144:
111:
329:
to contain the species. A 1973 paper argued for the synonymy of the two species, which was later rejected, though they are usually considered closely related. Some later papers referred the species to
389:
estimated to have been around 150 cm (4.9 ft) tall. The molar plates of both species are low-crowned with thick enamel, with the lamellae frequency being notably higher in
344:
The relationship with other elephants has been considered uncertain, which has been suggested to be the result of dwarfism-caused changes to its morphology.
919:
980:
337:" with quotation remarks, reflecting uncertainty about their placement in the genus. A 2008 review by Markov and Saegusa resurrected the genus
975:
849:
799:"Isotopic reconstruction of Proboscidean habitats and diets on Java since the Early Pleistocene: Implications for adaptation and extinction"
405:, unlike modern elephants, which is either suggested to have been a retained ancestral trait lost in modern elephants, or the result of
970:
753:
Puspaningrum, Mika Rizki; Chivas, Allan R.; Kurniawan, Iwan; Wibowo, Unggul P.; Zaim, Yahdi; Van den Bergh, Gerrit D. (2021-12-28).
572:. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society Philadelphia Volume 63. American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia. Pp. 149
965:
960:
707:"The Descriptive Analysis of Palaeolithic Stone Tools from Sulawesi, Collected by the Indonesian-Dutch Expedition in 1970"
143:
797:
Puspaningrum, Mika R.; van den Bergh, Gerrit D.; Chivas, Allan R.; Setiabudi, Erick; Kurniawan, Iwan (January 2020).
131:
589:
505:
706:
872:
611:"Horizontal tooth displacement and premolar occurrence in elephants and other elephantiform proboscideans"
932:
610:
438:
410:
333:. A paper by Paul Yves Sondaar in 1984 started a trend of referring to the two species to the genus "
306:
828:
Vos, John de; Ostende, Lars W. van den Hoek; Bergh, Gert D. van den (2007), Renema, Willem (ed.),
798:
442:
355:
138:
937:
910:
845:
776:
687:
679:
649:
630:
548:
314:
268:
754:
837:
810:
766:
755:"Isotopic reconstruction of Proboscidean habitats and diets on enigmatic island of Sulawesi"
718:
669:
661:
622:
540:
528:
382:
318:
123:
829:
406:
378:
264:
127:
954:
61:
814:
582:
500:
472:
205:
626:
110:
895:
841:
650:"Parallel patterns and trends in functional structures in extinct island mammals"
421:
is short and tall, with fronto-parietal crests, and slightly curved upper tusks.
904:
771:
195:
36:
544:
502:
Pleistocene
Vertebrates from Celebes. IV. - Archidiskodon celebensis nov spec.
81:
46:
780:
683:
634:
552:
665:
398:
349:
155:
86:
830:"Patterns in Insular Evolution of Mammals: A Key to Island Palaeogeography"
723:
691:
742:
Bergh, G.D. van den, 1999. The Late
Neogene elephantoid-bearing faunas of
889:
705:
Alink, Gerrit; Adhityatama, Shinatria; Simanjuntak, Truman (2017-12-29).
451:
284:
175:
76:
71:
56:
51:
41:
359:(which is known from the Late Pliocene-Early Pleistocene of South Asia).
924:
529:"On the validity of Stegoloxodon Kretzoi, 1950 (Mammalia: Proboscidea)"
225:
91:
66:
674:
185:
165:
866:
381:
substantially smaller than mainland elephant species as a result of
836:, vol. 29, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 315–345,
834:
Biogeography, Time, and Place: Distributions, Barriers, and
Islands
276:
870:
449:
inhabited the island alongside the similarly sized dwarf
401:. Lower tusks are present in some adult individuals of
287:. Its relationship with other elephants is uncertain.
347:
Some authors have suggested a close relationship to
879:
527:Markov, Georgi N.; Saegusa, Haruo (2008-09-01).
353:(which is not known outside of Africa) or to
8:
648:Van Der Geer, Alexandra A. E. (March 2014).
867:
109:
20:
770:
722:
673:
570:Origin and evolution of the Elephantidae
492:
409:as a consequence of dwarfism, with the
271:of Indonesia. It contains two species,
586:(Hooijer) from the Pleistocene of Java
437:is suggested to have been a dedicated
417:being downwardly turned. The skull of
792:
790:
470:co-existed alongside the gomphothere
7:
738:
736:
734:
604:
602:
600:
598:
564:
562:
522:
520:
518:
516:
514:
609:Sanders, William J. (2018-02-17).
397:. Both species retained permanent
14:
477:and an unnamed dwarf species of
142:
815:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.106007
429:Isotope analysis suggests that
16:Extinct genus of dwarf elephant
1:
981:Fossil taxa described in 1949
627:10.1080/08912963.2017.1297436
433:was a flexible feeder, while
976:Extinct animals of Indonesia
842:10.1007/978-1-4020-6374-9_10
508:, Museum Leiden 30: 205–226.
317:based on a molar found near
313:was originally described by
298:was originally described as
772:10.51835/bsed.2021.47.3.364
592:, Museum Leiden, 48: 85–93.
321:, originally attributed to
997:
803:Quaternary Science Reviews
341:to house the two species.
545:10.11646/zootaxa.1861.1.5
473:Sinomastodon bumiajuensis
238:
233:
139:Scientific classification
137:
132:Bandung Geological Museum
117:
108:
23:
971:Cenozoic mammals of Asia
590:Zoologische Mededelingen
506:Zoologische Mededelingen
468:Stegoxolodon indonesicus
966:Pleistocene extinctions
666:10.1111/1749-4877.12066
325:, who coined the genus
263:is an extinct genus of
120:Stegoloxodon celebensis
724:10.24832/amt.v35i2.252
581:Hooijer, D.A. (1974).
499:Hooijer, D.A .(1949).
445:in forested habitats.
961:Prehistoric elephants
933:Paleobiology Database
568:Maglio, V.J. (1973).
459:and a larger unnamed
759:Berita Sedimentologi
457:Stegodon sompoensis,
411:mandibular symphysis
130:, on display in the
654:Integrative Zoology
307:Dirk Albert Hooijer
615:Historical Biology
584:Elephas celebensis
356:Elephas planifrons
323:Elephas planifrons
948:
947:
873:Taxon identifiers
851:978-1-4020-6373-2
269:Early Pleistocene
256:
255:
229:
32:Early Pleistocene
988:
941:
940:
928:
927:
915:
914:
913:
900:
899:
898:
868:
861:
860:
859:
858:
825:
819:
818:
794:
785:
784:
774:
750:
744:
740:
729:
728:
726:
702:
696:
695:
677:
645:
639:
638:
621:(1–2): 137–156.
606:
593:
579:
573:
566:
557:
556:
524:
509:
497:
383:insular dwarfism
224:
217:
147:
146:
113:
103:
33:
29:Temporal range:
21:
996:
995:
991:
990:
989:
987:
986:
985:
951:
950:
949:
944:
936:
931:
923:
918:
909:
908:
903:
894:
893:
888:
875:
865:
864:
856:
854:
852:
827:
826:
822:
796:
795:
788:
752:
751:
747:
741:
732:
704:
703:
699:
647:
646:
642:
608:
607:
596:
580:
576:
567:
560:
526:
525:
512:
498:
494:
489:
427:
379:dwarf elephants
367:
293:
267:known from the
244:(Hooijer, 1949)
223:
215:
141:
104:
102:
101:
100:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
31:
30:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
994:
992:
984:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
953:
952:
946:
945:
943:
942:
929:
916:
901:
885:
883:
877:
876:
871:
863:
862:
850:
820:
786:
745:
730:
697:
660:(2): 167–182.
640:
594:
574:
558:
510:
491:
490:
488:
485:
435:S. indonesicus
426:
423:
407:paedomorphosis
395:S. indonesicus
371:S. indonesicus
366:
363:
315:Miklós Kretzoi
311:S. indonesicus
292:
289:
273:S. indonesicus
265:dwarf elephant
254:
253:
252:
251:
248:S. indonesicus
245:
236:
235:
231:
230:
213:
209:
208:
203:
199:
198:
193:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
135:
134:
128:North Sulawesi
115:
114:
106:
105:
97:
96:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
35:
34:
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
993:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
958:
956:
939:
934:
930:
926:
921:
917:
912:
906:
902:
897:
891:
887:
886:
884:
882:
878:
874:
869:
853:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
824:
821:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
793:
791:
787:
782:
778:
773:
768:
764:
760:
756:
749:
746:
743:
739:
737:
735:
731:
725:
720:
716:
712:
708:
701:
698:
693:
689:
685:
681:
676:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
644:
641:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
605:
603:
601:
599:
595:
591:
587:
585:
578:
575:
571:
565:
563:
559:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
523:
521:
519:
517:
515:
511:
507:
504:
503:
496:
493:
486:
484:
483:
480:
476:
474:
469:
465:
462:
458:
454:
453:
448:
447:S. celebensis
444:
443:C3 vegetation
440:
436:
432:
431:S. celebensis
424:
422:
420:
419:S. celebensis
416:
415:S. celebensis
412:
408:
404:
403:S. celebensis
400:
396:
392:
391:S. celebensis
388:
387:S. celebensis
384:
380:
376:
375:S. celebensis
372:
364:
362:
361:
358:
357:
352:
351:
346:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
301:
300:Archidiskodon
297:
296:S. celebensis
290:
288:
286:
282:
281:S. celebensis
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
261:
250:Kretzoi, 1590
249:
246:
243:
242:S. celebensis
240:
239:
237:
232:
227:
222:
221:
214:
211:
210:
207:
204:
201:
200:
197:
194:
191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
145:
140:
136:
133:
129:
125:
121:
116:
112:
107:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
26:
22:
19:
911:Stegoloxodon
881:Stegoloxodon
880:
855:, retrieved
833:
823:
806:
802:
765:(3): 79–80.
762:
758:
748:
714:
710:
700:
657:
653:
643:
618:
614:
583:
577:
569:
536:
532:
501:
495:
482:
478:
471:
467:
464:
460:
456:
450:
446:
434:
430:
428:
418:
414:
402:
394:
390:
386:
374:
370:
368:
360:
354:
348:
345:
343:
339:Stegoloxodon
338:
334:
330:
327:Stegoloxodon
326:
322:
310:
302:
299:
295:
294:
280:
272:
260:Stegoloxodon
259:
258:
257:
247:
241:
220:Stegoloxodon
219:
218:
206:Elephantidae
119:
25:Stegoloxodon
24:
18:
905:Wikispecies
365:Description
305:in 1949 by
196:Proboscidea
955:Categories
857:2023-08-10
809:: 106007.
675:10795/3252
487:References
303:celebensis
896:Q21353505
781:0853-9413
717:(2): 75.
684:1749-4877
635:0891-2963
553:1175-5334
539:(1): 55.
399:premolars
350:Loxodonta
162:Kingdom:
156:Eukaryota
890:Wikidata
692:24673761
479:Stegodon
461:Stegodon
455:species
452:Stegodon
393:than in
291:Taxonomy
285:Sulawesi
234:Species
202:Family:
186:Mammalia
176:Chordata
172:Phylum:
166:Animalia
152:Domain:
118:Tusk of
925:8646210
533:Zootaxa
463:species
439:browser
425:Ecology
385:, with
335:Elephas
331:Elephas
319:Bumiayu
226:Kretzoi
212:Genus:
192:Order:
182:Class:
124:Sangihe
98:↓
938:233509
848:
779:
711:AMERTA
690:
682:
633:
551:
466:while
279:, and
228:, 1950
377:were
369:Both
283:from
275:from
122:from
920:GBIF
846:ISBN
777:ISSN
688:PMID
680:ISSN
631:ISSN
549:ISSN
537:1861
373:and
277:Java
37:PreꞒ
838:doi
811:doi
807:228
767:doi
719:doi
670:hdl
662:doi
623:doi
541:doi
441:on
413:of
957::
935::
922::
907::
892::
844:,
832:,
805:.
801:.
789:^
775:.
763:47
761:.
757:.
733:^
715:35
713:.
709:.
686:.
678:.
668:.
656:.
652:.
629:.
619:30
617:.
613:.
597:^
588:.
561:^
547:.
535:.
531:.
513:^
309:.
126:,
87:Pg
840::
817:.
813::
783:.
769::
727:.
721::
694:.
672::
664::
658:9
637:.
625::
555:.
543::
481:.
475:,
216:†
92:N
82:K
77:J
72:T
67:P
62:C
57:D
52:S
47:O
42:Ꞓ
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