575:
276:
297:
31:
262:
44:
251:). This spider has been studied living in large natal colonies (ranging from tens to hundreds of highly related spiders) in large, unkempt webs. Each colony is composed mainly of females, where a minority (forty percent) act as reproducers, and a majority (sixty percent) remain childless and take care of the young. Males live a shorter lifespan, during which they will largely remain in the natal nest. Females are known for extreme
456:
are classified as orb-weaving spiders. Compact silk, spongy colony nests are roughly 5 centimetres (1.96850 in) to 30 centimetres (12 in) in diameter and will vary based on the spider colony size. When new females create a new colony, webs will begin as monodomous, where there is a single
444:
Aside from a dense outer layer, the nests consist of a tunnel network system. The interior silk is closely textured and contains tunnels where the spiders mainly occupy. To expand the nest, females will perform local budding of different nests when this female disperses after mating. Budded nests are
515:. Males will begin to fight over female territory in the breeding season and will compete for females. They will normally mate within the parent colony. If males do emigrate, they join the nests of solitary females. Females will tend to be in control during mating duration and will be selective in
422:
Larger spiders are more likely to take part in cooperative prey capture. During capture, many females will engage with the prey at the same time, injecting its digestive juices into the prey through extra-oral digestion. These digestive enzymes break down the prey into a liquid for other spiders to
613:
inhabit the same trees and are commonly found together. When these ants attack, they gather in hundreds and thousands to invade for consecutive days, up to multiple times per year. The ants bite females to kill the spiders, dismember the remains, and remove spider eggs. These events have been found
467:
The nest of the web has been discovered to be detrimental to thermoregulation, where temperatures inside the nest have been found to exceed forty degrees celsius. Relative humidity has been found to be lower compared to the surrounding environment. The nest does not provide protection from bushfire
440:
Within the spider’s social group, all spiders in the group take part in web construction, maintenance, and prey capture. Nests are large web structures composed of a compact combination of silk and nearby branch or desert brush. These nests are built in spiny bush twigs or trees close to the ground
338:
live in groups with a high female to male sex ratio. Population founding is the responsibility of females; it is when groups of related or unrelated female individuals disperse upon maturation to create a new nest. The secondary sex ratio is 12% males on average. Amongst the females in the colony,
709:
commonly falls to widespread fungal infection. Larger, spongey nests are susceptible of fungus propagation because they tend to allow for a moist environment. If the nest is able to dry in the sunlight, fungal growth would cease. However, if the nest maintained a moist environment for up to one to
553:
Group foraging behavior varies between colonies of different size and composition. It is more likely that smaller colonies will initiate attack early and begin an attack more quickly than larger colonies. If a group has a wide range in spider behavior or boldness level personality types, the group
502:
have shorter lifespans compared to females. Males mature faster, and die a few weeks after mating. Namibian female spiders have been found to mature from
January to the middle of the summer, produce eggs from February to March, and live until April to June to take care of the brood and later be
404:
When the spiderlings are second stage instars, females will capture prey and regurgitate a nourishing fluid. When spiderlings reach final instars, females sacrifice their bodies for the kin. Spiderlings mount the female's dorsal region and consume her bodily fluids until she passes in an act of
527:
Within the large colonies, female spiders share maternal care of the brood, regardless of whether or not she is the mother. Roughly 60% of females in the colony remain virgins and engage in extreme allomaternal care. Egg sack maintenance, construction and defense are the responsibility of the
549:
groups range from a few individuals to a few hundred spiders. They colonize, construct, and maintain the same web. They cooperate in childcare and gathering prey. Spiders will tend to live in the same colony they were born in, leading to a group that is made of several generations of related
732:
have been witnessed to balloon as a method of dispersion to reproduce. Females will eject from ten to hundreds of strings in a triangle shape (approximately one meter large, length and width) to gain liftoff. Males have not been observed to display this behavior.
192:
480:
have been found to follow a “shy” and a “bold” personality, where shy spiders are latent and do not respond to prey capture stimuli, and bold spiders are active and seek to forage. Smaller spiders tend to have a bold personality.
318:
spiders have dark borders and narrow white bands along the abdomen, while females have dark longitudinal bands along the abdomen. Spiders of this genus vary from total length, typically between 2.3 and 3.5 mm. Like other
574:
363:. Different lineages had twelve to twenty-nine substitution differences, mainly in the ND1 region (2.65-6.00% substitution rate. Within the same lineage, one to five substitutions were found (1.50-2.50%).
540:
is one of only twenty to thirty spider species that is considered social. Sociality in spiders is defined as cooperative breeding in spiders that are non-territorial and permanently social. Although the
323:” the anterior region of the prosoma is raised and convex sloping to the posterior. This is more prominent in adult males compared to females and is present once the spider has matured past early
892:
Johannesen, J; Hennig, A; Schneider, J.M. (2002), "Mitochondrial DNA distributions indicate colony propagation by single matri-lineages in the social spider
Stegodyphus dumicola (Eresidae).",
809:
Wright, C. M.; Keiser, C. N.; Pruitt, J.N. (2015), "Personality and morphology shape task participation, collective foraging and escape behaviour in the social spider
Stegodyphus dumicola",
1119:
Wright, C. M.; Keiser, C.N.; Pruitt, J.N. (2015), "Personality and morphology shape task participation, collective foraging and escape behaviour in the social spider
Stegodyphus dumicola",
503:
consumed by the kin. Adult females are the ones who leave to create new colonies. If a female chooses to leave and create a new colony, this was found to occur from
January to March.
554:
was found to initiate a response more quickly to prey. If a group was made of spiders that were morphologically diverse (varying prosoma width), they also mounted a faster attack.
1240:
Johannessen, J.; Lubin, Y.; Smith, D.R.; Bilde, T; Schneider, J.M (2007), "The age and evolution of sociality in
Stegodyphus spiders: A molecular phylogenetic perspective",
528:
females. Females will regurgitate captured prey to second instar brood, and later sacrifice herself in a final act of matriphagy by the time the brood reaches final instar.
476:
Within the large, webbed nest, several prey-capture regions are interspersed within housing tunnels. Spiders are compelled to retrieve snagged prey upon vibratory cues. The
460:
Cribellar sheets extend from the nest, where entrances face down and the regions above are blocked off. These sheets have been found as a defense mechanism from predatorial
457:
isolated nest. As more generations begin to occupy the colony, these larger group nests are described as polydomous, where many nests are connected throughout with one web.
386:. They specifically reside in mesic to semi-arid woodlands of the hot and dry thornbush country. In the savanna, the temperature of nests can exceed forty degrees Celsius.
409:. This phenomenon has been further classified as gerontophagy, because the brood will feed on old females, regardless of whether or not the female was related to the kin.
275:
1445:
1471:
261:
1419:
1458:
1155:
Smith, D.R.; Su, Y.; Berger-Tal, R; Lubin, Y (2016), "Population genetic evidence for sex‐specific dispersal in an inbred social spider",
1550:
296:
30:
669:
nest and hunting spiders that entered its web. There is little evidence to suggest the spiders fight back against these other spiders.
1545:
468:
or general dehydrating conditions, but does provide protection from other environmental dangers (wind, hail, sun-related radiation)
255:
care, since all females – even unmated virgin ones – will take care of the young until they are eventually consumed by the brood.
752:"Classification of the Cribellate spiders and some allied families, with notes on the evolution of the suborder Araneomorpha"
1463:
1380:
441:
at a height of 0.5 to 1.5 meters high. The exterior is layered in a grey fiber tissue (one to two centimeters thick).
43:
950:"Gerontophagy versus cannibalism in the social spiders Stegodyphus mimosarum Pavesi and Stegodyphus dumicola Pocock"
1540:
1476:
775:"The genus Stegodyphus (Arachnida, Araneae). Sibling species, species groups, and parallel origin of social living"
697:. Solitary spiders were found to be captured by other spiders at a higher frequency compared to social variants.
424:
1297:
856:"Extreme allomaternal care and unequal task participation by unmated females in a cooperatively breeding spider"
1358:
579:
558:
1320:
339:
roughly 40% will engage in mating, while the other 60% will remain virgins and participate in brood care.
511:
Spiders do not travel far to mate and will typically mate in the natal colony, leading to high levels of
1512:
1385:
243:
174:
158:
1281:
550:
individuals. Foraging behavior has been observed to be equally divided amongst members of the colony.
1507:
1406:
1367:
1005:"Predation on social and solitary individuals of the spider Stegodyphus dumicola (Araneae, Eresidae)"
855:
639:
237:
519:
if they mature early. The tail end of the mating season in these spiders is from
January to March.
1301:
1223:
1138:
1102:
969:
875:
828:
614:
to be extremely lethal to spider colonies. When under attack, the spiders will either weave more
183:
38:
1450:
1535:
1484:
1393:
1263:
1182:
1094:
356:
252:
1499:
1372:
1204:"Sexual competition in an inbreeding social spider, Stegodyphus dumicola (Araneae: Eresidae)"
1489:
1293:
1253:
1245:
1215:
1172:
1164:
1128:
1086:
1047:
1039:
961:
901:
867:
818:
228:
359:
in spiders of this species. Studies have found four lineages that compose a total of 15
1258:
1177:
645:
224:
965:
1529:
1004:
921:
906:
651:
633:
320:
220:
216:
212:
125:
115:
1227:
1142:
1106:
973:
879:
832:
1398:
1305:
1282:"Dispersal of Stegodyphus Dumicola (Araneae, Eresidae): They do Balloon After All!"
1052:
1133:
871:
823:
1432:
1352:
1075:"The protective function of the compact silk nest of social Stegodyphus spiders"
949:
618:
silk sheets to stop a swarm or gather egg cocoons and abandon the current nest.
599:
516:
135:
85:
1343:
854:
Junghanns, A; Holm, C; Schou, M.F.; Sørensen, A.B.; Uhl, G; Bilde, T. (2017),
657:
627:
512:
406:
348:
191:
922:"Is solitary life an alternative for the social spider Stegodyphus dumicola?"
1043:
615:
360:
75:
55:
1267:
1249:
1186:
1098:
594:(arboreal pugnacious ant), araneophagous spiders, insectivorous birds, and
545:, mainly live-in groups, they have also been found to live solitarily. The
1337:
311:
95:
1027:
1424:
1219:
1090:
561:
with likelihood of attack on prey and modulation of foraging behavior.
379:
1437:
1168:
1203:
1074:
375:
324:
105:
65:
1314:
774:
751:
573:
383:
295:
190:
779:
1411:
1318:
445:
typically no farther than five meters away from the home nest.
661:). Most araneophagous spiders will enter the nests, however
1298:
10.1636/0161-8202(2001)029[0114:DOSDAE]2.0.CO;2
1028:"Colony nutrition skews reproduction in a social spider"
1242:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
1202:
Henschel, J. R.; Lubin, Y.D.; Schneider, J. (1995),
710:
two days, fungal infection could decimate the nest.
1327:
1280:Schneider, J. M.; Roos, J.; Henschel, J.R (2001),
665:would capture spiders by building a web onto the
557:The task differentiation behavior is similar to
378:. This spider is frequently found in areas of
331:Population structure, speciation, and phylogeny
673:was found to have a passive relationship with
498:spiders live approximately for one year. Male
8:
1197:
1195:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1026:Salomon, M.; Mayntz, D.; Lubin, Y. (2008),
1315:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
943:
941:
939:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
794:
792:
29:
20:
1257:
1176:
1132:
1051:
926:Journal of the Namibia Scientific Society
905:
894:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
822:
374:can be found in Southwestern regions of
198:is commonly found in the Namibian Desert
1244:, 274(1607), 231–237. (1607): 231–237,
742:
314:with white hairs along the body. Males
257:
235:spiders that lives a social lifestyle (
215:, is a species of spider of the family
625:include several other spider species (
7:
347:Although there are high levels of
14:
590:Predators of this spider include
1513:urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:005883
907:10.1046/j.1095-8312.2002.00082.x
689:, and completely defenseless to
274:
260:
211:, commonly known as the African
42:
1073:Seibt, U.; Wickler, W. (1990),
948:Seibt, U.; Wickler, W. (1987),
231:. This spider is one of three
1:
1134:10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.04.001
966:10.1016/S0003-3472(87)80087-8
872:10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.08.006
824:10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.04.001
773:Kraus, O.; Kraus, M. (1989),
605:The arboreal pugnacious ant (
355:, there is high variation in
400:Non-reproductive cannibalism
351:and colony isolation in the
343:Genetic population structure
607:Anoplolespsis steingroeveri
592:Anoplolespsis steingroeveri
485:Reproduction and life cycle
1567:
1551:Taxa named by R. I. Pocock
1286:The Journal of Arachnology
1546:Spiders described in 1898
756:Annales Zoologici Fennici
423:share, or for females to
189:
182:
164:
157:
39:Scientific classification
37:
28:
23:
1003:Henschel, J. R. (1998),
750:Lehtinen, Pekka (1967),
367:Habitat and distribution
223:family. It is native to
728:Sexually mature female
596:Pseudopompilus funereus
580:crimson-breasted shrike
559:Stegodyphus sarasinorum
1250:10.1098/rspb.2006.3699
1009:Journal of Arachnology
587:
472:Prey capture technique
304:
199:
24:African social spider
1157:Ecology and Evolution
1053:10.1093/beheco/arn008
1044:10.1093/beheco/arn008
577:
310:spiders have a tough
299:
268:Female spiders on web
194:
1373:Stegodyphus_dumicola
1359:Stegodyphus dumicola
1329:Stegodyphus dumicola
920:Henschel, J (1992),
730:Stegodyphus dumicola
707:Stegodyphus dumicola
687:Nephila senegalensis
663:Nephila senegalensis
640:Nephila senegalensis
623:Stegodyphus dumicola
611:Stegodyphus dumicola
547:Stegodyphus dumicola
543:Stegodyphus dumicola
538:Stegodyphus dumicola
500:Stegodyphus dumicola
496:Stegodyphus dumicola
478:Stegodyphus dumicola
454:Stegodyphus dumicola
372:Stegodyphus dumicola
353:Stegodyphus dumicola
336:Stegodyphus dumicola
283:Stegodyphus dumicola
208:Stegodyphus dumicola
196:Stegodyphus dumicola
168:Stegodyphus dumicola
621:Other predators of
1220:10.1007/BF01242170
1091:10.1007/BF00317477
1032:Behavioral Ecology
588:
305:
200:
1541:Spiders of Africa
1523:
1522:
1485:Open Tree of Life
1321:Taxon identifiers
1169:10.1002/ece3.2200
1163:(15): 5479–5490,
418:Predatory feeding
357:mitochondrial DNA
204:
203:
16:Species of spider
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1516:
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1502:
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1479:
1467:
1466:
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1346:
1316:
1309:
1308:
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1271:
1270:
1261:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1208:Insectes Sociaux
1199:
1190:
1189:
1180:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1136:
1121:Animal Behaviour
1116:
1110:
1109:
1070:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1000:
977:
976:
960:(6): 1903–1905,
954:Animal Behaviour
945:
934:
933:
917:
911:
910:
909:
889:
883:
882:
860:Animal Behaviour
851:
836:
835:
826:
811:Animal Behaviour
806:
787:
786:
770:
764:
763:
747:
462:A. steingroeveri
427:to spiderlings.
278:
264:
170:
150:S. dumicola
47:
46:
33:
21:
1566:
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1193:
1154:
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1117:
1113:
1072:
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1025:
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1020:
1002:
1001:
980:
947:
946:
937:
919:
918:
914:
891:
890:
886:
853:
852:
839:
808:
807:
790:
772:
771:
767:
749:
748:
744:
739:
726:
721:
716:
703:
685:, attracted to
572:
567:
534:
532:Social behavior
525:
509:
494:Generations of
492:
487:
474:
451:
438:
433:
420:
415:
402:
397:
392:
369:
345:
333:
294:
287:
286:
279:
270:
269:
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229:southern Africa
178:
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41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1564:
1562:
1554:
1553:
1548:
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1377:
1364:
1349:
1333:
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1325:
1324:
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1311:
1310:
1292:(1): 114–116,
1272:
1232:
1214:(4): 419–426,
1191:
1147:
1111:
1085:(3): 317–321,
1058:
1038:(3): 605–611,
1018:
978:
935:
912:
900:(4): 591–600,
884:
837:
788:
765:
741:
740:
738:
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416:
414:
411:
401:
398:
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388:
368:
365:
344:
341:
332:
329:
321:velvet spiders
293:
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273:
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259:
202:
201:
187:
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68:
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35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1563:
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1542:
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1537:
1534:
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1509:
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1501:
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951:
944:
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936:
931:
927:
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713:
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708:
700:
698:
696:
692:
691:Heteropodidae
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
667:S. dumicola’s
664:
660:
659:
654:
653:
652:Heteropodidae
648:
647:
642:
641:
636:
635:
630:
629:
624:
619:
617:
612:
608:
603:
601:
600:Pomplid Wasps
597:
593:
585:
582:feeding on a
581:
576:
569:
564:
562:
560:
555:
551:
548:
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531:
529:
523:Parental care
522:
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221:velvet spider
218:
214:
213:social spider
210:
209:
197:
193:
188:
185:
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176:
171:
169:
163:
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159:Binomial name
156:
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117:
116:Araneomorphae
114:
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107:
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100:
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36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1328:
1289:
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1235:
1211:
1207:
1160:
1156:
1150:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1082:
1078:
1035:
1031:
1021:
1012:
1008:
957:
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929:
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863:
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814:
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706:
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583:
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510:
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493:
477:
475:
466:
461:
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453:
452:
443:
439:
436:Construction
421:
403:
384:Namib Desert
371:
370:
352:
346:
335:
334:
315:
307:
306:
300:
282:
253:allomaternal
248:
244:S. mimosarum
242:
236:
232:
207:
206:
205:
195:
167:
165:
149:
148:
136:
112:Infraorder:
18:
1433:iNaturalist
1353:Wikispecies
866:: 101–107,
695:Gnaphosidae
675:Clubionidae
671:S. dumicola
634:Gnaphosidae
628:Clubionidae
584:S. dumicola
517:mate choice
425:regurgitate
382:except the
316:Stegodyphus
308:Stegodyphus
301:S. dumicola
292:Description
249:S. dumicola
238:S. lineatus
233:Stegodyphus
137:Stegodyphus
86:Chelicerata
82:Subphylum:
1530:Categories
1015:(1): 61–69
737:References
724:Ballooning
719:Locomotion
714:Physiology
683:Salticidae
679:Thomisidae
658:Thomisidae
646:Salticidae
616:cribellate
513:inbreeding
407:matriphagy
395:Spiderling
361:haplotypes
349:inbreeding
303:on its web
76:Arthropoda
1127:: 47–54,
1079:Oecologia
817:: 47–54,
785:: 151=254
762:: 199–468
570:Predators
464:attacks.
219:, or the
144:Species:
96:Arachnida
62:Kingdom:
56:Eukaryota
1536:Eresidae
1451:10522719
1344:Q2420130
1338:Wikidata
1268:17148252
1228:23057120
1187:27551398
1143:53165346
1107:24361297
1099:28312705
974:54341180
880:53166858
833:53165346
701:Diseases
490:Lifespan
449:Web type
312:carapace
217:Eresidae
184:Synonyms
126:Eresidae
122:Family:
72:Phylum:
66:Animalia
52:Domain:
1500:2021122
1425:2164281
1412:1185678
1306:4707752
1259:1685853
1178:4984519
932:: 71–79
565:Enemies
380:Namibia
325:instars
225:Central
132:Genus:
106:Araneae
102:Order:
92:Class:
1497:uBio:
1490:574050
1477:202533
1464:867604
1438:415113
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1256:
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681:, and
609:) and
507:Mating
413:Spider
376:Africa
247:, and
177:, 1898
175:Pocock
1446:IRMNG
1399:4ZNXP
1386:80485
1302:S2CID
1224:S2CID
1139:S2CID
1103:S2CID
970:S2CID
876:S2CID
829:S2CID
1472:NCBI
1459:ITIS
1420:GBIF
1381:BOLD
1264:PMID
1183:PMID
1095:PMID
705:The
693:and
586:nest
536:The
431:Webs
390:Diet
285:nest
227:and
1508:WSC
1407:EoL
1394:CoL
1368:ADW
1294:doi
1254:PMC
1246:doi
1216:doi
1173:PMC
1165:doi
1129:doi
1125:105
1087:doi
1048:hdl
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