814:
838:
336:
795:
877:
474:
826:
853:
1718:
865:
332:
restored trade ties but failed to address the underlying problems. But when a new grand master cancelled the treaty of
Marienburg in 1398 after Prussian towns complained, Henry IV did not retaliate and instead reconfirmed the Hanseatic privileges. A second treaty of Marienburg and a treaty between England and the wider Hanseatic League with promises about compensation and protection against pirates were agreed in 1405, followed by treaties in 1408 and 1409. However the underlying problems of tonnage and poundage and the lack of reciprocal rights for English merchants remained.
458:
655:
889:
1711:
731:. The kontor was in the middle of the town on the Thames, but this also made it easy to block off. London was a city with a more cosmopolitan, urban flair than the average Hanseatic hometown. Merchants operating out of the Steelyard were granted certain privileges and were exempt from customs duties and some taxes. In effect, the Steelyard was a separate and independent community, governed by the codes of the Hanseatic League, and enforced by the merchants' native cities.
163:
1389:
256:, an account of crusaders from Lübeck for whom the kontor arranged the purchase of a replacement cog in the summer of 1189. The privileges of the Guildhall existed alongside individual cities' privileges. Low German traders from the area around the Baltic Sea appeared in England too around this time, but they directed their trade more at English towns up north.
229:
704:. A second by the Wendish, Saxon and Westphalian towns and the right bank of the Rhine. The final third was made up of Livonian, Prussian and Gotlandic towns. The German alderman and his deputies were not allowed to come from the same third, so representation of all regional merchant groups' interests was ensured. A similar division of third existed at the
302:("merchant charter") of 1303. This led to constant friction over the legal position of English merchants in the Hanseatic towns and Hanseatic privileges in England, which repeatedly ended in acts of violence. Not only English wool but finished cloth was exported through the Hansa, who controlled the trade in English cloth-making centres.
779:, consisting of a suspended horizontal beam. An object to be weighed would be hung on the shorter end of the beam, while weights would be slid along the longer end, till the beam balanced. The weight could then be calculated by multiplying the sum of the known weights by the ratio of the distances from the beam's
362:) (the Hanse representative body) finally began negotiations and started a blockade at the same time. The conflict was resolved in 1437 with the Second Treaty of London, when Hanseatic privileges were renewed and the new duties were removed. The Teutonic grandmaster did not ratify the treaty, pressed by
544:
Other Hanse towns resented the success of the
Merchant Adventurers and wanted to secure the old favorable trade privileges that England suspended years ago. A Tagfahrt pressued Hamburg to close the Merchant Adventurers' trading post after the end of the agreement and Hamburg obeyed. England responded
490:
Danzig and
Cologne were still the dominant players in the Hansa's trade on England in the 16th century, but Hamburg achieved an important role by shipping German fabrics and Icelandic cod to England and English ink to the Netherlands. Hamburg's merchants became over time less involved in active trade
423:
Negotiations began in 1473 and Edward IV was open to make large concessions for peace. Hanseatic demands were very excessive and Edward did not transfer the property of the
Steelyard and the outposts in Lynn and Boston to the Hanseatic towns, but they achieved a very favourable peace from the English
394:
held the
Hanseatic League responsible, when English ships were attacked in the Øresund by Danes in 1468, and German merchants in London were arrested and convicted by the crown council. The Hanseatic cities were open to negotiation but rejected any common Hanseatic liability and called for an embargo
746:
The main export from
England was wool, but from the late 14th century cloth became an important export good. The importance of London as an export harbour grew with this shift. London also supplied luxury goods, like spices and literature. Trade in London was not controlled by the Hansards, and they
1283:
and
Hermann Wedigh (all painted in 1532); Hillebrant Wedigh of Cologne; Unknown member of the Wedigh family; Dirk Tybis of Duisburg; Cyriacus Kale and Derick Born (all painted in 1533); Derick Berck (painted in 1536); however, the may also have painted other portraits of merchants, such as that of
318:
in 1371/72, that covered
Hanseatic goods too. The Hanseatic towns and traders thought it violated their privileges. At the same time English traders entered the Baltic and especially Prussian trade, demanding equal reciprocal trading rights. A trade conflict began in 1385 when an English privateer
246:). Henry II of England granted very extensive privileges to traders from Cologne in 1175/76 in an attempt to limit the power of Flemish merchants who then controlled the English wool trade. This group from Cologne effectively controlled the trade of Rhine wine and acquired a building called the
683:
trade. It had its own treasury, seal, code of rules, legal power to enforce rules on residents and administration. Security was the primary reason for establishing kontors, but they were also important for inspecting the quality of trade goods and diplomacy with local and regional authorities.
331:
confiscated
English goods. Richard II retaliated and confiscated Prussian goods in England to compensate the English merchants. When negotiations failed, the grandmaster banned English imports and exports of forests to England in 1386. The compromise at the treaty of Marienburg of August 1388
794:
428:: many regulations from the Second Treaty of London of 1437 were reconfirmed and the demand for reciprocity on behalf of English merchants was dropped, though this result was against the background of the reduction of the Hanseatic trade's importance over the 15th century.
738:, the main language of the Hanseatic merchants. It applied to all traders of the Hanse who resided in London. In the 14th and early 15th century, most rules were introduced by the kontor's merchants, but after 1474 legislation was decided by the Hanseatic hometowns.
813:
406:. Cologne was temporarily excluded from the League and its privileges in April 1471. Edward IV was helped by Hanseatic ships in his landing in May to retake power, but he reaffirmed Cologne's exclusive privileges in July. A war of piracy called the
1355:
Hammel-Kiesow, Rolf (2010). "Hoe de Hanze verdween en op de drempel van de 20e naar de 21e eeuw weer opleeft" [How the Hansa disappeared and rises on the threshold of the 20th to the 21th century again]. In Brand, Hanno; Knol, Egge (eds.).
436:
In 1475 the
Hanseatic League purchased the London site outright and it became universally known as the Steelyard. The kontor then required that Hansards lived on the Steelyard. In exchange for the privileges the German merchants had to maintain
837:
687:
The Steelyard was led by an alderman, who was the chief juridical authority and diplomatic representative. There was also an English alderman from the late 14th century, an arrangement that was unique to London. The aldermen were assisted by
272:
and from the Baltic formed a joint venture by the mid 13th century. They took over the hegemony in the trade with England from the Flemings later in the century and even began to get involved in the export of English wool to Flanders.
692:, assistants or deputies. Around the mid 15th century the position of clerk, who was legally trained and performed secretarial duties. The Hanseatic merchants in London were grouped in geographical categories called "thirds" (German:
292:. It was maybe more the result of government pressure from London and the English king than a free decision. The settlement was only later made official as the Steelyard and confirmed in tax and customs concessions granted by
962:
Wubs-Mrozewicz, Justyna (2010). "De Kantoren van de Hanze: Bergen, Brugge, Londen en Nowgorod" [The Kontors of the Hanseatic League: Bergen, Brugge, London and Novgorod]. In Brand, Hanno; Egge, Knol (eds.).
240:
Merchants from Cologne bought a building at the corner of Thames Street and Cousin Lane in the 1170s, though they seem to have used it as early as 1157, and it became known as the "Germans' Guildhall" (
194:
and commemorated in the names of Steelyard Passage and Hanseatic Walk. The Steelyard, like other Hansa stations, was a separate walled community with its own warehouses on the river, its own
1717:
876:
373:
instructed German traders to leave England in 1450 and blocked English trade through the Øresund in 1452 by an agreement with Christian I of Denmark. England was weakened after the
335:
852:
825:
1404:
190:. The site is bounded by Cousin Lane on the west, Upper Thames Street on the north, and Allhallows Lane on the east, an area of 5,250 m or 1.3 acres. It is now covered by
2242:
216:
In 1988 remains of the former Hanseatic kontor, once the largest medieval trading complex in Britain, were uncovered by archaeologists during maintenance work on
537:. They got a residence for 10 years in Hamburg in 1567. Hamburg became a crucial market for the Merchant Adventurers after the loss of the Dutch market in the
129:
is the older usage, appearing as early as 1320. Kingsford traces the first reference to it as the Steelyard to 1382. In 1394 an English merchant writing from
864:
619:, "master of the Steelyard". Colquhoun was valuable to those cities through their occupation by the French since he provided indirect communication between
1409:
1543:
280:(a "German Hansa") in English records is in 1282, concerning merely the community of the London trading post. This was a union of town merchant guilds (
843:
534:
473:
395:
against England. The merchants of Cologne were exempted from the ruling and could trade unhindered, which served to foment dissension among Hansards.
1710:
1284:
Johann Schwarzwald, which is often attributed to Holbein, See: Holman, T.S., "Holbein's Portraits of the Steelyard Merchants: An Investigation,"
377:
and briefly restored the Hanseatic privileges, though another salt fleet from Lübeck was taken in 1458. Incidents like that kept tensions high.
2257:
1448:
1371:
1217:
1185:
1147:
1122:
1057:
978:
314:
the Hansards drove out rival merchants from Scania. English traders were arrested and their goods confiscated. The English king imposed new
2247:
410:
began against England, the main effort came from ships from Danzig, and much of the rest from Lübeck. One of their captains was the famous
579:
would however continue to be known as the "Hanseatic Cities". Consulates of the Hanseatic cities provided indirect communication between
555:
reopened the Steelyard, but it never again carried the weight it formerly had in London. Most of the buildings were destroyed during the
2252:
2203:
1521:
83:
55:, and their main trading base in England, between the 13th and 16th centuries. The main goods that the League exported from London were
888:
559:
in 1666. The land and buildings remained the property of the Hanseatic League, and were subsequently let as warehouses to merchants.
1326:
457:
498:
in the 1530s, portraits which were so successful that the Steelyard merchants commissioned from Holbein the allegorical paintings
1507:
1275:
The series of eight portraits of individual merchants from the Steelyard that scholars agree were painted by Holbein include:
1536:
747:
met traders from various places in Europe, offering the availability of exotic goods but showing also new ideas and customs.
1073:
Verein für Hansische Geschichte (1899). Stein, Walther; Höhlbaum, Konstantin; von Rundstedt, Hans-Gerd; Kunze, Karl (eds.).
369:
Another English attack on Hanseatic ships, this time a Wendish and Prussian salt fleet, in May 1449 led to another crisis.
1250:
1433:
Jahnke, Carsten (2010). "7. De Hanze en de Europese economie in the middeleeuwen ". In Brand, Hanno; Egge, Knol (eds.).
1002:
112:
1140:
A German Third Crusader's Voyage & the Siege of Almohad Silves / Muwahid Xelb (1189 AD / 585 AH): De Itinere Navali
366:, but England still enforced it despite unfulfilled demands for equal privileges for English traders in 1442 and 1446.
1513:
494:
Members of the Steelyard, normally stationed in London for only a few years, sat for a famous series of portraits by
1443:] (hardcover) (in Dutch) (1st ed.). Hilversum & Groningen: Uitgeverij Verloren & Groninger Museum.
1366:] (hardcover) (in Dutch) (1st ed.). Hilversum & Groningen: Uitgeverij Verloren & Groninger Museum.
973:] (hardcover) (in Dutch) (1st ed.). Hilversum & Groningen: Uitgeverij Verloren & Groninger Museum.
533:
One group that shipped trade goods for the merchant of Hamburg when they moved out of English active trade, was the
632:
628:
311:
20:
206:, cloth halls, wine cellars, kitchens, and residential quarters. The kontor could be accessed by sea-going ships.
1529:
1471:
920:
639:
339:
A reproduced painting of the Steelyard (Souvenir of the British Exhibit in the Hall of Nations IPA Leipzig, 1930)
804:
495:
425:
1476:
925:
654:
548:
79:
1501:
464:
1786:
643:
233:
217:
210:
191:
167:
1208:
North, Michael (2015). "The Hanseatic League in the Early Modern Period". In Harreld, Donald J. (ed.).
723:
for Hansards, and merchants rented rooms from the English, so they were not nearly as segregated as at
374:
2104:
753:
and fur were the most important of the imports goods, but the Hansards also imported salted herring,
658:
567:
The Hanseatic League was never officially dissolved but is considered to have disintegrated in 1669.
556:
442:
391:
315:
2134:
2048:
1176:
Sarnowsky, Jürgen (2015). "The 'Golden Age' of the Hanseatic League". In Harreld, Donald J. (ed.).
780:
728:
407:
399:
386:
293:
78:
The Steelyard was not the only Hanseatic trading post in England. There were a number of Hanseatic
2129:
1942:
1573:
675:
The Steelyard was, like the other kontors, a legal person established as a merchant corporation (
552:
441:, one of the originally seven gates of the city, from where the roads led to their interests in
1577:
1444:
1367:
1357:
1322:
1213:
1181:
1143:
1118:
1053:
1006:
974:
772:
766:
735:
592:
479:
403:
252:
33:
1484:
1434:
964:
933:
354:
The English Parliament in 1431 increased poundage by half for foreign merchants. In 1434 the
2012:
1766:
1553:
716:
705:
680:
669:
620:
596:
580:
507:
416:
298:
48:
2109:
2053:
1280:
588:
638:
Lübeck, Bremen and Hamburg only sold their common property, the London Steelyard, to the
1465:
914:
2149:
2144:
2094:
1958:
776:
600:
515:
446:
328:
199:
187:
87:
2236:
1850:
1779:
1400:
1395:
711:
The Hansards lived in the Steelyard at a relatively closed off area, more so than at
608:
576:
105:
162:
1735:
1212:. Brill's Companions to European History. Leiden, Boston: Brill. pp. 101–124.
1052:. Brill's Companions to European History. Leiden, Boston: Brill. pp. 127–161.
538:
1952:
1634:
1180:. Brill's Companions to European History. Leiden, Boston: Brill. pp. 64–100.
99:
1423:
Fudge, J.D., Commerce and Print in the Early Reformation, BRILL, 2007, pp 110–112
1117:. Brill's Companions to European History. Leiden, Boston: Brill. pp. 15–63.
1855:
1642:
1276:
803:
from Danzig, 34-year-old German merchant at the Steelyard, painted in London by
800:
438:
411:
195:
1254:
627:, especially in 1808, when the three cities considered their membership in the
1947:
1826:
1652:
1622:
265:
68:
2218:
2205:
1113:
Hammel-Kiesow, Rolf (2015). "The Early Hansas". In Harreld, Donald J. (ed.).
719:. They had however many ties with Londoners, for example Englishmen acted as
347:
remained dominant in the Hanseatic trade on England in the 15th century, and
343:
By 1420 the Hanseatic League's trade in England had decreased in importance.
2073:
1937:
1739:
1686:
1681:
754:
624:
584:
519:
269:
203:
116:
64:
1862:
1842:
1809:
1668:
1602:
612:
568:
506:
for their Hall. Both were destroyed by a fire, but there are copies in the
370:
285:
228:
138:
2172:
2078:
1932:
1921:
1886:
1676:
1660:
724:
720:
715:, and they certainly were not as integrated into the host city as at the
701:
359:
179:
2179:
2168:
2139:
2124:
2099:
2025:
2000:
1964:
1913:
1870:
1647:
1628:
750:
712:
697:
604:
572:
344:
289:
183:
72:
60:
59:
and from the 14th century woollen cloths. An important import good was
2183:
2114:
2041:
2018:
2005:
1991:
1969:
1772:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1696:
1617:
1612:
541:. Hanseatic trade with England was centred in Hamburg in those days.
511:
363:
348:
320:
175:
130:
52:
44:
2175:
were both chief city of the Westphalian Quarter at different times.
154:("Easterling hall") in Middle English, in 1340 for the first time.
143:). Kingsford concludes that Steelyard is a mistaken translation of
2119:
1834:
1691:
1515:
A Biographical Sketch of the Life and Writings of Patrick Colqhoun
1394:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
334:
227:
161:
1077:. Vol. 5. Lübeck: Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses. p. 86.
2187:
2154:
1878:
734:
The Steelyard had its own statutes, like any kontor, written in
324:
56:
1525:
1436:
Koggen, kooplieden en kantoren: de Hanze, een praktisch netwerk
1359:
Koggen, kooplieden en kantoren: de Hanze, een praktisch netwerk
966:
Koggen, kooplieden en kantoren: de Hanze, een praktisch netwerk
635:
was his successor as Consul of the Hanseatic cities in London.
551:
suppressed the Steelyard and rescinded its privileges in 1598.
615:
shortly after as the successor of Henry Heymann, who was also
213:, since there was only a small chapel on their own premises.
1319:
Dynasties: Painting in Tudor and Jacobean England, 1530-1630
98:
The name seems to indicate the practice of tagging samples (
1441:
Cogs, merchants and offices: the Hanze, a practical network
1364:
Cogs, merchants and offices: the Hanze, a practical network
1232:
F. R. Salter, "The Hanse, Cologne, and the Crisis of 1468"
971:
Cogs, merchants and offices: the Hanze, a practical network
491:
with England, and let other parties carry goods instead.
37:
1556:
by quarter, and trading posts of the Hanseatic League
514:. Later merchants of the Steelyard were portrayed by
327:. Some ship were Prussian and the grandmaster of the
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
708:, but the London thirds had much less independence.
2087:
2064:
1989:
1909:
1902:
1807:
1800:
1732:
1725:
1599:
1592:
1508:
German Embassy; Hanseatic London, 26 September 2005
530:The Steelyard's privileges were suspended in 1552.
174:The Steelyard was located on the north bank of the
1464:
913:
518:. There is a fine description of the Steelyard by
402:was put back on the throne in 1470 as part of the
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
642:in 1852. The buildings were demolished in 1863.
137:: "In the city of Londonat the court of steel" (
2186:became inaccessible due to the silting of the
319:fleet seized a number of Hanseatic ships near
82:on the English east coast, like the remaining
16:Trading post of the Hanseatic League in London
1537:
1005:"Notes". In John Stow. Kingsford, C.L. (ed).
250:from then on too. They are alluded to in the
8:
1413:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1290:Commerce and Print in the Early Reformation,
1048:and Outposts". In Harreld, Donald J. (ed.).
1039:
1037:
771:The Steelyard possibly gave its name to the
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
241:
1906:
1804:
1729:
1596:
1544:
1530:
1522:
679:) in a foreign trading city to facilitate
646:was built on the site and opened in 1866.
125:(1598 edition) the Middle Low German name
535:Company of Merchant Adventurers of London
236:'s Atlas, claimed to be as it was in 1667
166:A commemorative plaque placed in 2005 at
1288:vol. 14, 1980, pp 139–158; Fudge, J.F.,
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
653:
1306:. University of California. p. 10.
905:
790:
696:). One third was formed by the area of
63:. The kontor tended to be dominated by
1251:"The Hanseatic League and its Decline"
1086:
1084:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
284:) from Cologne, or the Rhineland, and
2243:Trading posts of the Hanseatic League
1502:Holbein portrait of Derich Born, 1533
563:After the end of the Hanseatic League
7:
1485:participating institution membership
934:participating institution membership
587:during the European blockade of the
209:As a church the Germans used former
170:, near the location of the Steelyard
135:In civitate Londoniain Curia Calibis
1210:A Companion to the Hanseatic League
1178:A Companion to the Hanseatic League
1115:A Companion to the Hanseatic League
1050:A Companion to the Hanseatic League
14:
700:, the left bank of the Rhine and
1716:
1709:
1504:: one of the Steelyard portraits
1387:
1138:Cushing, Dana (1 October 2013).
887:
875:
863:
851:
836:
824:
812:
793:
472:
456:
414:, who commanded the formidable
150:The kontor was also called the
1239:.1 (January 1931), pp. 93–101.
1092:Germans in Britain Since 1500,
894:Derick Berck (painted in 1536)
264:The merchant communities from
47:(foreign trading post) of the
1:
2258:History of the City of London
1321:. Tate Gallery. p. 104.
1142:(hardcover). Antimony Media.
662:
661:: The arms of the Steelyard (
432:After the Anglo-Hanseatic War
232:A plan of the Steelyard from
1302:Garchow, Walter Ray (1973).
1286:Metropolitan Museum Journal,
858:Dirk Tybis of Duisburg; 1533
526:Later conflicts and closures
2248:Economic history of England
1518:, London: G. Smeeton, 1818.
1405:Steelyard, Merchants of the
1304:Holbein's Triumph of Riches
1234:The Economic History Review
603:by the Hanseatic cities of
104:) of inspected wool with a
2274:
2253:Economic history of London
1094:A&C Black, 1996, p. 19
844:Hermann Hillebrandt Wedigh
764:
629:Confederation of the Rhine
384:
21:Steelyard (disambiguation)
18:
2163:
1982:
1707:
1561:
1472:Oxford English Dictionary
1044:Burkhardt, Mike (2015). "
921:Oxford English Dictionary
351:had a dominant role too.
71:traders, especially from
2178:The kontor was moved to
496:Hans Holbein the Younger
1477:Oxford University Press
1410:Encyclopædia Britannica
1075:Hansisches Urkundenbuch
926:Oxford University Press
276:The first mention of a
243:Gildahalda teutonicorum
43:(sample yard), was the
38:
1566:Chief cities shown in
1343:Biographical Sketch...
677:universitas mercatorum
672:
545:with countermeasures.
504:The Triumph of Poverty
481:The Triumph of Poverty
340:
242:
237:
178:by the outflow of the
171:
1767:Frankfurt an der Oder
1317:Hearn, Karen (1996).
775:, a type of portable
657:
650:Organisation and life
644:Cannon Street station
640:South Eastern Railway
500:The Triumph of Riches
465:The Triumph of Riches
385:Further information:
338:
234:Johann Gustav Droysen
231:
218:Cannon Street Station
211:All-Hallows-the-Great
192:Cannon Street station
168:Cannon Street station
165:
2219:51.51139°N 0.09056°W
1574:Free Imperial Cities
882:Derick Born (1533);
819:Hans of Antwerp 1532
757:and beer to London.
668:) on display in the
659:Caius Gabriel Cibber
557:Great Fire of London
316:tonnage and poundage
19:For other uses, see
2215: /
1512:Grant David Yeats,
1475:(Online ed.).
1257:on 19 November 2005
924:(Online ed.).
831:Hermann Wedigh 1532
408:Anglo-Hanseatic War
387:Anglo-Hanseatic War
381:Anglo-Hanseatic War
312:treaty of Stralsund
113:Charles Kingsford's
84:Hanseatic warehouse
2224:51.51139; -0.09056
1292:Brill, 2007, p.110
1008:A Survey of London
870:Cyriacus Kale 1533
673:
375:Hundred Years' War
341:
238:
172:
123:A Survey of London
2198:
2197:
1978:
1977:
1898:
1897:
1796:
1795:
1705:
1704:
1578:Holy Roman Empire
1483:(Subscription or
1450:978-90-8704-165-6
1373:978-90-8704-165-6
1219:978-90-0428-288-9
1187:978-90-04-28288-9
1149:978-0-9892853-1-5
1124:978-90-04-28288-9
1059:978-90-0428-288-9
980:978-90-8704-165-6
932:(Subscription or
773:steelyard balance
767:Steelyard balance
761:Steelyard balance
736:Middle Low German
597:Resident Minister
595:was appointed as
593:Patrick Colquhoun
424:commissioners in
404:Wars of the Roses
253:De itinere navali
34:Middle Low German
2265:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2057:
2045:
2031:
2030:
2021:
2013:Kontor of Bruges
2009:
1925:
1917:
1907:
1890:
1882:
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1249:Postel, Rainer.
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846:of Cologne; 1533
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717:kontor of Bruges
706:Kontor of Bruges
670:Museum of London
667:
664:
621:Northern Germany
581:Northern Germany
508:Ashmolean Museum
476:
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417:Peter von Danzig
299:Carta Mercatoria
260:Hanseatic kontor
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121:
49:Hanseatic League
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633:James Colquhoun
617:Stahlhofmeister
607:in 1804 and by
589:Napoleonic wars
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549:Queen Elizabeth
528:
488:
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306:Trade conflicts
262:
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200:counting houses
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1497:
1496:External links
1494:
1491:
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1466:"steelyard n2"
1456:
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1401:Chisholm, Hugh
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152:Esterlinghall
148:
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1303:
1297:
1289:
1285:
1271:
1259:. Retrieved
1255:the original
1244:
1236:
1233:
1228:
1209:
1177:
1139:
1133:
1114:
1091:
1090:Panayi, P.,
1074:
1068:
1049:
1045:
1007:
970:
965:
919:
908:
805:Hans Holbein
770:
749:
745:
733:
710:
693:
689:
686:
676:
674:
637:
616:
566:
547:
543:
539:Dutch Revolt
532:
529:
503:
499:
493:
489:
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463:
435:
422:
415:
397:
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368:
355:
353:
342:
309:
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215:
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186:ward of the
173:
151:
149:
144:
139:
134:
126:
122:
110:
100:
97:
77:
36:
29:
27:
25:
2222: /
1903:Westphalian
1856:Kaliningrad
1653:Rügenwalde
1637:(Kołobrzeg)
1279:of Danzig;
1277:Georg Giese
801:Georg Giese
666: 1670
439:Bishopsgate
412:Paul Beneke
196:weigh house
90:, Norfolk.
88:King's Lynn
69:Westphalian
32:, from the
2237:Categories
2207:51°30′41″N
1851:Königsberg
1787:Nordhausen
1780:Mühlhausen
1663:(Szczecin)
1623:Greifswald
1487:required.)
936:required.)
900:References
631:. His son
398:Meanwhile
310:After the
266:Westphalia
198:, chapel,
2210:0°05′26″W
2135:Newcastle
2088:Factories
2074:Falsterbo
2037:Steelyard
1953:Osnabrück
1938:Groningen
1873:(Tallinn)
1829:(Wrocław)
1740:Magdeburg
1736:Brunswick
1687:Stralsund
1682:Stockholm
1655:(Darłowo)
1580:shown in
1568:smallcaps
1261:16 August
755:stockfish
721:executors
690:achteinen
681:Hanseatic
625:Whitehall
585:Whitehall
520:John Stow
392:Edward IV
270:Rhineland
248:gildhalla
204:guildhall
182:, in the
117:John Stow
80:factories
30:Steelyard
2190:channel.
2173:Dortmund
2150:Yarmouth
2054:Novgorod
2049:Peterhof
1933:Deventer
1922:Dortmund
1865:(Kraków)
1845:(Elbląg)
1827:Breslau
1816:(Gdańsk)
1677:Stargard
1671:(Słupsk)
1661:Stettin
1643:Lüneburg
1635:Kolberg
1345:, 44–45.
729:Peterhof
725:Novgorod
702:Guelders
400:Henry VI
356:Tagfahrt
294:Edward I
268:and the
180:Walbrook
158:Location
2180:Antwerp
2169:Cologne
2140:Polotsk
2125:Herford
2110:Ipswich
2100:Bristol
2026:Antwerp
2001:Bryggen
1992:Kontore
1965:Zutphen
1948:Münster
1914:Cologne
1889:(Toruń)
1863:Cracow
1843:Elbing
1837:(Tartu)
1835:Dorpat
1648:Rostock
1629:Hamburg
1593:Wendish
1582:italics
1576:of the
1398::
1046:Kontors
807:in 1532
787:Gallery
781:fulcrum
777:balance
751:Beeswax
713:Bryggen
698:Cologne
694:Drittel
605:Hamburg
573:Hamburg
553:James I
345:Cologne
323:in the
296:, in a
290:Hamburg
224:History
184:Dowgate
145:Stâlhof
140:chalybs
127:Stâlhof
73:Cologne
65:Rhenish
61:beeswax
39:Stâlhof
2184:Bruges
2115:Kaunas
2105:Boston
2066:Vitten
2042:London
2029:
2019:Bruges
2006:Bergen
1970:Zwolle
1943:Kampen
1887:Thorn
1881:(Rīga)
1871:Reval
1811:Danzig
1801:Baltic
1773:Goslar
1762:Erfurt
1756:Bremen
1750:Berlin
1697:Wismar
1669:Stolp
1618:Demmin
1613:Anklam
1603:Lübeck
1447:
1392:
1370:
1325:
1216:
1184:
1146:
1121:
1056:
977:
613:Lübeck
609:Bremen
577:Bremen
569:Lübeck
512:Oxford
443:Boston
371:Lübeck
364:Danzig
349:Danzig
321:Bruges
286:Lübeck
282:hanses
176:Thames
131:Danzig
120:'s
101:stalen
53:London
45:kontor
2182:once
2145:Pskov
2120:Leith
2079:Malmö
1959:Soest
1879:Riga
1726:Saxon
1692:Visby
1481:
1439:[
1362:[
969:[
930:
742:Trade
133:has:
2188:Zwin
2171:and
2155:York
2130:Hull
1445:ISBN
1368:ISBN
1323:ISBN
1263:2019
1214:ISBN
1182:ISBN
1144:ISBN
1119:ISBN
1054:ISBN
975:ISBN
623:and
611:and
599:and
583:and
575:and
502:and
447:Lynn
445:and
325:Zwin
288:and
202:, a
106:seal
94:Name
67:and
57:wool
28:The
1407:".
727:'s
510:in
147:.
111:In
86:in
51:in
2239::
1469:.
1196:^
1158:^
1099:^
1083:^
1016:^
989:^
942:^
918:.
783:.
663:c.
591:.
571:,
522:.
449:.
420:.
360:de
220:.
108:.
75:.
2056:)
2052:(
2044:)
2040:(
2008:)
2004:(
1858:)
1854:(
1584:.
1570:.
1545:e
1538:t
1531:v
1479:.
1453:.
1376:.
1331:.
1265:.
1237:3
1222:.
1190:.
1152:.
1127:.
1062:.
983:.
928:.
358:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
