should be interpreted as the
Legislature's intent to
72:
1209:
Section 14(a) of the Act is codified at 15 U.S.C. § 78(n)(a). As implemented by the SEC, it prohibits false or misleading
1085:
line of federal cases. For example, prior to 1988, California courts used a vague liberal construction test, under which
177:
2531:
1779:
1680:
1176:
987:
536:
151:
874:(1988), the Supreme Court determined that a cause of action would not be implied for the violation of rights where the
79:
2348:
2045:
1991:
1665:
1090:
853:
521:
172:
1830:
924:
Whether granting an implied cause of action would support the underlying remedial scheme set down in the statute, and
1996:
1860:
1754:
1381:
286:
46:
2075:
1964:
1774:
1675:
947:
225:
188:
86:
670:, is a set of facts sufficient to justify suing to obtain money or property, or to justify the enforcement of a
2591:
2448:
2200:
2070:
2050:
1718:
1670:
783:
2105:
2251:
2040:
1908:
1855:
1713:
1703:
1592:
897:
674:
against another party. The term also refers to the legal theory upon which a plaintiff brings suit (such as
449:
68:
918:
Whether the plaintiff is part of the class of persons "for whose especial benefit" the statute was enacted,
2343:
1976:
1804:
1006:
410:
405:
182:
686:). The legal document which carries a claim is often called a 'statement of claim' in English law, or a '
2358:
2244:
2173:
2028:
1913:
1363:
866:
505:
442:
205:
1875:
878:
had already provided a remedy for the violation of rights at issue, even if the remedy was inadequate.
2467:
2410:
2033:
2013:
1840:
1728:
1648:
1116:
and two fellow liberal colleagues were ejected from the court by the state's electorate for opposing
951:
586:
254:
193:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2501:
2363:
2323:
2085:
2055:
1923:
1784:
1708:
1698:
1094:
1063:
795:
736:
437:
342:
316:
218:
2569:
2562:
2474:
2353:
2278:
2095:
2060:
1971:
1928:
1898:
1870:
1865:
1835:
1809:
1633:
1585:
1098:
1035:
683:
675:
387:
357:
322:
1568:
2423:
2293:
2185:
2149:
2139:
2100:
2090:
2018:
2008:
1938:
1030:
985:
was decided, the Court adopted what legal scholars have called a new approach to the issue in
760:
571:
93:
2536:
2491:
2436:
2428:
2418:
2195:
2119:
1959:
1933:
1918:
1825:
1643:
1625:
1142:
1121:
941:(1979), which recognized an implied private right of action. There, a plaintiff sued under
921:
Whether the legislative history suggests that Congress intended to create a cause of action,
432:
427:
397:
2548:
2511:
2487:
2288:
2283:
2263:
2222:
2164:
2159:
2023:
2003:
1880:
1845:
1210:
1184:
708:, the pleading that initiates a lawsuit. A cause of action generally encompasses both the
392:
382:
248:
2454:
2303:
1986:
1850:
1744:
1690:
1156:
839:
789:
The defendant to a cause of action must file an "Answer" to the complaint in which the
764:
732:
679:
516:
362:
2585:
2257:
2178:
2126:
2065:
1903:
1769:
875:
871:
849:
814:
541:
2506:
2318:
2313:
2273:
2234:
1025:
799:
756:
713:
709:
556:
352:
327:
312:
291:
160:
17:
1349:
Justice Scalia and Justice O'Connor wrote a concurring opinion that they believe
2541:
2496:
2169:
1954:
1054:
Historically, Texas courts had wandered around in a chaotic fashion between the
910:
671:
469:
239:
211:
35:
2440:
2432:
2308:
2229:
2190:
2134:
771:
748:
744:
701:
617:
561:
332:
2482:
2298:
2268:
2239:
1981:
1608:
1380:
did not state whether a private cause of action exists under §531(e) of the
1113:
957:
This became a priority for Justice Powell and a battleground for the Court.
705:
694:
687:
498:
479:
474:
347:
276:
2206:
942:
827:
720:
697:
610:
307:
264:
2144:
2080:
927:
Whether the issue would be one that is traditionally left to state law.
779:
728:
566:
372:
337:
1799:
599:
1200:
Erwin Chemerinsky, Federal Jurisdiction § 6.3 at 382 (4th ed. 2003).
838:
Perhaps the best known case creating an implied cause of action for
2459:
818:
740:
724:
459:
2154:
1073:
Some states have developed their own tests independently of the
1058:
test and a liberal construction test roughly similar to the old
775:
712:(the legal wrong the plaintiff claims to have suffered) and the
493:
1581:
778:, breach (of that duty), proximate cause (by that breach), and
1024:
test has continued to be cited in federal courts, and Justice
973:"although I do not suggest that we should consider overruling
667:
29:
1577:
1034:(2020) to vacate a court of appeals judgment that applied a
719:
There are a number of specific causes of action, including:
1128:
apply to all California statutes. In the 2010 decision in
1490:
United Steelworkers of America v. Tri-State Greyhound Park
1097:, who articulated a strict constructionist view in a 1979
817:
statutory and constitutional law for circumstances when a
892:
in deciding when to create private rights of action."
1266:. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. p. 192.
1020:
as a test for the implication of private remedies. The
1013:
Karahalios v. National Federation of Federal Employees
802:, need not be pleaded and may be raised at any time.
1454:
Burns Jackson Miller Summit & Spitzer v. Lindner
1418:
Napoletano v. Cigna Healthcare of Connecticut, Inc.,
961:, which was also applied under the fourth factor in
2409:
2334:
2118:
1947:
1889:
1818:
1737:
1689:
1624:
1615:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
27:Set of facts sufficient to justify a right to sue
1336:Securities Regulation: Liabilities and Rememdies
1264:A History of Securities Law in the Supreme Court
1538:Moradi-Shalal v. Fireman's Fund Ins. Companies,
1593:
1262:Pritchard, A.C.; Thompson, Robert B. (2023).
639:
8:
826:are treated differently from those based on
753:intentional infliction of emotional distress
723:-based actions; statutory causes of action;
1249:441 U.S. 677, 731 (Powell, J., dissenting).
1101:. As Richardson saw it, the Legislature's
1621:
1600:
1586:
1578:
1066:overruled both and adopted the textualist
996:admonishment of judicial overreach in his
646:
632:
131:
1257:
1255:
774:, the elements are: the (existence of a)
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1181:An Introduction to English Legal History
1394:McClellan v. Cablevision of Connecticut
1386:Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
1378:Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984
1357:test; See their concurring opinions in
1168:
598:
458:
418:
371:
263:
238:
159:
134:
1526:Wetherton v. Growers Farm Labor Assn.,
1046:Many states still use the first three
1560:
1558:
1120:. Bird's replacement, Chief Justice
931:The Supreme Court used the four-part
7:
1478:Brown v. Tennessee Title Loans, Inc.
1189:Historical Foundations of the Common
1016:(1989) a unanimous court recognized
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1550:Animal Legal Defense Fund v. Mendes
1430:Reliable Collection Agency v. Cole,
965:, was singled out by Powell in his
1639:Accidental death and dismemberment
1313:Touche Ross & Co. v. Redington
988:Touche Ross & Co. v. Redington
845:Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents
25:
1466:Estate of Witthoeft v. Kiskaddon,
1432:59 Haw. 503, 584 P.2d 107 (1978).
1240:Chemerinsky, supra, § 6.3 at 384.
1109:create such a cause of action.
824:Constitution of the United States
786:for which relief can be granted.
2597:Implied cause of action case law
1765:Directors and officers liability
1444:, 322 N.W.2d 35, 37 (Iowa 1982).
1353:effectively overruled the older
1112:In November 1986, Chief Justice
147:Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
34:
1552:, 160 Cal. App. 4th 136 (2008).
1492:, 364 S.E.2d 257 (W. Va. 1987).
1442:Seeman v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co.
1000:dissent, the Court applied the
938:Cannon v. University of Chicago
903:Securities Exchange Act of 1934
856:ruled that an individual whose
834:Constitutional causes of action
693:To pursue a cause of action, a
45:needs additional citations for
1480:, 328 S.W.3d 850 (Tenn. 2010).
532:Notwithstanding verdict (JNOV)
1:
1565:Lu v. Hawaiian Gardens Casino
1516:, 156 S.W.3d 560 (Tex. 2004).
1504:, 784 P.2d 1258 (Wash. 1990).
1408:, 830 P. 2d 905 (Colo. 1992).
1338:. Law Journal Seminars-Press.
1130:Lu v. Hawaiian Gardens Casino
2532:Savings and loan association
1528:275 Cal. App. 2d 168 (1969).
1406:Allstate Ins. Co. v. Parfrey
1093:, such as Associate Justice
152:Doctrines of civil procedure
1965:Insurance-linked securities
1569:50 Cal. 4th 592, 601, fn. 6
1420:238 Conn. 216 (Conn. 1996).
1361:, 484 U.S. 174 (1988); cf.
1334:Steinberg, Marc I. (1984).
1315:, 442 U.S. 560, 576 (1979).
1091:Supreme Court of California
1038:test instead of state law.
1028:cited the fourth factor in
854:United States Supreme Court
2613:
1654:Total permanent disability
882:Statutory causes of action
852:(1971). In that case, the
287:Case Information Statement
2557:
2394:Health insurance coverage
1659:Business overhead expense
1468:733 A. 2d 623 (Pa. 1999).
1222:377 U.S. 426, 433 (1964).
901:(1964), a case under the
522:As a matter of law (JMOL)
1795:Protection and indemnity
784:failure to state a claim
419:Resolution without trial
2252:Explanation of benefits
1724:Variable universal life
1456:, 59 N.Y.2d 314 (1983).
1231:422 U.S. 66, 78 (1975).
1062:test, but in 2004, the
811:Implied cause of action
806:Implied cause of action
2389:Health insurance costs
1790:Professional liability
1540:46 Cal. 3d 287 (1988).
979:
898:J.I. Case Co. v. Borak
411:Request for production
406:Request for admissions
2245:Out-of-pocket expense
2106:Workers' compensation
1760:Collateral protection
1750:Business interruption
1367:, 532 U.S. 275 (2001)
1364:Alexander v. Sandoval
1004:factor test again in
971:
867:Schweiker v. Chilicky
444:Involuntary dismissal
2468:Corpus Juris Civilis
1359:Thompson v. Thompson
1007:Thompson v. Thompson
952:separation of powers
796:affirmative defenses
587:Declaratory judgment
255:Forum non conveniens
138:in the United States
54:improve this article
2527:Rochdale Principles
2522:Mutual savings bank
2517:Mutual organization
2502:Cooperative banking
2419:Mesopotamian banker
1699:Longevity insurance
1514:Brown v. De La Cruz
1095:Frank K. Richardson
1064:Texas Supreme Court
981:Very shortly after
737:invasion of privacy
537:Motion to set aside
438:Voluntary dismissal
343:Indispensable party
317:affirmative defense
2279:Insurable interest
1780:Payment protection
1681:Payment protection
1382:Communications Act
1099:dissenting opinion
1036:federal common law
813:is a term used in
684:false imprisonment
676:breach of contract
388:Initial conference
373:Pretrial procedure
18:Statement of claim
2579:
2578:
2424:Code of Hammurabi
2399:Vehicle insurance
2294:Replacement value
2186:Actual cash value
2150:Adverse selection
2140:Actuarial science
2114:
2113:
2046:Kidnap and ransom
2019:Extended warranty
1666:Income protection
1118:the death penalty
1031:Rodriguez v. FDIC
864:In a later case,
761:unjust enrichment
656:
655:
130:
129:
122:
104:
69:"Cause of action"
16:(Redirected from
2604:
2537:Social insurance
2492:Friendly society
2384:Health insurance
2212:Short rate table
1960:Catastrophe bond
1861:Lenders mortgage
1622:
1602:
1595:
1588:
1579:
1572:
1562:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1502:Bennett v. Hardy
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1374:
1368:
1347:
1341:
1339:
1331:
1325:
1324:442 U.S. at 578.
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1285:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1259:
1250:
1247:
1241:
1238:
1232:
1229:
1223:
1220:
1214:
1211:proxy statements
1207:
1201:
1198:
1192:
1173:
1143:Werling v. Sandy
1122:Malcolm M. Lucas
858:Fourth Amendment
648:
641:
634:
445:
433:Summary judgment
428:Default judgment
178:Federal question
132:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2592:Civil procedure
2582:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2553:
2549:Insurance cycle
2512:Fraternal order
2405:
2336:
2330:
2289:Proximate cause
2284:Insurance fraud
2264:General average
2223:Claims adjuster
2165:Risk management
2160:Risk assessment
2124:
2121:
2110:
2076:Prize indemnity
1943:
1891:
1885:
1814:
1775:Over-redemption
1733:
1685:
1676:National health
1617:
1611:
1606:
1576:
1575:
1563:
1556:
1548:
1544:
1536:
1532:
1524:
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1404:
1400:
1375:
1371:
1348:
1344:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1284:422 US 66 at 85
1275:
1271:
1261:
1260:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1185:S. F. C. Milsom
1174:
1170:
1165:
1153:
1138:
1044:
889:
884:
836:
808:
755:; and suits in
664:right of action
660:cause of action
652:
623:
592:
559:
550:
519:
510:
506:Burden of proof
454:
443:
402:
393:Interrogatories
367:
301:
282:Cause of action
279:
249:Change of venue
232:
208:
199:
187:
175:
137:
136:Civil procedure
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2610:
2608:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2584:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2570:List of topics
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2558:
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2554:
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2551:
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2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
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2514:
2509:
2504:
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2480:
2479:
2478:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2455:Burial society
2445:
2444:
2443:
2437:§235–238; §240
2429:§100–105; §126
2421:
2415:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2379:Climate change
2371:
2369:United Kingdom
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2340:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2316:
2314:Underinsurance
2311:
2306:
2304:Self-insurance
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2254:
2249:
2248:
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2237:
2227:
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2215:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2198:
2193:
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2183:
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2176:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2137:
2131:
2129:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2071:Political risk
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2051:Legal expenses
2048:
2043:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1895:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1831:Builder's risk
1828:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1755:Business owner
1752:
1747:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1719:Universal life
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1695:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1671:Long-term care
1668:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1630:
1628:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1607:
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1597:
1590:
1582:
1574:
1573:
1554:
1542:
1530:
1518:
1506:
1494:
1482:
1470:
1458:
1446:
1434:
1422:
1410:
1398:
1369:
1342:
1326:
1317:
1305:
1295:
1286:
1269:
1251:
1242:
1233:
1224:
1215:
1202:
1193:
1177:Sir John Baker
1175:See generally
1167:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1157:Form of action
1152:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1137:
1134:
1043:
1040:
929:
928:
925:
922:
919:
888:
885:
883:
880:
840:constitutional
835:
832:
807:
804:
765:quantum meruit
654:
653:
651:
650:
643:
636:
628:
625:
624:
622:
621:
614:
606:
603:
602:
596:
595:
594:
593:
591:
590:
584:
578:
572:Attorney's fee
569:
564:
553:
551:
549:
548:
539:
534:
529:
524:
513:
509:
508:
503:
491:
484:
483:
482:
477:
466:
463:
462:
456:
455:
453:
452:
447:
440:
435:
430:
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421:
420:
416:
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395:
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385:
379:
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369:
368:
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360:
355:
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345:
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236:
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185:
180:
173:Subject-matter
169:
164:
163:
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155:
154:
149:
141:
140:
128:
127:
110:September 2014
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2609:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
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2572:
2571:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
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2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2456:
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2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2374:United States
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
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2300:
2297:
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2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2258:Force majeure
2255:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2179:Value of life
2177:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2123:
2117:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2041:Interest rate
2039:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1909:Inland marine
1907:
1905:
1904:GAP insurance
1902:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:Communication
1888:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
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1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
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1756:
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1746:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1714:Unitised fund
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1704:Mortgage life
1702:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
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1632:
1631:
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1627:
1623:
1620:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1598:
1596:
1591:
1589:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1546:
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1539:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1414:
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1399:
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1387:
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1379:
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1366:
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1360:
1356:
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1337:
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1318:
1314:
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1273:
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1258:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1206:
1203:
1197:
1194:
1191:Law (2nd ed).
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1172:
1169:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1126:retroactively
1123:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1049:
1041:
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1037:
1033:
1032:
1027:
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1015:
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1008:
1003:
999:
994:
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989:
984:
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976:
970:
968:
964:
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949:
944:
940:
939:
934:
926:
923:
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917:
916:
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912:
906:
904:
900:
899:
893:
886:
881:
879:
877:
876:U.S. Congress
873:
869:
868:
862:
859:
855:
851:
847:
846:
841:
833:
831:
829:
825:
820:
816:
815:United States
812:
805:
803:
801:
797:
792:
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
768:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
696:
691:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
649:
644:
642:
637:
635:
630:
629:
627:
626:
620:
619:
615:
613:
612:
608:
607:
605:
604:
601:
597:
588:
585:
582:
579:
577:
576:American rule
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
558:
555:
554:
552:
546:
544:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
518:
515:
514:
512:
511:
507:
504:
501:
500:
495:
492:
490:
489:
485:
481:
478:
476:
473:
472:
471:
468:
467:
465:
464:
461:
457:
451:
448:
446:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
425:
423:
422:
417:
412:
409:
407:
404:
403:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
380:
378:
377:
374:
370:
364:
363:Other motions
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
318:
314:
311:
309:
306:
305:
297:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
278:
275:
274:
272:
271:
270:
269:
266:
262:
257:
256:
252:
250:
247:
246:
245:
244:
241:
237:
228:
227:
223:
221:
220:
216:
214:
213:
207:
204:
203:
201:
195:
192:
190:
186:
184:
181:
179:
174:
171:
170:
168:
167:
166:
165:
162:
158:
153:
150:
148:
145:
144:
143:
142:
139:
133:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2568:
2561:
2507:Credit union
2473:
2466:
2447:
2319:Underwriting
2274:Insurability
2256:
2235:Co-insurance
2217:
2205:
2201:Cancellation
1992:Catastrophic
1977:Climate risk
1805:Trade credit
1564:
1549:
1545:
1537:
1533:
1525:
1521:
1513:
1509:
1501:
1497:
1489:
1485:
1477:
1473:
1465:
1461:
1453:
1449:
1441:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1417:
1413:
1405:
1401:
1393:
1389:
1388:applied the
1372:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1335:
1329:
1320:
1312:
1308:
1298:
1289:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1263:
1245:
1236:
1227:
1218:
1205:
1196:
1188:
1180:
1171:
1141:
1129:
1125:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1072:
1067:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1047:
1045:
1029:
1026:Neil Gorsuch
1021:
1017:
1011:
1005:
1001:
997:
992:
986:
982:
980:
974:
972:
966:
962:
958:
956:
936:
932:
930:
909:
907:
896:
894:
890:
872:487 U.S. 412
865:
863:
850:403 U.S. 388
843:
837:
810:
809:
800:jurisdiction
790:
788:
769:
718:
710:legal theory
692:
663:
659:
657:
616:
609:
581:English rule
542:
527:Renewed JMOL
497:
486:
358:Intervention
353:Interpleader
328:Counterclaim
292:Class action
281:
253:
226:Quasi in rem
224:
217:
210:
189:Supplemental
161:Jurisdiction
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2542:Trade union
2497:Cooperative
2170:Uncertainty
2029:Index-based
1997:Multi-peril
1955:Reinsurance
1914:Public auto
1819:Residential
1355:Cort v. Ash
1351:Touche Ross
1282:Cort v, Ash
1146:(Ohio 1985)
1022:Cort v. Ash
1018:Cort v. Ash
1010:(1988). In
993:Cort v. Ash
963:Cort v. Ash
933:Cort v. Ash
911:Cort v. Ash
887:Federal law
704:facts in a
672:legal right
545:(new trial)
398:Depositions
212:In personam
2586:Categories
2337:by country
2335:Insurance
2309:Total loss
2230:Deductible
2191:Cash value
2135:Act of God
2120:Insurance
2034:Parametric
2014:Expatriate
1890:Transport/
1856:Landlords'
1841:Earthquake
1729:Whole life
1649:Disability
1183:(4th ed);
1163:References
842:rights is
772:negligence
749:negligence
618:Certiorari
562:Injunction
450:Settlement
333:Crossclaim
80:newspapers
2483:Syndicate
2449:Collegium
2344:Australia
2299:Risk pool
2269:Indemnity
2240:Copayment
2174:Knightian
2086:Terrorism
2056:Liability
1924:Satellite
1785:Pollution
1709:Term life
1618:insurance
1616:Types of
1609:Insurance
1376:Although
1114:Rose Bird
1042:State law
969:dissent:
706:complaint
695:plaintiff
688:complaint
499:voir dire
480:defendant
475:plaintiff
383:Discovery
348:Impleader
277:Complaint
265:Pleadings
183:Diversity
2563:Category
2441:§275–277
2359:Pakistan
2207:Pro rata
2096:War risk
2061:No-fault
1972:Casualty
1929:Shipping
1899:Aviation
1876:Renters'
1871:Property
1866:Mortgage
1836:Contents
1810:Umbrella
1770:Fidelity
1738:Business
1634:Accident
1392:test in
1151:See also
1136:Case law
1083:Sandoval
1068:Sandoval
943:Title IX
828:statutes
759:such as
727:such as
721:contract
611:Mandamus
517:Judgment
308:Demurrer
298:) )
296:2005 Act
206:Personal
2488:Benefit
2475:Digesta
2411:History
2145:Actuary
2101:Weather
2091:Tuition
2081:Takaful
2009:Deposit
1939:Vehicle
1571:(2010).
1103:silence
780:damages
745:slander
733:battery
729:assault
702:alleges
680:battery
567:Damages
547: )
543:De novo
496: (
470:Parties
338:Joinder
315: (
294: (
194:Removal
94:scholar
2364:Serbia
2324:Profit
2196:Broker
2122:policy
1934:Travel
1919:Marine
1826:Boiler
1800:Surety
1644:Dental
1626:Health
1384:, the
1340:§ 9.02
1081:, and
1070:test.
983:Cannon
948:Powell
791:claims
757:equity
714:remedy
698:pleads
600:Appeal
557:Remedy
488:Pro se
313:Answer
219:In rem
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2460:Guild
2354:India
2349:China
2218:Claim
2024:Group
2004:Cyber
1982:Crime
1948:Other
1881:Title
1846:Flood
1278:Borak
1075:Borak
1060:Borak
998:Canon
975:Borak
967:Canon
959:Borak
819:court
741:fraud
725:torts
682:, or
666:, in
460:Trial
323:Reply
240:Venue
101:JSTOR
87:books
2433:§234
2155:Risk
2125:and
1987:Crop
1851:Home
1745:Bond
1691:Life
1390:Cort
1276:"In
1079:Cort
1056:Cort
1048:Cort
1002:Cort
776:duty
763:and
494:Jury
73:news
2127:law
2066:Pet
1107:not
1087:any
908:In
895:In
700:or
668:law
662:or
56:by
2588::
2439:;
2435:;
2431:;
1567:,
1557:^
1254:^
1187:,
1179:,
1077:,
870:,
848:,
830:.
767:.
751:,
747:,
743:,
739:,
735:,
731:,
678:,
658:A
2490:/
2172:/
1601:e
1594:t
1587:v
1213:.
647:e
640:t
633:v
589:)
583:)
574:(
560:(
520:(
502:)
319:)
280:(
229:)
209:(
196:)
176:(
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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