20:
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A trial of twenty people associated with
Stavisky began in 1935. Printed charges were 1200 pages long. All of the accused, including Stavisky's widow, two deputies and one general, were acquitted the next year. The amount defrauded was estimated to be the equivalent of $ 18 million at the prevailing
329:
The
Stavisky affair left France weakened internally. The country remained divided politically for the rest of the decade, but the political weaknesses it exposed and exacerbated were not confined to France. The affair was emblematic of a more general decrease of popularity of democratic values and
156:
The scheme which finally killed
Alexandre Stavisky, his political guests' reputations, and the uninvited public's peace of mind, was his emission of hundreds of millions of francs' worth of false bonds on the city of Bayonne's municipal pawnshop, which were bought up by life-insurance companies,
143:
In 1927, Stavisky was put on trial for fraud for the first time. However, the trial was postponed repeatedly, and he was granted bail nineteen times. Stavisky probably continued his scams during that time. One judge who claimed to have secret documents involving
Stavisky was later found
139:
Stavisky maintained his reputation by using his acquaintances with important people. If a newspaper tried to investigate his affairs, he paid it to stop either with large advertisement contracts or by buying the newspaper's company.
169:, but there was a persistent speculation that police officers had killed him. Fourteen Parisian newspapers reported his death as a suicide, but eight did not. The distance that the bullet had travelled caused the newspaper
187:
After
Stavisky's death, details about his long criminal history, his relations with the French establishment and his controversial death became public. His involvement with so many ministers caused the resignation of
157:
counseled by the
Minister of Colonies, who was counseled by the Minister of Commerce, who was counseled by the Mayor of Bayonne, who was counseled by the little manager of the hockshop, who was counseled by Stavisky.
248:, "The consensus among scholars is that there was no concerted or unified design to seize power and that the police lacked the coherence, unity, or leadership to accomplish such an end". The historian of
108:. Stavisky tried various professions, working as a café singer, a nightclub manager, a soup factory worker and as the operator of a gambling den. During the 1930s, he managed municipal
374:
291:
211:, who was notorious for his rightist sympathies and suspected of encouraging previous anti-government demonstrations. Daladier then dismissed the director of the
286:. It was the first time during the Third Republic that a government had to resign as a result of riots by the opposition. Other results were the formation of
74:
seemed like a possibility at the time, but historians agree that the multiple rightist forces were uncoordinated and not trying to overthrow the government.
322:, referring to the alleged inability of any of Stavisky's important friends to remember him, described the dead con artist as "a man with no face".
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exchange rates, plus an additional $ 54 million that came within months of being attained. The location of
Stavisky's wealth is still unknown.
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The scandal involved a remarkable range of people from politics, wealthy society and the literary-intellectual elite of Paris.
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opposition that he and his police had killed
Stavisky intentionally to protect influential people. The new Prime Minister was
440:, a second 1935 scandal that contributed to the fall of the right-wing coalition government of the Second Spanish Republic.
275:, the demonstration occurred on the night of 6–7 February 1934. The police fired upon and killed 15 demonstrators.
161:
At the risk of exposure in
December 1933, Stavisky fled. On 8 January 1934, the police found him in a chalet in
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asserted unequivocally that Orloff was shot by police and his death made to look like a suicide.
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reported on the affair and
Stavisky's ex-bodyguard threatened him with physical violence.
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165:; he was dead from a gunshot wound. Stavisky was officially determined to have committed
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However, leftists feared an overt fascist conspiracy. Fomented by several conservative,
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and also knew people active in the financial sector. Stavisky sold worthless
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The Extreme Right in France, 1789 to the Present: From de Maistre to Le Pen
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had protected Stavisky, who died suddenly in mysterious circumstances.
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was asked why she had been photographed with Stavisky at a nightclub.
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Daladier was forced to resign. His successor was the conservative
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18:
409:"Kaleidoscope", one of the Kohler & St. Cyre mystery novels.
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The affair also forms part of the background of the events in
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police firing upon and killing 14 demonstrators. A right-wing
256:, described it as "barely a riot... a street demonstration".
559:(W. W. Norton: 1990) pp. 24–58, a scholarly account
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as Stavisky's fictional counterpart, Stefan Orloff, and
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The dismissal of Chiappe was the immediate cause of the
483:
Joel Colton, "Politics and economics in the 1930s" in
543:
Stavisky – A Confidence Man in the Republic of Virtue
517:, vol. 3: 1871–1962 (1965). Penguin Books. (No ISBN)
459:
Stavisky: A Confidence Man in the Republic of Virtue
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institutions in Europe during the Great Depression.
233:, who announced that demonstrators would be shot.
46:. The scandal had political ramifications for the
240:, which some considered as a possible rightist
203:, and one of his first acts was to dismiss the
426:, a 1935 scandal with one of its locations in
557:Between Two Fires: Europe's Path in the 1930s
229:. He also appointed a new Interior Minister,
8:
485:From the Ancien Regime to the Popular Front,
384:Hollywood released a depiction in 1937 with
292:French Section of the Workers' International
175:to propose sarcastically that Stavisky had "
294:(SFIO), the main socialist party, and the
263:, monarchist or fascist groups, including
64:on 6 February 1934, which resulted in the
136:, which were later revealed to be glass.
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365:, a movie commissioned in 1942 by the
50:government after it was revealed that
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487:ed. Charles K. Warner (1969), p. 183
290:leagues and an alliance between the
62:large anti-government demonstrations
377:, Stavisky was presented as both a
302:, which won that year's elections.
183:Political crisis of 6 February 1934
14:
342:told the story in the 1974 movie
85:(1888–1934), who became known as
104:; his parents had relocated to
60:Political rightists engaged in
373:'s propaganda ministry within
1:
244:. According to the historian
583:Political scandals in France
298:. That resulted in the 1936
205:prefect of the Paris police
100:who was born in modern-day
35:was a financial scandal in
16:Financial scandal in France
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515:A History of Modern France
195:with accusations from the
500:(Routledge, 2002), p. 96.
524:, (1972), articles from
352:with the title role and
83:Serge Alexandre Stavisky
520:Janet Flanner (Genêt),
432:Second Spanish Republic
227:Radical‐Socialist Party
215:, who had been staging
338:French movie director
296:French Communist Party
238:6 February 1934 crisis
219:'s controversial play
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128:of what he called the
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430:that scandalized the
356:as his wife Arlette.
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22:
367:Propaganda Abteilung
306:Further consequences
284:coalition government
555:Large, David Clay,
522:Paris was Yesterday
472:Paris was Yesterday
457:Paul F. Jankowski,
273:Mouvement Franciste
217:William Shakespeare
39:in 1934, involving
369:, a delegation of
350:Jean-Paul Belmondo
334:In popular culture
172:Le Canard enchaîné
134:Empress of Germany
120:and financed his "
44:Alexandre Stavisky
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23:Alexandre Stavisky
213:Comédie Française
193:Camille Chautemps
55:Camille Chautemps
48:Radical-Socialist
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470:Janet Flanner,
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419:Interwar France
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407:J. Robert Janes
375:occupied France
362:Forces occultes
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316:Georges Simenon
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282:, who formed a
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33:Stavisky affair
27:14 January 1934
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52:Prime Minister
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381:and a crook.
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340:Alain Resnais
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300:Popular Front
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593:Embezzlement
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371:Nazi Germany
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354:Anny Duperey
348:, featuring
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288:anti-fascism
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269:Croix-de-Feu
261:anti-Semitic
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209:Jean Chiappe
186:
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142:
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132:of the late
86:
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32:
30:
396:Kay Francis
312:Mistinguett
254:René Rémond
246:Joel Colton
231:Eugène Frot
146:decapitated
89:("Handsome
71:coup d'état
567:Categories
222:Coriolanus
197:right-wing
177:a long arm
93:"), was a
545:, (2002)
424:Straperlo
379:Freemason
124:" on the
110:pawnshops
41:embezzler
413:See also
345:Stavisky
271:and the
163:Chamonix
152:wrote:
130:emeralds
122:hockshop
78:Stavisky
598:Bayonne
508:Sources
320:Colette
250:fascism
167:suicide
114:Bayonne
102:Ukraine
95:Russian
549:
532:
474:(1972)
461:(2002)
267:, the
242:putsch
126:surety
106:France
37:France
445:Notes
118:bonds
91:Sasha
66:Paris
547:ISBN
530:ISBN
31:The
359:In
179:".
112:in
98:Jew
569::
541:,
252:,
207:,
148:.
434:.
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