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represent significant barriers for minority members of the LAFD, remain. Double standards, subjective judgements and institutionalized discrimination still serve as an effective barrier against equal and fair promotional practices. A review of minority members, in middle and upper-level management positions, is clear evidence of the ongoing problem of discrimination faced by our members. The LAFD has become polarized, not only within itself, but also within the high risk communities it serves. The LAFD is one of the Fire
Departments who must protect itself from the very people it is supposed to serve. The Los Angeles City Council's resolution #94.0585 dated April 12, 1994, directed the Personnel Department to study the LAFD. This study was to review the entry level process and all procedures and factors relevant to promotion and advancement within the Fire Department as they relate to minorities and females. This represents an important opportunity for objective evaluation and for change. The Los Angeles City Stentorians is an African-American Firefighter's Association dedicated to the professional advancement of its members. Therefore, we have a real stake in ensuring that the Personnel Department's study objectively evaluates and highlights the LAFD's present promotional and employment practices. We are confident that an honest review of the present employment conditions in the LAFD will lead to the conclusion that a fundamental lack of equal opportunity exists and that certain safeguards, policies and procedures are needed to level the playing field. The Stentorian organization would like to see an LAFD united within itself. Where all members are treated equally, and job satisfaction is not only experienced by each member, but is also displayed to the communities in which we live and serve.
233:, the newly elected mayor, wanted to install his own fire chief, and sought a pretext to oust the current head of the LAFD, fire chief engineer John Alderson. A month after taking office, he was given a petition backed by the NAACP that protested that the LAFD did not represent the people it served because it was not integrated. Poulson, who was against fair employment practices, sought to use this petition to get the fire commission to fire the chief engineer. Alderson wanted no interference from city hall but then was beset on another front. When the fire commission ordered him to produce a plan on integration and the white ranks learned of this, they raised $ 500,000 and formed a fact-finding committee to investigate whether integration was possible and petitioned the fire commission to hold any decision until October 14, 1954. Before the results of this committee were heard, the commissioners ordered Alderson to integrate, which he began to do. Four black firefighters were sent to other firehouses from the two segregated firehouses. Tensions rose; the fact-finding committee reported back to the commission that under no circumstances should integration occur. By then, the firehouses that were integrated became hellhouses for the black firefighters. Nightly hazing had become warped and degrading. When six more blacks were sent to the Old #10 firehouse, the tension was palpable. By the end of 1955, Chief Alderson removed the men from the white firehouses (so-called ‘Hate Houses’), for their safety, much to the chagrin of the fire commission, which then fired him for insubordination. Wearied by the year's events and vilified by
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LAFD during the mid-1950s. Station 30, along with station 14, integrated in 1956 and was later closed in 1980. It is now home to the
African American Firefighter Museum and is dedicated to collecting, conserving and sharing the shared history and heritage of African American firefighters. The history of African American firefighters in Los Angeles spans more than 100 years and provides a unique glimpse into the history of firefighting, race relations and segregation in the city. It was one of two segregated fire stations where black firefighters worked in Los Angeles between 1924 and 1955. It was built in 1913 and served the Central Avenue community of the city. It is now beautifully restored and has the original apparatus floor tiles, poles and kitchen out-building. In 1985 Old Fire Station 30 was declared a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument - #289 on the historic register - and is the recipient of the Los Angeles Conservancy's 1999 Preservation Award. It is opened to the public as a museum. In 2009 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places along with No. 14. Old Fire Station 30 exhibits display a wide array of firefighting gear including vintage engines (an 1890 hose wagon and a 1940 Pirsch ladder truck), uniforms from LA County and LA City firefighters, New York badges and uniforms, helmets of all kinds, displays of African American women firefighters, photographs, and other paraphernalia and firefighting artifacts.
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year of 1955-56 finally ended for the LAFD. Bradley Garret and
Tolbert Young were the first blacks hired after integration. Both were terminated unfairly during their academy training, which path Jim Crow practices now took in the fire department. By 1959, barely 3% of the firefighters in the LAFD were African-American. During the 60 years following Alderson's departure, questions of whether he was a traditionalist protecting his department arose. Alderson believed in segregation, and he had convinced himself that his legal obligations under the city charter prohibited assignments based upon race, albeit that some of the city's laws now ran against the rulings adopted by the supreme court and made law everywhere across America.
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the fire commission. Alderson retired at the end of the year. Deputy Chief Frank
Rothermel became interim chief engineer until William L. Miller became the fire chief engineer on January 17, 1956, and began to integrate the LAFD. Miller, not wanting to be in the same place as the man he replaced, quietly went about the task. With some white firefighters backing integration and receiving punishment for it, the tide had turned against segregation and Miller went ahead and transferred black and white firefighters to Fire Station 7 at 2824 S. Main Street. Calling it an "experiment", Miller had chosen men he knew were un-opposed to integration for the assignment at Fire Station 7.
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312:. The previous year, the Los Angeles County Fire union, Local 1014 had accused the Stentorians of cheating on the entry-level exam for firefighters. As a result of the allegation, the fire chief threw out the exam, causing countless candidates to fail the new exam. The allegations were false, and the union and the Stentorians endured a rift in their otherwise cordial relationship. The EDI was created in response to this. Historically, Black firefighters had not been successful in attending the NFA for a variety of reasons. Later on, EDI was renamed in honor of
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sisters for the Gwen Bolden
Foundation. Through their involvement in the school system, the Foundation and the Stentorians have been able to offer community youth a viable alternative to the growing problems with gangs and drugs. The Stentorians have progressed and prospered over the years, becoming a well noted and respected organization in the community. Old Station 46 was renovated and became the home of the Stentorians, and renamed for Arnett Hartsfield Jr of the City and Van Davis of the County of LA fire departments.
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firefighters in the ranks do not reflect the demographics of the populations served, hence the continued need for such fraternal organizations. As recently as 2011 lawsuits filed by fraternal organizations and joined by the
Justice Department forced the City of New York to settle with the Vulcan Society of the FDNY in making minority appointments from the lists established by the Dept of Personnel in 1999, 2002 and 2007, leading to the most diversified classes in the history of that city's fire dept.
269:. The struggles of the Civil Rights era had begun with the stands made by civil service workers such as those Old Stentorians who fought for fairness and diversity in the ranks of the LAFD. By recruiting and mentoring youth to apply for the title and later in the ranks of the paramedics, the 1970s saw a rise in the number of black officers. While occasionally there was racial tension in the firehouse, the LAFD began to find itself under fire from the very communities they served. In 1965,
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146:, meaning a powerful voice. They espoused non-violence and adopted the slogan, "We only fight the department on integration." The Stentorians determined that to protect the men, a round-the-clock patrol would deploy to guard the black firefighters at Fire Station 10. CBS Channel 2 news ran newscasts of recordings after a reporter provided the Stentorians with special microphones to record the night-long hazings.
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the Los
Angeles Fire Department. Haskins was fatally injured on November 19, 1895, while responding to a fire call on 1st Street. When the steamer he was riding on hit a bump in the road, Haskins lost his balance and fell between the steamer's boiler and the wheel. He was the first firefighter of any race to die on duty with the Los Angeles Fire Department.
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That same year, in 2004, an unmarked grave was re-made and the status of the occupant elevated. Deceased
Fireman Sam Haskins was finally given an honorable burial when a headstone is placed over his remains in Evergreen Cemetery. For years, Haskins was buried in an unmarked grave and it was not known
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By 1990, the
Stentorians had divided into two chapters, The Los Angeles County Stentorians and the Los Angeles City Stentorians. Today, the Los Angeles City Stentorians membership consists of more than 400 African-American men and women fire fighters and paramedics throughout Los Angeles. Both groups
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On
December 6, 1888, a black man, Sam Haskins, born a slave in 1840 from Virginia, was listed in the census as an employed fireman for the city of Los Angeles, assigned to Engine Company #4. In 1892 Haskins was appointed as a Call Man and assigned to Engine #2, making him the first black man hired by
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and firefighters of every stripe came under fire while on duty. The Stentorians came to understand a different sensibility of Jim Crow, namely harassment in various forms that didn't quite rise to the level of racial animosity, but as ret. f.f. Arnett Hartsfield recounted in 1973, "I had a degree in
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By September 1956, old #30 and #14 firehouses were integrated. All black firefighters formerly assigned at the segregated houses were transferred into 17 of the city's 91 fire stations. Hazings still occurred, but along the lines of the traditional firehouse fare all probies endured. The long crisis
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The second black fireman, George Bright, was appointed to the department two years later, on September 21, 1897. Three years later he was assigned to the newly segregated Hose Company #4 on Loma Drive near Beverly Blvd. That is where all subsequent black firefighters were sent, following the Supreme
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s campaign to remove the segregationist, Alderson announced that he would retire at years end. The commission sheepishly let the dismissal drop, as it seemed they were being petty firing the retiring chief engineer. The media had been critical of Alderson and remained neutral over his conflict with
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On December 13, 1997, The African American Firefighter Museum opened. Firefighter and lead Paramedic Michelle Banks served as the first President. On opening day, fire chief Bamattre spoke to the Old Stentorians and issued a formal apology for enduring a terrible time during the integration of the
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Many of the traditions that Stentorians started over sixty years ago continue today, including "Mentoring to Youth in the Community", "General Community Outreach", "Career Counseling", "Career Enhancement & Upward Mobility", and "Labor Relations." The members also serve as big brothers and big
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and the Stentorians of the LAFD. Within those groups, black firefighters found solace among their brethren by holding their own affairs and allying themselves with other ostracized groups like the Jewish firefighters; both groups whom the mostly Irish and Catholic white firefighters opposed being
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The history of African-American firefighters in the LAFD began to take shape in the 1940s and 1950s when individual firefighters and officers began organizing and making their voices heard. As their numbers in the ranks grew, slowly at first but with the return of many blacks after serving in the
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and other cases, Alderson asked the Los Angeles city attorney whether the decision affected his department, and was told that it did. Based on this, Alderson assigned black firefighters from the segregated fire stations to all-white fire houses. The introduction of blacks to all-white firehouses,
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The Stentorians hold a place amongst the civil rights fights that took place in the mid-twentieth century that continues to the present day. Resistance to men and women of color still exists in fire departments across the country and even though discrimination is no longer overt, the numbers of
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Arnett Hartsfield Jr. (died November 1, 2014, at age 95) was the co-founder of the Stentorians organization. He served as an Army lieutenant during WWII in a segregated unit. He became a firefighter and later an instructor. Hartsfield was appointed to the LAFD in 1940 and retired after 20 years
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For almost 100 years, African Americans have been members of the Los Angeles City Fire Department (LAFD) and have historically faced major obstacles to equal employment opportunities. While there have been some improvements over the years, discriminatory hiring and promotional practices, which
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military overseas, they stood firm that there was a place for them at the table of civil service. Many, once appointed, were ostracized by their fellow firefighters, so the model of a fraternal organization was used across the country in forming groups. The most notable of the groups were the
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In 2011, LAFD Fire Chief Millage Peaks retires and Assistant Chief Brian Cummings, is appointed by the Mayor to the position of Fire Chief. Chief Cummings is the son of the late retired LAFD Engineer Lou Cummings, who served on Central Avenue during the days of segregation.
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that he was the first Black Fireman in Los Angeles until the Los Angeles Times uncovered the story. Sam Haskins was born a slave in Virginia in 1840 and was appointed as a ‘Call Man’ to Engine #2, becoming the first black hired by the LAFD as a firefighter.
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particularly Fire Station #10, increased tension among fire crews during down times. By the end of the following year, some black firefighters had taken to arming themselves, fearing retribution for some slight reported in the news media.
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The Greek 'Stentor' meaning "(of a person's voice) loud and powerful" was taken from Homer's epic the Iliad - describing the herald Stentor whom had a voice as loud as that of 50 men, and was fitting for blacks making their stand for
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In 2011, Daryl L. Osby is appointed by the County of Los Angeles Board of Supervisors as the Fire Chief of the department. He is the first African American to serve as the Fire Chief in the history of the Department
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In 2004 the Stentorians of the City and County hosted the I.A.B.P.F.F. Convention and the traditional "Memorial March", made its way down Crenshaw Blvd., creating a truly historical moment in Los Angeles’ history.
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4a. Cases Adjudged, Volume 259 Cases adjudged, Author United States. Court of Appeals (District of Columbia Circuit) Publisher- West Publishing Company, 1987 - firehouse racial tension 1954
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The Los Angeles Firefighter - Official Publication of United Firefighters of Los Angeles City—Local 112, IAFF, AFL-CIO-CLC Vol 47, #1 Jan/Feb 2009 pg 5 - FFJanFeb08.pdf – AAFFMuseum ref
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171:, where he spent 10 hours a week volunteering. His was the generation of black "firsts", many of whom are remembered for the integration fights that led the full appearance of the
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law yet I went to work and cleaned toilets!" When the call came in 1969 from New York that a national black firefighter organization was being formed, the Stentorians stepped up.
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under newly elected president Thomas Neusom and vice president Loren Miller. By the 1960s, blacks and whites began marching en masse to gain recognitio- culminating with the
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99:). The Fire Chief Engineer of Los Angeles, John Alderson, was regarded by black residents as a staunch segregationist who was preventing the integration of the LAFD.
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167:, earning a law degree in 1955. He retired in 1961 from the LAFD to practice law full-time. He fought to integrate the LAFD. He also served as the historian at the
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In 1954, firefighter Arnett Hartsfield Jr. founded the Stentorians as a fraternal group of black firefighters. The organization took its name from the Greek root,
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In 2009, Battalion Chief Millage Peaks, an African American and a 33-year veteran of the LAFD becomes the next Fire Chief to serve the City of Los Angeles.
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were initially mostly white. By 1930, the neighborhood had changed to predominantly black. By 1950, it was home to two all-black, segregated fire stations (
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316:. Several members from the LAFD and the LACoFD graduated from the first class of this prestigious program. CarlHolmesEDI continues to exist today.
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In 1900, William Glenn was hired as the third black fireman in the LAFD. He subsequently left to become the 3rd black patrolman in the LAPD.
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134:, which is in the US National Register of Historic Places. In 1954, Loren Miller, active in the local NAACP, pushed to integrate the LAFD.
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and served as "Fire Chief for a Day", achieving the chance at promotion he felt he was unfairly denied while a firefighter.
126:. An early proponent (1920s under editor J.B. Bass {d.1934} and followed by Charlotta) of integration and Civil Rights, the
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308:. This program was created by the International Association of Black Professional Firefighters as an alternative to the
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4b. The federal reporter, Volume 813, Pub. 1987 Cases (United States Court of Appeals)- firehouse racial tension 1954
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In 2022, Los Angeles Fire Department and Stentorian Deputy Chief Kristin Crowley is appointed as Fire Chief of LAFD.
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In 1980, the Stentorians acquire old Station #46 at 1409 W. Vernon Ave. as their office and training center.
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An African-American firefighter could only become a captain when a Black captain retired or died
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896:"The Carl Holmes Executive Development Institute – All I Am I owe, I live eternally in the RED"
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In 1970, Captains David Floyd and John L.Ruffins Jr. of the FDNY Vulcan Society founded the
130:
pushed for diversity and ran editorials against segregation. The Bass home is listed in the
114:
53:
633:
6312:
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736:"The Promise: Brown v. Board of Education, The Civil Rights Movement, and Our Schools"
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5528:
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4990:
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1959:
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1861:
1836:
1816:
1726:
1696:
1691:
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1611:
1463:
1149:
56:
6816:
Monuments and memorials on the National Register of Historic Places in California
2227:
Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)
993:"LAFD Mourns the Passing of Arnett Hartsfield, Jr. - Los Angeles Fire Department"
257:
This fight to integrate the LAFD was re-vitalized the Los Angeles chapter of the
5602:
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5478:
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5064:
5005:
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working at Old Station 30 in south Los Angeles. While firefighting, he used the
60:
36:
6405:
5127:
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4715:
4685:
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3990:
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1781:
1776:
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1332:
1300:
297:, a national organization promoting equality for the fire service nationwide.
64:
40:
16:
Organization of African American firefighters based in Los Angeles, California
447:
118:, the West Coast's largest African-American newspaper, owned and operated by
112:
Newspaper writers penned articles both pro and con integration. In 1951, the
5105:
4575:
4560:
2440:
2286:
1791:
1575:
1513:
1408:
156:
4465:
2913:
2908:
2418:
925:
850:
Encore – Real heat : gender and race in the urban fire service
655:"Historic Resources Associated with African Americans in Los Angeles MPS"
628:
588:
787:
International Association of Black Professional Fire Fighters Collection
403:
National Register of Historic Places listings in Los Angeles, California
5054:
1530:
175:
in America. He was later appointed Civil Service commissioner by Mayor
5567:
2162:
Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)
723:
http://www.nps.gov/nr/feature/afam/2010/Cover-AfricanAmericansinLA.pdf
711:
http://www.nps.gov/nr/feature/afam/2010/Cover-AfricanAmericansinLA.pdf
681:
http://www.nps.gov/nr/feature/afam/2010/Cover-AfricanAmericansinLA.pdf
5122:
2364:
1087:
3857:
2177:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
2176:
258:
240:
74:
122:, was taken over by its former writer turned city editor, lawyer
2221:
1083:
Official Los Angeles Fire Department Museum and Memorial website
1046:"LAFD nominates Kristin Crowley as LA's first female fire chief"
160:
6409:
6316:
5863:
5571:
3125:
1091:
183:
History of African-Americans in the Los Angeles Fire Department
1018:"Artesia dedicates 'Old Fire Station #30' with pomp, ceremony"
548:"Remembering Arnett Hartsfield Jr., the LAFD's own Rosa Parks"
512:
1082:
295:
International Association of Black Professional Firefighters
284:
International Association of Black Professional Firefighters
926:"Free fire service training from the National Fire Academy"
766:
So Others Might Live - by Joseph F. Kett and Terry Golway
903:
604:"City's 1st African American Firefighter to Get His Due"
573:"Firefighter Who Stood Up to Bigotry at Station Honored"
5307:
Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam
5085:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"
5331:
African American founding fathers of the United States
3679:
Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement
3544:
John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights
6287:
History of the National Register of Historic Places
6246:
6220:
5901:
5702:
5609:
5449:
5379:
Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument
5346:
5160:
5093:
5035:
5014:
3943:
3749:
3579:
3362:
3220:
3173:
3160:
2939:
2854:
2578:
2511:
2449:
2349:
2310:
2235:
2150:
2070:
2008:
1950:
1599:
1454:
1125:
775:
The Old Stentorians – 1973 by A. B Hartsfield-Mills
32:
24:
3915:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
2212:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
3905:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
3838:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
3724:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
2257:Black players in professional American football
2207:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
398:Los Angeles Fire Department Museum and Memorial
5384:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument
6421:
6328:
5875:
5583:
5292:List of lynching victims in the United States
3625:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
3137:
1103:
8:
6766:Government-related professional associations
1970:Historically black colleges and universities
19:
6806:African-American firefighting organizations
6380:Silver Lake, Angelino Heights and Echo Park
3759:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights
541:
539:
197:Early black recruits to the Fire Department
6428:
6414:
6406:
6335:
6321:
6313:
5882:
5868:
5860:
5590:
5576:
5568:
3808:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership
3170:
3144:
3130:
3122:
2239:
1110:
1096:
1088:
373:Mission Statement of the LACityStentorians
225:The battle for integration began with the
169:Fire Station No. 30, Engine Company No. 30
18:
5364:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument
2187:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)
1067:The Flame Within: Memoir of a Firefighter
102:After the 1954 Supreme Court decision in
5399:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change
3434:University of Georgia desegregation riot
662:United States Department of the Interior
6811:Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments
6344:Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments
5848:Central Los Angeles & Wilshire area
5313:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence
5050:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"
5045:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"
439:
419:
5227:African-American women in the movement
3674:White House Conference on Civil Rights
3505:"Segregation now, segregation forever"
3086:Topics related to the African diaspora
2192:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)
877:
867:
249:September 1956 Integration of the LAFD
159:to return to school and attended both
3663:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
3066:Landmark African-American legislation
825:, BiblioCommons. 1997. Archived from
7:
5891:National Register of Historic Places
5436:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument
3900:Regional Council of Negro Leadership
3848:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
3794:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights
3266:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company
3191:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore
2197:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)
473:"Fighting racial barriers with fire"
3843:Lowndes County Freedom Organization
3779:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
3444:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address
2551:African-American Vernacular English
931:Federal Emergency Management Agency
330:African American Firefighter Museum
324:African American Firefighter Museum
6796:Firefighting museums in California
5287:African-American churches attacked
3853:Montgomery Improvement Association
3828:Georgia Council on Human Relations
3813:Council of Federated Organizations
3784:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
3537:16th Street Baptist Church bombing
3495:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot
3301:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
3205:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
2469:U.S. cities with large populations
2172:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
602:Rasmussen, Cecilia (24 Nov 2002).
293:of Stentorians also belong to the
14:
6786:African-American fraternal orders
6761:1954 establishments in California
5359:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute
5232:Jews in the civil rights movement
1342:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013
1338:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009
1145:African American founding fathers
571:Stewart, Jocelyn (25 June 2000).
533:wiki/52nd_Place_Historic_District
6739:
6211:
6204:
5558:Civil rights movement portal
5551:
5394:Freedom Riders National Monument
5136:The Kingdom of God Is Within You
3737:1968 Olympics Black Power salute
3643:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches
3602:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests
3489:Second Emancipation Proclamation
3104:
2222:United Negro College Fund (UNCF)
1367:Nadir of American race relations
953:"Arnett "The Rookie" Hartsfield"
546:Orlov, Rick (23 November 2014).
52:are a fraternal organization of
6259:California Historical Landmarks
5421:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum
5409:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
3885:National Council of Negro Women
3823:Deacons for Defense and Justice
1228:Civil rights movement 1954–1968
1218:Civil rights movement 1865–1896
794:, BiblioCommons. Archived from
302:Executive Development Institute
3296:Mansfield school desegregation
2217:Thurgood Marshall College Fund
1223:Civil right movement 1896–1954
1:
6801:History museums in California
6771:Labor monuments and memorials
5431:National Voting Rights Museum
5374:Civil Rights Movement Archive
5173:Lynching in the United States
5060:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"
3510:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
3483:University of Chicago sit-ins
3250:Davis v. Prince Edward County
2397:Cherokee freedmen controversy
1373:The Negro Motorist Green Book
6437:Museums in the United States
5426:National Civil Rights Museum
5282:March on Washington Movement
5267:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
3731:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
132:52nd Place Historic District
105:Brown vs. Board of Education
85:Central-Alameda neighborhood
6395:Wilshire and Westlake Areas
6264:National Historic Landmarks
5070:"This Little Light of Mine"
3818:Dallas County Voters League
3764:Atlanta Negro Voters League
3522:Letter from Birmingham Jail
3229:Brown v. Board of Education
2267:Black players in ice hockey
2202:National Urban League (NUL)
2028:American Society of Muslims
1266:Selma to Montgomery marches
1186:Brown v. Board of Education
1023:Los Cerritos Community News
847:Chetkovich., Carol (1997).
393:Los Angeles Fire Department
6832:
6269:National Natural Landmarks
5441:Olympic Black Power Statue
5404:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
5272:Holt Street Baptist Church
5242:16th Street Baptist Church
4226:Annie Bell Robinson Devine
3870:Nashville Student Movement
3800:An Appeal for Human Rights
2424:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
2182:Nashville Student Movement
1193:Children of the plantation
991:Scott, Erik (1 Nov 2014).
327:
306:Florida A&M University
214:" as the law of the land.
190:Vulcan Society of the FDNY
6737:
6443:
6350:
6277:
6202:
5787:
5547:
4901:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson
4871:Modjeska Monteith Simkins
3935:Women's Political Council
3930:Wednesdays in Mississippi
3925:United Auto Workers (UAW)
3910:Southern Regional Council
3880:Northern Student Movement
3789:Committee for Freedom Now
3691:Memphis sanitation strike
3657:Voting Rights Act of 1965
3400:Savannah Protest Movement
3181:Journey of Reconciliation
3094:
3061:Index of related articles
2242:
2062:Doctrine of Father Divine
1446:Women's suffrage movement
1399:Reconstruction Amendments
1206:Voting Rights Act of 1965
271:Watts exploded into riots
6360:East and Northeast Sides
3769:Atlanta Student Movement
3713:Civil Rights Act of 1968
3638:1964–1965 Scripto strike
3619:Civil Rights Act of 1964
3517:1963 Birmingham campaign
3410:Civil Rights Act of 1960
3334:Civil Rights Act of 1957
3111:United States portal
2546:African-American English
1975:Inventors and scientists
1667:George Washington Carver
1271:Chicago Freedom Movement
855:Rutgers University Press
738:. Zinn Education Project
388:African-American history
227:mayoral election of 1953
193:part of firehouse life.
5739:Other elected officials
5321:Voter Education Project
5075:"We Shall Not Be Moved"
4736:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
4171:Josephine Dobbs Clement
3592:Chester school protests
3587:Twenty-fourth Amendment
3549:Detroit Walk to Freedom
3291:Tallahassee bus boycott
3212:Baton Rouge bus boycott
3034:African-American firsts
2083:Back-to-Africa movement
2052:Black Hebrew Israelites
1832:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
1380:Partus sequitur ventrem
823:New York Public Library
792:New York Public Library
508:"The California Eagler"
221:Attempts at integration
67:, and founded in 1954.
6791:Firefighting memorials
6781:History of Los Angeles
6776:Museums in Los Angeles
6282:Keeper of the Register
5818:Greater Hollywood
5539:Movement photographers
4776:Bernice Johnson Reagon
4496:Martin Luther King Sr.
4491:Martin Luther King Jr.
4061:William Holmes Borders
3833:Highlander Folk School
3718:Poor People's Campaign
3571:St. Augustine movement
3421:Gomillion v. Lightfoot
3344:Katz Drug Store sit-in
3315:Royal Ice Cream sit-in
3277:Montgomery bus boycott
3002:Spingarn Medal winners
2491:States and territories
2262:Black NFL quarterbacks
1762:Martin Luther King Jr.
1294:Dred Scott v. Sandford
1233:Montgomery bus boycott
552:Los Angeles Daily News
245:
80:
6302:Contributing property
5369:Civil Rights Memorial
5257:Bethel Baptist Church
4906:Charles Kenzie Steele
4351:Audrey Faye Hendricks
4256:Myrlie Evers-Williams
4236:Patricia Stephens Due
4206:Abraham Lincoln Davis
4141:Colia Lafayette Clark
3895:Operation Breadbasket
3890:National Urban League
3632:Katzenbach v. McClung
3500:Atlanta's Berlin Wall
3153:Civil rights movement
2312:Athletic associations
2247:Negro league baseball
2018:African-American Jews
1737:Ketanji Brown Jackson
1702:Henry Highland Garnet
1561:Negro National Anthem
1311:George Floyd protests
1276:Post–civil rights era
497:wiki/California_Eagle
310:National Fire Academy
244:
173:Civil Rights Movement
150:Arnett Hartsfield Jr.
83:The residents of the
78:
6355:Downtown Los Angeles
5414:other King memorials
5389:Freedom Rides Museum
5326:1960s counterculture
5277:Edmund Pettus Bridge
4956:Walter Francis White
4861:Alexander D. Shimkin
3370:New Year's Day March
3339:Ministers' Manifesto
3186:Executive Order 9981
2519:Afro-Seminole Creole
2045:Azusa Street Revival
1917:Booker T. Washington
1441:Underground Railroad
1306:Free people of color
1160:Atlantic slave trade
6375:San Fernando Valley
5833:San Fernando Valley
5152:Mary McLeod Bethune
5113:Sermon on the Mount
5080:"We Shall Overcome"
4661:William Lewis Moore
4441:Frank Minis Johnson
4416:Richie Jean Jackson
4371:Donald L. Hollowell
4176:Charles E. Cobb Jr.
3981:Gwendolyn Armstrong
3976:William G. Anderson
3956:Victoria Gray Adams
3920:The Freedom Singers
3774:Black Panther Party
3554:March on Washington
3467:Garner v. Louisiana
3428:Boynton v. Virginia
2914:Trinidad and Tobago
2529:Black American Sign
2356:By African descent
2350:Ethnic subdivisions
2337:Southwestern (SWAC)
2252:Baseball color line
2167:Black Panther Party
2071:Political movements
1988:in computer science
1647:Carol Moseley Braun
1436:Tulsa race massacre
1429:Treatment of slaves
1261:March on Washington
1256:Birmingham movement
963:on January 24, 2013
906:on December 2, 2003
448:"Untitled Document"
265:and passage of the
263:march on Washington
208:Plessy vs. Ferguson
97:Fire Station No. 30
93:Fire Station No. 14
79:Fire Station No. 30
21:
6001:Los Angeles County
5474:Michael Eric Dyson
5354:In popular culture
5237:Fifth Circuit Four
5221:Loving v. Virginia
5214:Hernandez v. Texas
5193:Buchanan v. Warley
5185:Separate but equal
5179:Plessy v. Ferguson
5142:Frederick Douglass
4976:Robert F. Williams
4886:Kelly Miller Smith
4866:Fred Shuttlesworth
4791:Frederick D. Reese
4771:George Raymond Jr.
4761:A. Philip Randolph
4741:Fay Bellamy Powell
4656:Queen Mother Moore
4541:Z. Alexander Looby
4486:Coretta Scott King
4431:Barbara Rose Johns
4411:Jimmie Lee Jackson
4336:William E. Harbour
4116:Stokely Carmichael
4031:Randolph Blackwell
3696:King assassination
3685:Loving v. Virginia
3669:March Against Fear
3649:How Long, Not Long
3527:Children's Crusade
3478:Cambridge movement
3415:Ax Handle Saturday
3380:Greensboro sit-ins
3307:Give Us the Ballot
3012:US representatives
3007:US cabinet members
2899:Dominican Republic
2486:Metropolitan areas
2327:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
2152:Civic and economic
2130:Self-determination
1951:Education, science
1872:Fred Shuttlesworth
1852:A. Philip Randolph
1757:Coretta Scott King
1682:Frederick Douglass
1509:Harlem Renaissance
1414:Separate but equal
1404:Reconstruction era
1392:Plessy v. Ferguson
1283:Cornerstone Speech
1197:Civil Rights Acts
1180:Black Lives Matter
1155:American Civil War
479:. 11 February 2007
246:
212:separate but equal
210:that established "
81:
6748:
6747:
6403:
6402:
6385:South Los Angeles
6310:
6309:
6297:Historic district
5857:
5856:
5565:
5564:
5337:Eyes on the Prize
5252:A.G. Gaston Motel
5247:Kelly Ingram Park
5207:Sweatt v. Painter
4891:Mary Louise Smith
4851:Cleveland Sellers
4836:Michael Schwerner
4801:Gloria Richardson
4581:Thurgood Marshall
4501:Bernard Lafayette
4231:John Wesley Dobbs
3745:
3744:
3459:Birmingham attack
3439:Rock Hill sit-ins
3390:Sibley Commission
3385:Nashville sit-ins
3257:Gebhart v. Belton
3243:Briggs v. Elliott
3236:Bolling v. Sharpe
3197:Sweatt v. Painter
3119:
3118:
2947:African Americans
2819:Dallas–Fort Worth
2414:Black Southerners
2345:
2344:
1797:Thurgood Marshall
1767:Bernard Lafayette
1362:Million Man March
1119:African Americans
1051:The New York Post
829:on April 10, 2015
798:on March 19, 2015
609:Los Angeles Times
267:Voting Rights Act
89:South Los Angeles
46:
45:
6823:
6743:
6724:U.S. territories
6704:Washington, D.C.
6430:
6423:
6416:
6407:
6337:
6330:
6323:
6314:
6215:
6214:
6208:
6207:
5884:
5877:
5870:
5861:
5798:Crescenta Valley
5592:
5585:
5578:
5569:
5556:
5555:
5519:Charles M. Payne
5504:Steven F. Lawson
5494:David Halberstam
5464:Clayborne Carson
5200:Hocutt v. Wilson
5147:W. E. B. Du Bois
4996:Sammy Younge Jr.
4981:Q. V. Williamson
4946:Wyatt Tee Walker
4811:Bernice Robinson
4756:Lincoln Ragsdale
4746:Rodney N. Powell
4641:Douglas E. Moore
4516:Sanford R. Leigh
4451:J. Charles Jones
4326:Fannie Lou Hamer
4241:Joseph Ellwanger
4201:Jonathan Daniels
4191:Claudette Colvin
4181:Annie Lee Cooper
4166:Kathleen Cleaver
4161:Eldridge Cleaver
4136:Shirley Chisholm
4026:Gloria Blackwell
3612:workers' murders
3559:"I Have a Dream"
3454:Anniston bombing
3405:Greenville Eight
3320:Little Rock Nine
3283:Browder v. Gayle
3171:
3146:
3139:
3132:
3123:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3071:Lynching victims
2570:Louisiana Creole
2541:American English
2429:Louisiana Creole
2402:Choctaw freedmen
2240:
1777:Huddie Ledbetter
1717:Fannie Lou Hamer
1687:W. E. B. Du Bois
1677:Claudette Colvin
1672:Shirley Chisholm
1489:Family structure
1357:Military history
1239:Browder v. Gayle
1112:
1105:
1098:
1089:
1071:
1070:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1003:
988:
982:
979:
973:
972:
970:
968:
959:. Archived from
949:
943:
942:
940:
938:
922:
916:
915:
913:
911:
902:. Archived from
892:
886:
885:
879:
875:
873:
865:
863:
861:
844:
838:
837:
835:
834:
813:
807:
806:
804:
803:
782:
776:
773:
767:
764:
758:
753:
747:
746:
744:
743:
732:
726:
720:
714:
708:
702:
699:
693:
690:
684:
678:
672:
671:
669:
668:
659:
651:
645:
644:
642:
641:
636:on April 3, 2015
632:. Archived from
620:
614:
613:
599:
593:
592:
586:
584:
579:on April 2, 2015
575:. Archived from
568:
562:
561:
559:
558:
543:
534:
531:
525:
524:
522:
520:
504:
498:
495:
489:
488:
486:
484:
469:
463:
462:
460:
458:
444:
428:
424:
206:Court ruling in
115:California Eagle
54:African American
22:
6831:
6830:
6826:
6825:
6824:
6822:
6821:
6820:
6751:
6750:
6749:
6744:
6735:
6439:
6434:
6404:
6399:
6346:
6341:
6311:
6306:
6273:
6242:
6216:
6212:
6210:
6209:
6205:
6200:
6106:San Luis Obispo
5903:
5897:
5888:
5858:
5853:
5852:
5783:
5754:Fire Department
5698:
5605:
5596:
5566:
5561:
5550:
5543:
5524:Thomas E. Ricks
5514:Diane McWhorter
5499:Vincent Harding
5484:Adam Fairclough
5451:
5445:
5342:
5297:Freedom Schools
5156:
5089:
5037:
5031:
5022:Omaha, Nebraska
5010:
4926:Hartman Turnbow
4916:Dorothy Tillman
4876:Glenn E. Smiley
4856:Charles Sherrod
4816:Jo Ann Robinson
4691:Charles Neblett
4681:Elijah Muhammad
4646:Harriette Moore
4606:Floyd McKissick
4591:Franklin McCain
4526:Stanley Levison
4391:T. R. M. Howard
4341:Vincent Harding
4271:Walter Fauntroy
4156:Xernona Clayton
4106:John H. Calhoun
4091:Aurelia Browder
4081:Stanley Branche
4076:Raylawni Branch
4056:Joseph E. Boone
4041:Ezell Blair Jr.
4036:Unita Blackwell
4011:Harry Belafonte
3951:Ralph Abernathy
3939:
3875:Nation of Islam
3751:
3741:
3575:
3532:Birmingham riot
3473:Albany Movement
3395:Atlanta sit-ins
3375:Sit-in movement
3358:
3354:Biloxi wade-ins
3326:Cooper v. Aaron
3216:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3120:
3115:
3105:
3103:
3090:
3056:Historic places
3049:US state firsts
2935:
2850:
2574:
2507:
2479:2010 majorities
2474:2000 majorities
2445:
2392:Black Seminoles
2341:
2332:Southern (SIAC)
2315:
2314:and conferences
2313:
2306:
2302:Serena Williams
2297:Jackie Robinson
2231:
2155:
2153:
2146:
2066:
2033:Nation of Islam
2004:
1952:
1946:
1887:Sojourner Truth
1877:Clarence Thomas
1842:Gabriel Prosser
1742:Michael Jackson
1617:Crispus Attucks
1607:Ralph Abernathy
1595:
1551:Musical theater
1450:
1316:Great Migration
1288:COVID-19 impact
1246:Sit-in movement
1121:
1116:
1079:
1074:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1029:
1027:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1001:
999:
990:
989:
985:
980:
976:
966:
964:
951:
950:
946:
936:
934:
924:
923:
919:
909:
907:
894:
893:
889:
876:
866:
859:
857:
846:
845:
841:
832:
830:
815:
814:
810:
801:
799:
784:
783:
779:
774:
770:
765:
761:
754:
750:
741:
739:
734:
733:
729:
721:
717:
709:
705:
700:
696:
691:
687:
679:
675:
666:
664:
657:
653:
652:
648:
639:
637:
622:
621:
617:
601:
600:
596:
582:
580:
570:
569:
565:
556:
554:
545:
544:
537:
532:
528:
518:
516:
506:
505:
501:
496:
492:
482:
480:
471:
470:
466:
456:
454:
446:
445:
441:
432:
431:
425:
421:
411:
384:
375:
341:
332:
326:
304:was created at
280:
251:
223:
199:
185:
152:
140:
73:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6829:
6827:
6819:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6753:
6752:
6746:
6745:
6738:
6736:
6734:
6733:
6732:
6731:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6664:South Carolina
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6640:
6639:
6629:
6624:
6622:North Carolina
6619:
6618:
6617:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6551:
6550:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6444:
6441:
6440:
6435:
6433:
6432:
6425:
6418:
6410:
6401:
6400:
6398:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6351:
6348:
6347:
6342:
6340:
6339:
6332:
6325:
6317:
6308:
6307:
6305:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6292:Property types
6289:
6284:
6278:
6275:
6274:
6272:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6250:
6248:
6244:
6243:
6241:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6224:
6222:
6218:
6217:
6203:
6201:
6199:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6086:San Bernardino
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5907:
5905:
5899:
5898:
5889:
5887:
5886:
5879:
5872:
5864:
5855:
5854:
5851:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5789:
5788:
5785:
5784:
5782:
5781:
5779:Transportation
5776:
5771:
5766:
5764:Public schools
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5735:
5734:
5732:Common Council
5729:
5719:
5714:
5708:
5706:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5684:Notable people
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5649:Historic sites
5646:
5641:
5636:
5634:Transportation
5631:
5630:
5629:
5624:
5613:
5611:
5607:
5606:
5597:
5595:
5594:
5587:
5580:
5572:
5563:
5562:
5548:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5541:
5536:
5534:Akinyele Umoja
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5455:
5453:
5447:
5446:
5444:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5417:
5416:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5350:
5348:
5344:
5343:
5341:
5340:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5317:
5316:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5217:
5210:
5203:
5196:
5189:
5188:
5187:
5175:
5170:
5164:
5162:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5132:
5131:
5130:
5125:
5118:Mahatma Gandhi
5115:
5110:
5109:
5108:
5097:
5095:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5041:
5039:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5029:
5027:South Carolina
5024:
5018:
5016:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4966:Hosea Williams
4963:
4958:
4953:
4951:Hollis Watkins
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4881:A. Maceo Smith
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4831:Bernie Sanders
4828:
4823:
4821:Angela Russell
4818:
4813:
4808:
4806:David Richmond
4803:
4798:
4796:Walter Reuther
4793:
4788:
4783:
4781:Cordell Reagon
4778:
4773:
4768:
4766:George Raymond
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4726:Charles Person
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4696:Huey P. Newton
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4651:Harry T. Moore
4648:
4643:
4638:
4636:Cecil B. Moore
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4616:James Meredith
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4446:Clarence Jones
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4386:Zilphia Horton
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4356:Lola Hendricks
4353:
4348:
4346:Dorothy Height
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4316:Lawrence Guyot
4313:
4308:
4306:Jack Greenberg
4303:
4298:
4293:
4291:Andrew Goodman
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4216:Joseph DeLaine
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4186:Dorothy Cotton
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4131:J. L. Chestnut
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4066:Amelia Boynton
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3986:Arnold Aronson
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3947:
3945:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3755:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3727:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3693:
3688:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3659:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3640:
3635:
3628:
3621:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3607:Freedom Summer
3604:
3599:
3597:Bloody Tuesday
3594:
3589:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3424:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3317:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3274:
3269:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3253:
3246:
3239:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3201:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3177:
3175:
3168:
3158:
3157:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3141:
3134:
3126:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3101:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3022:Visual artists
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2982:Mathematicians
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2923:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2860:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2806:
2801:
2799:South Carolina
2796:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2769:North Carolina
2766:
2765:
2764:
2754:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2737:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2714:Massachusetts
2712:
2711:
2710:
2700:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2683:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2666:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2649:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2615:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2593:
2588:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2556:social context
2553:
2543:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2521:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2488:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2407:Creek Freedmen
2404:
2399:
2394:
2384:
2382:Alabama Creole
2379:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2322:Central (CIAA)
2318:
2316:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2243:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2158:
2156:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2115:Pan-Africanism
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2085:
2080:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2057:Black theology
2054:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2020:
2014:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1998:in STEM fields
1995:
1990:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1956:
1954:
1953:and technology
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1892:Harriet Tubman
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1822:Michelle Obama
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1752:Barbara Jordan
1749:
1747:Harriet Jacobs
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1637:Amelia Boynton
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1603:
1601:
1600:Notable people
1597:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1536:LGBT community
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1460:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1388:
1383:
1376:
1369:
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1251:Freedom Riders
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1175:Black genocide
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1077:External links
1075:
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1065:Mutza, Wayne.
1057:
1037:
1026:. 15 June 2012
1009:
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957:aaffmuseum.org
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120:Charlotta Bass
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6709:West Virginia
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6238:San Francisco
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6221:Lists by city
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6116:Santa Barbara
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6096:San Francisco
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5529:Timothy Tyson
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5460:
5459:Taylor Branch
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5319:
5314:
5310:
5309:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5302:Freedom songs
5300:
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5288:
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5280:
5278:
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5169:
5168:Jim Crow laws
5166:
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5092:
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5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5065:"Oh, Freedom"
5063:
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5019:
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5007:
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5002:
4999:
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4994:
4992:
4991:Whitney Young
4989:
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4984:
4982:
4979:
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4974:
4972:
4971:Kale Williams
4969:
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4959:
4957:
4954:
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4934:
4932:
4931:Albert Turner
4929:
4927:
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4922:
4921:A. P. Tureaud
4919:
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4914:
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4909:
4907:
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4826:Bayard Rustin
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4709:
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4704:
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4697:
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4689:
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4682:
4679:
4677:
4676:William Moyer
4674:
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4664:
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4659:
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4637:
4634:
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4627:
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4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
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4611:Joseph McNeil
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4596:Charles McDew
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4586:Benjamin Mays
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4571:Vivian Malone
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
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4552:
4549:
4547:
4546:Joseph Lowery
4544:
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4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4471:Clyde Kennard
4469:
4467:
4464:
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4461:Vernon Jordan
4459:
4457:
4456:Matthew Jones
4454:
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4449:
4447:
4444:
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4437:
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4432:
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4427:
4424:
4422:
4421:T. J. Jemison
4419:
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4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4406:Jesse Jackson
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
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4389:
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4379:
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4364:
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4322:
4319:
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4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4296:Robert Graetz
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4286:Golden Frinks
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
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4247:
4246:Charles Evers
4244:
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4232:
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4222:
4219:
4217:
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4212:
4209:
4207:
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4202:
4199:
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4196:Vernon Dahmer
4194:
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4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
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4151:Septima Clark
4149:
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4119:
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4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
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4079:
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4074:
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4071:Bruce Boynton
4069:
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4022:
4019:
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4012:
4009:
4007:
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4002:
3999:
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3996:James Baldwin
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
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3979:
3977:
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3972:
3969:
3967:
3966:Mathew Ahmann
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3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3864:
3863:Youth Council
3861:
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3457:
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3450:
3449:Freedom Rides
3447:
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3432:
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3429:
3425:
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3199:
3198:
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3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:Prior to 1954
3172:
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3166:
3159:
3154:
3147:
3142:
3140:
3135:
3133:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3112:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3081:Neighborhoods
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3044:Sports firsts
3042:
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2604:
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2599:
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2579:By state/city
2577:
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2019:
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2015:
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2011:
2007:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
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1983:
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1978:
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1968:
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1965:Black schools
1963:
1961:
1960:Black studies
1958:
1957:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1942:Whitney Young
1940:
1938:
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1933:
1932:Oprah Winfrey
1930:
1928:
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1902:Denmark Vesey
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1847:Joseph Rainey
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1800:
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1787:Joseph Lowery
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1707:Marcus Garvey
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1642:James Bradley
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1566:Neighborhoods
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1419:Silent Parade
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1347:Jim Crow laws
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1170:Black cowboys
1168:
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900:edionline.net
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477:dailynews.com
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307:
303:
300:In 1991, the
298:
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287:
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272:
268:
264:
260:
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248:
243:
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77:
70:
68:
66:
62:
58:
55:
51:
42:
38:
35:
31:
27:
23:
6669:South Dakota
6659:Rhode Island
6654:Pennsylvania
6627:North Dakota
5941:Contra Costa
5828:Northwest LA
5823:Northeast LA
5722:City Council
5659:Demographics
5549:
5489:David Garrow
5469:John Dittmer
5335:
5262:Brown Chapel
5219:
5212:
5205:
5198:
5191:
5177:
5134:
4986:Andrew Young
4941:A. T. Walden
4936:C. T. Vivian
4896:Maxine Smith
4731:Homer Plessy
4711:James Orange
4666:Irene Morgan
4621:William Ming
4601:Ralph McGill
4536:Viola Liuzzo
4521:Jim Letherer
4506:James Lawson
4436:Vernon Johns
4426:Esau Jenkins
4381:Myles Horton
4331:Fred Hampton
4321:Prathia Hall
4311:Dick Gregory
4281:Marie Foster
4276:James Forman
4266:James Farmer
4251:Medgar Evers
4211:Angela Davis
4146:Ramsey Clark
4126:James Chaney
4121:Johnnie Carr
4101:Ralph Bunche
4096:H. Rap Brown
4086:Ruby Bridges
4046:Joanne Bland
4021:Claude Black
4001:Marion Barry
3971:Muhammad Ali
3798:
3729:
3722:
3683:
3661:
3630:
3623:
3465:
3426:
3419:
3349:Kissing Case
3324:
3281:
3264:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3203:
3195:
2997:Sportspeople
2967:Billionaires
2884:Sierra Leone
2787:Philadelphia
2623:Jacksonville
2450:Demographics
2282:Jack Johnson
2272:Muhammad Ali
2105:Conservatism
2040:Black church
1937:Andrew Young
1922:Ida B. Wells
1912:David Walker
1907:C. T. Vivian
1862:Paul Robeson
1857:Hiram Revels
1837:Colin Powell
1817:Barack Obama
1772:James Lawson
1727:Jimi Hendrix
1697:James Farmer
1692:Medgar Evers
1662:Ralph Bunche
1612:Maya Angelou
1586:Middle class
1464:Afrofuturism
1390:
1378:
1371:
1292:
1237:
1184:
1150:Afrocentrism
1140:Abolitionism
1066:
1060:
1049:
1040:
1028:. Retrieved
1021:
1012:
1000:. Retrieved
996:
986:
977:
965:. Retrieved
961:the original
956:
947:
935:. Retrieved
929:
920:
908:. Retrieved
904:the original
899:
890:
858:. Retrieved
849:
842:
831:. Retrieved
827:the original
817:
811:
800:. Retrieved
796:the original
786:
780:
771:
762:
751:
740:. Retrieved
730:
718:
706:
697:
688:
676:
665:. Retrieved
649:
638:. Retrieved
634:the original
627:
618:
607:
597:
587:– via
581:. Retrieved
577:the original
566:
555:. Retrieved
529:
517:. Retrieved
511:
502:
493:
481:. Retrieved
476:
467:
455:. Retrieved
451:
442:
434:
433:
422:
413:
412:
376:
367:
364:
357:
353:
350:
346:
342:
333:
318:
301:
299:
291:
288:
281:
256:
252:
234:
224:
216:
204:
200:
186:
153:
143:
141:
127:
124:Loren Miller
113:
111:
103:
101:
82:
57:firefighters
49:
47:
6729:Puerto Rico
6570:Mississippi
6478:Connecticut
6365:Harbor Area
6247:Other lists
6228:Los Angeles
6121:Santa Clara
6101:San Joaquin
5813:Harbor Area
5654:Skyscrapers
5603:Los Angeles
5509:Doug McAdam
5479:Chuck Fager
5101:Nonviolence
5006:James Zwerg
5001:Bob Zellner
4961:Roy Wilkins
4911:Hank Thomas
4846:Pete Seeger
4841:Bobby Seale
4706:Jack O'Dell
4701:Edgar Nixon
4631:Amzie Moore
4626:Jack Minnis
4566:Mae Mallory
4551:Clara Luper
4511:Bernard Lee
4401:Cecil Ivory
4396:Ruby Hurley
4366:Oliver Hill
4361:Aaron Henry
4261:Chuck Fager
4221:Dave Dennis
4111:Guy Carawan
4051:Julian Bond
4016:James Bevel
4006:Daisy Bates
3272:Emmett Till
3155:(1954–1968)
3017:US senators
2987:Republicans
2972:Journalists
2829:San Antonio
2794:Puerto Rico
2735:Mississippi
2628:Tallahassee
2601:Los Angeles
2292:Jesse Owens
2277:Arthur Ashe
2135:Nationalism
2125:Raised fist
2088:Black power
1993:in medicine
1927:Roy Wilkins
1882:Emmett Till
1867:Al Sharpton
1632:Julian Bond
1627:James Bevel
1591:Upper class
1581:Stereotypes
1474:Black mecca
1386:Plantations
1165:Black Codes
878:|work=
725:Sec E pg31
314:Carl Holmes
177:Tom Bradley
61:Los Angeles
59:, based in
50:Stentorians
37:Los Angeles
20:Stentorians
6755:Categories
6699:Washington
6605:New Mexico
6600:New Jersey
6468:California
6156:Stanislaus
6126:Santa Cruz
6081:San Benito
6076:Sacramento
5895:California
5704:Government
5452:historians
5128:Satyagraha
5094:Influences
4786:James Reeb
4721:James Peck
4716:Rosa Parks
4686:Diane Nash
4556:Danny Lyon
4531:John Lewis
4476:A. D. King
4376:James Hood
3991:Ella Baker
3961:Zev Aelony
2962:Astronauts
2752:New Jersey
2596:California
2100:Capitalism
1897:Nat Turner
1827:Rosa Parks
1812:Diane Nash
1782:John Lewis
1571:Newspapers
1541:Literature
1526:Juneteenth
1479:Businesses
1333:Exodusters
1301:Free Negro
833:2015-03-20
802:2015-03-20
742:2015-03-20
713:Sec E pg29
683:Sec E pg18
667:2015-03-19
640:2015-03-19
624:"Sections"
557:2015-03-19
452:lafire.com
435:References
427:inclusion.
409:References
235:the Eagle'
138:Foundation
71:Background
65:California
41:California
33:Founded at
6714:Wisconsin
6674:Tennessee
6565:Minnesota
6548:Baltimore
6533:Louisiana
6370:Hollywood
6111:San Mateo
6091:San Diego
6071:Riverside
6021:Mendocino
5951:El Dorado
5946:Del Norte
5931:Calaveras
5904:by county
5769:Libraries
5727:President
5644:Landmarks
5106:Padayatra
5055:"Kumbaya"
5015:By region
4671:Bob Moses
4576:Bob Mants
4561:Malcolm X
4481:C.B. King
4301:Fred Gray
3944:Activists
3580:1964–1968
3363:1960–1963
3221:1954–1959
3076:Monuments
2952:Activists
2804:Tennessee
2724:Michigan
2708:Baltimore
2698:Louisiana
2691:Lexington
2674:Davenport
2613:Cleveland
2512:Languages
2441:Melungeon
2419:Blaxicans
2287:Joe Louis
2142:Socialism
2078:Anarchism
1807:Bob Moses
1792:Malcolm X
1712:Fred Gray
1576:Soul food
1514:New Negro
1499:Folktales
1409:Redlining
880:ignored (
870:cite book
818:Real Heat
278:Post 1970
25:Formation
6694:Virginia
6644:Oklahoma
6637:Columbus
6610:New York
6585:Nebraska
6575:Missouri
6560:Michigan
6543:Maryland
6528:Kentucky
6508:Illinois
6483:Delaware
6473:Colorado
6463:Arkansas
6390:Westside
6233:Pasadena
6181:Tuolumne
6141:Siskiyou
6041:Monterey
6016:Mariposa
5971:Imperial
5966:Humboldt
5843:Westside
5838:South LA
5808:Eastside
5803:Downtown
5622:Timeline
5610:By topic
5036:Movement
4466:Tom Kahn
3750:Activist
3165:timeline
3099:Category
2890:America
2856:Diaspora
2841:Virginia
2774:Oklahoma
2757:New York
2740:Nebraska
2703:Maryland
2686:Kentucky
2652:Illinois
2591:Arkansas
2496:Illinois
2434:of color
2120:Populism
2093:Movement
2010:Religion
1352:Lynching
1135:Timeline
997:lafd.org
629:LA Times
589:LA Times
382:See also
361:Cummings
6719:Wyoming
6689:Vermont
6580:Montana
6513:Indiana
6493:Georgia
6488:Florida
6458:Arizona
6448:Alabama
6254:Bridges
6186:Ventura
6171:Trinity
5911:Alameda
5793:Regions
5744:Airport
5639:Culture
5627:Outline
5617:History
5161:Related
4751:Al Raby
3701:funeral
3564:Big Six
3027:Writers
2992:Singers
2977:Jurists
2925:Europe
2879:Liberia
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6523:Kansas
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6066:Plumas
6061:Placer
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3752:groups
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3200:(1950)
3161:Events
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1984:Women
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1189:(1954)
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1484:Dance
658:(PDF)
414:Notes
339:Today
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128:Eagle
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