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keyword can also be used to declare a member variable in a class to have static storage duration as well, independent from the storage duration of the class object itself, and such a variable must be defined outside the class. The effect is that the variable is shared among all class instances,
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keyword is used in many programming languages to specify a local variable to have a lifetime of the whole program, preserved between function invocations, instead of having its own copy for each function invocation as in automatic storage duration, inherited from the usage in C.
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becoming a class member instead of an instance member. When applied to a member function (method), it specifies that the member function operates independently of an instance, which means it can't access any non-static members of the class nor the
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to prevent capturing states which are captured by default. It is similar to static local variables and static class members in the sense that a static closure does not depend on the running invocation of the containing function.
495:). Other programming languages which support visibility declarations at top-level use a variety of other keywords to specify different level of visibility, for example,
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keyword in C, when used as a top-level declaration, makes the variable or function visible to its own compilation unit only. Modern programming languages generally uses
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to modify a declaration. The effect of the keyword varies depending on the details of the specific programming language, most commonly used to modify the lifetime (as a
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keyword, when used on variables, always declare a variable with static storage duration, there are two distinct meanings of the keyword, depending on where it is used:
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keyword is used in most programming languages with classes to specify a member to be a class member, instead of an instance member, inherited from the usage of C++.
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Every variable and function has one of these storage classes; if a declaration does not specify the storage class, a context-dependent default is used:
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keyword to specify external storage (external to all functions and must be defined outside a function), which is always static, in contrast with
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Block-scoped declaration: to declare a variable with static instead of automatic storage duration. C doesn't support block-scoped functions.
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For methods: cannot access any non-static members without an object expression (implicitly referring to the current instance), or the
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Top-level declaration: to declare an identifier with internal instead of external linkage, applicable to both variables and functions.
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reference to the outer class object and must exist in the context of an outer class instance, by declaring an inner class to be
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Indepedent from any class instances, can be accessed using the class name instead of an expression having the class object type.
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to avoid name clashes, so this use isn't widely adopted apart from programming languages with C compatibility in mind (e.g.
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A variable with the same lifetime as the program, as described above (language-independent);
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For fields: exist throughout the program lifetime (i.e. having static storage duration).
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Therefore, in C, the term "static variable" has two meanings which are easy to confuse:
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Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the
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Static initialisers in Java and
Javascript, which are run once when the class is loaded
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C#: Closures by default have all local and instance variables captured in it, the
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about the use of the static keyword to declare class methods in C++ and Java.
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keyword for local variables to be kept across invocation include such as
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Static constructors in C#, which are run once before the class is used
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keyword in other places in a class declaration or usage, for example:
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The following programming languages with C-like syntax do not support
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Some programming languages even go further, allowing the use of
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A static member of a class has the following characteristics:
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Examples of programming languages which support the usage of
384:(C-family-specific) A variable declared with storage class
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PHP: Closures constructed in an instance method have the
677:. Murray Hill, New Jersey: Bell Laboratories. p. 4.
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keyword specifies that no outside states to be captured.
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keyword can be used in some programming languages on
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in Java for classes which can be used everywhere, or
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707:"Access Modifiers (C# Programming Guide)"
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