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comparison: according to the EPA, one gallon of gasoline is equivalent to 33.7 kWh. So, effectively, each top-up of the 15.0 kWh lithium-ion battery gives the car about 0.44 gallons of gas, and for the entire 3,022 kilometres (1,878 mi) race distance, the total external energy consumption was equal to less than two gallons of gas. On average, the car's solar array is able to generate more energy than would be consumed by normal daily commuting for most people, and if the car were plugged into the electrical grid, or to an owners house, when parked, it could
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442:"self-sustaining house on wheels", a morph of a solar car and a camper. With a rated battery range of 600km and 730km on a sunny day and a battery capacity of 60kWh, Vita is incredibly energy efficient. This energy efficiency is a direct result of a streamlined aerodynamic design and fully integrated solar roof. Vita being a proof-of-concept vehicle, it inspires the world as a contributor to the energy transition.
25:
409:, and media representatives. The assessment covered characteristics including innovation, environmental impact, ease of access, occupant comfort, control ergonomics, features, styling and overall desirability. The Eindhoven car continued its dominance, winning the practicality rating with a score of 93.1 points, before
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The Stella is a very boxy, but low-built car. With only 1.15 metres (45 in) height, and its two large doors opening upwards, it is as tricky to get in and out of as a super-sportscar. However, once inside, reviewers found it surprisingly comfortable. The whole of the top of the car is covered in
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According to the developers, "in real-world conditions, the Stella's large solar array would be able to charge the car's 15 kWh battery pack in 30 to 45 minutes of being parked, sitting in traffic, or tooling around town at low speed". During highway driving, the battery must augment the solar power,
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Stella Lux finished after 39 hours and 23 minutes of racing, resulting in a slightly improved average speed of 76.7 kilometres per hour (48 mph) over the course, even though external charging had been reduced to 30 kWh for the 2015 race. During the race, the car set a distance record by driving
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Vehicles in the WSC's
Cruiser class are allowed a small battery-pack which can be plugged in to the power mains for additional charging. Although Stella was mostly relying on its 1.5 kilowatt solar array, the team did use their maximum allowance of 64.0 kWh of external charging during the race. For
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Stella Era, Solar Team
Eindhoven's fourth-generation solar electric car, purpose-built for the 15th edition of the Bridgestone World Solar Challenge in 2019, performed as well as its predecessors. After the hattrick in 2017, Stella Era delivered a fourth consecutive Cruiser Class championship, and
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The second Stella car, built in 2015, improved on its predecessor in a few respects. Frontal surface area was reduced by a catamaran style air tunnel indented in the bottom of the car, along its centerline. Further, Stella Lux has a longer wheelbase and four conventionally opening doors instead of
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Criticisms of the Stella concept argue that it is much more practical and efficient to keep the solar panel array at a fixed location, like putting a solar array on the roof of your house, rather than on that of a car. Most houses have enough roof-space to hold a solar array large enough to power
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For the 2017 edition of the World Solar
Challenge, a new Stella car has been designed, sporting five seats instead of four. The new car is longer at 5 metres (197 in) and narrower (1.65 metres (65 in)), though the weight remains unchanged at 375 kilograms (827 lb). The Stella Vie's
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The car built by the team focused on the practical uses of a car, being more than just a mode of transport. It features autonomous driving systems that detect when the car's solar panels are parked in the shade, on a parking lot, and it will automatically move out of the shade, and into the Sun.
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supplied by main sponsor NXP Semiconductors, that help the car and the team to optimize their performance, for instance through the Solar
Navigator system, which collects weather data and offers suggestions for an “optimal route” while driving. Power is provided by two in-wheel axial flux motors
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Instead of engineering another solar car for the World Solar
Challenge of 2021, Solar Team Eindhoven built Stella Vita. Vita was unveiled in September 2021 and shortly after, the team of 22 students toured Vita through Europe from Eindhoven (the Netherlands) to Tarifa (Spain). Stella Vita is a
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Team
Eindhoven's Stella Vie car achieved 2.5 times the efficiency of runner-up Bochum, and was awarded the full 80 points for efficiency. The team have carried an average of 3.4 people over the 3021 km, using 45.7 kWh of external energy. By comparison, a Tesla Model S85 (85 kWh battery) has a
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1,500 kilometres (932 mi) on a single charge, with an average speed of some 80 kilometres per hour (50 mph), and all the while having two people on board. The car is estimated to have theoretically infinite range when traveling at 45 miles per hour (72 km/h) in good sunlight.
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of the WSC, completing the 3,022 kilometres (1,878 mi) race distance in 40 hours and 14 minutes, at an average speed of 75 kilometres per hour (47 mph), while typically carrying three occupants, for a total of 9,093 occupant kilometres (5,651 passenger miles).
174:. They are hoping to start with a first small production run of 10 “Signature” cars in 2019 and then produce 100 more in 2020. The car is projected to cost at least €120,000 excluding VAT or sales tax, but will offer four-wheel drive for optimal traction.
149:, a solar powered "family car" with four seats and luggage space, which won the WSC's Cruiser Class in 2013. The car is capable of a top speed of 120 kilometres per hour (75 mph) with a full load of four people, using mainstream solar cell technology.
371:
profile shows a continuous swooping curve from the nose to the boat-tail rear end, that improves the car's aerodynamics, but reduces its solar cell surface area to 5.0 square metres (54 sq ft), as required by the 2017 change in WSC regulations.
245:(RDW) — the Eindhoven team were also able to put a California license-plate on the car for a demonstration run from Los Angeles to San Francisco in 2014. Stella's publicly accessible road registration information lists a cost price of €1,272,327.
138:. Vehicles competing carry two or more occupants, each facing forwards, and are judged not only on the time taken to complete the course, but also on their external energy use, payload carried, and an overall practicality assessment.
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practical range of about 400 km. Stella Vie's top speed is 130 kilometres per hour (81 mph). After receiving the highest practicality score on the final day of the WSC event as well, the Dutch clinched the title for a hattrick.
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and range ends at 600 to 800 kilometres, but urban driving at up to 70 km/h (43 mph) can be sustained entirely on solar power, running solely off the energy generated by the solar panels. After collecting numbers from the
223:, it was calculated that for 10 months of the year, the car would produce more energy than it uses, allowing for twice the distance Dutch people drive on an average day, and assuming Dutch cloudy light conditions.
421:
Moreover, Stella Era is able to share the energy she harvested from the sun with other electric vehicles using her Type 2 charging port. It's the first vehicle of its kind to provide such energy sharing features.
115:
in San
Francisco in 2015. Being the only competing vehicle with a license plate, the road registration of Stella contributed to the winning score in the races. The vehicles are designed and built by "
111:
all four times it was held – in 2013, 2015, 2017 and in 2019. Stella is considered the world’s first solar-powered family car and was given the 'Best
Technology Development' Award at the 8th annual
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On the other hand, solar-powered cars could potentially be of use in regions where sunlight and space are abundant, and without easy access to grid electricity, where charging facilities are rare.
567:
252:, contributed to the vehicle's electronics, with a concept to make roads safer and reduce air pollution by means of proactive communication between cars, as well as with traffic signals.
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were called "in a class of their own". To win the 2019 Cruiser Cup, solar cars had to complete the journey from Darwin to
Adelaide within set time windows, to prove their viability as
227:
solar panels, and the rear slopes down to create a teardrop shape to reduce air resistance. The car weighs only 388 kilograms (855 lb) thanks to being constructed largely out of
186:
Stella mk. I (2013) and mk. II ('Stella Lux', 2015) look very similar, but the Stella Lux (pictured) features a raised floor in between the left and right seats, to reduce
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The
Cruiser Class designs were judged by an expert panel, to evaluate the market potential of each solar electric car. Twelve adjudicators included industry leaders from
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Contrary to previous solar vehicle race classes that focus primarily on speed, and are contested by highly impractical single-seat racers, a new competition for more
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390:. Out of 13 competitors – twice the number as before – only three finished all legs within the time frames. Stella was dominating with 111.7 points, versus
170:
In 2017, some of the students responsible for the vehicles have launched their own startup company to make a commercially viable version of the car, called
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the rudimentary gull-wing doors of the first car. Aside from being more aerodynamic, the new car was also considered somewhat better-looking.
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127:. The group have set up a non-profit foundation to promote their concepts for practical solar vehicles for adoption on a broader scale.
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If the information is appropriate for the lead of the article, this information should also be included in the body of the article.
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On 16 August 2017 Stella Vie was successfully road registered, like its predecessors, for a listed build price of €350,000,-.
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team took 2nd place in the Cruiser class with a vehicle using a similar layout and overall shape as the Stella Lux.
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Stella is not only road-legal in Europe, having been deemed safe and approved for use on public roads by the
401:, Suntrix and Prohelion, past BWSC and faculty alumni, international solar challenge organizers from Chile,
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which can deliver up to 15 kW, while the wheels they power are Schwalbe Solar Energizer 90/80/16s.
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918:"Four in a row - It's cruise control all the way for Solar Team Eindhoven – Bridgestone World Solar"
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Solar Team Eindhoven presents vehicle that generates more power than it uses – ElectricAutosport.com
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solar electrical vehicles was added to the 2013 edition of the World Solar Challenge (WSC): the
489:— The fastest car in the 2013 Cruiser class competition of the WSC, built by a team from the
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Stella: the Flagship for Solar Power Electric Vehicles – Japanese Used Car Blog – BE FORWARD
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Creators of record-breaking solar car launch startup to sell street-legal version (archived)
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Updated solar powered car revealed by TU–Eindhoven ahead of 3,000-kilometer race – NL Times
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Dutch students target solar-powered three-peat with five-seat Stella Vie (archived)
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with 56.1, and Hong Kong’s Team IVE Engineering Solar Car Team with 44.2 points.
483:, that have won the World Solar Challenge six times out of the last eight races.
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World first solar-powered family car wins ‘Oscar for technology’ — Technologist
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one or two electric cars. Additionally, there is no risk of damage that random
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Lightyear unveils solar-powered car with a 500-mile driving range — Inhabitat
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962:"Stella Vita-zonnecamper van TU Eindhoven bereikt eindbestemming in Spanje"
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Meet Stella, the world's first solar-powered family car — Expert Reviews
1000:
What the Solar-Powered Stella Lux Means For the Future of Electric Cars
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repeated this achievement with an improved version of the car, called
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Stella Era: Start of a new era for the solar car – Innovation Origins
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2017 Cruiser Class Summaries – World Solar Challenge 2017 (archived)
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contains information that is not included elsewhere in the article
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Solar-powered family car Stella rides California coast — Phys.org
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Stella: world’s first solar-powered family car, now in Singapore
479:— A series of solar racing cars, built by a team from the Dutch
476:
73:
Stella Lux (2015 evolution) solar-powered family car prototype.
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Public registration info for license-plate PP-301-S (archived)
846:
Solar Cars 101 — Guide To The Basics Of Solar Powered Vehicles
18:
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The number of solar panels required to power an electric car
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TU Eindhoven rijdt recordafstand in zonnerace — NOS (Dutch)
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Dutch public vehicle license plate registration information
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Stella Lux: winner of World Solar Challenge visits Shanghai
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more energy than it would need to take out, making the car
167:, with which they won the year's edition of the WSC again.
119:" (STE) — some 26 students of different faculties of the
976:"This solar-powered motorhome was designed by students"
194:
Stella won the inaugural edition of the new for 2013,
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World's first "solar-powered family car" in Singapore
604:
Eindhoven wins Cruiser class of World Solar Challenge
499:— A three-seat solar racer, built by a team from the
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The 4-seater solar-powered family car of the future
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Solar Team Eindhoven wins Crunchie in San Francisco
821:Success by Design - Best of luck to Stella Lux
626:Regulations for 2013 World Solar Challenge.pdf
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1034:– 1 hour documentary with English subtitles
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1058:Science and technology in the Netherlands
554:WSC 2015 Cruiser class results (archived)
231:, reinforced by welded aluminium tubing.
141:For this competition a student team from
57:Learn how and when to remove this message
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538:WSC 2013 Cruiser class results (archived
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248:One of Solar Team Eindhoven's sponsors,
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343:5.8 square metres (62 sq ft)
857:Solar Car Expertise Shines in Shanghai
351:125 kilometres per hour (78 mph)
7:
799:Stella with California license-plate
1053:Eindhoven University of Technology
773:Eindhoven University of Technology
693:2016 Stella Lux Review – Top Speed
121:Eindhoven University of Technology
14:
729:Bridget Tan (20 December 2013).
459:might do to the cells on a car.
236:Netherlands Road Vehicle Service
221:Dutch National Statistics Centre
23:
928:from the original on 2021-09-17
415:Cambridge University Eco Racing
359:1,100 kilometres (684 mi)
356:Range on sunny day (Australia)
286:vehicular communication systems
1032:Stella by Solar Team Eindhoven
481:Delft University of Technology
472:List of solar-powered products
1:
491:University of New South Wales
433:Stella (2013) on display at
327:375 kilograms (827 lb)
615:Solar Team Eindhoven (Home)
295:Stella Lux specifications
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303:4.52 metres (178 in)
340:Solar cells surface area
319:1.12 metres (44 in)
311:1.76 metres (69 in)
294:
280:Stella Lux incorporates
188:aerodynamic frontal area
16:Solar-powered family car
739:. Event occurs at 0:23
163:-seat successor called
159:. In 2017 they built a
501:Ruhr University Bochum
451:both the house itself
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922:World Solar Challenge
520:WSC News article 2019
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282:Vehicle-to-everything
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101:World Solar Challenge
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1023:Solar Team Eindhoven
775:(in Dutch; archived)
769:Solar car road legal
497:PowerCore SunCruiser
392:Australia’s Sunswift
153:Solar Team Eindhoven
117:Solar Team Eindhoven
107:, sofar winning its
924:. 21 October 2019.
266:Kogakuin University
80:and its successors
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417:with 79.9 points.
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250:NXP Semiconductors
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332:Battery Capacity
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1048:Solar car racing
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35:lead section
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503:in Germany.
457:road debris
425:Stella Vita
239: [
198:-sponsored
132:"practical"
125:Netherlands
97:family cars
1042:Categories
508:References
381:Stella Era
366:Stella Vie
348:Top Speed
256:Stella Lux
209:contribute
165:Stella Vie
157:Stella Lux
90:Stella Era
86:Stella Vie
82:Stella Lux
737:SPH Razor
446:Criticism
113:Crunchies
105:Australia
47:July 2019
1027:Facebook
926:Archived
466:See also
196:Michelin
151:In 2015
145:created
437:in 2022
407:America
335:15 kWh
324:Weight
316:Height
300:Length
743:8 July
405:, and
308:Width
284:(V2X)
178:Stella
147:Stella
78:Stella
399:Tesla
243:]
934:2021
745:2017
477:Nuna
411:Lodz
161:five
88:and
1025:on
453:and
103:in
1044::
942:^
920:.
907:^
838:^
780:^
735:.
710:^
679:^
643:^
596:^
560:^
544:^
526:^
241:nl
215:.
84:,
978:.
964:.
936:.
747:.
190:.
60:)
54:(
49:)
45:(
39:.
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