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2231:, unlike common pin-jointed trusses, imposes significant bending forces upon its members—but this in turn allows the elimination of many diagonal elements. It is a structure where the members are not triangulated but form rectangular openings, and is a frame with fixed joints that are capable of transferring and resisting bending moments. While rare as a bridge type due to higher costs compared to a triangulated truss, it is commonly employed in modern building construction as it allows the resolution of gross shear forces against the frame elements while retaining rectangular openings between columns. This is advantageous both in allowing flexibility in the use of the building space and freedom in selection of the building's outer
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285:. If the top member is sufficiently stiff then this vertical element may be eliminated. If the lower chord (a horizontal member of a truss) is sufficiently resistant to bending and shear, the outer vertical elements may be eliminated, but with additional strength added to other members in compensation. The ability to distribute the forces in various ways has led to a large variety of truss bridge types. Some types may be more advantageous when the wood is employed for compression elements while other types may be easier to erect in particular site conditions, or when the balance between labor, machinery, and material costs has certain favorable proportions.
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262:. For purposes of analysis, trusses are assumed to be pin jointed where the straight components meet, meaning that taken alone, every joint on the structure is functionally considered to be a flexible joint as opposed to a rigid joint with the strength to maintain its shape, and the resulting shape and strength of the structure are only maintained by the interlocking of the components. This assumption means that members of the truss (chords, verticals, and diagonals) will act only in tension or compression. A more complex analysis is required where rigid joints impose significant
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of the verticals and the lower horizontal tension members are used to anchor the supports for the short-span girders under the tracks (among other things). With the
Baltimore truss, there are almost twice as many points for this to happen because the short verticals will also be used to anchor the supports. Thus the short-span girders can be made lighter because their span is shorter. A good example of the Baltimore truss is the
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to footings. A central gap, if present, can then be filled by lifting a conventional truss into place or by building it in place using a "traveling support". In another method of construction, one outboard half of each balanced truss is built upon temporary falsework. When the outboard halves are completed and anchored the inboard halves may then be constructed and the center section completed as described above.
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3491:—Virginia Department of Transportation's plan for managing its historic bridges, including metal truss bridges. The update includes sections on study findings such as "General Issues Regarding Metal and Metal Truss Bridges (Including Potential Life Span)," "Coatings Issues for Metal Truss Bridges: Painting, Metallizing, and Galvanizing," and "Truss Bridge Capacity and Overloading Potential."
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2372:, is usually considered a subclass of the Pratt truss because the diagonal members are designed to work in tension. The main characteristic of a Whipple truss is that the tension members are elongated, usually thin, and at a shallow angle, and cross two or more bays (rectangular sections defined by the vertical members).
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uses a single tubular upper chord. As the horizontal tension and compression forces are balanced these horizontal forces are not transferred to the supporting pylons (as is the case with most arch types). This in turn enables the truss to be fabricated on the ground and then to be raised by jacking
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the situation is reversed, at least over a portion of the span. The typical cantilever truss bridge is a "balanced cantilever", which enables the construction to proceed outward from a central vertical spar in each direction. Usually these are built in pairs until the outer sections may be anchored
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is a subclass of the Pratt truss. A Baltimore truss has additional bracing in the lower section of the truss to prevent buckling in the compression members and to control deflection. It is mainly used for rail bridges, showing off a simple and very strong design. In the Pratt truss the intersection
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In contrast, a continuous truss functions as a single rigid structure over multiple supports. This means that the live load on one span is partially supported by the other spans, and consequently it is possible to use less material in the truss. Continuous truss bridges were not very common before
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The inclusion of the elements shown is largely an engineering decision based upon economics, being a balance between the costs of raw materials, off-site fabrication, component transportation, on-site erection, the availability of machinery, and the cost of labor. In other cases, the appearance of
226:, or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads. There are several types of truss bridges, including some with simple designs that were among the first bridges designed in the 19th and early 20th centuries. A truss bridge is economical to construct primarily because it uses materials efficiently.
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is subject to bending or torsional straining forces, but only to tension or compression. Loads on the diagonals alternate between compression and tension approaching the center, with no vertical elements, while elements near the center must support both tension and compression in response to live
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is a hybrid between the Warren and Parker trusses where the upper chords are all of equal length and the lower chords are longer than the corresponding upper chord. Because of the difference in upper and lower chord length, each panel is not square. The members which would be vertical in a Parker
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bridge includes a lens-shape truss, with trusses between an upper chord functioning as an arch that curves up and then down to end points, and a lower chord (functioning as a suspension cable) that curves down and then up to meet at the same end points. Where the arches extend above and below the
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The Pegram truss consists of a Parker type design with the vertical posts leaning towards the center at an angle between 60 and 75°. The variable post angle and constant chord length allowed steel in existing bridges to be recycled into a new span using the Pegram truss design. This design also
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was designed by the
British in 1940–1941 for military uses during World War II. A short selection of prefabricated modular components could be easily and speedily combined on land in various configurations to adapt to the needs at the site and allow rapid deployment of completed trusses. In the
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loads. This configuration combines strength with economy of materials and can therefore be relatively light. The girders being of equal length, it is ideal for use in prefabricated modular bridges. It is an improvement over the
Neville truss which uses a spacing configuration of
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Truss bridges became a common type of bridge built from the 1870s through the 1930s. Examples of these bridges still remain across the US, but their numbers are dropping rapidly as they are demolished and replaced with new structures. As metal slowly started to replace timber,
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The bowstring truss design fell out of favor due to a lack of durability, and gave way to the Pratt truss design, which was stronger. Again, the bridge companies marketed their designs, with the
Wrought Iron Bridge Company in the lead. As the 1880s and 1890s progressed,
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310:. Spaghetti is brittle and although it can carry a modest tension force, it breaks easily if bent. A model spaghetti bridge thus demonstrates the use of a truss structure to produce a usefully strong complete structure from individually weak elements.
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spans, which are supported at only one end rather than both ends like other types of trusses. Unlike a continuous truss, a cantilever truss does not need to be connected rigidly, or indeed at all, at the center. Many cantilever bridges, like the
2024:) are used in the diagonals, then crossing elements may be needed near the center to accept concentrated live loads as they traverse the span. It can be subdivided, creating Y- and K-shaped patterns. The Pratt truss was invented in 1844 by
2104:, sometimes called "queen post" or queenspost, is similar to a king post truss in that the outer supports are angled towards the center of the structure. The primary difference is the horizontal extension at the center which relies on
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may contain all horizontal forces within the arch itself, or alternatively may be either a thrust arch consisting of a truss, or of two arcuate sections pinned at the apex. The latter form is common when the bridge is constructed as
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formed in each panel by the vertical member and two oblique members. Examples include the SĂĽdbrĂĽcke rail bridge over the River Rhine, Mainz, Germany, the bridge on I-895 (Baltimore Harbor Tunnel
Thruway) in Baltimore, Maryland, the
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or a series of simple trusses. In the simple truss design, each span is supported only at the ends and is fully independent of any adjacent spans. Each span must fully support the weight of any vehicles traveling over it (the
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began to replace wrought iron as the preferred material. Other truss designs were used during this time, including the camel-back. By the 1910s, many states developed standard plan truss bridges, including steel Warren
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A pure truss can be represented as a pin-jointed structure, one where the only forces on the truss members are tension or compression, not bending. This is used in the teaching of statics, by the building of
1877:. The Pratt truss includes braced diagonal members in all panels; the Pennsylvania truss adds to this design half-length struts or ties in the top, bottom, or both parts of the panels. It is named after the
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bridge is a Pratt truss design with a polygonal upper chord. A "camelback" is a subset of the Parker type, where the upper chord consists of exactly five segments. An example of a Parker truss is the
908:, Australia, the first of the Allan truss bridges with overhead bracing, was originally designed as a steel bridge but was constructed with timber to reduce cost. In his design, Allan used Australian
1707:, which with a span of 210 feet (64 m) and a total length of 232 feet (71 m) long was the second-longest covered bridge in the United States, until its destruction from flooding in 2011.
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281:, and bending, outer diagonal and top members are in compression, while the inner diagonals are in tension. The central vertical member stabilizes the upper compression member, preventing it from
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as supporting masonry pylons are constructed. This truss has been used in the construction of a stadium, with the upper chords of parallel trusses supporting a roof that may be rolled back. The
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and Caleb Pratt. This truss is practical for use with spans up to 250 feet (76 m) and was a common configuration for railroad bridges as truss bridges moved from wood to metal. They are
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on top, in the middle, or at the bottom of the truss. Bridges with the roadbed at the top or the bottom are the most common as this allows both the top and bottom to be stiffened, forming a
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bridges in the US started being built on a large scale in the 1870s. Bowstring truss bridges were a common truss design during this time, with their arched top chords. Companies like the
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2128:, patented by Robert W Smith on July 16, 1867, has mostly diagonal criss-crossed supports. Smith's company used many variations of this pattern in the wooden covered bridges it built.
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facilitated reassembly and permitted a bridge to be adjusted to fit different span lengths. There are twelve known remaining Pegram span bridges in the United States with seven in
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The Pauli truss is a variant of the lenticular truss, "with the top chord carefully shaped so that it has a constant force along the entire length of the truss." It is named after
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image, note the use of pairs of doubled trusses to adapt to the span and load requirements. In other applications the trusses may be stacked vertically, and doubled as necessary.
612:, is a continuous, cantilevered truss bridge which combines a suspended road deck on the 332-metre (1,088 ft) main span and through truss decks on the adjacent approach spans
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1329:. In contrast to the Pratt truss, the diagonal web members are in compression and the vertical web members are in tension. Few of these bridges remain standing. Examples include
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all vertical elements are under tension, with exception of the end posts. This type of truss is particularly suited for timber structures that use iron rods as tension members.
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section above each intermediate support. Only about ten
Wichert truss bridges were ever built, mostly in Pennsylvania and Maryland. Of these, one of the best known is the
884:. The first Allan truss was completed on 13 August 1894 over Glennies Creek at Camberwell, New South Wales and the last Allan truss bridge was built over Mill Creek near
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1668:.) The term Pauli truss is not interchangeable with the term lenticular truss and, according to Thomas Boothby, the casual use of the term has clouded the literature.
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Bridges are the most widely known examples of truss use. There are many types, some of them dating back hundreds of years. Below are some of the more common designs.
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A comprehensive inventory of all remaining truss bridges in Ohio. Includes maps, photos, and invites visitor assistance in identifying extant or demolished bridges.
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573:, Japan, is the longest double-decked truss bridge in the world. It carries three lanes of automobile traffic on top and two of rail below over nine truss spans.
334:, was patented, and had the advantage of requiring neither high labor skills nor much metal. Few iron truss bridges were built in the United States before 1850.
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compression members. The use of multiple independent tension elements reduces the likelihood of catastrophic failure. The structure was also easy to assemble.
1050:, United States is the only surviving example of a revolutionary design in the history of American bridge engineering. The type was named after its inventor,
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This type of bridge uses a substantial number of lightweight elements, easing the task of construction. Truss elements are usually of wood, iron, or steel.
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shown below, have two cantilever spans supporting a simple truss in the center. The bridge would remain standing if the simple truss section were removed.
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2508:, Members of a Truss Bridge by Benj. F. La Rue, Home Study Magazine, Published by the Colliery Engineer Company, Vol 3, No. 2, March 1898, pages 67-68.
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engineer. It was the first successful all-metal bridge design (patented in 1852) to be adopted and consistently used on a railroad. The design employs
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322:, because wood was in abundance, early truss bridges would typically use carefully fitted timbers for members taking compression and iron rods for
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is a hybrid between a Warren truss and a double-intersection Pratt truss. Invented in 1863 by Simeon S. Post, it is occasionally referred to as a
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the structure may take on greater importance and so influence the design decisions beyond mere matters of economics. Modern materials such as
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2020:. The interior diagonals are under tension under balanced loading and vertical elements under compression. If pure tension elements (such as
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The
Busching bridge, often erroneously used as an example of a Long truss, is an example of a Howe truss, as the verticals are metal rods.
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and several states continued to build steel truss bridges, using massive steel through-truss bridges for long spans. Other states, such as
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and
Willoughby Theobald Monzani, and consists of longitudinal members joined only by angled cross-members, forming alternately inverted
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218:, a structure of connected elements, usually forming triangular units. The connected elements, typically straight, may be stressed from
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bridges, which lend themselves well to long spans. They were common in the United States between 1844 and the early 20th century.
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1542:, is the longest lenticular truss bridge in the United States with five spans, and the second-oldest lenticular truss bridge in
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402:. When the truss members are both above and below the roadbed it is called a through truss; an example of this is the
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after such a strike; before the collapse, similar incidents had been common and had necessitated frequent repairs.
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3468:– An illustrated list of different architectural bridge types found in Iowa, US. Many of these are truss bridges.
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1902:
1783:, after local bridge designs proved ineffective against road traffic and heavy rains. It became the standard for
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1695:, but is entirely made of wood instead of a combination of wood and metal. The longest surviving example is the
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is the only other bridge designed by Wendel
Bollman still in existence, but it is a Warren truss configuration.
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truss vary from near vertical in the center of the span to diagonal near each end, similar to a Warren truss.
1008:; built in 1869, it was moved to Savage in 1887 and has been in continuous use since as a pedestrian bridge.
382:, used standard plan concrete girder and beam bridges, and only a limited number of truss bridges were built.
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Since through truss bridges have supports located over the bridge deck, they are susceptible to being hit by
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3105:, Pegram, George H., "Truss for Roofs and Bridges", published 10-24-1881, issued 03-24-1885
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Driving across a truss bridge: The video shows the roadway perspective of a through truss bridge over the
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1942:
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3462:– Many photos of truss bridges are available on this informative and mainly truss-focused bridge website.
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action to provide mechanical stability. This truss style is only suitable for relatively short spans.
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920:. Also constructed of ironbark, the bridge is still in use today for pedestrian and light traffic.
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and helps avoid some of the other shortcomings of continuous trusses. It was patented in 1930 by
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includes vertical members and diagonals that slope down towards the center, the opposite of the
1325:, includes vertical members and diagonals that slope up towards the center, the opposite of the
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2263:); its simplicity eases erection at the site. It was intended to be used as a railroad bridge.
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and the oldest, longest continuously used Allan truss bridge. Completed in
November 1895, the
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bridge is a specific variant of the lenticular truss, but the terms are not interchangeable.
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Most trusses have the lower chord under tension and the upper chord under compression. In a
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2074:, is an example of a Pratt deck truss bridge, where the roadway is on top of the truss.
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Chevelon Creek Warren Pony Truss Bridge,Chevelon Creek, Navajo County Arizona built 1913
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1453:(Morgan City Bridge) with three 600-foot-long spans, and the Wax Lake Outlet bridge in
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3474:– An enormous database of historic bridges. Over 17,400 truss bridges are listed here.
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1993:
406:, and where the sides extend above the roadbed but are not connected, a pony truss or
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398:. When the roadbed is atop the truss, it is a deck truss; an example of this was the
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An example of a lenticular pony truss bridge that uses regular spans of iron is the
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One type of lenticular truss consists of arcuate upper compression chords and lower
896:, was the second Allan truss bridge to be built, the oldest surviving bridge in the
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at the top, vertical members are in tension, lower horizontal members in tension,
2776:. Heritage Council of New South Wales. 5 November 2008. p. 5. Archived from
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3313:"Thacher Truss Bridge, Spanning Linville Creek, Broadway, Rockingham County, VA"
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This combines an arch with a truss to form a structure both strong and rigid.
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Kennedy, Willella Shearer. "Heritage: Being Little Stories of Union County".
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included 21 Fink deck truss spans from 1869 until their replacement in 1886.
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The old GroĂźhesselohe bridge before 1905, designed by Friedrich von Pauli
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Historic Highway Bridges in Maryland: 1631-1960, Historic Context Report
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consists of two angled supports leaning into a common vertical support.
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for its strength. A similar bridge also designed by Percy Allen is the
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Sometimes both the upper and lower chords support roadbeds, forming a
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Google-maps "-34.180255,150.610654" clearly shows bridge with traffic
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1718:"Camelback bridge" redirects here. For the concrete bridge type, see
1703:, spanning 224 feet (68 m). One of the earliest examples is the
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Management Plan for Historic Bridges in Virginia: The 2017 Update
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2453:. The bridge features three simply supported Parker Truss spans.
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was designed by Stephen H. Long in 1830. The design resembles a
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of its structure using a few assumptions and the application of
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3424:"From Browns to Grays: Evolution of the Homestead Grays Bridge"
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Maryland Historical Trust Property Number PG-74B-1 & AA-85I
2131:
While most all of the bridges built in the 19th century in the
27:
Bridge whose load-bearing superstructure is composed of a truss
3471:
2468:"Trusses: A Study by the Historic American Engineering Record"
822:
2311:-shaped spaces along its length, ensuring that no individual
1262:
of Germany in 1854. This type of bridge was popular with the
3777:
2235:, which affects both interior and exterior styling aspects.
196:
Depends upon length, materials, and degree of prefabrication
330:
to protect the structure. In 1820, a simple form of truss,
3092:, Printed by The Marysville Journal Tribune. 1963. Pg. 48.
3066:. CLR Inc. Construction and Transportation. Archived from
2853:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. p. 51.
2851:
Wood, Concrete, Stone, Steel: Minnesota's Historic Bridges
2414:-based civil engineer Edward Martin Wichert (1883–1955).
1787:
built in central Ohio in the late 1800s and early 1900s.
1812:, while the chief engineer of Edge Moor Iron Company in
720:
A multi-span truss bridge may also be constructed using
3494:
3044:
Eldean Covered Bridge – Troy, Ohio – Covered Bridges on
2969:"Designing American Lenticular Truss Bridges 1878–1900"
1307:
with diagonals under compression under balanced loading
140:
Short to medium – not very long unless it is continuous
3121:
National Register of Historic Places Registration Form
2767:"Minutes of State Heritage Register Committee meeting"
2674:"1307.8 – Australian Capital Territory in Focus, 2007"
682:
Railroad Truss Drawbridge across Buffalo Bayou—Houston
515:
The through truss Skagit River bridge on Interstate 5
2557:. New York: D. Appleton and Company. pp. 161–174
1343:
Slippery Rock Township, Lawrence County, Pennsylvania
3134:, California State Park System, accessed 2011-12-26.
2519:"Temporary Skagit River bridge may be open in weeks"
2417:
The defining feature of this truss type is a hinged
2353:, a double-intersection Whipple rail truss over the
1997:
Gatton Railway Bridge showing the Pratt truss design
519:
after an overhead support was hit by a passing truck
3928:
3907:
3851:
3788:
3543:
2008:, a Pratt truss design at Kempsey in NSW, Australia
1478:One of the simplest truss styles to implement, the
1373:
A large timber Howe truss in a commercial building.
713:, which makes them difficult to design without the
189:
181:
170:
144:
136:
106:
84:
76:
66:
2580:. GB: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 206.
2139:is the last known surviving example in the state.
3843:List of lists of covered bridges in North America
2714:. Canberra's Engineering Heritage. Archived from
2167:with diagonals under compression, which is rare.
1865:is an example of Pennsylvania Petit truss bridge.
1755:, Canada. An example of a camelback truss is the
1494:Lattice, or Warren quadrangular truss illustrated
1969:although he never received a patent for it. The
659:Side view of the iron truss railway bridge over
61:converted to pedestrian use and pipeline support
2551:Adams, Charles Kendall, ed. (1909). "Bridges".
2805:. Timber Building in Australia. Archived from
2611:. Roads and Traffic Authority. December 1998.
2055:near Augusta, Montana, built in 1897; and the
585:Railroad Truss bridge over Trinity River near
3520:
3422:Wilson, Helen; Wilson, Todd (November 2017).
8:
2738:"July 2010 Newsletter | Engineers Australia"
2647:. Roads ACT. 5 March 2009. pp. 42, 45.
2638:"Tharwa Bridge Conservation Management Plan"
37:
3484:Matsuo Bridge Company: Bridge Types – Truss
3251:. United States of America. July 16, 1867.
3150:. New York: John Wiley & Sons. p.
2546:
2544:
2247:Waddell "A" truss bridge, assembled in 1898
1720:concrete curved-chord through girder bridge
836:It has been suggested that this section be
293:and fabrication methods, such as automated
3527:
3513:
3505:
3460:Historic Bridges of Michigan and Elsewhere
3201:, Maryland Inventory of Historic Bridges,
3053:. Waymarking.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-23.
2962:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2159:combines some of the characteristics of a
692:Truss bridges consisting of more than one
3397:"E. M. Wichert Services Set For Tomorrow"
3280:. Somerset Publishers, Inc. p. 794.
3277:Ohio Historic Places Dictionary, Volume 2
2920:- Retrieved 2020-03-23 (section 3, pp 71)
2872:
2870:
3349:. New York: D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc
2135:, area used the Smith truss design, the
2035:Examples of Pratt truss bridges are the
238:The components of a typical truss bridge
2931:"Aiken Street Bridge: Ouellette Bridge"
2609:McMillan Britton & Kell Pty Limited
2491:
1363:
731:
435:
3188:
3186:
3184:
2910:Historic Context for Louisiana Bridges
2163:with diagonals under tension and of a
1816:, patented this truss design in 1885.
888:in 1929. Completed in March 1895, the
709:the mid-20th century because they are
36:
3255:from the original on 11 November 2018
3208:from the original on 26 December 2013
2654:from the original on 21 February 2011
1159:
980:Amtrak Old Saybrook – Old Lyme Bridge
7:
3478:Iron and Early Steel Bridges of Ohio
2975:from the original on 5 November 2020
2686:from the original on 14 October 2012
2578:Planar Trusses: Schemes and Formulas
2464:Historic American Engineering Record
1486:Lattice truss (Town's lattice truss)
894:Tharwa, Australian Capital Territory
1610:, is another example of this type.
1108:. While similar in appearance to a
3178:in European Patent Office database
2803:"Hampden Bridge, Wagga Wagga, NSW"
2618:from the original on 19 March 2011
2198:segments from each side as in the
25:
3811:medieval stone bridges in Germany
2774:State Heritage Register Committee
1779:Designed and patented in 1872 by
1642:, whose 1857 railway bridge (the
1625:designed and manufactured by the
1113:
426:I-5 Skagit River bridge collapsed
273:In the bridge illustrated in the
266:loads upon the elements, as in a
3949:
3948:
3245:"R.W. Smith Truss Patent 66,900"
2941:from the original on 9 July 2018
2433:
2160:
1977:are two examples of this truss.
1874:
1403:showing its wooden truss design.
1393:
1378:
1366:
827:
790:
762:
734:
675:
652:
640:
617:
593:
578:
558:
543:
524:
508:
484:
462:
438:
43:
3325:from the original on 2020-12-13
3294:from the original on 2020-06-14
3147:Great American Bridges and Dams
3090:Union County Historical Society
3026:from the original on 2018-05-02
3020:"CoveredBridgeSite, Long truss"
2748:from the original on 2021-10-01
2679:Australian Bureau of Statistics
2164:
2017:
1915:Easton–Phillipsburg Toll Bridge
1692:
1339:McConnell's Mill Covered Bridge
1104:bridge was patented in 1841 by
457:; abandoned since the mid-1980s
59:Contra Costa County, California
2554:Universal Cyclopædia and Atlas
2525:. May 26, 2013. Archived from
1665:Grosshesselohe Isartal station
1485:
1189:Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
400:I-35W Mississippi River bridge
1:
3768:Visual index to various types
2742:www.engineersaustralia.org.au
1250:(half span and cross section)
1181:Baumgardener's Covered Bridge
1092:A bowstring truss bridge, in
1044:Bollman Truss Railroad Bridge
996:Bollman Truss Railroad Bridge
553:bridge of reinforced concrete
3591:Cantilever spar cable-stayed
3472:Historic Bridges of the U.S.
3274:Lorrie K. Owen, ed. (1999).
3226:Covered Bridge's Truss Types
2006:Macleay River Railway Bridge
1633:Friedrich Augustus von Pauli
1568:lenticular pony truss bridge
906:Wagga Wagga, New South Wales
898:Australian Capital Territory
840:out into another article. (
567:Kansai International Airport
491:The four span through truss
308:model bridges from spaghetti
3411:– via Newspapers.com.
3249:United States Patent Office
3144:Jackson, Donald C. (1995).
2995:"Arizona Cardinals Stadium"
2368:, named after its inventor
2137:Johnson Road Covered Bridge
1272:Norfolk and Western Railway
1264:Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
819:Truss types used in bridges
634:Leflore County, Mississippi
424:when used on highways. The
326:, usually constructed as a
254:according to the branch of
3996:
3980:Bridges by structural type
3132:Healdsburg Memorial Bridge
2849:Gardner, Denis P. (2008).
2281:
2253:John Alexander Low Waddell
2250:
2209:
2174:
2081:
2053:Dearborn River High Bridge
1939:Healdsburg Memorial Bridge
1871:Pennsylvania (Petit) truss
1846:Pennsylvania (Petit) truss
1739:, a Parker camelback truss
1717:
1557:under construction in 1859
1508:
1463:
1351:Jefferson County, Missouri
1347:Sandy Creek Covered Bridge
1292:
1235:
1201:
1169:
1131:
1070:Wells Creek Bollman Bridge
993:
946:
775:Kingston–Rhinecliff Bridge
29:
3944:
3775:
2887:, accessed September 2007
2359:Golden's Bridge, New York
1903:Northfield, Massachusetts
1474:King post truss
1388:showing the truss design.
1027:39.1348389°N 76.8250917°W
880:, is partly based on the
503:carries vehicular traffic
472:railroad bridge over the
451:Seaboard Air Line Railway
55:Southern Pacific Railroad
42:
3879:Continuous truss bridges
3852:Lists of bridges by size
3789:Lists of bridges by type
3466:Historic Bridges of Iowa
3431:Historic Bridge Bulletin
3343:Steinman, D. B. (1932).
3174:Thomas and Caleb Pratt,
2967:Boothby, Thomas (2020).
2645:Philip Leeson Architects
2303:was patented in 1848 by
2268:Waddell "A" Truss Bridge
1923:Connecticut River Bridge
1891:Fort Wayne Street Bridge
1714:Parker (camelback) truss
1608:Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
1604:Smithfield Street Bridge
1566:roadbed, it is called a
711:statically indeterminate
390:The truss may carry its
374:In the 1920s and 1930s,
344:Massillon Bridge Company
30:Not to be confused with
3401:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
2971:. History Cooperative.
2876:Matsuo Bridge Company,
2473:. National Park Service
1911:Johnstown, Pennsylvania
1683:diagram of a Long truss
1534:Aiken Street Bridge in
1359:Delta, British Columbia
1283:Moody Pedestrian Bridge
1032:39.1348389; -76.8250917
918:Picton, New South Wales
252:Newton's laws of motion
3838:List of bridge–tunnels
3782:
3606:Double-beam drawbridge
2602:"Timber Truss Bridges"
2423:Homestead Grays Bridge
2408:statically determinate
2402:is a modified type of
2395:
2385:Homestead Grays Bridge
2361:
2343:
2336:
2296:
2248:
2224:
2186:
2152:
2151:A Thacher truss bridge
2121:
2097:
2030:statically determinate
2009:
1998:
1990:
1958:
1943:Healdsburg, California
1873:is a variation on the
1866:
1854:
1800:
1776:
1775:Partridge truss design
1740:
1729:
1684:
1627:Berlin Iron Bridge Co.
1618:
1558:
1547:
1540:Berlin Iron Bridge Co.
1527:
1506:
1503:Runcorn Railway Bridge
1495:
1475:
1451:Morgan City, Louisiana
1433:
1418:
1315:, patented in 1840 by
1308:
1268:Appomattox High Bridge
1251:
1220:
1191:
1143:
1097:
1085:
1039:
970:
944:
939:Bailey truss over the
932:
869:
493:General Hertzog Bridge
239:
3831:vertical-lift bridges
3781:
3368:"The Wichert Truss".
2899:- Reviewed 2020-03-23
2576:Kirsanov, M. (2019).
2383:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2291:
2246:
2219:
2184:
2150:
2119:
2091:
2061:Fair Oaks, California
2051:, built in 1882; the
2004:
1996:
1988:
1956:
1907:Inclined Plane Bridge
1879:Pennsylvania Railroad
1860:
1853:
1798:
1774:
1735:
1728:
1697:Eldean Covered Bridge
1679:
1644:GroĂźhesseloher BrĂĽcke
1616:
1581:chain tension links.
1553:
1536:Lowell, Massachusetts
1533:
1526:
1501:
1493:
1473:
1424:
1416:
1401:Westham Island Bridge
1355:Westham Island Bridge
1302:
1245:
1211:
1179:
1141:
1091:
1083:
1003:
969:
938:
931:
867:
610:Jacksonville, Florida
565:Sky Gate Bridge R at
237:
174:May be movable – see
3889:Masonry arch bridges
3869:Cable-stayed bridges
3501:database on bridges.
2878:Bridge Types – Truss
2682:. 27 November 2007.
2499:Science and Industry
2309:equilateral triangle
2266:One example was the
2133:Jackson County, Ohio
1935:Metropolis, Illinois
1927:Brattleboro, Vermont
1919:Easton, Pennsylvania
1883:Lower Trenton Bridge
1814:Wilmington, Delaware
1623:Turn-of-River Bridge
1511:Lattice truss bridge
1281:bridges such as the
1062:tension members and
807:Saint Lawrence River
332:Town's lattice truss
291:prestressed concrete
165:prestressed concrete
3816:multi-level bridges
3318:Library of Congress
2935:HistoricBridges.org
2711:Engineers Australia
2322:isosceles triangles
2272:Parkville, Missouri
2260:U.S. patent 529,220
2049:Springfield, Oregon
1887:Trenton, New Jersey
1705:Old Blenheim Bridge
1587:Royal Albert Bridge
1555:Royal Albert Bridge
1538:, built in 1883 by
1440:is named after the
1279:inverted Fink truss
1219:in eastern Scotland
1023: /
1004:A Bollman truss in
415:double-decked truss
352:King Bridge Company
210:whose load-bearing
161:reinforced concrete
53:bridge operated by
39:
3874:Cantilever bridges
3864:Suspension bridges
3806:cantilever bridges
3783:
3703:Navigable aqueduct
3231:2006-09-04 at the
3126:2013-01-15 at the
3070:on August 20, 2011
3049:2012-10-18 at the
2916:2020-12-24 at the
2883:2006-09-05 at the
2504:2017-02-15 at the
2451:Harrisburg, Oregon
2429:Truss bridge video
2396:
2362:
2344:
2337:
2297:
2249:
2225:
2187:
2153:
2122:
2098:
2010:
1999:
1991:
1959:
1867:
1855:
1828:, and one each in
1801:
1777:
1741:
1730:
1685:
1619:
1559:
1548:
1528:
1507:
1496:
1476:
1455:Calumet, Louisiana
1434:
1419:
1309:
1285:in Austin, Texas.
1252:
1221:
1192:
1144:
1098:
1086:
1054:, a self-educated
1040:
971:
945:
933:
916:on Prince Street,
870:
478:Lockport, New York
240:
97:transporter bridge
3962:
3961:
3920:Bridge to nowhere
3821:road–rail bridges
3538:-related articles
3346:The Wichert Truss
3161:978-0-471-14385-7
3064:"Busching Bridge"
2860:978-0-8166-4666-1
2837:U.S. patent 2,064
2587:978-1-5275-3531-2
2523:King 5 television
2442:
2389:Monongahela River
2355:Muscoot Reservoir
2222:Vierendeel bridge
2212:Vierendeel bridge
2185:Truss arch bridge
2177:Truss arch bridge
2063:, built 1907–09.
2037:Governor's Bridge
1967:Post patent truss
1931:Metropolis Bridge
1799:Pegram truss
1761:Woolsey, Arkansas
1505:, a lattice truss
1447:Long–Allen Bridge
1204:Cantilever bridge
986:, United States.
854:
853:
849:
533:San Jacinto River
214:is composed of a
200:
199:
93:truss arch bridge
89:Cantilever bridge
16:(Redirected from
3987:
3952:
3951:
3908:Additional lists
3544:Structural types
3529:
3522:
3515:
3506:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3428:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3403:. March 23, 1955
3393:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3376:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3241:
3235:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3207:
3200:
3190:
3179:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3141:
3135:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3099:
3093:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3060:
3054:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
2997:. Archived from
2991:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2964:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2927:
2921:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2874:
2865:
2864:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2833:
2827:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2783:on 17 March 2011
2782:
2771:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2653:
2642:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2617:
2606:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2548:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2515:
2509:
2496:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2472:
2447:Willamette River
2444:
2443:
2404:continuous truss
2262:
2229:Vierendeel truss
2206:Vierendeel truss
2057:Fair Oaks Bridge
2045:Hayden RR Bridge
1975:Bell Ford Bridge
1863:Fair Oaks Bridge
1810:George H. Pegram
1781:Reuben Partridge
1652:
1641:
1563:lenticular truss
1519:Lenticular truss
1397:
1382:
1370:
1258:was designed by
1225:cantilever truss
1198:Cantilever truss
1160:Lenticular truss
1110:tied-arch bridge
1048:Savage, Maryland
1038:
1037:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1006:Savage, Maryland
845:
831:
830:
823:
799:cantilever truss
794:
771:continuous truss
766:
747:Vivekananda Setu
738:
715:use of computers
698:continuous truss
696:may be either a
679:
656:
644:
621:
597:
582:
562:
547:
535:truss bridge in
528:
512:
488:
466:
442:
422:overheight loads
268:Vierendeel truss
242:The nature of a
47:
40:
21:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3940:
3924:
3915:Bridge failures
3903:
3847:
3801:bascule bridges
3796:List of bridges
3784:
3773:
3661:Rolling bascule
3539:
3533:
3456:
3451:
3450:
3440:
3438:
3426:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3406:
3404:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3352:
3350:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3328:
3326:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3297:
3295:
3288:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3258:
3256:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3233:Wayback Machine
3224:
3220:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3182:
3173:
3169:
3162:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3128:Wayback Machine
3119:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3087:
3083:
3073:
3071:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3051:Wayback Machine
3042:
3038:
3029:
3027:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3004:
3002:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2978:
2976:
2966:
2965:
2954:
2944:
2942:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2918:Wayback Machine
2907:
2903:
2895:
2891:
2885:Wayback Machine
2875:
2868:
2861:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2825:
2821:
2812:
2810:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2751:
2749:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2721:
2719:
2706:"Tharwa Bridge"
2704:
2703:
2699:
2689:
2687:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2588:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2560:
2558:
2550:
2549:
2542:
2532:
2530:
2529:on June 7, 2013
2517:
2516:
2512:
2506:Wayback Machine
2497:
2493:
2488:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2462:
2459:
2434:
2431:
2425:in Pittsburgh.
2378:
2330:
2286:
2280:
2258:
2257:Patented 1894 (
2255:
2241:
2214:
2208:
2179:
2173:
2145:
2114:
2102:queenpost truss
2086:
2080:
2078:Queenpost truss
2072:Tarkio, Montana
1983:
1951:
1895:Goshen, Indiana
1848:
1793:
1785:covered bridges
1769:
1767:Partridge truss
1723:
1716:
1674:
1646:
1635:
1521:
1513:
1488:
1468:
1462:
1411:
1404:
1398:
1389:
1383:
1374:
1371:
1297:
1291:
1277:There are also
1240:
1234:
1215:, crossing the
1206:
1200:
1185:Burr Arch Truss
1174:
1172:Burr Arch Truss
1168:
1166:Burr arch truss
1156:
1136:
1130:
1102:bowstring truss
1094:London, Ontario
1084:Bowstring truss
1078:
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1031:
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1009:
998:
992:
975:Baltimore truss
964:
962:Baltimore truss
951:
926:
914:Victoria Bridge
862:
850:
847:(February 2023)
832:
828:
821:
814:
795:
786:
785:, United States
767:
758:
739:
690:
683:
680:
671:
665:Mursko Središće
657:
648:
645:
636:
622:
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606:St. Johns River
598:
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587:Goodrich, Texas
583:
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563:
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520:
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489:
480:
467:
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455:Willow, Florida
453:, located near
443:
434:
388:
371:truss bridges.
348:Massillon, Ohio
324:tension members
316:
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62:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
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5:
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3936:Bridges in art
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2370:Squire Whipple
2329:
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2079:
2076:
1982:
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1971:Ponakin Bridge
1950:
1947:
1847:
1844:
1792:
1789:
1768:
1765:
1757:Woolsey Bridge
1749:Traffic Bridge
1737:Woolsey Bridge
1715:
1712:
1673:
1670:
1653:) spanned the
1520:
1517:
1509:Main article:
1487:
1484:
1464:Main article:
1461:
1460:Kingpost truss
1458:
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1217:Firth of Forth
1202:Main article:
1199:
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1170:Main article:
1167:
1164:
1155:
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1132:Main article:
1129:
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1106:Squire Whipple
1077:
1074:
1052:Wendel Bollman
994:Main article:
991:
988:
963:
960:
947:Main article:
925:
922:
902:Hampden Bridge
886:Wisemans Ferry
876:, designed by
868:An Allan truss
861:
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851:
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689:
688:Multiple spans
686:
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626:railway bridge
623:
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32:trestle bridge
26:
24:
14:
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10:
9:
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2:
3992:
3981:
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3975:Truss bridges
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3691:Vertical-lift
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3495:structurae.de
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3287:9781878592705
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3001:on 2007-11-03
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2809:on 2013-05-12
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2759:
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2739:
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2718:on 2011-02-19
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2405:
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2400:Wichert truss
2394:
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2376:Wichert truss
2375:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2366:Whipple truss
2360:
2356:
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2328:Whipple truss
2327:
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2239:Waddell truss
2238:
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2223:
2218:
2213:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2200:Navajo Bridge
2197:
2192:
2183:
2178:
2170:
2168:
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2158:
2157:Thacher truss
2149:
2143:Thacher truss
2142:
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2138:
2134:
2129:
2127:
2118:
2111:
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2103:
2095:
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2069:
2068:Scenic Bridge
2064:
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2046:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2007:
2003:
1995:
1989:A Pratt truss
1987:
1980:
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1976:
1972:
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1964:
1955:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
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1899:Schell Bridge
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1317:Massachusetts
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1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1036:
1018:76°49′30.33″W
1007:
1002:
997:
990:Bollman truss
989:
987:
985:
981:
976:
968:
961:
959:
956:
950:
949:Bailey bridge
942:
941:Meurthe River
937:
930:
923:
921:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
890:Tharwa Bridge
887:
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866:
859:
857:
848:
843:
839:
834:
825:
824:
818:
812:
808:
804:
803:Quebec Bridge
800:
793:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
765:
760:
756:
752:
751:Hooghly River
748:
744:
741:A multi-span
737:
732:
730:
728:
727:Quebec Bridge
723:
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712:
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687:
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673:
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611:
607:
604:spanning the
603:
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541:
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537:Humble, Texas
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502:
498:
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487:
482:
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471:
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460:
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448:
447:through truss
441:
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429:
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397:
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386:Roadbed types
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365:
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353:
349:
345:
341:
335:
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329:
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320:United States
314:United States
313:
311:
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301:Model bridges
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182:Design effort
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41:
33:
19:
3884:Arch bridges
3826:toll bridges
3766:
3751:
3742:Through arch
3576:Cable-stayed
3439:. Retrieved
3434:
3430:
3417:
3405:. Retrieved
3400:
3391:
3379:. Retrieved
3370:
3363:
3351:. Retrieved
3345:
3338:
3327:. Retrieved
3316:
3307:
3296:. Retrieved
3276:
3269:
3257:. Retrieved
3248:
3239:
3221:
3210:, retrieved
3194:
3170:
3146:
3139:
3116:
3097:
3089:
3084:
3072:. Retrieved
3068:the original
3058:
3039:
3028:. Retrieved
3014:
3003:. Retrieved
2999:the original
2989:
2977:. Retrieved
2943:. Retrieved
2934:
2925:
2909:
2904:
2892:
2850:
2844:
2831:
2822:
2811:. Retrieved
2807:the original
2797:
2785:. Retrieved
2778:the original
2773:
2761:
2750:. Retrieved
2741:
2732:
2720:. Retrieved
2716:the original
2709:
2700:
2688:. Retrieved
2677:
2668:
2656:. Retrieved
2644:
2632:
2620:. Retrieved
2608:
2596:
2577:
2571:
2561:September 1,
2559:. Retrieved
2553:
2531:. Retrieved
2527:the original
2522:
2513:
2494:
2475:. Retrieved
2432:
2416:
2399:
2397:
2365:
2363:
2351:Bridge L-158
2305:James Warren
2301:Warren truss
2300:
2298:
2294:Warren truss
2284:Warren truss
2278:Warren truss
2265:
2256:
2233:curtain wall
2228:
2226:
2190:
2188:
2156:
2154:
2130:
2125:
2123:
2101:
2099:
2065:
2034:
2013:
2011:
1966:
1962:
1960:
1957:A Post truss
1870:
1868:
1842:
1818:
1805:Pegram truss
1804:
1802:
1791:Pegram truss
1778:
1745:Parker truss
1744:
1742:
1709:
1688:
1686:
1662:
1630:
1620:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1514:
1479:
1477:
1441:
1437:
1435:
1323:William Howe
1312:
1310:
1278:
1276:
1255:
1253:
1224:
1222:
1213:Forth Bridge
1193:
1157:
1154:Brunel truss
1147:
1145:
1114:Parker truss
1101:
1099:
1068:
1060:wrought iron
1043:
1041:
974:
972:
955:Bailey truss
954:
952:
924:Bailey truss
873:
871:
855:
846:
798:
779:Hudson River
770:
743:simple truss
742:
719:
707:
691:
550:
501:Aliwal North
497:Orange River
469:
446:
419:
412:
408:half-through
389:
376:Pennsylvania
373:
360:
340:wrought iron
336:
317:
304:
287:
272:
241:
204:truss bridge
203:
201:
38:Truss bridge
3686:Transporter
3666:Submersible
3651:Retractable
3259:10 November
2787:23 November
2722:23 November
2690:23 November
2658:23 November
2622:23 November
2419:kite-shaped
2315:, beam, or
2161:Pratt truss
2126:Smith truss
2120:Smith truss
2112:Smith truss
2014:Pratt truss
1981:Pratt truss
1875:Pratt truss
1647: [
1636: [
1591:River Tamar
1572:Pauli truss
1429:K-truss in
1327:Pratt truss
1260:Albert Fink
1148:Brown truss
1142:Brown truss
1134:Brown truss
1128:Brown truss
1118:Pratt truss
1030: /
1015:39°8′5.42″N
984:Connecticut
892:located at
878:Percy Allan
874:Allan truss
860:Allan truss
602:Hart Bridge
246:allows the
224:compression
119:automobiles
111:Pedestrians
71:Beam bridge
18:Steel truss
3969:Categories
3725:Suspension
3641:Drawbridge
3611:Extradosed
3586:Cantilever
3571:Burr Truss
3561:Box girder
3499:Structurae
3441:August 27,
3407:August 29,
3381:August 27,
3353:August 29,
3329:2021-02-04
3298:2020-01-05
3030:2008-10-20
3005:2008-04-28
2813:2008-06-05
2752:2021-03-24
2477:2015-05-29
2457:References
2412:Pittsburgh
2393:Pittsburgh
2196:cantilever
2191:truss arch
2171:Truss arch
2165:Howe truss
2094:Queen post
2084:Queen post
2018:Howe truss
1963:Post truss
1949:Post truss
1937:, and the
1834:Washington
1830:California
1701:Troy, Ohio
1693:Howe truss
1689:Long truss
1672:Long truss
1386:Jay Bridge
1361:, Canada.
1331:Jay Bridge
1320:millwright
1313:Howe truss
1305:Howe truss
1295:Howe truss
1289:Howe truss
1256:Fink truss
1248:Fink truss
1238:Fink truss
1232:Fink truss
882:Howe truss
722:cantilever
661:Mura River
630:rail track
551:Pony truss
474:Erie Canal
470:Deck truss
350:, and the
137:Span range
131:heavy rail
127:light rail
85:Descendant
3859:By length
3698:Multi-way
3212:5 January
3103:US 314262
2897:Panoramio
2533:March 27,
2486:Footnotes
2406:which is
2387:over the
1824:, two in
1753:Saskatoon
1699:north of
1663:See also
1589:over the
1480:king post
1466:King post
1431:Baltimore
1122:true arch
1064:cast iron
1056:Baltimore
943:in France
805:over the
777:over the
749:over the
703:live load
517:collapsed
495:over the
396:box truss
356:Cleveland
258:known as
191:Falsework
115:pipelines
3954:Category
3718:Vlotbrug
3631:Moveable
3437:(3): 5–9
3323:Archived
3292:Archived
3253:Archived
3229:Archived
3203:archived
3124:Archived
3074:June 25,
3047:Archived
3024:Archived
2973:Archived
2939:Archived
2937:. 2018.
2914:Archived
2881:Archived
2746:Archived
2684:Archived
2649:Archived
2613:Archived
2502:Archived
2466:(1976).
2041:Maryland
1973:and the
1599:Cornwall
1593:between
1096:, Canada
910:ironbark
813:, Canada
801:bridge,
783:New York
773:bridge,
745:bridge,
380:Michigan
283:buckling
248:analysis
193:required
145:Material
67:Ancestor
3929:Related
3899:Tallest
3894:Highest
3762:Viaduct
3757:Tubular
3747:Trestle
3713:Pontoon
3656:Rolling
3646:Folding
3636:Bascule
3596:Covered
2979:5 March
2022:eyebars
1438:K-truss
1417:K-truss
1409:K-truss
1270:on the
1162:below.
1146:In the
1120:than a
842:Discuss
757:, India
755:Kolkata
669:Croatia
628:with a
432:Gallery
410:truss.
392:roadbed
318:In the
295:welding
275:infobox
264:bending
260:statics
256:physics
220:tension
171:Movable
107:Carries
77:Related
3737:Timber
3581:Canopy
3536:Bridge
3284:
3158:
3109:
2945:9 July
2857:
2584:
2043:; the
2026:Thomas
1929:, the
1921:, the
1913:, the
1905:, the
1897:, the
1889:, the
1836:, and
1826:Kansas
1659:Munich
1583:Brunel
1579:eyebar
1570:. The
1353:; and
1266:. The
811:Quebec
445:Pratt
230:Design
208:bridge
185:Medium
149:Timber
123:trucks
3752:Truss
3730:types
3676:Table
3671:Swing
3427:(PDF)
3375:(PDF)
3206:(PDF)
3199:(PDF)
2781:(PDF)
2770:(PDF)
2652:(PDF)
2641:(PDF)
2616:(PDF)
2605:(PDF)
2471:(PDF)
2313:strut
2096:truss
2070:near
1822:Idaho
1759:near
1657:near
1651:]
1640:]
1595:Devon
1427:I-895
838:split
571:Osaka
364:steel
279:shear
244:truss
216:truss
206:is a
157:steel
51:truss
3708:Pile
3681:Tilt
3626:Moon
3601:Crib
3556:Beam
3551:Arch
3497:The
3443:2022
3409:2022
3383:2022
3355:2022
3282:ISBN
3261:2018
3214:2013
3156:ISBN
3130:for
3076:2012
2981:2020
2947:2018
2855:ISBN
2789:2010
2724:2010
2692:2010
2660:2010
2624:2010
2582:ISBN
2563:2022
2535:2013
2398:The
2299:The
2227:The
2155:The
2124:The
2106:beam
2100:The
2066:The
1869:The
1861:The
1838:Utah
1803:The
1687:The
1681:HAER
1655:Isar
1597:and
1436:The
1425:The
1311:The
1254:The
1183:, a
1158:See
1100:The
1042:The
973:The
953:The
872:The
694:span
600:The
531:Old
369:pony
153:iron
80:None
3621:Log
3616:Jet
2449:in
2391:in
2357:in
2317:tie
2270:in
2059:in
2047:in
2039:in
1941:in
1933:in
1925:in
1917:in
1909:in
1901:in
1893:in
1885:in
1751:in
1661:. (
1606:in
1585:'s
1449:in
1357:in
1349:in
1341:in
1333:in
1187:in
1116:or
1046:at
982:in
904:in
809:in
781:in
753:in
705:).
663:in
632:in
608:in
499:at
476:in
354:of
346:of
57:in
3971::
3433:.
3429:.
3399:.
3321:.
3315:.
3290:.
3247:.
3183:^
3154:.
3152:92
3022:.
2955:^
2933:.
2869:^
2772:.
2744:.
2740:.
2708:.
2676:.
2643:.
2607:.
2543:^
2521:.
2364:A
2324:.
2292:A
2274:.
2220:A
2202:.
2189:A
2092:A
2012:A
1961:A
1945:.
1840:.
1832:,
1763:.
1743:A
1649:de
1638:de
1561:A
1345:;
1337:;
1303:A
1246:A
1124:.
844:)
797:A
769:A
717:.
667:,
624:A
569:,
270:.
222:,
202:A
163:,
159:,
155:,
151:,
129:,
125:,
121:,
117:,
113:,
99:,
95:,
91:,
49:A
3528:e
3521:t
3514:v
3445:.
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3385:.
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3332:.
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3263:.
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3078:.
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3008:.
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2816:.
2791:.
2755:.
2726:.
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1442:K
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