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radios, they would then start to conduct intelligence gathering operations in what is called static covert surveillance as well as target acquisition for high value targets such as enemy headquarters, troop concentrations, and atomic weapons systems. They would also perform demolition tasks, in what was referred to as the 'demolition belt', at places where bottlenecks were likely to occur for enemy formations. Another task would have been escape and evasion (E&E) assistance to downed pilots and others needing repatriation.
203:
intelligence services and recruited their agents from amongst the civilian population. Specially selected civilian stay-behind networks or SBOs were created in many
Western countries, including Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, Germany, Switzerland, Norway, Austria and others, including Iran. They prepared to organize resistance, sabotage and intelligence-gathering in occupied (NATO) territory. The most famous of these clandestine stay-behind networks was the Italian
36:
886:
The Pripet Swamp, which created a great gap between German Army Group Center and Army Group North soon after ... June 1941, made it impossible for large military formations to conduct mutually supporting operations. Attempts to bypass such extensive wetlands proved perilous, because outflanked Soviet
214:
Many hidden weapons-caches have been found in Italy, Austria, Germany, the
Netherlands and other countries that had been at the disposition of these "secret armies". As late as 1996, the United Kingdom revealed to the German government the existence of stay-behind weapons and equipment caches in
241:
to D+1-5). These units would quickly deploy forward, link up with the rear guard or 'aggressive delaying force' and 'stay-behind' as these forces withdrew, letting themselves be bypassed by advancing Warsaw Pact troops. Exploiting pre-reconnoitred hide sites and caches of arms, ammunition, and
202:
forces taking over an area. According to Martin
Packard they were "financed, armed, and trained in covert resistance activities, including assassination, political provocation and disinformation". These clandestine stay-behind organisations (SBOs) were created and run under the auspices of
1103:
Doreen
Hartwich, Bernd-Helge Mascher: Geschichte der SpezialkampffĂŒhrung (Abteilung IV des MfS) â Aufgaben, Struktur, Personal, Ăberlieferung, Der Bundesbeauftragte fĂŒr die Unterlagen des Staatssicherheitsdienstes der ehemaligen Deutschen Demokratischen Republik (BStU), Berlin
1152:
Francesco
Cacciatore (2021): Stay-behind networks and interim flexible strategy: the âGladioâ case and US covert intervention in Italy in the Cold War, Intelligence and National Security, DOI: 10.1080/02684527.2021.1911436
236:
During the Cold War, military stay-behind units were usually long-range reconnaissance, surveillance and target acquisition units that were specifically earmarked for operations in the early phase of a potential war
223:, police found boxes with 9âmm pistols and ammunition, knives, navigation equipment, an RS-6 "spy radio", various manuals, tank- and aircraft-recognition books, a flask of brandy, and chocolate, as well as a copy of
148:
1113:
Stephen
Russell Cox (2015). Britain and the origin of Israeli Special Operations: SOE and PALMACH during the Second World War, Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict, 8:1, 60-78, DOI:10.1080/17467586.2014.964741
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The Finns soon became seriously hindered and harassed by Soviet forces operating in their rear areas. Some of these units were left to operate as stay-behind or partisan units as the
Soviets retreated.
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operation is one where a country places secret operatives or organizations in its own territory, for use in case of a later enemy occupation. The stay-behind operatives would then form the basis of a
753:
1161:
SMT-Verfahren im
Zusammenhang mit der Kampfgruppe gegen Unmenschlichkeit (KgU), in: Bohse, Daniel/Miehe, Lutz (Hrsg.): Sowjetische MilitĂ€rjustiz in der SBZ und frĂŒhen DDR: Tagungsband, Halle 2007.
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601:) Operatiën en Inlichtingen (Operations and Intelligence) was unique among its counterparts in other NATO countries in that it operated autonomously from NATO control.
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from behind enemy lines. Small-scale operations may cover discrete areas, but larger stay-behind operations envisage reacting to the conquest of whole countries.
1179:
Mark
Gasiorowski (2019) The US stay-behind operation in Iran, 1948-1953, Intelligence and National Security, 34:2, 170-188, DOI: 10.1080/02684527.2018.1534639
219:. The content of these caches offer an insight into the equipment supplied to (German) stay-behind networks. In two of the secret caches, buried in the
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Stay-behind also refers to a military tactic whereby specially trained soldiers let themselves be overrun by enemy forces in order to conduct
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Koestler, Orwell und âDie
Wahrheit": die Kampfgruppe gegen Unmenschlichkeit (KgU) und das heimliche Lesen in der SBZ/DDR 1948 bis 1959
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set up this clandestine structure. Training for Palmach operatives was conducted at the Special Training Center (STC102) at
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stay-behind forces and partisans pounced on logistical troops as soon as German spearheads disappeared.
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that would operate in a stay-behind capacity in the event of an invasion of northern Australia
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Soldier Under Three Flags: Exploits of Special Forces' Captain Larry A. Thorne
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Clandestine preparations started by governments for anticipated invasions
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Austrian Association of Hiking, Sports and Society (OeWSGV, also: ĂWSGV)
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Nato's Secret Armies: Operation Gladio and Terrorism in Western Europe
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provided such stay-behind parties in the UK's sector of West Germany.
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intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance
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194:(SIS) helped to set up clandestine stay-behind networks in many
229:, the guerrilla warfare manual written in 1957 by Swiss Major
29:
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to resist a potential Axis occupation before and during the
1073:"Eyes on Target: 'Stay-behind' Forces During the Cold War"
1030:"Eyes on target: 'Stay-behind' forces during the Cold War"
962:"Eyes on target: 'Stay-behind' forces during the Cold War"
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Stay-behind operations of significant size existed during
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countries, intending to activate them in the event of
401:
International Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol School
937:
Getting It Wrong: Fragments From a Cyprus Diary 1964
754:
Study and Training Group for Military Reconnaissance
282:
21 Special Air Service Regiment (Artists) (Reserve)
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
323:4/73 (Sphinx) Special Observation Post Battery RA
641:Plan Bleu, La Rose des Vents, and Arc-en-ciel (
8:
492:List of known clandestine stay-behind plans
905:. Pathfinder Publishing, Inc. p. 45.
561:. SOE Palestine, with assistance from the
261:List of military stay-behind trained units
1088:
1045:
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292:23 Special Air Service Regiment (Reserve)
207:, acknowledged by Italian Prime Minister
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
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343:Escadron Spécial de Recherche (SOE/ESR)
163:. The United Kingdom put in place the
151:tasks often from pre-prepared hides.
7:
545:Palestine Post-Occupational Scheme (
381:, Lochoi Oreinon Katadromon or LOK (
58:adding citations to reliable sources
868:. Potomac Books, Inc. p. 122.
588:Operatiën en Inlichtingen (O&I)
535:(Gibraltar), designed by Commander
419:-Abteilung IV SpezialkampffĂŒhrung (
679:Kampfgruppe gegen Unmenschlichkeit
549:): joint plan between the British
483:with an official doctrine to wage
184:North Atlantic Treaty Organization
25:
671:â Technischer Dienst, or TD BJD (
459:Regional Force Surveillance Units
1227:Psychological warfare techniques
1071:Sinai, Tamir (8 December 2020).
1028:Sinai, Tamir (8 December 2020).
960:Sinai, Tamir (8 December 2020).
939:. UK: AuthorHouse. p. 364.
813:Long-range reconnaissance patrol
311:Special Reconnaissance Squadron
34:
1237:Urban guerrilla warfare tactics
45:needs additional citations for
399:Training was conducted at the
1:
487:against a potential occupier.
1130:. 6 May 2021. Archived from
479:), non-secret branch of the
302:Honourable Artillery Company
255:Honourable Artillery Company
624:Operation (Red) Sheepskin (
192:Secret Intelligence Service
188:Central Intelligence Agency
186:(NATO) coordinated and the
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1217:Stay-behind organizations
862:Collins, John M. (1998).
373:7e Compagnie de Commandos
333:10th Special Forces Group
1188:Ganser, Daniele (2005),
1090:10.1177/0968344520914345
1047:10.1177/0968344520914345
1003:Ballinger, Adam (1994).
979:10.1177/0968344520914345
935:Packard, Martin (2008).
833:Eastern Syria Insurgency
730:InformationsbyrÄn ('IB')
379:1st Paratroopers Brigade
1222:Intelligence operations
899:Gill, Henry A. (1998).
798:Clandestine cell system
467:Australian Army Reserve
481:Yugoslav People's Army
190:(CIA) and the British
669:Bund Deutscher Jugend
363:Korps Commandotroepen
245:The United Kingdom's
211:on October 24, 1990.
687:, Turkish branch of
353:FernspÀher Companies
272:Special Boat Service
54:improve this article
1134:on October 23, 2023
699:NihtilÀ-Haahti plan
547:Mandatory Palestine
533:Operation Goldeneye
473:Territorial Defense
138:resistance movement
865:Military Geography
1199:978-0-7146-5607-6
1014:978-1-85797-158-3
1005:The quiet Soldier
946:978-1-4343-7065-5
781:Challenge Project
740:Operation Washtub
685:Counter-Guerrilla
659:SDRA8 and STC/Mob
559:200 days of dread
485:guerrilla warfare
389:Ăzel Harp Dairesi
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803:Cloak and dagger
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465:), units of the
427:Patriotic Guards
247:Territorial Army
226:Total Resistance
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209:Giulio Andreotti
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69:"Stay-behind"
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65:Find sources:
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43:This article
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758:West Germany
719:Arla gryning
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571:Mount Carmel
517:Nazi Germany
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
766:1948â1953 (
722: [
713:Switzerland
599:Netherlands
591: [
567:Moshe Dayan
537:Ian Fleming
411:Warsaw Pact
367:Netherlands
217:West Berlin
200:Warsaw Pact
178:During the
134:stay-behind
18:Stay behind
1211:Categories
918:2013-09-28
881:2013-09-28
849:References
823:Home guard
709:Projekt-26
541:Royal Navy
477:Yugoslavia
454:Projekt-27
405:Weingarten
80:newspapers
1007:. Orion.
843:Terrorism
527:Gibraltar
463:Australia
407:Germany.
169:Partisans
828:Free War
792:See also
619:Portugal
582:Cold War
553:and the
375:(France)
196:European
180:Cold War
1052:p.12-13
764:Qashqai
711:(P-26,
703:Finland
673:Germany
663:Belgium
636:Austria
555:Palmach
513:Werwolf
431:Romania
357:Germany
347:Belgium
155:History
94:scholar
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1138:24 May
1011:
943:
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734:Sweden
693:Turkey
675:-West)
653:Norway
643:France
626:Greece
605:GLADIO
393:Turkey
383:Greece
182:, the
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89:
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609:Italy
595:]
575:Haifa
573:near
438:World
239:D-Day
142:spies
101:JSTOR
87:books
1194:ISBN
1140:2021
1104:2016
1009:ISBN
984:p.16
941:ISBN
907:ISBN
870:ISBN
768:Iran
728:and
266:NATO
253:and
173:Axis
73:news
1085:doi
1042:doi
974:doi
732:in
649:ROC
551:SOE
417:MfS
403:in
313:RAC
251:SAS
171:in
56:by
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