864:, then under construction. They also reportedly captured a passing Dominican friar and beheaded him. The bishops of Minden, LĂĽbeck and Ratzeburg reported to the pope the Stedinger's victories and the reluctance of many to join the crusade because they considered Stedingen naturally fortified by its numerous rivers and streams. It is also apparent from the bishops' report that the Stedinger were regarded as a strong enemy. When the crusaders finally arrived, they achieved some successes, but were defeated at
904:, the plenary indulgence (full remission) was granted not only to those who died (as before) but to all who had taken the cross (i.e., a formal crusade vow) and fought. This change in policy was probably both a response to the Stedinger's successes in the winter of 1232–1233 and a counterweight to the new crusade against the Luciferians, to prevent resources and manpower from being diverted away from the unfinished Stedinger business (
510:. Grievances over taxes and property rights turned into full-scale revolt. When an attempt by the secular authorities to put down the revolt ended in defeat, the archbishop mobilized his church and the Papacy to have a crusade sanctioned against the rebels. In the first campaign, the small crusading army was defeated. In a follow-up campaign the next year, a much larger crusader army was victorious.
974:
539:
846:
1201:
Crusade has attracted attention from historians of peasant movements as well as historians of the
Crusades. Werner Zihn argues that the defeat of the Stedinger began with their increasing marginalisation in the decades before the crusade. Their inability to attract external allies assured their defeat.
1200:
Hermann
Schumacher, in his 1865 study of the Stedinger, concluded that the charges of heresy were baseless and even "meaningless". More recently, Rolf Köhn has argued that they were taken very seriously by contemporaries and reflected a real concern about the spread of heresy in Europe. The Stedinger
1076:
and attacked its rear. It took several charges to break the wall of pikes. When the peasants broke formation to advance, the count of Cleves charged its flank. At that point the battle was won by the crusaders and a general massacre began. Women and children were not spared, but many peasants escaped
799:
of twenty days for attending a crusade sermon, three years for serving in another's pay and five years for serving at one's own expense. Full remission was available only to those who died in the enterprise, provided they confessed their sins. Those who contributed financially received an indulgence
1605:
1152:
The death of
Hermann of Lippe in battle against the Stedinger was periodically remembered at the monastery of Lilienthal throughout the thirteenth century. Gerhard also established memorial days for his brother at Lilienthal and the monastery of
1111:
The surviving
Stedinger surrendered to the archbishop and accepted his demands. Their freeholds were confiscated, those in the north to the county of Oldenburg, those in the south to the archbishopric of Bremen. On 21 August 1235, in the letter
1160:
The counts of
Oldenburg also commemorated the crusade in their foundation of Hude, which the Stedinger had attacked in 1233. It was constructed on a monumental scale as a sign of Oldenburg domination of Stedingen. In endowing the church, Count
1298:
Jensen says that in early 1233 Gregory expanded the area of preaching, while Rist merely has him involving the other bishops in it. He did not, however, charge the bishops of
Paderborn, Hildesheim, Verden, MĂĽnster and OsnabrĂĽck with preaching
736:
already permitted the investigators to request military assistance from the neighbouring nobility if the charges proved true. When the bishop of LĂĽbeck's mission failed to bring about a resolution, Gregory ordered bishop and
Bishops
1180:
and on and around 27 May 1934 a series of reenactments, speeches, musical performances and processions were held in honour of the
Stedinger, who were held up as heroic defenders of their land and freedom against a predatory church.
1065:, to mediate the dispute between the Stedinger and the archbishop. Since the conflict was not resolved before the spring campaign, either word of the pope's decision did not reach the crusaders in time or the archbishop ignored it.
800:
in proportion to their contribution, as determined by the preachers. The length of the campaign and thus of the service required to receive an indulgence was also at the discretion of the preachers based on military requirements.
31:
648:
to the ground. Their revolt spread south of the Hunte, where the archbishop's ministerials were driven off. The peasants stopped paying taxes and tithes to the archbishop and attacked his castles in 1212, 1213 and 1214. When
1145:). He detailed the chants and hymns to be sung when and prescribed a solemn procession followed by an indulgence for twenty days afterwards to all who gave alms to the poor. This liturgy was practiced in Bremen down to the
833:
asking them to assist the bishops of Minden, LĂĽbeck and
Ratzeburg in preaching the crusade. The actual preaching was largely left to the Dominican Order, which had expanded rapidly in northern Germany in the 1220s.
1141:. This was not a somber commemoration but a celebration of the liberation of the church. In Gerhard's instructions concerning the celebrations, 27 May 1234 was called the "day of victory against the Stedinger" (
1262:
Rist has
Gerhard travelling to Rome six months after the death of his brother, while Pixton has Cardinal Otto travelling through Bremen on his return from Riga after 23 July 1230 and before Gerhard's trip to
640:
was not being respected. Specifically, the Stedinger complained that the archbishop was demanding more in tax than he was owed and that both he and the count intended to convert their freeholds into leases.
879:(17 June 1233), addressed to the bishops of Minden, LĂĽbeck and Ratzeburg, he raised the partial indulgence previously granted into a plenary one, placing the Stedinger crusade on an equal footing with the
1116:, Pope Gregory ordered the lifting of their excommunication. According to Emo of Wittewierum, some Stedinger escaped to Frisia or found refuge in the north German towns. According to the
946:
records that there was widespread uncertainty over whether all those preaching the crusade had the correct authorization to do so. The most serious incident Emo records took place in the
1189:
Contemporary chroniclers recognised that a crusade against farmers required a clearer justification than the crusades to the Holy Land or the crusades against organised heresies.
1137:
After his victory at Altenesch, Archbishop Gerhard declared an annual day of remembrance to be kept in all the churches of the archdiocese of Bremen on the Saturday before the
674:, and led a small force into Stedingen. They were defeated by the peasants on Christmas Day and Hermann was killed. In 1232, after 1 September, Gerhard established a house of
1025:
and several barons from the county of Flanders. All of these named men were related to the counts of Oldenburg. The overall leader was the duke of Brabant. According to the
795:
In his letter, Gregory accused the Stedinger of holding orgies and worshiping demons in Satanic rites—on top of their theological errors. He instituted a graduated scale of
561:. They eventually came to inhabit lands north of the Hunte as well. This marshy region was first cleared and settled only at the beginning of the twelfth century. The name
1077:
into the marshes. Among the dead on the crusader side was the count of Wildeshausen, of the family of the counts of Oldenburg. Gerhard credited the intervention of the
1034:
The Stedinger army numbered 11,000, according to Emo of Wittewierum. Probably it did not exceed 2,000. They were poorly equipped next to the crusaders, lacking any
1827:
64:
1837:
650:
853:
In the winter of 1232–1233, the Stedinger captured the archbishop's fortress of Slutter. In early 1233, they destroyed the wooden cloisters of the Cistercian
208:
962:. They subsequently preached against the Fivelgonians. Nearby, in a place called Stets, a local monk interrupted a Dominican's sermon and was imprisoned in
1165:
specifically mentioned his father, Burchard, and uncle, Henry III, "counts of Oldenburg killed under the banner of the holy cross against the Stedinger" (
842:, also preached the crusade against the Stedinger. As a result of the second round of preaching, an army was formed large enough for a summer campaign.
1084:
The dead after the battle of Altenesch were so numerous they had to be buried in mass graves. The sources vary in the number of dead they give: 2,000 (
813:
The initial response to the bishops' preaching was tepid; only a few local knights took the cross. On 19 January 1233, Gregory IX addressed the letter
1423:
1832:
1204:
Prior to the 1970s, the Stedinger Crusade was usually seen in an ideological light. Schumacher viewed the Stedinger as seeking liberation from
1773:
Schmidt, Heinrich. "Zur Geschichte der Stedinger: Studien ĂĽber Bauernfreiheit, Herrschaft und Religion an der Unterweser im 13. Jahrhundert".
1557:
Rebecca Rist (2011), "Pope Gregory IX and the Grant of Indulgence for Military Campaigns in Europe in the 1230s: A Study in Papal Rhetoric",
1322:
698:. They were accused, among other things, of superstitious practices, murdering priests, burning churches and monasteries and desecrating the
694:
had gotten in 1228 against his rebellious peasants. Gerhard convened a diocesan synod on 17 March 1230, whereat the Stedinger were declared
690:
After his defeat, Gerhard began preparing for a crusade against the rebels. He may have been inspired by the Drenther Crusade that Bishop
1627:
732:
and two prominent Dominicans from Bremen ordering them to investigate the charges further and to call the Stedinger back to communion.
216:
94:
57:
682:
for the salvation of his brother, who died, so Gerhard said in the foundation charter, "for the liberation of the church of Bremen".
1330:
1212:, the Stedinger were heroic representatives of a free Germany fighting the oppressive and foreign church; while for the scholars of
620:
land and to found churches, as well as exempting them from some taxes. Collectively, these rights and privileges were known as the
383:
818:
721:
to confirm the excommunication and the validity of the charges. When the validity of the charges was confirmed, Gregory sent the
186:
1359:
Rist, who does not mention the battle of Altenesch, attributes the Stedinger's absolution to the diplomacy of William of Modena.
1010:
748:
By October 1232, Gregory was prepared to declare the crusade that Gerhard had requested. On 29 October 1232, he sent the letter
1326:
1162:
869:
1812:
710:
assistant Gerhard, when passing through Bremen later that year, gave strong support to Archbishop Gerhard's planned crusade.
507:
1002:
1588:
The German Episcopacy and the Implementation of the Decrees of the Fourth Lateran Council, 1216–1245: Watchmen on the Tower
653:
became archbishop in 1219, he immediately set to work restoring his authority in Stedingen. Just before Christmas 1229, he
1035:
703:
50:
1698:"Innocent III, Gregory IX and Political Crusades: A Study in the Disintegration of Papal Power". Guy Fitch Lytle (ed.),
1068:
The crusader army assembled on the western bank of the Weser and marched north. They used a pontoon bridge to cross the
613:
473:
463:
286:
998:
990:
738:
395:
388:
291:
1090:
830:
1822:
1817:
1807:
1190:
1102:). These numbers cannot be taken literally, but they give an impression of the perceived scale of destruction. The
1050:, the Stedinger leaders were Tammo von Huntdorf, Bolko von Bardenfleth and Ditmar tom Diek, all otherwise unknown.
1006:
994:
659:
604:
Legally most of the Stedinger were subjects of the prince-archbishop of Bremen, the land being administered by his
1027:
986:
916:
A larger and more impressive army was raised in early 1234, after the Dominicans preached the crusade throughout
36:
1014:
1676:
Kardinal Willhelm von Sabina, Bischof von Modena 1222–1234: Päpstlicher Legat in den Nordischen Ländern (+1251)
982:
729:
679:
671:
963:
196:
624:, Hollandic right. By the early thirteenth century, the Stedinger formed a well-defined community called the
1695:
875:
While the fighting was in progress in June, Pope Gregory issued a renewed call for a crusade. In the letter
781:
423:
1289:
Jensen limits the initial preaching to Minden, LĂĽbeck and Ratzeburg, while Rist does not mention Ratzeburg.
1231:
Maier places this "probably shortly before Christmas 1229" but after the death of the archbishop's brother.
1138:
761:
757:
428:
356:
742:
1350:
Knödler provides different spellings: Boleke of Bardenflete, Tammo of Hunthorpe and Thedmarus of Aggere.
1172:
For the 700th anniversary of the Battle of Altenesch an entirely different commemoration was enacted in
769:
691:
361:
351:
1240:
Most authors date this synod to 1230, but Maier, following Rolf Köhn (1979), dates it to 21 March 1231.
784:. The bishops were authorized to recruit for the preaching all the Dominicans they needed. The Emperor
777:
458:
826:
644:
In 1204, the Stedinger north of the Hunte rebelled against the count of Oldenburg, burning two of his
1277:
1154:
1104:
822:
785:
765:
718:
1338:
1209:
933:
839:
753:
468:
453:
403:
261:
231:
597:, farmers. When relations with their overlord later soured, they were dismissively referred to as
1273:
943:
921:
865:
609:
378:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
281:
276:
249:
226:
99:
89:
34:
The battle of Altenesch (peasants on the left, crusaders on the right), from a manuscript of the
1713:
854:
585:, meaning coast or shore. Originally, in the early twelfth century, the Stedinger were known as
171:
1073:
1072:
and enter Stedingen. On 27 May 1234, they caught the peasant army on a common green called the
1250:
1216:, they were an oppressed class of workers fighting back against the greed of the aristocracy.
1099:
1062:
967:
938:
925:
835:
773:
330:
221:
126:
1057:, which intervened with the pope on behalf of the Stedinger. On 18 March 1234, in the letter
1631:
917:
514:
445:
408:
373:
368:
266:
236:
201:
131:
104:
707:
675:
518:
418:
343:
244:
181:
176:
151:
136:
121:
657:
the Stedingers for their continued refusal to pay taxes and tithes (in the words of the
1792:
Die Stedinger. Die historische Entwicklung des Stedinger Landes bis ins 13. Jahrhundert
1658:
Julia Knödler (trans. Duane Henderson), "Altenesch, Battle of", in Clifford J. Rogers,
1054:
654:
617:
438:
338:
191:
156:
141:
1193:
tried to connect the Stedinger to the devil-worshippers; others connected them to the
1801:
1039:
849:
Ruins of the abbey of Hude today, attacked while under construction by the Stedinger.
166:
161:
146:
116:
1424:"The Stedinger Crusade: War, Remembrance, and Absence in Thirteenth-Century Germany"
1213:
1177:
1173:
789:
722:
605:
433:
254:
713:
In June 1230, Gerhard went to Rome to personally argue his case to the pope. Pope
1473:
Carsten Selch Jensen, "Stedinger Crusades (1233–1234)", in Alan V. Murray (ed.),
859:
612:
north of the Hunte. Already in 1106 they had received privileges from Archbishop
17:
1768:
Die Stedinger Bauernkriege: Wahre Begebenheiten und geschichtliche Betrachtungen
1513:
Preaching the Crusades: Mendicant Friars and the Cross in the Thirteenth Century
1334:
1146:
1078:
1043:
897:
892:
479:
271:
973:
752:
authorising the preaching of a crusade against the Stedinger to the bishops of
538:
1564:: 79–102, at 83–86. A condensed version of her account is also found in Rist,
955:
796:
714:
1205:
959:
929:
699:
522:
500:
845:
521:(1235–1241), other small-scale crusades against European Christians deemed
1726:
Köhn, Rolf. "Die Verketzung der Stedinger durch die Bremer Fastensynode".
884:
880:
695:
74:
1606:"The Use of the Bible in the Arengae of Pope Gregory IX's Crusade Calls"
1194:
1031:, it numbered 40,000 men; in reality it was probably closer to 8,000.
1022:
951:
590:
30:
1341:
joined the crusade against the Luciferians, which never materialized.
1167:
comitum de Aldenborch sub sancte crucis vexillo a Stedingis occisorum
1069:
947:
764:. They were to preach the crusade in the dioceses of Bremen, Minden,
645:
558:
549:
The Stedinger were the peasant inhabitants of the region between the
1736:
Köhn, Rolf. "Die Teilnehmer an den Kreuzzügen gegen die Stedinger".
1660:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology
977:
Seal of Henry I of Brabant, commander of the crusader army in 1234.
27:
Papally sanctioned war against the rebellious peasants of Stedingen
1018:
972:
844:
570:
554:
550:
537:
496:
29:
1120:, those who fled to Frisia and established a community there—the
1124:—were attacked by the counts of Oldenburg later in the century.
581:, land of the Stedinger). The name derives from the German word
46:
1746:
Krollmann, Christian. "Der Deutsche Orden und die Stedinger".
1756:
Oncken, H. "Studien zur Geschichte des Stedingerkreuzzuges".
1662:, 3 vols. (Oxford University Press, 2010), vol. 1, pp. 39–40.
896:(11–13 June) directed at a different heretical movement, the
1785:
Die Stedinger. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Weser-Marschen
1272:
The Dominicans were the head of the convent in Bremen and a
872:, a relative of the count of Oldenburg, was among the dead.
1700:
Reform and Authority in the Medieval and Reformation Church
42:
1638:(James Clarke & Co., 2002 ), retrieved 7 October 2019.
670:
In December 1229, Gerhard joined forces with his brother,
1053:
A last-ditch effort to prevent bloodshed was made by the
1690:
The Friars and German Society in the Thirteenth Century
636:
The grievances which led to open revolt were that the
1758:
Jahrbuch fĂĽr die Geschichte des Herzogtums Oldenburg
1108:
emphasise the deaths of "their wives and children".
608:(serfs of knightly rank). Some were subjects of the
506:
The Stedinger were free farmers and subjects of the
1683:
Die Ketzerverfolgung in Deutschland unter Gregor IX
573:documents) refers to the people, while the land is
1714:"The Stedingers: The Story of a Forgotten Crusade"
1608:, in Elizabeth Lapina and Nicholas Morton (eds.),
1477:, 4 vols. (ABC-CLIO, 2017), vol. 4, pp. 1121–1122.
1321:These crusades have sometimes been confused. Duke
499:sanctioned war against the rebellious peasants of
1718:Transactions of the Birmingham Historical Society
1176:. A replica Stedinger village was constructed at
717:proceeded cautiously. He ordered the provost of
981:Among those who joined the new army were dukes
942:, the response this time was enthusiastic, but
1738:Niedersächisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte
1515:(Cambridge University Press, 1994), pp. 52–56.
817:to bishops Wilbrand of Paderborn and Utrecht,
1566:The Papacy and Crusading in Europe, 1198–1245
58:
8:
958:were attacked and had to flee for safety to
838:, a noted heretic hunter and veteran of the
745:to reinvestigate the charges one more time.
970:. Few crusaders were recruited in Fivelgo.
65:
51:
43:
1610:The Uses of the Bible in Crusader Sources
1568:(Bloomsbury Academic, 2011), pp. 126–127.
1061:, Gregory ordered his legate in Germany,
1707:Repression of Heresy in Medieval Germany
1370:
1224:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
883:. Around the same time, he issued the
1828:13th century in the Holy Roman Empire
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1249:They had resolved a dispute over the
1143:dies victorie habite contra Stedingos
7:
1838:Wars involving the Holy Roman Empire
1197:. Neither connection is convincing.
788:also placed the Stedinger under the
111:In the Holy Land (1095–1291)
95:Military order (religious society)
25:
692:Wilbrand of Paderborn and Utrecht
616:conferring on them the right to
545:, from a seventeenth-century map
1636:Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages
1118:Historia monasterii Rastedensis
1091:Historia monasterii Rastedensis
1833:1230s in the Holy Roman Empire
1702:. Washington, DC, 1981: 15–35.
954:. Two Dominicans preaching in
508:Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen
217:Crusades after Acre, 1291–1399
1:
1475:The Crusades: An Encyclopedia
1312:as directed at the Stedinger.
1308:Merlo incorrectly identifies
704:Otto of San Nicola in Carcere
513:It is often grouped with the
1783:Schumacher, Hermann Albert.
1422:Megan Cassidy-Welch (2013),
1612:(Brill, 2017), pp. 206–235.
1590:(Brill, 1995), pp. 375–377.
1854:
1191:Alberic of Trois-Fontaines
1149:in the sixteenth century.
1086:Chronica regia Coloniensis
660:Chronica regia Coloniensis
1011:Henry III of Wildeshausen
881:crusades to the Holy Land
728:(26 July 1231) to Bishop
85:Ideology and institutions
82:
1253:, a suffragan of Bremen.
1163:Henry IV of Wildeshausen
870:Burchard of Wildeshausen
663:, "for their excesses",
1748:AltpreuĂźische Forschung
1331:Otto III of Brandenburg
900:throughout Germany. In
819:Conrad II of Hildesheim
739:Gottschalk of Ratzeburg
626:universitas Stedingorum
1692:. Cambridge, MA, 1977.
1139:Feast of the Ascension
1114:Ex parte universitatis
1028:Sächsische Weltchronik
978:
850:
546:
40:
37:Sächsische Weltchronik
1813:13th-century crusades
1276:named John, probably
976:
964:Saint Juliana's Abbey
888:O altitudo divitiarum
848:
831:Conrad I of OsnabrĂĽck
541:
33:
1696:Kennan, Elizabeth T.
1511:Christoph T. Maier,
1278:John of Wildeshausen
1105:Annales Erphordenses
1038:and armed only with
1003:William IV of JĂĽlich
999:Dietrich V of Cleves
991:Floris IV of Holland
902:Littere vestre nobis
877:Littere vestre nobis
553:river and the lower
534:Stedinger settlement
517:(1228–1232) and the
1780:(1982–1983): 27–94.
1775:Bremisches Jahrbuch
1728:Bremisches Jahrbuch
1339:Conrad of Thuringia
1210:National Socialists
1046:. According to the
1015:Louis of Ravensberg
1007:Otto I of Oldenburg
995:Otto II of Guelders
987:Henry IV of Limburg
936:. According to the
840:Albigensian Crusade
750:Lucis eterne lumine
672:Hermann II of Lippe
665:pro suis excessibus
469:Crusade of the Poor
1794:. Oldenburg, 1983.
1770:. Lemwerder, 2004.
1709:. Liverpool, 1979.
1274:papal penitentiary
983:Henry I of Brabant
979:
944:Emo of Wittewierum
851:
743:Conrad I of Minden
610:count of Oldenburg
547:
495:(1233–1234) was a
396:Against Christians
100:Crusade indulgence
90:Crusading movement
41:
1823:Conflicts in 1234
1818:Conflicts in 1233
1808:Stedinger Crusade
1766:Schmeyers, Jens.
1678:. Helsinki, 1929.
1604:Thomas W. Smith,
1323:Otto of Brunswick
1251:bishopric of Riga
1122:terra Rustringiae
1100:Baldwin of Ninove
1096:Annales Stadenses
1081:for his victory.
1063:William of Modena
1059:Grandis et gravis
1048:Annales Stadenses
939:Annales Stadenses
836:Conrad of Marburg
827:Ludolf of MĂĽnster
719:MĂĽnster Cathedral
579:terra Stedingorum
493:Stedinger Crusade
488:
487:
474:Shepherds' (1320)
464:Shepherds' (1251)
448:(1096–1320)
398:(1209–1588)
333:(1147–1410)
211:(1291–1717)
18:Stedinger crusade
16:(Redirected from
1845:
1743:(1981): 139–206.
1674:Donnar, Gustav.
1663:
1656:
1639:
1626:Grado G. Merlo,
1624:
1613:
1602:
1591:
1586:Paul B. Pixton,
1584:
1569:
1555:
1516:
1509:
1478:
1471:
1434:
1420:
1360:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1342:
1319:
1313:
1306:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1281:
1270:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1247:
1241:
1238:
1232:
1229:
912:Campaign of 1234
863:
809:Campaign of 1233
730:John I of LĂĽbeck
632:Stedinger revolt
515:Drenther Crusade
202:Fall of Outremer
105:Papal income tax
77:
67:
60:
53:
44:
21:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1798:
1797:
1787:. Bremen, 1865.
1705:Kieckhefer, R.
1688:Freed, John B.
1685:. Berlin, 1932.
1671:
1669:Further reading
1666:
1657:
1642:
1625:
1616:
1603:
1594:
1585:
1572:
1556:
1519:
1510:
1481:
1472:
1437:
1421:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1333:and landgraves
1320:
1316:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1257:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1187:
1135:
1130:
1017:, the lords of
914:
868:in July. Count
857:
823:Luder of Verden
815:Clamante ad nos
811:
806:
688:
676:Cistercian nuns
638:ius Hollandicum
634:
622:ius hollandicum
536:
531:
519:Bosnian Crusade
489:
484:
454:People's (1096)
78:
73:
71:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1851:
1849:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1800:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1790:Zihn, Werner.
1788:
1781:
1771:
1764:
1763:(1896): 27–58.
1754:
1744:
1734:
1733:(1979): 15–85.
1724:
1712:King, Wilson.
1710:
1703:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1640:
1614:
1592:
1570:
1517:
1479:
1435:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1352:
1343:
1314:
1301:
1291:
1282:
1265:
1255:
1242:
1233:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1186:
1185:Historiography
1183:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1098:); or 11,000 (
1055:Teutonic Order
913:
910:
890:(10 June) and
810:
807:
805:
802:
687:
684:
655:excommunicated
633:
630:
543:Stedinger Land
535:
532:
530:
527:
486:
485:
477:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
442:
441:
439:Spanish Armada
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
392:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
365:
364:
359:
354:
346:
341:
327:
326:
325:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
269:
264:
259:
258:
257:
252:
247:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
209:Later Crusades
205:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
108:
107:
102:
97:
92:
83:
80:
79:
72:
70:
69:
62:
55:
47:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1850:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1753:(1937): 1–13.
1752:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1723:(1881): 1–24.
1722:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1632:André Vauchez
1629:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1433:(2): 159–174.
1432:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1365:
1356:
1353:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1302:
1295:
1292:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1269:
1266:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1156:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
975:
971:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
940:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
911:
909:
907:
903:
899:
895:
894:
889:
886:
882:
878:
873:
871:
867:
861:
856:
855:abbey of Hude
847:
843:
841:
837:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
808:
803:
801:
798:
793:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
746:
744:
740:
735:
731:
727:
724:
720:
716:
711:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
686:Investigation
685:
683:
681:
677:
673:
668:
666:
662:
661:
656:
652:
647:
642:
639:
631:
629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
577:(or in Latin
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
544:
540:
533:
528:
526:
524:
520:
516:
511:
509:
504:
502:
498:
494:
483:
481:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
451:
450:
449:
447:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
401:
400:
399:
397:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
349:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
336:
335:
334:
332:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
274:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
242:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
214:
213:
212:
210:
203:
200:
198:
197:Lord Edward's
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
114:
113:
112:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
87:
86:
81:
76:
68:
63:
61:
56:
54:
49:
48:
45:
39:
38:
32:
19:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1774:
1767:
1760:
1757:
1750:
1747:
1740:
1737:
1730:
1727:
1720:
1717:
1706:
1699:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1659:
1635:
1609:
1587:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1512:
1474:
1430:
1427:
1355:
1346:
1325:, margraves
1317:
1309:
1304:
1294:
1285:
1268:
1258:
1245:
1236:
1227:
1214:East Germany
1203:
1199:
1188:
1178:Bookholzberg
1174:Nazi Germany
1171:
1166:
1159:
1151:
1142:
1136:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1103:
1095:
1089:
1085:
1083:
1067:
1058:
1052:
1047:
1044:short swords
1033:
1026:
980:
937:
915:
905:
901:
891:
887:
876:
874:
852:
814:
812:
794:
790:imperial ban
786:Frederick II
749:
747:
733:
725:
712:
689:
669:
664:
658:
643:
637:
635:
625:
621:
606:ministerials
603:
598:
594:
593:, or simply
586:
582:
578:
574:
566:
562:
548:
542:
512:
505:
492:
490:
478:
444:
443:
413:
394:
393:
329:
328:
272:Holy Leagues
207:
206:
110:
109:
84:
35:
1628:"Stedinger"
1310:Vox in Rama
1299:themselves.
1147:Reformation
1133:Remembrance
1079:Virgin Mary
898:Luciferians
893:Vox in Rama
866:Hemmelskamp
858: [
797:indulgences
702:. Cardinal
614:Frederick I
589:, that is,
557:, opposite
480:Reconquista
429:Despenser's
404:Albigensian
232:Alexandrian
1802:Categories
1366:References
1208:. For the
1094:); 6,000 (
1088:); 4,000 (
956:Appingedam
950:region of
934:Westphalia
770:Hildesheim
715:Gregory IX
680:Lilienthal
651:Gerhard II
601:, beasts.
591:Hollanders
529:Background
482:(722–1492)
459:Children's
379:Lithuanian
1681:Förg, L.
1206:feudalism
1155:Osterholz
1074:Altenesch
989:, counts
960:Groningen
930:Rhineland
885:decretals
782:OsnabrĂĽck
766:Paderborn
762:Ratzeburg
734:Si ea que
726:Si ea que
708:Dominican
700:eucharist
575:Stedingen
563:Stedinger
523:heretical
501:Stedingen
414:Stedinger
262:Nicopolis
227:Smyrniote
222:Aragonese
127:Norwegian
1559:Crusades
922:Flanders
906:negotium
706:and his
696:heretics
618:freehold
587:Hollandi
567:Stedinge
424:Bohemian
409:Drenther
374:Prussian
369:Livonian
348:Swedish
331:Northern
241:Barbary
237:Savoyard
132:Venetian
75:Crusades
1634:(ed.),
1195:Cathars
1023:Scholen
952:Fivelgo
948:Frisian
926:Holland
918:Brabant
804:Crusade
778:MĂĽnster
646:castles
595:rustici
583:Gestade
497:Papally
446:Popular
434:Hussite
419:Bosnian
384:Russian
344:Wendish
187:Catalan
177:Seventh
172:Barons'
1428:Viator
1327:John I
1128:Legacy
1070:Ochtum
1036:armour
968:Rottum
928:, the
774:Verden
758:LĂĽbeck
754:Minden
723:letter
599:bestie
559:Bremen
339:Kalmar
192:Eighth
157:Fourth
142:Second
1778:60–61
1630:, in
1335:Henry
1263:Rome.
1220:Notes
1040:pikes
1019:Breda
862:]
571:Latin
555:Hunte
551:Weser
389:Tatar
267:Varna
167:Sixth
162:Fifth
147:Third
117:First
1337:and
1329:and
1042:and
1021:and
1013:and
985:and
932:and
829:and
780:and
760:and
741:and
565:(or
491:The
362:1293
357:1249
352:1150
322:1717
317:1684
312:1594
307:1571
302:1538
297:1535
292:1526
287:1511
282:1495
277:1332
255:1399
250:1398
245:1390
182:1267
152:1197
137:1129
122:1101
1169:).
966:in
908:).
678:in
667:).
569:in
1804::
1751:14
1741:53
1731:57
1716:.
1643:^
1617:^
1595:^
1573:^
1562:10
1520:^
1482:^
1438:^
1431:44
1426:,
1373:^
1157:.
1009:,
1005:,
1001:,
997:,
993:,
924:,
920:,
860:de
825:,
821:,
792:.
776:,
772:,
768:,
756:,
628:.
525:.
503:.
1761:5
1721:1
1280:.
66:e
59:t
52:v
20:)
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