20:
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634:, and this was not only due to conservatism. The primary reason was a lack of coal supplies around the globe. This was an especially important consideration for frigates, which often operated independently on the far side of the world. The insufficient reliability of early steam engines was also a reason to maintain at least some sails. An often overlooked reason to have sails was the cost of coal. In 1848 the sail frigate
239:
had to follow a different concept: Because of their ability to move against the wind they could be assumed to be able to choose their distance to sail-only ships. Under these circumstances the very heavy guns that were deemed to fire too slowly for close-quarters combat did become useful because they had a high effective range. Meanwhile, the development of heavy shell guns like the
340:
crew. By counting 13 men for every two 32-pounders, the designed complement would be 175 + (8*13) = 284 men, almost matching that of a fifth rate frigate. Another reason to rate the
Cyclops as a frigate was that with her size of 1,190 bm tons, she was of the same size as the fifth rate frigates like
567:
Later on, the French state wanted to establish packet boat lines to New York, the West Indies and Brazil. The French navy wanted to have big steam frigates with heavy artillery. In 1840 these ideas were combined in a law that granted a credit of 28,400,000 francs for the construction of 14 ships of
238:
because of the space taken by the machinery and the paddle wheels. The weight of the machinery and coal these ships carried was a perhaps even more serious problem. It meant that the designers had to limit the weight of all other 'cargo', including artillery. Therefore the armament of steam vessels
226:
mounted on either side or in the center. Paddle steamers were severely limited in the armaments they could mount. Paddle wheel propulsion also had very serious effects on sailing quality. The placement of the machinery and wheels in the middle of the ship conflicted with having the main mast there,
194:
The upper limit for a ship to be still considered a frigate was that it had only one covered gun deck. If a ship had two covered gun decks, it was no longer a frigate, but a ship of the line. A confusing circumstance arose when in the early nineteenth century the forecastle and quarterdecks of most
626:
in comparison with their own fleet of paddle steamers. The basic fighting capabilities of the screw warship were almost as good as those of the traditional sailing ship. Apart from spending weight on machinery and coal, the screw ship retained the full broadside battery lay-out. It therefore had a
361:
of 1829. In 1842 she was lengthened by 63 feet, and was fitted with the largest naval steam engines yet seen, generating nearly 700 horsepower. She had a 330 men crew, and was armed with 10 68-pounders on the main deck, and on the forecastle and quarterdeck: two 85 cwt pivot guns, 10 42-pounders
243:
provided a long range weapon that could sink a ship with a single hit. The only means to counter it was to develop heavier solid shot cannon that had an even higher effective range. All this generally led to equipping early steamers with only a few very heavy guns, both shell guns and solid shot
578:
was the first of these large frigates, and created quite a sensation. She was 70.5 m long between perpendiculars, had a beam of 12.7 m and displaced about 2,800 t. On the trial run she was armed with 20 30-pounders on the main deck, and on the upper deck 2 22 cm and 2 16 cm, and had a
345:
of 1,150 bm tons. As the RN lacked a corvette category, the alternative would have been to rate her as a sloop, but even ship-rigged sloops did not get near her size. When the RN started to use the designation corvette, the
Cyclops and her six near sisters were re-classified as corvettes in the
349:
In 1844 the
Admiralty also discerned steam frigates of the first class, these steam frigates had guns on two decks. The steam frigates of the 'first class' were comparable to regular fourth rate sailing frigates in terms of size, and got near them in armament. The first of these was the paddle
791:
had 40 heavy shell guns, reached an overall length of over 100 m and displaced 5,463 t. A wooden construction proved to be too weak for a ship of this length. The next steps were frigates with an iron or composite hull: the armored frigate and the unarmored frigate.
556:. She was not very useful as a warship, but she was very useful for maintaining communications with Algeria. The subsequent campaign caused a huge demand for frequent and reliable communication with Algeria, and so about two dozen ships were built to the model of
263:. An unintended quality was that the lack of broadside batteries gave them very spacious decks. Combined with being immune to contrary winds, this made them ideal for large scale troop transport. By 1870 most had been scrapped or sold into civilian service.
804:
of 1842 was the first French screw frigate. She was 52 m long, 13.5 m wide, and had a slightly changed sail plan of a 46 gun frigate. She had 18 30-pounders on the gun deck, and 8 80-pounders and 8 other guns on the upper decks. The engine of the
627:
nearly as powerful armament as a sail-only ship. Unlike the paddle ship it had no vulnerable paddle-boxes. The ability to pick a fight or to evade a fight was what made the screw frigate superior to any sail-only ship.
1040:
Modern
History of Warships: Comprising a Discussion of Present Standpoint and Recent War Experiences for the Use of Students of Naval Construction, Naval Constructors, Naval Officers and Others Interested in Naval
719:. She was 70 m long, displaced 4,614 t, and had thirty-four 8-inch 65 cwt and fifty-six 32-pounders. In 1852–1853, the distinction between battleship and frigate was still a matter of size and number of gun decks.
206:
The lower limit for a ship to still be considered a frigate was that its gun deck was covered. If a ship had only a single open gun deck it was considered to be 'corvette build'. If a ship had a single
852:
meant that they could have only one gun deck, and they were technically frigates, even though they were more powerful than existing ships-of-the-line and occupied the same strategic role. The phrase '
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were a bit smaller. Only five first class steam paddle frigates would be built by the Royal Navy. The RN also built some more steam frigates of the second class, surprisingly with guns on two decks.
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had been designed to carry 16 32-pounders on the main deck, but these could not be fitted. Both ships therefore failed to become true frigates, but were nevertheless very successful. The
231:
of paddle frigates was less than ideal. Another characteristic that slowed down these vessels was that the paddle wheels would rotate in the water freely when the ship was sailing.
332:
as a 'steam frigate' was surprising: she was rigged as a brig (with only two masts), and carried all her guns on the upper deck Other aspects did explain this classification. The
648:, of the same weight of armament, was estimated to cost 88 GBP daily. But, the latter was without the cost of coal, estimated at 4 pounds 5 shillings per hour of steaming.
809:
was 220 hp, giving her a speed of 7.5 knots. Using both sail and engine she could make 10.5 kn. Sailing before the wind, however she reached 12 kn without engines.
159:
for "Perseverance") was the first steam-powered warship to be used in combat operations in history. It was built in 1825 in an
English shipyard for the revolutionary
658:
By the late 1840s many navies were building screw-driven warships or converting sailing ships to include screw propulsion. In 1852 the French navy commissioned the
321:). On 31 May 1844 the Admiralty then officially adopted the term 'Steam frigate'. All these ships became steam (paddle) frigates of the second class, except for
816:, converted a number of sailing frigates, and built a range of successful corvettes. In 1852 a program for a number of first rate frigates was started. The
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in 1835. The technology of propeller or 'screw' propulsion was proven by 1845 after the Royal Navy evaluated the performance of Smith's seagoing steamship
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also had a sizable fleet of paddle steam frigates. The first of these were imported from
America, but by the time of the Crimean War the Russians were
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832:. On average these ships displaced 3,800 t and reached 12 kn on trials. In 1857 the French government decided to have 6 big and 14 smaller frigates.
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In the late 1850s the screw frigate began to take a different form than traditional ships of the line. The RN's last battleship, the 91 gun
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The improved screw propeller invented by Brunel also enabled the
Victorian Royal Navy to extend the service life of obsolete sail-powered
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Towards the end of the 19th century, the term 'frigate' fell out of use. Armoured vessels were designated as either 'battleships' or '
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The armament of paddle frigates compared badly with their sail-only counterparts. Paddle frigates could not have a traditional full
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This first generation of steam warships were "paddle warships" (in the categories of frigate, sloop, gunvessel or other). They used
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was much smaller at 3,915 t, but nevertheless much longer at 87 m. This development of much longer frigates culminated in
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was commanded by a captain and had at least been planned to have a 'complete' covered gun deck. The crew of 175 men was a
452:. These were two very big steam paddle frigates commissioned in 1841 and 1842. They each displaced 3,220t and had 10 big
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had both been constructed to have a full battery on their gun deck, next to carrying guns on their upper decks. However,
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had 16 guns on two decks, and was therefore comparable to the big frigates of the
English and American navies. See also
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450 hp, and 4 of 220 hp. The frigates built for this service soon proved to be no match for the ships of the
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had 28 32-pounders and 8 heavier guns. The size and armament of
British wooden screw frigates then rapidly increased.
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146:, and by the 1830s the navies of America, Russia and France were experimenting with steam-powered warships. Hellenic
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was a smaller craft that would later be armed with 2 guns. By then the U.S. Navy already had the screw corvette
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was laid down as a steam frigate, but made redundant by screw-driven propulsion before her completion in 1845.
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on the mizzen mast, it was not a ship. Ships were classified as: ships of the line, frigates and corvettes.
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The frigate and corvette were 'ships'. For a vessel to be called a 'ship' it had to have full rigging, i.e.
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821:
664:, the first screw driven battleship. With that all sailing warships had gotten a screw driven equivalent.
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and featured an advanced two-bladed propeller that influenced the design of his later passenger steamer
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big ships were joined to become a complete flush deck above. These ships continued to be frigates, e.g
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867:', while unarmoured vessels including frigates and sloops were classified as 'unprotected cruisers'.
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shell guns and twenty-two 32-pounders. The RN's first battleship designed for steam propulsion was
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By 1840 the Royal Navy had commissioned two ships that had been designed as steam paddle frigates.
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The United States Navy likewise started with a general 'steamer' class. In 1842 it consisted of
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complement of 300 men. However, in actual use this artillery proved to be way more than what
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had failed as a steam frigate. The same could be said of her (near) sisters of 450 hp,
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560:. The side effect was a stagnation in French steam vessel engineering. Continuing the
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British
Warships in the Age of Sail 1817-1863: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates
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type meant that France was not developing something that resembled a steam frigate.
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each with 6 heavy guns. The next class were the 'steamers first class', containing
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In general a frigate was commanded by a captain and a corvette by a lieutenant.
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for propulsion. The first functional propeller, a shortened version of the
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laid down in 1858, was 75 m long and displaced 5,700 t. The screw frigate
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90:
572:. A project that lent four of them to a commercial company soon failed.
289:
was so deep in the water that her gun ports had to be shut permanently.
1394:"Ship found in Arctic 168 years after doomed Northwest Passage attempt"
1284:
Register of Commissioned and Warrant Officers of the United States Navy
1268:
Register of Commissioned and Warrant Officers of the United States Navy
876:
841:
98:
86:
1331:(in Dutch and French). Hulst van Keulen, Amsterdam. 1843. p. 820.
114:
The first small vessel that can be considered a steam warship was the
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could handle. It had to be reduced to 2 80s and 6 30s. It meant that
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would be taken as a model to build six more of these steam frigates (
672:
By the time that the Royal Navy launched its first screw frigate,
357:
commissioned in 1843. She had been the sailing fifth rate frigate
85:
enabled construction of screw-powered versions of the traditional
860:. For a time, they were the most powerful type of vessel afloat.
679:, it already had two screw sloops in commission. The 9 gun sloop
175:
officer who had volunteered his services to the Hellenic Navy.
456:. By 1850 the U.S. paddle steamers were divided into classes.
921:
of the Argentinian navy is the last surviving steam and sail
848:
designs. The additional weight of the armour on these first
708:
of 1853 was 65 m long, displaced 3,125 t, had twenty-eight
1315:(in French). Bureau de la Revue, Paris. 1858. p. 109.
1312:
Revue Britannique, les Paquebots transatlantiques français
552:
of 160 hp and 913t displacement. She was used in the
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1215:
1213:
1188:
1186:
651:
The 'screw frigates', built first of wood and later of
1271:. Alexander and Barnard, Washington. 1842. p. 56.
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From 1859, armor was added to ships based on existing
759:
was later rebuilt with a propeller for service in the
546:
The first useful steam vessel of the French Navy was
417:
was not yet armed, but would later also have 4 guns.
244:
guns. These were often mounted on pivots and slides.
1328:
Verhandelingen en Berigten Betrekkelijk het Zeewegen
1166:
The Civil War Naval Encyclopedia [2 volumes]
820:
class of 5 ships was built according to a design by
512:. Seven other steamers were 'less than first class'
1356:
The Mechanics' museum, register journal and gazette
436:The first steam frigates of the United States were
603:Screw warships were built with steam engines and
247:Paddle frigates were used extensively during the
1359:. Robertson & co, London. 1850. p. 286.
984:Note sur l'état des forces Navales de la France
980:Note sur l'état des forces navales de la France
641:was estimated to cost 64 GBP daily to operate.
1287:. C. Alexander, Washington. 1850. p. 116.
1152:(in French). Paul Dupont, Paris. p. 456.
1004:British Warships in the Age of Sail 1817-1863
73:warships that were not meant to stand in the
8:
460:was designated a steam frigate, and so were
1239:. Henry Colburn, London. 1840. p. 545.
982:(in French), Paul Masgana, Paris, p.
1341:
1297:
961:List of frigate classes of the Royal Navy
908:is currently undergoing restoration as a
382:. Other steam frigates first class, like
1221:
1204:
1192:
875:The only surviving screw frigate is the
31:
18:
1424:
1412:
1029:
368:was followed by even bigger ships like
1149:Revue maritime et coloniale, Volume 42
935:was rebuilt as a museum ship in 1990.
413:(with a horizontal submerged paddle).
1344:, p. Appendice, Annexe A, p. 23.
1300:, p. Appendice, Annexe A, p. 26.
1122:British Cruisers of the Victorian Era
1095:British Cruisers of the Victorian Era
405:of 4 guns, commissioned in 1837, and
211:gun deck, it was at least a frigate.
120:, which was launched in 1815 for the
7:
686:, launched in 1843, was designed by
978:Joinville, M. le prince de (1844),
1037:Hovgaard, William (January 1971).
992:Les Croiseurs; La Guerre de Course
630:The screw frigate retained a full
14:
1392:Paul Watson (12 September 2016).
1163:Tucker, Spencer C. (2010-12-09).
898:and is now preserved at Chatham.
128:began building a number of small
945:
740:, first commissioned during the
611:, was invented independently by
1146:Ministère de la Marine (1874).
1006:, Seaforth Publishing, p.
826:Georges Baptiste François Allix
812:The French navy next built the
187:on three masts. If it had only
536:List of Russian steam frigates
526:producing their own steamships
476:, each with 9 heavy guns, and
1:
16:Type of steam-powered warship
362:carronades and 4 howitzers.
124:. From the early 1820s, the
81:. Later on the invention of
77:. The first such ships were
1236:The United Service Magazine
1068:Story of the Paddle Steamer
1065:Dumpleton, Bernard (2002).
554:invasion of Algiers in 1830
1476:
343:Seringapatam-class frigate
1119:Friedman, Norman (2012).
1092:Friedman, Norman (2012).
1044:. Conway Maritime Press.
528:. The 1841 steam frigate
165:Greek War of Independence
132:including the armed tugs
1125:. Seaforth. p. 54.
1098:. Seaforth. p. 52.
748:boilers in 1845 for the
325:, which became a sloop.
278:and the slightly larger
1252:Army and Navy Chronicle
688:Isambard Kingdom Brunel
167:, on the order of Capt
23:Russian steam corvette
1002:Winfield, Rif (2014),
894:spent many years as a
179:Frigate classification
43:
29:
994:(in French), p.
990:Dislere, Rif (1875),
953:United Kingdom portal
35:
22:
1255:. 1843. p. 629.
901:The Dutch gunvessel
613:Francis Pettit Smith
433:under construction.
253:Mexican–American War
169:Frank Abney Hastings
110:First steam warships
1071:. Intellect Books.
822:Henri Dupuy de Lôme
818:Impératrice Eugénie
752:. The paddle sloop
750:Franklin expedition
744:, were fitted with
241:ML 8-inch shell gun
393:United States Navy
261:American Civil War
122:United States Navy
53:) and the smaller
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930:Japanese frigate
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778:
772:
771:
764:
762:
758:
757:
751:
747:
743:
739:
738:
732:
731:
725:
720:
718:
717:
711:
710:8 inch 65 cwt
707:
706:
700:
696:
695:
694:Great Britain
689:
685:
684:
678:
677:
667:
665:
663:
662:
656:
654:
649:
647:
646:
640:
639:
633:
628:
625:
624:
618:
617:John Ericsson
614:
610:
606:
598:
596:
594:
590:
586:
582:
577:
576:
571:
565:
563:
559:
555:
551:
550:
541:
539:
537:
533:
532:
527:
523:
515:
513:
511:
509:
503:
501:
495:
491:
489:
483:
481:
475:
473:
467:
465:
459:
455:
454:Paixhans guns
451:
449:
443:
441:
434:
432:
430:
424:
422:
416:
412:
410:
404:
402:
392:
390:
388:
387:
381:
380:
374:
373:
367:
363:
360:
356:
355:
347:
344:
341:those of the
339:
335:
331:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
283:
277:
276:
266:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
245:
242:
237:
232:
230:
225:
217:
215:
212:
210:
204:
202:
200:
192:
190:
186:
178:
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
161:Hellenic Navy
158:
154:
153:
149:
145:
144:
138:
137:
131:
127:
123:
119:
118:
109:
104:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
71:steam-powered
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
41:
40:
34:
28:
27:
21:
1425:Dislere 1875
1420:
1413:Dislere 1875
1408:
1399:The Guardian
1397:
1387:
1376:
1370:Being Brunel
1365:
1355:
1349:
1337:
1327:
1321:
1311:
1305:
1293:
1283:
1277:
1267:
1261:
1251:
1245:
1235:
1229:
1200:
1169:. ABC-CLIO.
1165:
1158:
1148:
1141:
1121:
1114:
1094:
1087:
1067:
1060:
1039:
1032:
1003:
991:
979:
931:
927:
917:
914:
904:
900:
890:
886:
879:
874:
862:
839:
829:
817:
813:
811:
806:
801:
799:
788:
783:
776:
769:
765:
755:
736:
729:
721:
715:
704:
698:
693:
682:
675:
671:
659:
657:
653:wrought iron
650:
644:
637:
629:
622:
602:
592:
588:
584:
580:
573:
566:
561:
557:
547:
545:
529:
522:Tsarist Navy
520:The Russian
519:
516:Russian Navy
510: (1847)
507:
502: (1843)
499:
493:
490: (1848)
487:
482: (1850)
479:
474: (1850)
471:
466: (1850)
463:
457:
450: (1841)
447:
442: (1841)
439:
435:
431: (1843)
428:
423: (1840)
420:
414:
411: (1842)
408:
403: (1837)
400:
396:
385:
378:
371:
365:
364:
358:
353:
348:
337:
333:
329:
327:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
281:
274:
270:
246:
233:
224:paddlewheels
221:
213:
208:
205:
201: (1846)
198:
193:
182:
150:
148:sloop-of-war
142:
135:
126:British Navy
115:
113:
66:
62:
59:steam sloops
58:
54:
50:
46:
45:
38:
25:
1381:HMS Rattler
966:Screw sloop
910:museum ship
796:French Navy
761:Crimean War
742:War of 1812
570:Cunard Line
542:French Navy
480:San Jacinto
464:Susquehanna
458:Mississippi
440:Mississippi
372:Retribution
257:Crimean War
227:and so the
185:square rigs
171:, a former
163:during the
155:(Καρτερία;
49:(including
1458:Ship types
1442:Categories
972:References
932:Kaiyō Maru
830:Souveraine
668:Royal Navy
623:Archimedes
593:l'Infernal
267:Royal Navy
249:Opium Wars
173:Royal Navy
39:Birkenhead
871:Survivors
787:of 1858.
782:HMS
775:HMS
768:HMS
754:HMS
735:HMS
728:HMS
716:Agamemnon
714:HMS
703:HMS
681:HMS
674:HMS
643:HMS
636:HMS
632:sail-plan
531:Kamchatka
508:Allegheny
506:USS
498:USS
486:USS
478:USS
470:USS
462:USS
446:USS
438:USS
429:Princeton
427:USS
419:USS
407:USS
399:USS
384:HMS
377:HMS
370:HMS
352:HMS
307:Gladiator
303:Firebrand
280:HMS
273:HMS
236:broadside
229:sail plan
199:Constance
197:HMS
141:HMS
134:HMS
117:Demologos
105:Evolution
91:corvettes
939:See also
923:corvette
858:ironclad
770:Defiance
705:Euryalus
692:SS
661:Napoleon
645:Terrible
621:SS
589:Asmodéee
500:Michigan
472:Powhatan
448:Missouri
421:Poinsett
379:Terrible
366:Penelope
359:Penelope
354:Penelope
350:steamer
152:Kartería
99:gunboats
87:frigates
1041:Matters
918:Uruguay
905:Bonaire
891:Gannet
881:Jylland
842:frigate
777:Shannon
756:Phoenix
699:Amphion
683:Rattler
676:Amphion
488:Saranac
386:Avenger
346:1850s.
338:reduced
334:Cyclops
330:Cyclops
319:Centaur
311:Sampson
299:Vulture
295:Cyclops
291:Cyclops
282:Cyclops
209:covered
69:, were
1173:
1129:
1102:
1075:
1048:
1014:
903:HNLMS
877:Danish
814:L'Isly
807:Pomone
802:Pomone
789:Mersey
784:Mersey
737:Terror
730:Erebus
638:Thetis
562:Sphinx
558:Sphinx
549:Sphinx
494:Fulton
401:Fulton
323:Gorgon
315:Dragon
287:Gorgon
275:Gorgon
143:Monkey
95:sloops
26:Vityaz
1025:Notes
585:Gomer
581:Gomer
575:Gomer
415:Union
409:Union
157:Greek
136:Comet
1171:ISBN
1127:ISBN
1100:ISBN
1073:ISBN
1046:ISBN
1012:ISBN
928:The
916:ARA
889:HMS
844:and
800:The
733:and
615:and
591:and
504:and
484:and
468:and
444:and
375:and
317:and
259:and
139:and
97:and
65:and
37:HMS
824:.
1444::
1396:.
1212:^
1185:^
1010:,
925:.
912:.
884:.
763:.
726:.
697:.
595:.
538:.
496:,
313:,
309:,
305:,
301:,
255:,
251:,
203:.
101:.
93:,
89:,
61:,
57:,
1402:.
1179:.
1135:.
1108:.
1081:.
1054:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
