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often still fed. The first feathers through the white down emerge when the crowned eagle chick is 40 days old, with the feathers ultimately covering the down in 76 days. After 76 days, the main feather development is in the tail or the wings. Wing flapping begins at 45 to 50 days, increasing after around 75 days. The young fledge at 90 to 115 days, with an average 110.6 days and any period of time less than 100 days is considered unusually soon. On average, male chicks tend to be more active wing-flappers and usually will first fly around 10 days earlier than female chicks. After fledging, females are attentive 95% of the day and brood 50β75% of the day, the amount decreasing slightly with each day. The female does much of the prey capture and a majority of the nest defense after the young fledge. After fledging, the young remain in the neighborhood of the parent's nest and are fed every 3 to 5 days by either parent for their first 270β350 days of life. The rate of food-delivery varies from several times a day to every 3 days on average during the post-fledging period. The fledged juvenile will solicit adults (apparently even unrelated adults) for food but does not actually take the prey unless this occurs around the nest site. The first recorded kill for a young crowned occurred 61 days after fledging, although this is considered exceptionally early by the standards of this species. Flights increase incrementally through the post-fledging period, although the young do not engage in rising flights until they are fully independent. Independence appears to be triggered by the increased indifference of parents to bringing food. Due to the loud vocal interplay between the parents and the fledging eagle, the adults seem to take it as a sign that their offspring has sought independence if they return to the nesting area and hear no begging auditory response. The young eagle usually remains in the care of its parents for a total of up to 11 months after it fledges, longer than is known in almost any other raptor. The advantage of this prolonged stretch to independence is that it may make for a stronger young eagle when compared to other accipitrids which have almost no post-fledging dependency period. In 34 possible cases, 18 resulted in eggs being laid. Fledging success is approximately 83% and almost all young that leave the nest also reach independence. It is estimated that most crowned eagles will reach breeding maturity at around five years old, as is typical for other large eagle species.
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legs, which are heavily spotted with black. The juvenile eagle's back is light brown or grayish-brown, with pale feather edgings that often give the back a scaled appearance, especially on the upper-wing coverts. There is often a pinkish red wash on the upper chest. Just-fledged chicks tend have dark patched faces, freckled bibs and slightly barred chests and spotted legs. Less common juvenile crowned eagle plumages, possible even when they are under a year of age and still under parental care, may include eagles so stripy that they which one could easily have aged as two- to three-year-olds. The tail of the juvenile is black with three pale bars and a narrow black tip. The juvenile eagle's cere is grey and the feet are dull yellow. By 4 months post-fledgling, the inner thighs, previously poorly covered with downy type feathers, are covered with small feathers. While the pale 'morph' young just prior to leaving the nest usually have unmarked tarsus, they soon get spots on the front part of the tibio tarsal joint. The tibio tarsal pad is still bare and obvious up until it is a year old, whereupon it vanishes only to return to incubating females. Eye color is variable too with some having khaki light brown just prior to fledging and others with adult-like yellow ochre eyes. Up to 15 months after leaving the nest, the immature eagles more closely resemble the plumage they have at first independence than the adult's plumage. The juvenile may be confused with the similarly colored juvenile martial eagle, especially in flight. It is distinguished from the martial species in having a much longer, more heavily barred tail, much shorter wings and spotted thighs.
1154:. These are jungles of boulders covered with low growth interspersed (in the past) with high trees. A nest built from scratch may take up to 5 months to construct, however existing nests are often repaired and re-used during successive breeding seasons, a process that can take as much as 3 months. It is typical for an eagle pair to use a nest for more than five years and, unlike several other booted eagles, crowned eagle pairs rarely build more than one nest for alternative use. Most large eagles build a very large nest and the crowned eagle is no exception, as it builds one of the largest nests of any eagle. In the first year they build a nest, it may measure 1.5 m (4.9 ft) across and 50 cm (20 in) deep. However, a larger nest, usually after several years of usage, may measure up to 2.5 m (8.2 ft) across and up to 3 m (9.8 ft) deep. The nest consists of both dead and greener branches and has a light coverage of leaves and animal matter. Copulation takes place in the nest, several times a day. Reportedly copulation can occur up to a year before laying, although these may be exceptional cases of mating for non-fertilization purposes (which, in other eagles, has been thought to be related mainly to strengthening pair bonds). A pre-copulation display typically occurs, wherein the male runs repeatedly around the crouching female with wings upraised, which displays the chestnut of the under-wing coverts and beautiful barring.
1177:, just one egg is laid. Eggs are usually just white, though may sometimes be overlaid with sparse red-brown markings. The eggs are moderate in size, averaging 68.2 mm Γ 53.6 mm (2.69 in Γ 2.11 in), with ranges of 60.9β75.5 mm (2.40β2.97 in) in length and 50.8β57.9 mm (2.00β2.28 in) in width. When a natural disaster befalls a nest, a replacement may be made in 2 months time. Incubation lasts for approximately 49 days. 80β90% of egg incubation is done by the female during the day. Food is mainly brought to the nest by the male in the early stages of breeding, though sometimes both sexes may deliver food. The male brings food to the incubating female every 3 to 5 days. When they initially hatch, the young tend to be quite quiet. If two eggs are laid, the younger one dies by starvation after being outcompeted for food by the older one or even directly killed by its older sibling. No nest of wild crowned eagles has been known to successfully produce more than one fledgling, though in captivity two have been known to survive with human assistance (supplementally feeding the younger chick or taking it out of the nest). In cases where the older nestling dies, the younger one may be fed more regularly and survive.
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641:. Apparently, the Malagasy crowned eagle became extinct due mainly to the loss of prey and habitat change, attributable to early humans on the island. To date, the living crowned eagle has no recognized subspecies. However, Simon Thomsett noted from field experience possible racial differences between crowned eagles in limited woodland habitats in East and South Africa (called by him the "bush eagles"), which have historically been the main populations studied, and those that live in denser West African rainforest, in the central part of the species distribution. The latter population, he noted, appeared smaller but relatively larger footed, seemed chestier in build and appeared to have deeper eyebrows than the bush eagle; behaviorally the rainforest eagles seemed bolder and louder, which is reinforced in other accounts of the species.
994:, they often call year-around, while elsewhere they may vocalize mainly in the context of breeding and nesting activities. The call is a series of loud whistles that rise and fall in pitch. The male performs an elaborate rise-and-fall display over the forest canopy both during the breeding season and outside it as a territorial proposition. Usually, territorial displays, which outnumber breeding displays, occur around the periphery of the bird's home range while breeding displays are likely to be over or at least near the nest. Displays consists of a series of steep dives and ascents, with a few wing-flaps at the top of each climb and descending circles and figures of eight. During descents, eagles can drop as much as 60 m (200 ft) at a time before circling back up. During this display, the male is noisy, uttering a shrill
2568:, a monkey that typifies the optimal forest quality and is a main food species for crowned eagles, has been singled out as one of the fastest declining and most endangered monkeys in the world due primarily to the bushmeat trade. In some cases, crowned eagles have reportedly even been shot by primate conservationists in a misguided attempt to mitigate their predation of declining primate species. It is estimated that 90% of the global distribution of the crowned eagle may be subject to habitual persecution or is even killed and eaten itself as bushmeat. On the other hand, some educated foresters and fruit-growers actually encourage protection of populations, due to the controlling effect crowned eagles have on populations of potentially harmful mammals. In April 1996 the world's first captive-born crowned eagle hatched at the
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1239:, the estimated average weight of prey for crowned eagles was clearly higher at 5.67 kg (12.5 lb). Of all other living eagles, only the female harpy eagle has been credited with an average prey weight range that is comparably high and, at the species level, the crowned eagle's prey size from the latter study is the largest of any known for all extant accipitrids. The crowned eagle is perhaps the only living accipitrid to routinely attack prey weighing in excess of 9 kg (20 lb). According to some authorities typical prey sizes for crowned eagle may be considered to range to at least 20 kg (44 lb) in body mass. Reportedly, the crowned eagle can lift more than its own body weight in flight, though verified accounts of this are sparse.
674:(5.6β9.1 lb). An average body mass of 3.64 kg (8.0 lb) was given in one account. Elsewhere, an average of 3.8 kg (8.4 lb) has been claimed. Slightly smaller weights were found in a South African survey where 5 males averaged 2.65 kg (5.8 lb) and 8 females averaged 3.71 kg (8.2 lb). Overall, they are the 9th heaviest living eagle species. The wingspan typically ranges from 1.51 to 1.81 m (4 ft 11 in to 5 ft 11 in). The largest authenticated wingspan for a female was 1.9 m (6 ft 3 in), with a claim of wingspans of up to 2 m (6 ft 7 in) needing confirmation. This eagle's wingspan is quite short for the bird's size, being around the same mean width as that of a
1045:, which are typically very wary and tends to shun any variety of human activity. However, young crowned eagles in their post-fledging stage differ greatly in behavior from independent or adult eagles. Amongst post-fledging eagles in a semi-captive state, it has been noted that they border on helpless in terms of feeding and defending themselves compared to other accipitrids and are even described as "cowardly", unwilling to even simulate attacking prey until many months after fledging. This implies a learning element occurs in wild crowned eagles during their exceptionally long post-fledging period. Crowned eagles are reportedly variable in temperament as individuals to a degree greater than that found in most other raptors.
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crowned eagle has eyes that can range from yellow to almost white, a cere and feet of an ochre-yellow color and black talons. In the wild, misidentification of an adult is improbable thanks to the species' bearing and voice. The strongly barred outer wings and tail are all diagnostic in flight. Further simplifying identification, details such as the crest, the bird's upright perching posture and large size are unique to this animal. While they do differ somewhat in size, the genders' sexual dimorphism by size is relatively modest and eagles are unlikely to be sexed by this alone. However, the male may be distinguished by his more rapid wing beats (4 or 5 per second) from the more sluggish female (3 or 4 per second).
1255:) or watching for prey activity, though may also use habitual hunting perches where they've previously had hunting successes. Although this behavior is unconfirmed, some crowned eagles have been reported to let out a soft whistle, unlike their other vocalizations which, for some reason, is attractive to monkeys and will then attack the first monkey to enter their line of sight. These eagles often still-hunt, wherein they drop or stoop onto prey from a branch perch. Following the sighting of suitable prey, the eagle quickly and stealthily maneuvers itself through the forest towards its prey, a certain element of surprise inherent in its final approach. A majority of the crowned eagle's kills are made on the
2423:. In one case, a 7-year-old boy, of a weight of approximately 20 kg (44 lb), was ambushed by a crowned eagle, who gouged its talons through the boy's throat and chest. The attack was ended by a woman who came upon them and rescued the child by bludgeoning the eagle to death with a hoe. In another case, the skull of a human child was found in the nest of a crowned eagle pair. In yet another instance, when assisting in the investigation of the disappearance of a four-year-old girl, Simon Thomsett came to believe she was the victim of a crowned eagle after the severed arm of a child was found in a tall tree that was inaccessible to leopards and known to be used as a crowned eagle cache.
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2518:, which is more heavily developed for agriculture (largely today for biofuel) than adjacent Kenya, has even more reduced forest habitat. The crowned eagle is far more common in protected areas and reserves than elsewhere in its range, though is still recorded consistently outside of these areas. Biologists in Africa now suspect that the crowned eagles adaptability to small, fragmented tracts of woodland has been exaggerated in the past. Some habitat losses have been offset by the establishment of exotic tree plantations, where this species can nest, but which generally lack a sufficient prey base. The crowned eagle in
2378:), estimated to weigh 10 to 12 kg (22 to 26 lb), attacked an adult female crowned eagle that was trying to hunt his troop, jumping onto her back when she was in mid-flight and killing her with a strong bite. This is the first confirmed instance of a monkey killing an adult crowned eagle. In one case, a female who tried to hunt an adult female baboon was found seriously wounded after a male baboon interceded, though the eagle was captured, medically treated, and lived in captivity. In another case involving potential prey turning the tables, an eagle that was trying to hunt an incubating female
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perch. Mature crowned eagles are reportedly nearly fearless towards humans and, unless shy from prior interactions, unusually prone to treat humans aggressively. Crowned eagles can nest around developed areas, including in the vicinity of quite suburban, developed areas (such as in view of apartment or office buildings), so long as prey is abundant and accessible and the habitat provides enough mature vegetation to facilitate nest building and hunting activities. Some biologists consider this species highly intelligent, cautious, independent and inquisitive when compared to other accipitrids. In
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1003:. The female seems to display less often and tends to have a mellower voice. Pairs also perform visually striking mutual displays, sometimes arising from the first type or when the pairs come together after a brief absence. Spectacular tandems, interlocking talons and falling some distance from the sky are typical of mutual displays. Despite the spectacular and conspicuous nature of their display flights, the crowned eagle is sometimes considered a "clumsy" flier out in the open, lacking the grace and speed attributed to other eagles in a high-flying context, such as large
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possible for the species to successfully nest within a few kilometers of one another. While the crowned eagle lives in denser woods and hunts from a perch, the martial eagle tends to live in more open wooded savanna habitats and tends to hunt on the wing at a high flying height (thanks to its superb vision) and the
Verreaux's eagle lives in precipitous mountain habitats and tends to contour-hunt, hugging the uneven contours of the rocks while flying, only a few meters high. Like the martial eagle, the crowned eagle has been known to prey on smaller raptorial birds.
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744:(or hind claw, which is the largest talon on accipitrids) of 6.2 cm (2.4 in), while another female was measured at 5 years of age, the age of sexual maturity, 5.74 cm (2.26 in) in the hallux-claw and an adult male measured 4.9 cm (1.9 in). In South Africa, hallux-claw length averaged 52.4 mm (2.06 in) in 5 males and 60 mm (2.4 in) in 7 females with a range in both of 48.6 to 61.4 mm (1.91 to 2.42 in). These figures put their talon size as around the same size as the largest
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2333:, large monitor lizards and baboons can be assured thieves who will climb trees and take crowned eagle kills. In a comparison of the monkey-based diets of rainforest crowned eagles with leopards and chimpanzees, the big cat was estimated to take prey averaging 11.27 kg (24.8 lb), about twice the average estimated prey weight for crowned eagles in the same ecosystem, and the great ape 6.9 kg (15 lb), about a kilogram more than that of the crowned eagle. In South Africa, it is reported that
2551:, the crowned has throughout modern history been persecuted by farmers, who maintain that the bird is a threat to their livestock. In fact, both the crowned and martial eagles only rarely attack livestock. In some cases, however, crowned eagles have actually been killed while attempting to hunt domestic animals. Another cause for persecution of the species is that crowned eagles are considered competitors in the illegal bushmeat and poaching trades. Within the forest land-locked countries of Africa, the
1875:, mainly calves, are sometimes preyed upon regularly. Among accurately weighed bushbuck to be killed by a crowned eagle, some scaled 15.9 kg (35 lb), 20 kg (44 lb), or even 28.8 kg (63 lb) and 30 kg (66 lb) respectively in case of young ram, which about up to eight times the eagle's weight. An even more extreme body size estimated for a bushbuck kill was 50 kg (110 lb). Crowned eagles are known to hunt fawns of other largish antelopes including
1070:, although these are less extensively studied, it may take a similar or even longer amount of time for the young to attain full independence. A case of crowned eagle pairs that reportedly bred every year in South Africa are unsubstantiated but may be due to an apparently high population loss rate among juvenile eagles near areas that are heavily populated by humans. Breeding can occur almost year-around throughout the range, though egg laying seems to peak roughly around the end of the African
752:. Some captive crowned eagles have been credited with a hallux-claw length of up to 10 cm (3.9 in), although, much like a single report of captive harpy eagles with a 13 cm (5.1 in) hallux-claw, no such outsized talons are known to have been confirmed. In a small sampling of large, forest-dwelling raptors, the front-left talon of the crowned eagle, at 4.74 cm (1.87 in), was around one cm less than that of a harpy eagle or the huge, recently extinct
2345:) are attracted to trees used for prey consumption by crowned eagles, in order to scavenge the sinew and bone that's discarded to the ground. In more mixed eastern and southern habitats, the diversity of large predators is higher and the crowned eagle, despite its great power, is not assured at the top of the avian food chain. Amongst the more formidable raptors, the martial, the Verreaux's, and the crowned eagles, may live on the same hillside and all hunt
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when they need to change mates in isolated breeding areas. The greatest movement of any notable distance is usually associated with juvenile birds, which wander relatively widely before maturation. Forty-four birds of various ages that were ringed in southern Africa and recovered were all found near the ringing localities. Small movements by crowned eagles has resulted in them being sighted in improbable habitats, such as on an open savanna hill in
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notoriously violent-tempered. In one case, olive baboons destroyed the nest of a crowned eagle pair after one of the eagles killed a baby in the baboon group. When experimentally exposed to an image of a crowned eagle, a dominant male mandrill reacted aggressively towards it, implying that they will keep eagles at bay to protect the more vulnerable members of their troop. The crowned eagle is considered a potential predator of infant
442:). Thanks to its bold and highly conspicuous behavior, it is exceptionally well-studied for a large, forest-dwelling eagle. Due to a relatively high level of habitat adaptability, it was until recently considered to be faring well by the standards of large, forest-dependent raptors. However, today it is generally thought that it is decreasing far more than was previously perceived due to the almost epidemic destruction of native
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707:, its average total length exceeds that of the martial eagle thanks to its much longer tail. The crowned eagle's tail is from 300 to 410 mm (12 to 16 in) long, with a median of 315 mm (12.4 in) in males and 348 mm (13.7 in) in females. South African males averaged 320.4 mm (12.61 in) in tail length in a sample of 4 and females averaged 352.4 mm (13.87 in). The
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1272:, crowned eagles have been known to cache food at the thickly vegetated base of a tree and only carry limbs to the nest. Pairs may collaborate in capturing prey, with one bird flushing the prey so the other can glide in unseen and ambush it. Female eagles may target male monkeys more often than males, which are more likely to hunt female or young monkeys. In one case, a female crowned eagle stalked a
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the ground when it is exceedingly heavy. While they both attack somewhat similar prey in often similar habitat, the considerable difference in body weight and wing-loading between crowned and harpy eagles have been attributed to load-carrying while hunting, as harpies tend to capture and carry off most prey in active flight rather than an attack on the ground and dismember if necessary.
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1284:). However, the crowned eagle one day assaulted the bushbuck calf quickly, leaving it with a gaping wound on its flank, and flew off to observe from a distance. Within a few more days, the bleeding, wounded calf was unable to keep pace with its mother and was tracked and killed by the assaulting eagle. Another assault, this one on an adult
2412:, attacks by the eagles may have minor consequences as well since the attacks are meant only to displace and not kill or seriously maim the intruding animal. However, nest-defense attacks may nonetheless possibly result in deep, painful, open wounds, which can lead to risk of infection or the need for stitches.
2490:. Declines appear to be widespread and may be increasing due to the often fevered pace of clear-cutting. This species main habitat is rich, high-canopy forest, which is a major target of timber companies, agriculturists, palm oil and biofuel plantations and miners as well as slash and burn farmers. A
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eagles. Some linkage has been made between forest-dwelling habits and having a curious and edgy disposition amongst various raptorial birds. Ironically considering their otherwise hyperactive behavior, the main hunting techniques of crowned eagle require long periods of inactivity, spent sitting on a
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while throwing his head back, often calling for a spell of approximately 30 seconds. The displaying male may reach heights exceeding 900 m (2,950 ft), sometimes even near cloud level at over 2,000 m (6,560 ft) above the ground. The adult female may also perform independent display
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While several smaller raptorial birds will attack humans if they come too close to the nesting site, usually these have minor consequences for the human victim. Mother crowned eagles, in the post-fledging stage, readily attack any human who comes close to the nest. Adult males may also attack humans
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Young and inexperienced crowned eagles may be killed as prey by large carnivores. Two eagles reintroduced into the wild were killed by predators, one by a leopard that surprised a male on a monkey kill in the rain, and the other by a crocodile that took a female as she ate a young bushbuck kill near
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soon follows. Several prey items have been killed by ramming the talons into the skull and penetrating the brain. Having killed on the ground, it has the ability to fly almost vertically upwards to a branch while carrying its prey before feeding, though it will tear up prey into manageable pieces on
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stands on semi-arid hillsides. Despite the relative sparseness of this habitat, these sites have a varied and convoluted terrain, with nooks and crannies, valleys, overhangs and hideaways that allow a crowned eagle to exercise its particular hunting skills. In Kenya, similar fractured landscapes can
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and estimated to weigh 9 to 11 kg (20 to 24 lb), the child became the type specimen for its species. The child appeared to have died from a clean row of piercing to its skull. Scholarly examination of the piercings has led scientists to believe that the specimen was seemingly killed by an
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Struhsaker and Leakey found that among both small and large species, adult male monkeys were often better represented in the diet than adult females. This may be a result of the behavior of male primates. In some species, only adult males often travel separately from social groups, only adult males
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Typical of most raptors that breed in Africa, the crowned eagle is non-migratory and is largely sedentary. This species usually inhabits a fixed territory throughout the year during its adult life. There is evidence that the birds move about to some degree when circumstances require it, for example
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are white at the base, broadly tipped with black and crossed by two black bars. The tail is black with brownish-grey bands. The thighs and legs are barred and closely spotted with black and white. The underwing coverts of adults have a bold chestnut coloration, spotted lightly with black. The adult
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The adult crowned eagle is quite strikingly plumaged. Its crown is dark to rufous-tinged brown with a prominent, oft-raised black-tipped double crest, which can give the head a somewhat triangular appearance. The upperparts of an adult are a blackish brown-grey color, with a variable tinge of blue.
427:), which can weigh up to 30 kg (66 lb), albeit usually much less. The crowned eagle possesses unusually large talons and strong legs, and may kill by simply crushing preyβs skull. The eagle is also bold and ferocious; records documented from beneath a nest show the remains of a large male
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On rare occasions, crowned eagles may also hunt on the wing, flying slightly over the canopy and causing a cacophony amongst monkey groups until they detect and capture their prey, often a monkey or tree hyrax. Crowned eagles are believed to take uneaten portions of prey up into the trees to cache
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in South Africa were from smallish species which weigh under 2 kg (4.4 lb) in adulthood, 26.3% from "medium-sized" species with an adult weight of 2 to 20 kg (4.4 to 44.1 lb) and 22.5% were from larger species with an adult weight of over 20 kg (44 lb). However, about
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Crowned eagles have one of the most prolonged breeding cycles of any bird. It is common for raptors that live around the tropics to have a relatively elongated breeding period. Crowned eagle pairs breed once every two years; a single breeding cycle is approximately 500 days in duration. Most other
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is listed as the overall most powerful living eagle and bird of prey. Since there are no known actual tests in any
African raptor of the pressure exerted via their grip, as has been done with some other large eagles, their power has been estimated from the size of the feet and talons and from the
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After hatching, the male kill rate rises to one kill every 1.5 days. Pair behavior while raising chicks is very variable, some males are very attentive to their young, while others leave virtually all brooding to the female. After 40 days of age, the young is capable of feeding itself, though is
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As seen in about half of the "booted eagle" group, the juvenile crowned eagle has strikingly different looking plumage compared to the adults. Much variation occurs as the maturation process occurs. A great majority of juveniles have a white head and underside, which contrast with the thighs and
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After engaging in the breeding display described above, the pair collaborate in building a massive nest in a fork of a large forest tree, typically from 12 to 45 m (40 to 150 ft) above the ground. While the female fetches more nesting material, the male tends to be more active in nest
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specialist, the martial eagle, even more so than the crowned eagle, has an extremely broad prey base. All these eagles will readily steal the prey caught by the other raptors. However, the great eagles are segregated by both their habitat preferences and main hunting techniques, which make it
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As various species and ages of primates are taken, primate prey varies in size. All diurnal
African monkeys weigh in excess of 2 kg (4.4 lb) in adulthood. African primates weighing under 2 kg (4.4 lb), are almost entirely arboreal and nocturnal. However, such primates, are
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measures 445β532 mm (17.5β20.9 in), with a median of 467 mm (18.4 in) in males and 512 mm (20.2 in) in females. In South Africa, 5 males averaged 475.2 mm (18.71 in) in wing chord length and 7 females averaged 506.9 mm (19.96 in). While it, on
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were found in the nest remain, suggesting adult female or subadult baboons can be possibly preyed upon. In many cases, baboons and drills may be actively avoided, as the adult males of these species, at up to twice as heavy as the female, are probably invulnerable to hunting and tend to be
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The crowned eagle is a very large eagle. Measuring from 80 to 99 cm (31 to 39 in) in length, it is the fifth longest extant eagle in the world. The female, at a weight of 3.2β4.7 kg (7.1β10.4 lb), is around 10β15% larger than the male, at a weight of 2.55β4.12 kg
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house this species. Several wildlife rehabilitation centers in Africa house crowned eagles. Due to their high-strung dispositions, tendency for aggression towards humans and resistance to hunting prey via coercion and hunger, the crowned eagle is often considered to be poorly suited for
1247:. Eagles start hunting soon after dawn and mainly kill early in the morning and in the evening prior to sundown. Being a forest-dwelling species, the crowned eagle has no need to travel great distances to hunt, nor employ a great deal of active hunting flight (such as soaring seen in
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is certainly at very low density and restricted to protected areas. It may be obliged to utilize exotics stands, but it is unlikely to ever be capable of surviving in the complete absence of indigenous (and thus prey productive) forests. Certain southern
African countries, such as
890:, heavily wooded hillsides, and rocky outcrops throughout its range. The crowned eagle may be found from an altitude of sea-level to at least 3,000 m (9,840 ft). Owing to lack of current suitable habitat, the eagle's range is often somewhat discontinuous. In the
2074:) have reportedly been taken in South Africa. These assorted mammals, generally smaller than primates and ungulates, are typically taken when preferred prey species are locally scarce. Mammalian carnivores are sometimes also hunted ranging from smaller types such as
2564:). The effect of this unsustainable culling is to severely depress or remove the large, medium and small wildlife species of the forests. Crowned eagles require some 430 kg (950 lb) of "bush meat" a year and thus directly compete with the industry. The
621:. The adult crowned eagle even has somewhat intermediate appearance between these birds, sharing the variable patterning of the mountain hawk-eagle and some of the colouring of the black-and-chestnut. Until possibly up to 1500, another crowned eagle species, the
1783:). In the Matumbi Hills of Tanzania, antelope make up about 30% of the dietary intake at nests, much of this being the Suni again. Adults antelope of a similarly small size to the Suni, around 5 kg (11 lb) or slightly less, are readily hunted, such as
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Swatridge, C. J., Monadjem, A., Steyn, D. J., Batchelor, G. R., & Hardy, I. C. (2014). Factors affecting diet, habitat selection and breeding success of the
African Crowned Eagle Stephanoaetus coronatus in a fragmented landscape. Ostrich, 85(1),
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trade is the largest source of animal protein for humans. It is a multibillion-dollar business with some 5 million tons (mostly small antelopes and monkeys, the crowned eagle's staple diet) being killed each year. In just 500 million acres of the
2438:. Unlike the crowned eagle, the martial eagle is not a specialized primate hunter, and preys mainly on large ground-dwelling birds. The eagle in question attacked three children, killing one of them, before being shot by a villager. In the famed
613:), have also been found comparable to the crowned eagle. While both are slimmer and smaller, these eagles are also large-bodied, strong-footed offshoots of the evolutionary radiation of forest-dwelling booted eagles, respectively distributed in
2329:. All of these competitors are much heavier bodied than a crowned eagle, ranging in size from the 10 kg (22 lb) golden cat to the 225 kg (496 lb) Nile crocodile. While the reptiles usually hunt on the ground or near water,
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In the rainforest interior, the crowned eagle occupies a unique niche and it is, by far, the largest and most dominant raptorial bird in such areas. Other large predators that may exploit similar prey in the same forested habitats include
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has been subject to the most comprehensive study of crowned eagle habitat, largely since many areas there would seem inhospitable to a large raptor often associated with old-growth forest. In southern Africa, its distribution south of the
2386:) was quickly attacked by her mate, who flew at the eagle and bit repeatedly at it, causing the eagle to quickly withdraw. The average life expectancy for crowned eagles is 14 to 16 years, although some specimens live more than 30 years.
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is of a modest length for a raptor of its size, at 8.5β10.3 cm (3.3β4.1 in), and is clearly shorter than that of martial eagle. However, the feet and legs are visibly thicker and heavier than those of the martial eagle and the
2181:) reacts strongly to both the call of crowned eagles and the alarm calls of monkeys specified to the eagles (which are separately identifiable from the monkey's leopard-related alarm calls to both humans and, apparently, hornbills). In
1308:), which tend to track their victims by scent after biting them rather than sight and sound, but is virtually unprecedented in birds. Crowned eagles have been recorded to consume carrion but this behavior has only rarely been observed.
958:, occurs in evergreen forest in the eastern highlands, in rugged, hilly terrain over the central plateau, in hills and escarpments in the southeastern portions of the central watershed, and in riparian habitat along the larger rivers.
715:
and 33 mm (1.3 in) in bill depth. In South Africa, culmen length averaged 50 mm (2.0 in) in 4 males and 54.9 mm (2.16 in) in 7 females, with a range in both 46.5 to 61.4 mm (1.83 to 2.42 in).
1622:
are larger, weighing considerably in excess of 5 kg (11 lb) at maturity. The adults of these species taken by crowned eagles usually weigh 10.5 kg (23 lb)in males and 7 kg (15 lb) in females, but
1130:
are reportedly one of the most used tree species for nesting. Exceptional crowned eagle nests have been observed on sheer cliff faces. In southern Africa, the species nest in drier and denuded terrain than expected such as
1973:
are known to be a major source of prey outsides of the rainforest. All six currently recognized species of hyrax have been hunted by crowned eagles. The greatest level of predation for this family has been directed at
2461:
eagles may have partially shaped human evolution, with small early primate ancestors having evolved towards larger body sizes and larger brains due to the reduced probability of eagle predation with these features.
1062:), about half the weight of this species, has an incubation/nestling cycle of a similar length), it is the extraordinary post-fledging period of 9β11 months that makes the crowned eagles' breeding cycle so long. In
1054:
eagle species complete a breeding cycle in under six months, or in about 35% of the time it takes the crowned eagle. While the incubation and nestling stages are about average for a tropical eagle (for example the
1209:
The crowned eagle's staple diet is mostly mammalian. One estimate of the typical prey range posited that the weight range is from 1 to 5 kg (2.2 to 11.0 lb), which is, based on the species ecology in
5259:
5090:
Napier, P. H. (1985). Catalogue of
Primates in the British Museum (Natural History) and Elsewhere in the British Isles, part III: Family Cercopithecidae, Subfamily Colobinae. London: British Museum (Natural
1242:
In a deep forest, an adult eagle may cover a hunting range of up to 6.5 to 16 km (0 to 10 sq mi), with the home ranges being smaller for those that inhabit rocky hills and cliffs abounding in
1573:, in which adult males often patrol alone, males are regularly attacked and killed by crowned eagles. However, adult monkeys (52%) were found in almost equal measure as juvenile monkeys (at 48%) in Uganda.
496:. The actual taxonomic alignment of the crowned eagle is apparent due to its feathering over its tarsus, which is generally rare in unrelated accipitrids. The crowned eagle is actually part of the diverse "
1601:
where they made up 7.5% of the remains. Although no one has seen the eagles catch these primates, it is thought pottos and galagos are likely to be taken if discovered by an eagle while sleeping in dense
902:
where protected areas mostly consist of fairly open habitat, crowned eagles usually live in wooded areas of rocky hills and narrow riverine strips, only rarely ranging into savanna surrounding the hills.
1268:
around the nest or habitual perches so that the pieces can be consumed over the course of the next several days. If the prey is too heavy for taking flight with, even after dismemberment, for example, a
4233:
462:
1958:), usually target aquatic preys, was reportedly witnessed killing a pregnant adult sheep ewe. The largest prey attacked by any living raptor is probably the up to 114 kg (251 lb) domestic
411:
Although the crowned eagle's long tail imparts an overall length of up to 90 cm (35 in), it is lighter by weight, and has a considerably shorter wingspan, than Africa's largest eagle, the
1231:
91% of 87 bones that were from the relatively large antelope species, amongst those that could be accurately sized, were from juvenile specimens. On the other hand, in the rainforest community of
1086:
in South Africa, home ranges averaged 30 km (10 sq mi) in size. In southern Africa, the mean distance between active nest sites can range from 2 to 19.5 km (0 to 10 mi).
2506:, both fuel wars and makes inroads deep into previously virgin forests. As two of central Africa's largest businesses, this has a devastating effect on forests and wildlife. Charcoal taken from
1557:
was still the most represented prey species, making up 20% of the remains. In one nest in the prior study, the Blue monkey made up more than 90% of the remains. Where they overlap in range, the
1214:
hillside woodland. This prey weight range is roughly the same weight range that's typically attributed to martial or
Verreaux's eagles. Perhaps unsurprisingly, that is the weight range of the
1647:
can weigh up to 13.5 kg (30 lb) in adult males. Based on observation and literature, any monkey of a weight of up to 10 to 15 kg (22 to 33 lb) may reportedly be hunted.
585:. However, another recent study, this time of sequences of two mitochondrial and one nuclear genes, did not reveal a close relationship of this eagle to any other accipitrid, including the
740:
are apparently quite massive in both length and width. While few comprehensive measurements of the talon size of wild crowned eagles are known, one female museum specimen reportedly had a
1380:
but are much slower and less able to defend themselves, while crested eagles take a variety of tropical birds and arboreal mammals. Other large eagles have been confirmed to hunt adult
3893:
1449:) were secondary in the prior study and, altogether, primates made up 82.2% of the remains from two nests there. A total of 88% of the remains found around crowned eagle nests in the
1565:
take aggressive action against eagles, and only adult males have loud calls that may attract the attention of eagles. The variation in behavior of primates is illustrated so that in
3335:
2597:. However, there are several eagles of this species used as such in England and sometimes in Africa, where they have been reportedly used to cull locally overpopulated feral dogs.
690:), species that weigh about half as much as a crowned eagle. However, the somewhat boxy and rounded wings are quite broad, being broader than, for example, the much longer-winged
2415:
The crowned eagle is perhaps the only extant raptorial bird which has been believed to attack human children as prey, outside of few exceptional circumstances in the case of the
1755:
Outside of the rainforest, the crowned eagle's diet tends to be somewhat more diverse. While they may take monkeys on a relatively small scale, other families, largely the small
1610:
can range in average weight from 2.7 to 4.26 kg (6.0 to 9.4 lb) and males from 4.1 to 6.9 kg (9.0 to 15.2 lb) depending on species. Other major prey, such as
1910:
and elsewhere has exceptionally killed large duiker weighing up to 37 kg (82 lb). Equally or even more impressive feats of ungulate-hunting have been credited to the
1259:. Arboreal prey may be forced to the ground during an attack. The sharp, powerful talons may produce sufficient force to kill the prey on impact; if not, death from trauma or
711:
is of a medium size relative to its body size, with one large museum specimen's bill measuring 55 mm (2.2 in) in length from the gape, 45 mm (1.8 in) in
5290:
768:). Considering a big female of these species can weigh up to twice as much as an average crowned eagle may illustrate the relative largeness of the crowned eagle's talons.
6102:
2866:
954:, and lower altitudes, breeding occurs in deciduous forest, more locally in dense miombo, tall riparian woodlands, and in remnants close to cultivation. Crowned eagles in
772:
The throat is brown while the belly and breast are white overlaid densely with blackish bars and blotches, variably marked with cream or rich buff-rufous coloration. The
4058:
1014:
In disposition, the crowned eagle is considered nervous, constantly alert and on edge. They are quite different from the oft-stately open country eagles such as the
597:, which is outside of the "booted eagle" group, has a similar skeletal morphology to the crowned eagle. Two less well-known, probably distantly related species, the
6386:
6001:
5267:
6505:
1400:, whose generic scientific name and old common was even the monkey-eating eagle, but all are believed to rely on non-primate prey for the majority of their diet.
6425:
6520:
6073:
Bowen-Jones, E.; Pendry, S. (1999). "The threat to primates and other mammals from the bushmeat trade in Africa, and how this threat could be diminished 1".
3514:"Gender-related morphometric differences in mature and nestling Crowned Eagles, with comments on ringing of eagle nestlings in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa"
1715:), although this is unconfirmed. Although rarely observed, some monkeys will "bait" crowned eagles, which harass and provoke them. Leslie Brown described
1332:
1251:-dwelling species). Rather, it tends to hunt passively. Crowned eagles may locate a suitable hunting spot by listening (such as via the call of the noisy
419:). It is, nevertheless, considered Africa's most powerful eagle with respect to its preyβs body size. It has been known to prey on ungulates as large as
5798:
2852:
1799:). Larger antelopes are also taken, mainly calves but occasionally adults weighing around or more than 10 kg (22 lb) can be taken, including
4789:
1189:
The crowned eagle is often described as the most powerful raptor in Africa, even more so than the two slightly heavier species endemic to Africa, the
324:; the preferred prey taken by various populations showing pronounced regional differences. Throughout its range, the principal prey animals are small
434:
Due to their ecological and behavioral similarities, the crowned eagle is considered to be the
African counterpart of the Central and South American
6535:
6360:
4727:
Hart, J.; Katembo, M. & Punga, K. (1996). "Diet, prey selection and ecological relations of leopard and golden cat in the Ituri Forest, Zaire".
2573:
1276:
calf over the course of two days but was repeatedly foiled when it went in for the attack, either by the mother bushbuck or an associating troop of
1201:). One listing included the crowned eagle as the only bird in a ranking of the 10 strongest living land creatures (pound for pound). Elsewhere, the
6399:
894:, the crowned eagle has been confirmed to survive at relatively high densities in protected areas that maintain dense, old-growth rainforests. In
1561:
can be quite prominent as prey for crowned eagles, as their relatively small size, diurnal and terrestrial habits may make them more vulnerable.
1292:) apparently had a similar outcome as the bushbuck attack. This type of strike-and-wait hunting technique may be used by diverse predators, from
898:, 84% of the crowned eagles range is within rainforest with an annual rainfall amount of more than 150 cm (59 in). Around stretches of
5400:
Jarvis, M. J. F., Currie, M. H., & Palmer, N. G. (1980). Food of crowned eagles in the Cape
Province, South Africa. Ostrich, 51(4), 215-218.
4105:
5243:
Boshoff, A. F.; et al. (1994). "Comparison of the diet of crowned eagles in the savanna and forest biomes of south-eastern South Africa".
5608:
5576:
5337:
3900:
3492:
3318:
492:. Since birds were grouped largely on superficial characteristics at that time, many unrelated species were grouped by Linnaeus in the genus
1094:, many nests appear to be close to a forest river. Generally, crowned eagles seem to be attracted to the taller trees in the forest. On the
6545:
5391:
WAINAINA, L. W. (2014). IMPACTS OF THE SOUTHERN BYPASS ROAD CONSTRUCTION THROUGH NGONG FOREST ON THE AFRICAN CROWNED EAGLE, NAIROBI COUNTY.
4774:
Msuya, C. A. (1993). "FEEDING HABITS OF CROWNED EAGLES Stephanoaetus coronatus IN KIWENGOMA FOREST RESERVE, MATUMBI HILLS, TANZANIA". In
2842:
2268:), are taken only when wild prey is greatly depleted. Juveniles and subadults, may take unconventional prey more frequently than adults.
4684:
4519:
Chiweshe, N. (2007). "Black Eagles and hyraxesβthe two flagship species in the conservation of wildlife in the Matobo Hills, Zimbabwe".
2457:
eagle, of which the crowned eagle is the most likely candidate. This predatory relationship has led to much hypothesizing as to whether
5465:"Diet of nesting African Crowned Eagles Stephanoaetus coronatus in emerging and forestβsavanna habitats in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa"
3698:
Prout-Jones, D. V.; Kemp, A. G. (1997). "Moult, plumage sequence and maintenance behaviour of a captive male and female crowned eagle,
3167:
2486:
The crowned eagle is fairly common in suitable habitat, though at the population level, its numbers have shown a decline in sync with
1867:-like family) along a rainforest river but show the chevrotain evading the eagle by submerging and swimming away from it. Even bigger
1344:
are the most commonly taken prey at the species level. While at least a dozen other accipitrids opportunistically hunt small or young
5823:
5786:
5662:
Mikula, P.; Morelli, F.; LuΔan, R. K.; Jones, D. N.; Tryjanowski, P. (2016). "Bats as prey of diurnal birds: a global perspective".
4993:
4968:
2983:
2675:
649:
1037:, crowned eagles cannot be induced to direct their hunting instinct towards large prey by increasing their hunger, as is done with
4223:
Steyn, P. 1982. Birds of prey of southern Africa: their identification and life histories. David
Phillip, Cape Town, South Africa.
2470:
6540:
6530:
6525:
2499:
2479:
1902:
The taking of ungulates on a large scale, unlike primates, is not unique to the crowned eagle. The martial eagle was reported in
1614:
typically weighing 5.5 kg (12 lb) in males and 4.1 kg (9.0 lb) in females, but up to 8 kg (18 lb).
1454:
891:
854:
629:) existed. Similar in size and form to the extant crowned eagle, the Malagasy crowned eagle probably filled a similar niche in
479:
213:
3880:
The age structure of populations of wild birds in tropical Africa as demonstrated by plumage characters and marking techniques
1529:), which were indistinguishable as remains. Other represented monkeys in the TaΓ― Forest included the Western red colobus, the
4960:
3934:
3866:
3652:
2174:
1598:
1546:
850:
6404:
4358:"A community-level evaluation of the impact of prey behavioural and ecological characteristics on predator diet composition"
2193:
may also be hunted and, as in the martial eagle, the crowned eagle may attack even the largest African monitors, the adult
5037:"Brief communication: Plio-Pleistocene eagle predation on fossil cercopithecids from the Humpata Plateau, southern Angola"
4899:
Arlet, M. E.; Isbell, L. A. (2009). "Variation in behavioral and hormonal responses of adult male gray-cheeked mangabeys (
2129:
when mammals are scarce, but in southern Africa, they can be a fairly common component of the diet. Bird prey can include
223:
6005:
4854:
4682:
Struhsaker, T. T.; Leakey, M. (1990). "Prey selectivity by crowned hawk-eagles on monkeys in the Kibale Forest, Uganda".
97:
6034:"Relative Densities of Mammals in Response to Different Levels of Bushmeat Hunting in the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania"
2728:
5931:
3014:) nests in Ivory Coast's Tai Forest: implications for primate predation and early hominid taphonomy in South Africa".
1739:
1104:
6250:
573:
indicated the crowned eagle is a sister species to the Asian hawk-eagles, which are now considered a separate genus,
5423:
3460:
6430:
5778:
4729:
2444:
1316:
1055:
1041:
eagles, for example. In the context of human interaction, wild, adult crowned eagles are quite the opposite of the
6277:
5643:
Phillips, R. L.; Cummings, J. L.; Notah, G. & Mullis, C. (1996). "Golden eagle predation on domestic calves".
3182:"A multi-gene phylogeny of aquiline eagles (Aves: Accipitriformes) reveals extensive paraphyly at the genus level"
1514:
980:
540:
286:, it is restricted to more easterly areas. Its preferred habitats are principally riparian woodlands and various
3672:
5297:
4012:
3858:
3233:
2797:
2051:
1903:
1522:
1139:
1082:, individual home ranges can vary from 140 to 200 km (50 to 80 sq mi) in size. Near the city of
606:
2689:
Goodman, Steven M. (1994). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 107(3): 421β428 ISSN 0006-324X
589:
species, and the genus was found to be genetically highly divergent from other "booted" eagles". In a case of
30:
This article is about the African eagle known as the crowned eagle. For the South American crowned eagle, see
5802:
1116:
5114:
Cordeiro, N. J. (2008). "Behaviour of blue monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis) in the presence of crowned eagles (
2561:
1990:) can become the species' preferred prey. Other mammals have been recorded as opportunistic prey, including
1644:
1570:
1486:
4828:
6515:
6298:
6212:
2043:
2035:
683:
622:
302:
5354:
1899:), and trained eagles from re-introduction programme managed to kill adult female impalas and bushbucks.
6096:
4052:
3978:. Volume 1: Non-passerines. BirdLife South Africa and Avian Demography Unit, Johannesburg, South Africa.
3310:
3247:"Phylogeny of eagles, Old World vultures, and other Accipitridae based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA"
1442:
497:
192:
4406:
2643:
1690:), all falling into the above maximum primate weight bracket and all have been successfully hunted. In
1470:
4129:"Breeding success in some African eagles related to theories about sibling aggression and its effects"
698:). The wing morphology of the species gives it maneuverability in its densely wooded environment. The
6347:
6290:
6259:
6032:
Topp-JΓΈrgensen, Elmer; Nielsen, Martin Reinhardt; Marshall, Andrew R.; Pedersen, Ulrik (March 2009).
5975:
5905:
5741:
5729:
5476:
5464:
5263:
5081:
Ronald M. Nowak (1999). Walker's Primates of the World. JHU Press. pp. 38β39. ISBN 978-0-8018-6251-9.
4916:
4804:
4738:
4693:
4530:
4334:
Tarboton, W.R.; Allan, D.G. (1984). "The Status and conservation of Birds of Prey in the Transvaal".
4281:
4140:
4128:
3741:
3525:
3513:
3261:
3193:
2751:
1876:
1494:
1410:
1232:
1223:
1151:
1007:
species. While awaiting food at the nest, both the female and the young call out a penetrating, high
699:
590:
562:
4174:
Maisels, Fiona G.; Gautier, Jean-Pierre; Cruickshank, Alick; Bosefe, Jean-Pierre (8 February 1993).
3857:
Worthy, T.H. & Holdaway, R.N. 2002. The Lost World of the Moa: Prehistoric Life of New Zealand.
3358:
Ecological factors affecting hunting behaviour during the post-fledging dependence period of raptors
2434:), has been confirmed to take a human child in a possible predation attempt, a four-year-old boy in
2358:
the water's edge. In Kenya, cases of predation on nestlings and fledglings have reportedly involved
5966:
Berger, L. R.; Clarke, R. J. (1995). "Eagle involvement in accumulation of the Taung child fauna".
2560:
owned by 8 countries the weight equivalent to 40.7 million humans is removed each year (or 740,000
2202:
2115:
1975:
1824:
1628:
1478:
1426:
1393:
1389:
1194:
1126:
1110:
877:
829:. In western and central Africa, the crowned eagle's range extends through much of the (once) vast
598:
62:
3776:
669:
A captive crowned eagle, showing the extended crest and the permanent fierce stance of the species
6164:
5869:
5690:
4932:
4709:
4546:
4489:
3818:
2860:
2777:
2416:
2286:
2095:
1911:
1497:, more than 60% of remains around the eyries were monkeys and more than 45% of remains were from
1368:. Also, both other eagles may prefer different prey where available: harpy eagles primarily take
1173:, laying peaks in October. The clutch of the crowned eagle either contains 1 or 2 eggs. Often in
528:
279:
236:
92:
6264:
3336:"On the specific identification of subfossil Cryptoprocta (Mammalia, Carnivora) from Madagascar"
1775:, about half of the remains were from small antelope. The predominant prey species there is the
1227:
6391:
5949:
4490:"Vigilance, predator detection and the presence of supernumerary males in vervet monkey troops"
4175:
3010:
McGraw, W. S.; Cooke, C. & Shultz, S. (2006). "Primate remains from African crowned eagle (
1606:
during the day. Among monkeys, Cercopithecine monkeys are on the small side. Full-grown female
1569:, in which adult males patrol in mixed groups, the males are rarely attacked; meanwhile in the
1425:) was the most represented prey species, making up 40% of the remains. Larger monkeys, such as
6451:
6417:
6321:
6055:
5861:
5782:
5757:
5730:"Breeding behaviour and diet of the Crowned Eagle Stephanoaetus coronatus in western Tanzania"
5710:
5604:
5572:
5492:
5374:
5333:
5216:
5064:
5056:
4989:
4964:
4878:
4820:
4790:"Predator-specific landscapes of fear and resource distribution: effects on spatial range use"
4626:
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4521:
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4199:
4156:
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3757:
3648:
3541:
3488:
3314:
3277:
3217:
3163:
3031:
2979:
2671:
2577:
2318:
1836:
1784:
1700:
1466:
1418:
1381:
1361:
1301:
991:
858:
794:
732:
6456:
6156:
6129:
6082:
6045:
5983:
5913:
5853:
5749:
5702:
5691:"The responses of black-casqued hornbills to predator vocalisations and primate alarm calls"
5671:
5600:
5484:
5366:
5325:
5206:
5196:
5157:
5127:
5048:
4924:
4870:
4812:
4746:
4701:
4653:
4610:
4577:
4538:
4501:
4422:
4377:
4369:
4289:
4191:
4148:
4038:
3810:
3749:
3533:
3269:
3246:
3209:
3201:
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2848:
2767:
2759:
2638:
1852:
1716:
1450:
1397:
1365:
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1021:
1020:
species. In their training and management, crowned eagles are perhaps more reminiscent of a
925:
761:
753:
6303:
4262:. In: Schulenberg, T.S. (Ed.) Neotropical Birds Online. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca.
6510:
6438:
6118:"Bushmeat hunting in the Congo Basin: an assessment of impacts and options for mitigation"
5355:"The Relations of the Crowned Eagle Stephanoaetvs Corona Tus and Some of ITS Prey Animals"
4566:"Predation of Japanese macaque Macaca fuscata by mountain hawk eagle Spizaetus nipalensis"
3574:
2801:
2581:
2540:
2302:
2107:
2083:
2075:
1640:
1434:
913:
904:
830:
655:
523:
484:
451:
443:
283:
149:
77:
6482:
5036:
2620:
1138:
also be utilized by crowned eagles, such as the black gigantic volcanic rubble fields of
5979:
5909:
5745:
5546:
Smeenk, C. (1974). "Comparative ecological studies of some East African birds of prey".
5480:
5319:
4920:
4808:
4742:
4697:
4644:
Salvador, D. J.; Ibanez, J. C. (2006). "Ecology and conservation of Philippine Eagles".
4534:
4285:
4144:
4026:
3745:
3529:
3265:
3197:
2755:
2535:, have almost no extensive stands of native forest today, while other countries such as
2394:
719:
665:
5514:
5370:
5211:
5176:
4874:
4750:
4382:
4357:
4293:
2589:
2585:
2379:
2371:
2334:
2294:
2190:
2103:
2067:
1675:
1632:
1619:
1016:
865:. Despite its large distribution there, the crowned eagle is now rare in many parts of
773:
506:
428:
345:
17:
5010:
4505:
6499:
6412:
4598:
4542:
4426:
3836:
3725:
2853:
10.2173/bow.crheag1.01https:/birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/crheag1/cur/introduction
2629:
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2427:
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1293:
1285:
1277:
1252:
1190:
1095:
1042:
909:
712:
704:
618:
579:, that are not closely related to the neotropical hawk-eagles, which are retained in
566:
534:
475:
412:
397:
209:
169:
82:
6168:
5873:
4936:
4713:
4550:
4234:"The strong living land creatures on Earth, measured by their power to weight ratio"
2781:
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2359:
2310:
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2027:
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to as far south as eastern South Africa, with a southern distribution limit around
745:
691:
570:
291:
275:
159:
6313:
5753:
5488:
4152:
3537:
1078:, from July to November. Territories or home ranges are maintained vigorously. In
789:
6469:
5566:
5329:
2841:)". In J. del Hoyo; A. Elliott; J. Sargatal; D. A. Christie; E. de Juana (eds.).
1169:, with a peak in August through October; in Uganda from December to July; and in
990:
The crowned eagle is highly vocal and has a noisy, undulating display flight. In
6373:
6244:
4106:"Interview with Garth Batchelor about the African Crowned Eagle in South Africa"
3273:
3205:
2565:
2557:
2453:
2449:
2091:
1884:
1792:
1566:
1554:
1490:
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1202:
1174:
1170:
1162:
1091:
1063:
899:
866:
806:
749:
675:
594:
546:
435:
31:
6201:
6050:
6033:
3974:
Boshoff, A.F. 1997. Crowned Eagle. Pp. 194β195 in J.A. Harrison et al. (eds.),
3801:
Fowler, J.M.; Cope, J.B. (1964). "Notes on the Harpy Eagle in British Guiana".
916:, although it is not restricted to that habitat and may range secondarily into
6477:
6183:
6160:
6133:
6087:
5886:
Brown, L. H. (1966). Observations on some Kenya eagles. Ibis, 108(4), 531-572.
5437:
5011:"Primate Factsheets: Vervet (Chlorocebus) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology"
4988:(2nd ed.). Pretoria (South Africa): University of Pretoria. p. 771.
4928:
4614:
3753:
3181:
2350:
2130:
2019:
1983:
1951:
1215:
1157:
In South Africa the crowned eagle lays its eggs from September to October; in
1075:
1071:
921:
917:
838:
630:
373:
361:
337:
314:
6235:
6059:
5761:
5714:
5706:
5624:
McEneaney, T.; Jenkins, M. (1983). "Bald Eagle predation on Domestic Sheep".
5496:
5463:
Malan, Gerard; Strydom, Eleen; Shultz, Susanne; Avery, Graham (20 May 2016).
5378:
5060:
4882:
4622:
4434:
4203:
4160:
3761:
3545:
2169:), which is a formidable species not usually susceptible to avian predators.
1851:). National Geographic recorded a video depicting a crowned eagle stalking a
6147:
Struhsaker, T. T. (2005). "Conservation of red colobus and their habitats".
5161:
4307:
2700:
2134:
1943:
1922:, despite these being considered less powerful than the crowned eagle. Both
1627:
are smaller, weighing less than 5 kg (11 lb), and large adults of
1357:
1133:
1083:
942:
798:
614:
581:
512:
501:
109:
5987:
5865:
5836:
Jones, T.; Laurent, S.; Mselewa, F. & Mtui, A. (2004). "Sanje mangabey
5260:"The African Crowned Makes a Mistake of Having the Olive Baboon for Dinner"
5220:
5175:
PaciΓͺncia, F. M. D.; Baluya, D.; Mbaryo, P.; Knauf, S.; Zinner, D. (2017).
5068:
4824:
4630:
4391:
4373:
4043:
3882:. In Proceedings of the V Pan-African Ornithological Congress (pp. 97β119).
3281:
3221:
3035:
1340:
The crowned eagle occupies a unique niche, as it is the only bird in which
703:
average, is less heavy and has a smaller wingspan than the often sympatric
48:
5201:
5148:
Cowlishaw, G. (1994). "Vulnerability to predation in baboon populations".
2763:
966:
880:, but will sometimes also be found in relict patches, wooded escarpments,
6443:
6229:
2772:
2727:
Mitani, J.C.; Sanders, W.J.; Lwanga, J.S. & Windfelder, T.L. (2001).
2594:
2552:
2528:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2491:
2435:
2408:
before fledging but only do so rarely. Despite the size and power of the
2322:
2170:
2011:
1947:
1935:
1868:
1808:
1756:
1744:
1683:
1615:
1550:
1482:
1377:
1273:
1269:
1248:
1158:
1121:
1079:
1034:
937:
881:
873:
846:
822:
810:
575:
518:
420:
393:
385:
377:
369:
357:
325:
321:
129:
3960:
Review of ring recoveries of birds of prey in southern Africa: 1948β1998
3958:
Oatley, T.B., Oschadleus, H.D., Navarro, R.A. and Underhill, L.G. 1998.
6365:
6285:
5449:
5052:
4705:
4582:
4565:
3822:
3027:
2539:
were never heavily forested. In 2012 the species status was changed to
2536:
2495:
2338:
2330:
2278:
2213:
2146:
2003:
1934:
fawns but can attack adult sheep and other large prey (i.e. full-grown
1907:
1373:
1341:
1147:
984:
955:
929:
834:
724:
471:
389:
353:
349:
329:
310:
5917:
5857:
5675:
5131:
4816:
4657:
4195:
3213:
1513:; 44 items from 28 adults and 16 immatures), with the other half from
946:
trees and may occasionally forage in savanna and secondary growth. In
737:
6272:
5318:
Badrian, Noel; Malenky, Richard K. (1984). Susman, Randall L. (ed.).
5035:
Gilbert, Christopher C.; McGraw, W. Scott; Delson, Eric (July 2009).
3512:
McPherson, Shane C; Brown, Mark; Downs, Colleen T (8 December 2017).
2690:
2532:
2524:
2326:
2142:
1959:
1892:
1860:
1832:
1760:
1708:
1651:
1594:
1582:
1414:
1403:
The favored group in the crowned eagle's diet is certainly the genus
1360:
have diets where primates may locally outnumber other prey. However,
1345:
1099:
951:
947:
886:
862:
826:
814:
638:
405:
381:
333:
287:
119:
6378:
6339:
6206:
4407:"Population density, breeding chronology and diet of Crowned Eagles
3814:
3300:
3298:
2794:
1723:) as rarely baiting eagles "with the insolent impunity of an expert
970:
A crowned eagle flying over its territory in Budongo, western Uganda
5824:
Interview with Alan Kemp about the Martial Eagle in Southern Africa
4272:
Brown, L. H. (1963). "Observations on East African birds of prey".
2189:, including venomous varieties, may regularly supplement the diet.
1328:), a typical and located favored monkey in the crowned eagle's diet
1161:, it lays from May to October; mainly nearer to October around the
500:" group, which has sometimes been considered a distinct subfamily (
6464:
6334:
3724:
McPherson, Shane C.; Brown, Mark; Downs, Colleen T. (March 2016).
2507:
2503:
2469:
2439:
2409:
2393:
2367:
2346:
2253:
2186:
2182:
2158:
2154:
1970:
1927:
1772:
1738:
1650:
The crowned eagle's diet may extend to the young and juveniles of
1586:
1578:
1369:
1331:
1315:
1244:
1211:
1166:
976:
965:
895:
818:
788:
718:
664:
659:
648:
634:
461:
295:
4362:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
2692:
Description of a new species of subfossil eagle from Madagascar:
2452:, led to considerable speculation. Ultimately referred to as the
6352:
3730:) in an urban landscape: potential for human-wildlife conflict?"
2544:
2261:
2138:
2126:
1995:
1931:
1864:
1776:
1728:
1603:
933:
741:
708:
510:
and all species described as "hawk eagles" including the genera
447:
401:
365:
341:
139:
6210:
5826:. Africanraptors.org (29 August 2011). Retrieved on 2012-08-22.
3180:
Helbig, A.J.; Kocum, A.; Seibold, I. & Braun, M.J. (2005).
3162:
by Leslie Brown & Dean Amadon. The Wellfleet Press (1986),
2837:
Kemp, A. C.; G. M. Kirwan; J. S. Marks (2020). "Crowned Eagle (
805:
The crowned eagle is found only on the continent of Africa. In
4463:
Wieczkowski, J., McGraw, W. S., & Butynski, T. M. (2012).
4009:
Migrating raptors of the world: their ecology and conservation
2614:
2612:
2610:
2245:
2237:
2229:
2066:). Despite their obvious defenses and nocturnal habits, small
1991:
1939:
1218:, which all three large eagles are known to hunt regularly in
801:, typical habitat near the center of the crowned eagle's range
4356:
Shultz, S.; NoΓ«, R.; McGraw, W. S.; Dunbar, R. I. M. (2004).
3334:
Goodman, S. M.; Rasoloarison, R. M.; Ganzhorn, J. U. (2004).
1751:) is the largest animal known to be hunted by crowned eagles.
5896:
Whitlock, F. L. (1928). "Wedge-tailed Eagle Attacks Child".
2173:
may be the most widely represented bird in the diet and the
5321:
Feeding Ecology of Pan paniscus in the Lomako Forest, Zaire
1771:)), are the leading prey. In some wooded hillside nests in
1593:) are notable secondary prey in the Tai Forest and various
4599:"Spizaetus hawk-eagles as predators of arboreal colobines"
4450:
Ginn, P.J., McIlleorn, W.G. & le S Milstein, P. 1989.
940:, the crowned eagle can be found in quite open woods with
928:, dense woodland, and forested ravines and gorges in open
3563:(6th ed.). Cape Town: John Voelecker Bird Book Fund.
3057:. 2006, Tauraco Press and Aves, Liège, Belgium. 556 pages
2696:(Aves: Falconiformes) From The Deposits Of Ampasambazimba
924:. In South Africa, it occurs in both lowland and montane
5689:
Slater, Peter; Rainey, Hugo; ZuberbΓΌhler, Klaus (2004).
5527:
Steyn, P. (2001). "On the rapacity of Crowned Eagles".
4027:"Breeding behavior of the Harpy Eagle (Harpia harpyja)"
5932:"Photo of wedge-tailed eagle attacking boy goes viral"
4127:
Brown, L. H.; Gargett, V.; Steyn, P. (December 1977).
1635:
can weigh up to 11β12 kg (24β26 lb). Larger
1226:, it was found that 51.2% of the bones collected from
5143:
5141:
1585:, may occasionally also be hunted by crowned eagles.
3005:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2847:. 1.0. Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
1102:, the favorite nesting trees are the large emergent
320:
At least 90 percent of the eagleβs diet consists of
6219:
6202:
Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds
3487:by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992),
6027:
6025:
6023:
5102:Prey size and hunting methods of the crowned eagle
4488:Baldellou, Maribel; Peter Henzi, S. (March 1992).
2644:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22696201A129914678.en
2398:Early illustration of a young female crowned eagle
1597:have been found across the range, such as in the
809:, the crowned eagle's range extends from central
6004:. Birdlife International (2012). Archived from
5238:
5236:
5234:
5232:
5230:
4863:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
2970:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2950:
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2936:
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2926:
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2920:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2349:. While the Verreaux's eagle is something of a
2125:Adult eagles will only resort to hunting large
1831:) and about a half dozen small to medium sized
1364:are generally smaller and less formidable than
557:was considered a "specialized offshoot" of the
6116:Wilkie, David S.; Carpenter, Julia F. (1999).
6101:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
5424:"Crowned Hawk-eagle | the Peregrine Fund"
2894:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2865:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
2442:deposit in South Africa, a skull from a child
1545:). The diet is, by necessity, more diverse in
5324:. Boston, MA: Springer US. pp. 275β299.
4986:The mammals of the southern African subregion
4677:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4669:
4667:
3777:"Age and sex size variation in Golden Eagles"
3507:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3461:"Simon Thomsett on the African Crowned Eagle"
2514:is often thought to finance Somali warlords.
8:
4855:"ECOLOGY AND BEAVIOUR OF THE VERVET MONKEY,
4483:
4481:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4057:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 (
3719:
3717:
3666:
3664:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3438:
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3434:
3432:
3430:
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3426:
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3420:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3386:
4853:Hall, K. R. L.; Gartlan, J. S. (May 1965).
4452:The Complete Book of Southern African Birds
4329:
4327:
4325:
3878:Brown, L. H., & Pommery, D. E. (1984).
3384:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3366:
2731:Predatory behavior of crowned hawk-eagles (
2662:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2370:. In one extraordinary case, an adult male
504:). Included in this grouping are the genus
6207:
5961:
5959:
5245:South African Journal of Wildlife Research
5030:
5028:
3970:
3968:
3962:. Johannesburg: Endangered Wildlife Trust.
3638:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3055:The Birds of Malawi: An Atlas and Handbook
1982:), but when they become locally abundant,
222:
71:
47:
38:
6086:
6049:
5210:
5200:
5041:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
4950:
4948:
4946:
4788:Willems, E. P. & Hill, R. A. (2009).
4776:Annales Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale
4581:
4381:
4351:
4349:
4042:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3016:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
2771:
2685:
2683:
2642:
760:) and slightly smaller than those of the
5590:
5588:
4984:Skinner, J.D.; Smithers, R.H.N. (1990).
4894:
4892:
4770:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4760:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4213:
3997:. Salisbury, Zimbabwe: Quest Publishing.
3988:
3986:
3984:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3053:Dowsett-Lemaire, F. & Dowsett, R.J.
2722:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2708:
1336:Crowned eagle with a smallish prey item.
1222:. In a large collection of bones in the
872:The crowned eagle inhabits mainly dense
5950:"Child killed in Ethiopia eagle attack"
4522:Ostrich: Journal of African Ornithology
4446:
4444:
3671:Tabaranza Jr., Blas R. (9 March 2008).
2606:
1114:, and a pair in the Lower Shire used a
348:. Additionally, they will target young
6094:
4469:) Predation on a Tana River Mangabey (
4310:. IUCN SSC Afrotheria Specialist Group
4050:
3480:
3478:
3160:Eagles, Hawks and Falcons of the World
2858:
2832:
2830:
1962:attacked and killed by golden eagles.
1694:, remains of three adults or subadult
6506:IUCN Red List near threatened species
5801:. National Geographic. Archived from
5418:
5416:
4597:Fam, S. D.; Nijman, V. (April 2011).
3254:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
3186:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2974:Ferguson-Lees & Christie (2001).
2828:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2804:. Sfzoo.org. Retrieved on 2012-08-22.
2576:registered zoos, only San Diego Zoo,
2161:. One nest even had the remains of a
526:included amongst "booted eagles" are
7:
6149:International Journal of Primatology
4907:) in Kibale National Park, Uganda".
3899:. Friends of Bonobos. Archived from
3245:Lerner, H.R.; Mindell, D.P. (2005).
2272:Interspecies conflicts and mortality
1165:; anywhere from June to November in
6521:Birds of prey of Sub-Saharan Africa
5181:) response towards crowned eagles (
4909:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
4685:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
2744:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
2668:Birds of Africa south of the Sahara
2630:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
633:, but was likely to have preyed on
5728:Kaneda, Hiroshi (2 January 2020).
5371:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1971.tb05152.x
4875:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1965.tb01999.x
4778:. Sciences Zoologiques (Vol. 268).
4751:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1996.tb00632.x
4411:in TaΓ― National Park, Ivory Coast"
4294:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1963.tb00174.x
4075:. New York: The MacMillan Company.
2106:to larger varieties such as adult
1863:representative of a small-bodied,
727:illustrates its formidable talons.
723:A zoo-kept adult crowned eagle in
431:weighing 11 kg (24 lb).
25:
4475:. African Primates, 7(2), Pp 218.
4454:. Johnnesburg: Strake Winchester.
4405:Shultz, Susanne (February 2002).
4176:"Attacks by Crowned Hawk Eagles (
3561:Robert's Birds of Southern Africa
3485:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses
3307:The Origin and Evolution of Birds
2735:) in Kibale National Park, Uganda
2482:holds a dead adult crowned eagle.
950:, highland birds forage in lower
466:An adult crowned eagle in flight.
6002:"Recently recategorised species"
5291:"Mandrill antipredator behavior"
5185:) at Lake Manyara National Park"
4543:10.2989/ostrich.2007.78.2.42.122
4465:Inferred African Crowned Eagle (
4427:10.1046/j.0019-1019.2001.00005.x
3976:The atlas of South African birds
2500:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1455:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1011:, that can border on incessant.
892:Democratic Republic of the Congo
855:Democratic Republic of the Congo
290:. The crowned eagle is the only
96:
6536:Near threatened biota of Africa
5840:kills an African crowned eagle
5353:Brown, Leslie H. (April 1971).
4570:Japanese Journal of Ornithology
4025:Rettig, Neil (1 October 1978).
3925:Lewis, A.; Pomeroy, D. (1989).
3459:Thomsett, Simon (6 June 2011).
2619:BirdLife International (2018).
4961:Johns Hopkins University Press
4859:, LOLUI ISLAND, LAKE VICTORIA"
4104:Jais, Markus (21 April 2012).
3704:Annals of the Transvaal Museum
2175:black-casqued wattled hornbill
1599:Kiwengwa/Pongwe Forest Reserve
1547:Kiwengwa/Pongwe Forest Reserve
876:, including those deep within
565:. DNA sequences utilizing one
313:after early humans settled on
1:
6122:Biodiversity and Conservation
6038:Tropical Conservation Science
5754:10.2989/00306525.2019.1701577
5489:10.2989/00306525.2016.1183718
5289:Yorzinski JL, Vehrencamp SL.
4957:Walker's Mammals of the World
4506:10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80104-6
4153:10.1080/00306525.1977.9634083
4071:Delacour, J., E. Mayr. 1946.
3538:10.2989/00306525.2016.1259185
1372:, which can be as heavy as a
5438:"Eagle vs. Water Chevrotain"
5330:10.1007/978-1-4757-0082-4_11
4260:Harpy eagle (Harpia harpyja)
3784:Journal of Field Ornithology
3726:"Diet of the crowned eagle (
2666:Sinclair & Ryan (2003).
2426:One other living eagle, the
2212:Domestic animals, including
1206:prey they typically select.
6546:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
5009:Cawthon Lang, K.A. (2006).
4959:(6th ed.). Baltimore:
3894:"Bonobos and their Habitat"
3309:(2nd ed.). New Haven:
3274:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.04.010
3206:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.10.003
1501:monkeys. About half of the
1105:Aningeria adolfi-friederici
861:, and down south to as far
380:, such as young or smaller
6562:
6091:(inactive 27 August 2024).
6051:10.1177/194008290900200108
5968:Journal of Human Evolution
5779:Princeton University Press
4730:African Journal of Ecology
4336:Transvaal Museum Monograph
4274:African Journal of Ecology
2855:(inactive 27 August 2024).
2445:Australopithecus africanus
1056:black-breasted snake-eagle
999:flights, uttering a lower
983:and even a golf course in
446:. It is now listed by the
29:
6161:10.1007/s10764-005-4364-0
6088:10.1017/s0030605300030581
5645:Wildlife Society Bulletin
4929:10.1007/s00265-008-0682-5
4615:10.1007/s10329-011-0240-z
4258:Schulenberg, T.S. (2009)
3775:Bortolotti, G.R. (1984).
3754:10.1007/s11252-015-0500-6
3575:"African Crowned Eagle β
2637:: e.T22696201A129914678.
2448:, a possible ancestor of
2321:and larger monkeys, like
2236:), small to medium-sized
2056:Petrodromus tetradactylus
2052:four-toed elephant shrews
1721:Cercopithecus albogularis
981:Lewa Wildlife Conservancy
857:, where they live in the
849:, where they inhabit the
833:. They may be found from
352:. Other prey may include
242:
235:
230:
221:
198:
191:
93:Scientific classification
91:
69:
60:
55:
46:
41:
6184:Stephanoaetus coronatus.
5707:10.1163/1568539042729658
5298:University of California
4073:Birds of the Philippines
4047:(inactive 20 July 2024).
4013:Cornell University Press
3993:Irwin, M. P. S. (1981).
3859:Indiana University Press
2390:Relationship with humans
2218:Gallus gallus domesticus
2167:Leptoptilos crumeniferus
2153:) and the fledglings of
2072:Hystrix africaeaustralis
1956:Haliaeetus leucocephalus
1904:Tsavo East National Park
1549:in the Matumbi Hills of
1523:lesser spot-nosed monkey
1140:Tsavo West National Park
785:Distribution and habitat
607:black-and-chestnut eagle
563:morphological attributes
488:, published in 1766, as
458:Taxonomy and systematics
301:. A second species, the
56:Crowned eagle with prey
6541:Birds described in 1766
6531:Near threatened animals
6526:Birds of Central Africa
6483:Stephanoaetus-coronatus
6278:stephanoaetus-coronatus
6265:Stephanoaetus_coronatus
6251:Stephanoaetus coronatus
6221:Stephanoaetus coronatus
6187:Version 27 October 2010
6134:10.1023/A:1008877309871
5898:Emu-Austral Ornithology
5842:Stephanoaetus coronatus
5775:Carnivores of the World
5183:Stephanoaetus coronatus
5162:10.1163/156853994x00488
5116:Stephanoaetus coronatus
4905:Stephanoaetus coronatus
4467:Stephanoaetus coronatus
4409:Stephanoaetus coronatus
4240:. London. 25 March 2010
4178:Stephanoaetus coronatus
3728:Stephanoaetus coronatus
3702:(Aves: Accipitridae)".
3700:Stephanoaetus coronatus
3679:. Haring Ibon's Flightβ¦
3577:Stephanoaetus coronatus
3356:Bustamante, J. S24. 3:
3260:(2). Elsevier: 327β46.
3192:(1). Elsevier: 147β64.
3012:Stephanoaetus coronatus
2839:Stephanoaetus coronatus
2733:Stephanoaetus coronatus
2623:Stephanoaetus coronatus
2494:-based economy outdoes
2044:brush-tailed porcupines
2036:African giant squirrels
1645:black-and-white colobus
1571:black-and-white colobus
1487:black-and-white colobus
1290:Chlorocebus pygerythrus
1117:Sterculia appendiculata
979:, an open river bed in
912:coincides largely with
748:and half the size of a
553:At one time, the genus
474:was first described by
444:tropical African forest
271:Stephanoaetus coronatus
202:Stephanoaetus coronatus
18:Stephanoaetus coronatus
5988:10.1006/jhev.1995.1060
5104:. Ostrich 50: 120β121.
4857:CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS
4646:Ornithological Science
4374:10.1098/rspb.2003.2626
4180:) on Monkeys in Zaire"
4007:Bildstein, K.L. 2006.
3559:Maclean, G.L. (1993).
2483:
2399:
2343:Potamochoerus larvatus
1841:Cephalophus natalensis
1752:
1680:Mandrillus leucophaeus
1515:Campbell's mona monkey
1423:Cercopithecus ascanius
1337:
1329:
1306:Carcharodon carcharias
971:
802:
728:
684:short-toed snake eagle
670:
662:
623:Malagasy crowned eagle
467:
303:Malagasy crowned eagle
5565:Watson, Jeff (2010).
5202:10.5194/pb-4-101-2017
4955:Novak, R. M. (1999).
4903:) to crowned eagles (
3995:The birds of Zimbabwe
3927:A Bird Atlas of Kenya
3647:. David and Charles.
3311:Yale University Press
3305:Feduccia, A. (1999).
2795:African Crowned Eagle
2764:10.1007/s002650000283
2473:
2432:Polemaetus bellicosus
2397:
2384:Alopochen aegyptiacus
2307:Osteolaemus tetraspis
1926:take mainly neonatal
1918:) and especially the
1813:Raphicerus campestris
1805:Oreotragus oreotragus
1797:Philantomba monticola
1742:
1654:and similar species.
1489:. In 16 nests in the
1443:grey-cheeked mangabey
1335:
1319:
969:
792:
766:Pithecophaga jefferyi
722:
668:
652:
561:hawk-eagles based on
465:
417:Polemaetus bellicosus
262:African crowned eagle
6008:on 14 September 2008
5777:by Dr. Luke Hunter.
4471:Cercocebus galeritus
4044:10.1093/auk/95.4.629
2976:Raptors of the World
2800:29 June 2012 at the
2498:-based economics in
2299:Crocodylus niloticus
2116:black-backed jackals
2080:Cynictis penicillata
1980:Dendrohyrax arboreus
1857:Hyemoschus aquaticus
1769:Potamochoerus porcus
1749:Tragelaphus scriptus
1743:A full-grown female
1457:were from primates:
1411:Kibale National Park
1394:mountain hawk-eagles
1224:South African Museum
1152:Soysambu Conservancy
1060:Circaetus pectoralis
817:, forested parts of
591:convergent evolution
425:Tragelaphus scriptus
307:Stephanoaetus mahery
260:, also known as the
231:Crowned eagle range
5980:1995JHumE..29..275B
5910:1928EmuAO..27..287W
5846:Folia Primatologica
5746:2020Ostri..91...57K
5626:The Wilson Bulletin
5509:Grambo, Rebecca L.
5481:2016Ostri..87..145M
5120:Folia Primatologica
4921:2009BEcoS..63..491A
4901:Lophocebus albigena
4809:2009Ecol...90..546W
4743:1996AfJEc..34..364H
4698:1990BEcoS..26..435S
4535:2007Ostri..78..381C
4286:1963AfJEc...1....5B
4238:The Daily Telegraph
4184:Folia Primatologica
4145:1977Ostri..48...65B
3746:2016UrbEc..19..383M
3645:Eagles of the World
3530:2017Ostri..88..195M
3266:2005MolPE..37..327L
3198:2005MolPE..35..147H
2756:2001BEcoS..49..187M
2466:Conservation status
2311:African rock python
2226:Meleagris gallopavo
1976:Southern tree hyrax
1781:Neotragus moschatus
1763:(specifically, the
1629:western red colobus
1577:actually allies of
1567:red colobus species
1479:western red colobus
1463:Cercopithecus mitis
1447:Lophocebus albigena
1431:Piliocolobus badius
1427:western red colobus
1326:Cercopithecus diana
1298:Varanus komodoensis
1282:Papio cyanocephalus
1127:Newtonia buchananii
1111:Gambeya gorungosana
603:Nisaetus nipalensis
599:mountain hawk-eagle
593:, the much heavier
248:Linnaeus, 1766
63:Conservation status
5597:Wedge-tailed Eagle
5595:Olsen, P. (2005).
5100:Daneel, A. (1979)
5053:10.1002/ajpa.21004
5013:. Primate Info Net
4706:10.1007/bf00170902
4583:10.3838/jjo.47.125
3906:on 24 October 2012
3643:Brown, L. (1976).
3028:10.1002/ajpa.20420
2844:Birds of the World
2484:
2417:Wedge-tailed eagle
2400:
2364:Mellivora capensis
2287:African golden cat
2179:Ceratogymna atrata
2096:African palm civet
2020:giant pouched rats
1912:wedge-tailed eagle
1897:Aepyceros melampus
1881:Eudorcas thomsonii
1849:Sylvicapra grimmia
1753:
1591:Perodicticus potto
1505:remains were from
1471:Wolf's mona monkey
1338:
1330:
1302:great white sharks
1026:Accipiter gentilis
972:
831:African rainforest
803:
729:
688:Circaetus gallicus
671:
663:
524:monotypical genera
468:
408:are barely taken.
280:sub-Saharan Africa
266:crowned hawk-eagle
6493:
6492:
6452:Open Tree of Life
6213:Taxon identifiers
5918:10.1071/MU927286b
5858:10.1159/000093701
5838:Cercocebus sanjei
5701:(10): 1263β1277.
5676:10.1111/mam.12060
5610:978-0-643-09314-0
5578:978-1-4081-1420-9
5571:. A&C Black.
5339:978-1-4757-0084-8
5177:"Olive baboons' (
5132:10.1159/000156660
4817:10.1890/08-0765.1
4658:10.2326/osj.5.171
4368:(1540): 725β732.
4196:10.1159/000156743
4108:. African Raptors
3493:978-0-8493-4258-5
3463:. African Raptors
3320:978-0-300-07861-9
2578:San Francisco Zoo
2403:Attacks on humans
2376:Cercocebus sanjei
2199:Varanus niloticus
2100:Nandinia binotata
1988:Procavia capensis
1877:Thomson's gazelle
1837:red forest duiker
1835:, especially the
1543:Colobus polykomos
1481:and a mixture of
1467:red-tailed monkey
1419:red-tailed monkey
1398:Philippine eagles
1390:Verreaux's eagles
1382:Old World monkeys
1366:Old World monkeys
1362:New World monkeys
1233:TaΓ― National Park
1199:Aquila verreauxii
1090:construction. In
1001:kooee-kooee-kooee
996:kewee-kewee-kewee
992:Equatorial Africa
859:Congolian forests
795:Congolian forests
758:Hieraaetus moorei
696:Aquila chrysaetos
611:Spizaetus isidori
522:. Other assorted
254:
253:
184:S. coronatus
86:
16:(Redirected from
6553:
6486:
6485:
6473:
6472:
6460:
6459:
6447:
6446:
6434:
6433:
6421:
6420:
6408:
6407:
6395:
6394:
6382:
6381:
6369:
6368:
6356:
6355:
6343:
6342:
6330:
6329:
6317:
6316:
6307:
6306:
6294:
6293:
6291:1E3B3515F00E331A
6281:
6280:
6268:
6267:
6255:
6254:
6253:
6240:
6239:
6238:
6208:
6200:Crowned eagle β
6188:
6179:
6173:
6172:
6144:
6138:
6137:
6113:
6107:
6106:
6100:
6092:
6090:
6070:
6064:
6063:
6053:
6029:
6018:
6017:
6015:
6013:
5998:
5992:
5991:
5963:
5954:
5953:
5946:
5940:
5939:
5928:
5922:
5921:
5893:
5887:
5884:
5878:
5877:
5833:
5827:
5821:
5815:
5814:
5812:
5810:
5799:"Nile Crocodile"
5795:
5789:
5772:
5766:
5765:
5725:
5719:
5718:
5686:
5680:
5679:
5659:
5653:
5652:
5640:
5634:
5633:
5621:
5615:
5614:
5601:CSIRO Publishing
5592:
5583:
5582:
5568:The Golden Eagle
5562:
5556:
5555:
5543:
5537:
5536:
5524:
5518:
5507:
5501:
5500:
5460:
5454:
5453:
5447:
5445:
5434:
5428:
5427:
5420:
5411:
5407:
5401:
5398:
5392:
5389:
5383:
5382:
5350:
5344:
5343:
5315:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5304:
5295:
5286:
5280:
5279:
5277:
5275:
5266:. Archived from
5258:Kamotho, Steve.
5255:
5249:
5248:
5240:
5225:
5224:
5214:
5204:
5172:
5166:
5165:
5156:(3β4): 293β304.
5145:
5136:
5135:
5111:
5105:
5098:
5092:
5088:
5082:
5079:
5073:
5072:
5032:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5018:
5006:
5000:
4999:
4981:
4975:
4974:
4952:
4941:
4940:
4896:
4887:
4886:
4850:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4839:
4833:
4827:. Archived from
4794:
4785:
4779:
4772:
4755:
4754:
4724:
4718:
4717:
4679:
4662:
4661:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4594:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4564:Iida, T (1999).
4561:
4555:
4554:
4516:
4510:
4509:
4494:Animal Behaviour
4485:
4476:
4461:
4455:
4448:
4439:
4438:
4402:
4396:
4395:
4385:
4353:
4344:
4343:
4331:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4304:
4298:
4297:
4269:
4263:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4230:
4224:
4221:
4208:
4207:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4124:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4101:
4076:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4056:
4048:
4046:
4022:
4016:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3990:
3979:
3972:
3963:
3956:
3941:
3940:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3905:
3898:
3889:
3883:
3876:
3870:
3855:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3781:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3734:Urban Ecosystems
3721:
3712:
3711:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3677:, King of Birds"
3675:Ha ring mga Ibon
3668:
3659:
3658:
3640:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3509:
3496:
3482:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3456:
3361:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3302:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3251:
3242:
3236:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3177:
3171:
3157:
3058:
3051:
3040:
3039:
3007:
2986:
2972:
2871:
2870:
2864:
2856:
2834:
2805:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2775:
2750:(2β3): 187β195.
2741:
2724:
2703:
2687:
2678:
2664:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2616:
2242:Canis familiaris
2151:Struthio camelus
2108:African wildcats
1950:, etc.). Even a
1853:water chevrotain
1825:Sharpe's grysbok
1535:Procolobus verus
1451:Ituri Rainforest
1195:Verreaux's eagle
1068:Philippine eagle
926:evergreen forest
762:Philippine eagle
249:
226:
204:
101:
100:
80:
75:
74:
51:
39:
21:
6561:
6560:
6556:
6555:
6554:
6552:
6551:
6550:
6496:
6495:
6494:
6489:
6481:
6476:
6468:
6463:
6455:
6450:
6442:
6439:Observation.org
6437:
6429:
6424:
6416:
6411:
6403:
6398:
6390:
6385:
6377:
6372:
6364:
6359:
6351:
6346:
6338:
6333:
6325:
6320:
6312:
6310:
6302:
6297:
6289:
6284:
6276:
6271:
6263:
6258:
6249:
6248:
6243:
6234:
6233:
6228:
6215:
6197:
6192:
6191:
6180:
6176:
6146:
6145:
6141:
6115:
6114:
6110:
6093:
6072:
6071:
6067:
6031:
6030:
6021:
6011:
6009:
6000:
5999:
5995:
5965:
5964:
5957:
5948:
5947:
5943:
5930:
5929:
5925:
5895:
5894:
5890:
5885:
5881:
5835:
5834:
5830:
5822:
5818:
5808:
5806:
5805:on 23 June 2007
5797:
5796:
5792:
5773:
5769:
5727:
5726:
5722:
5688:
5687:
5683:
5661:
5660:
5656:
5642:
5641:
5637:
5623:
5622:
5618:
5611:
5594:
5593:
5586:
5579:
5564:
5563:
5559:
5545:
5544:
5540:
5526:
5525:
5521:
5508:
5504:
5462:
5461:
5457:
5443:
5441:
5436:
5435:
5431:
5422:
5421:
5414:
5408:
5404:
5399:
5395:
5390:
5386:
5352:
5351:
5347:
5340:
5317:
5316:
5312:
5302:
5300:
5293:
5288:
5287:
5283:
5273:
5271:
5270:on 9 March 2013
5264:Wildlife Direct
5257:
5256:
5252:
5242:
5241:
5228:
5189:Primate Biology
5174:
5173:
5169:
5147:
5146:
5139:
5113:
5112:
5108:
5099:
5095:
5089:
5085:
5080:
5076:
5034:
5033:
5026:
5016:
5014:
5008:
5007:
5003:
4996:
4983:
4982:
4978:
4971:
4954:
4953:
4944:
4898:
4897:
4890:
4852:
4851:
4847:
4837:
4835:
4834:on 10 July 2021
4831:
4792:
4787:
4786:
4782:
4773:
4758:
4726:
4725:
4721:
4681:
4680:
4665:
4643:
4642:
4638:
4596:
4595:
4591:
4563:
4562:
4558:
4518:
4517:
4513:
4487:
4486:
4479:
4462:
4458:
4449:
4442:
4404:
4403:
4399:
4355:
4354:
4347:
4333:
4332:
4323:
4313:
4311:
4306:
4305:
4301:
4271:
4270:
4266:
4257:
4253:
4243:
4241:
4232:
4231:
4227:
4222:
4211:
4173:
4172:
4168:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4111:
4109:
4103:
4102:
4079:
4070:
4066:
4049:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4006:
4002:
3992:
3991:
3982:
3973:
3966:
3957:
3944:
3937:
3924:
3923:
3919:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3896:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3877:
3873:
3856:
3852:
3842:
3840:
3839:. San Diego Zoo
3835:
3834:
3830:
3815:10.2307/4082683
3800:
3799:
3795:
3779:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3723:
3722:
3715:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3682:
3680:
3670:
3669:
3662:
3655:
3642:
3641:
3594:
3584:
3582:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3511:
3510:
3499:
3483:
3476:
3466:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3364:
3355:
3351:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3321:
3304:
3303:
3296:
3286:
3284:
3249:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3226:
3224:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3158:
3061:
3052:
3043:
3009:
3008:
2989:
2973:
2874:
2857:
2836:
2835:
2808:
2802:Wayback Machine
2793:
2789:
2739:
2726:
2725:
2706:
2688:
2681:
2665:
2652:
2618:
2617:
2608:
2603:
2582:Los Angeles Zoo
2541:Near Threatened
2468:
2405:
2392:
2335:Cape porcupines
2303:dwarf crocodile
2291:Profelis aurata
2283:Panthera pardus
2274:
2191:Monitor lizards
2120:Canis mesomelas
2084:banded mongoose
2076:yellow mongoose
2068:Cape porcupines
2064:Manis tricuspis
1968:
1906:to hunt mainly
1889:Pelea capreolus
1737:
1705:Pan troglodytes
1641:mantled guereza
1633:Sooty mangabeys
1620:colobus monkeys
1439:Colobus guereza
1435:mantled guereza
1352:and, possibly,
1314:
1228:Nature's Valley
1187:
1185:Dietary biology
1051:
964:
952:miombo woodland
905:Southern Africa
851:Guinean forests
787:
656:Kakamega Forest
654:
647:
490:Falco coronatus
485:Systema Naturae
460:
452:Near Threatened
284:Southern Africa
247:
245:Falco coronatus
217:
206:
200:
187:
150:Accipitriformes
95:
87:
78:Near Threatened
76:
72:
65:
35:
28:
27:Species of bird
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6559:
6557:
6549:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6498:
6497:
6491:
6490:
6488:
6487:
6474:
6461:
6448:
6435:
6422:
6409:
6396:
6383:
6370:
6357:
6344:
6331:
6318:
6308:
6295:
6282:
6269:
6256:
6241:
6225:
6223:
6217:
6216:
6211:
6205:
6204:
6196:
6195:External links
6193:
6190:
6189:
6174:
6155:(3): 525β538.
6139:
6128:(7): 927β955.
6108:
6081:(3): 233β246.
6065:
6019:
5993:
5974:(3): 275β299.
5955:
5941:
5923:
5904:(4): 287β289.
5888:
5879:
5852:(5): 359β363.
5828:
5816:
5790:
5767:
5720:
5681:
5670:(3): 160β174.
5654:
5635:
5616:
5609:
5584:
5577:
5557:
5538:
5519:
5515:Voyageur Press
5502:
5475:(2): 145β153.
5455:
5440:. 26 July 2007
5429:
5412:
5402:
5393:
5384:
5365:(2): 240β243.
5345:
5338:
5310:
5281:
5250:
5226:
5195:(1): 101β106.
5167:
5137:
5126:(4): 203β206.
5106:
5093:
5083:
5074:
5047:(3): 421β429.
5024:
5001:
4994:
4976:
4969:
4942:
4915:(4): 491β499.
4888:
4845:
4803:(2): 546β555.
4780:
4756:
4737:(4): 364β379.
4719:
4692:(6): 435β443.
4663:
4652:(2): 171β176.
4636:
4609:(2): 105β110.
4589:
4576:(3): 125β127.
4556:
4529:(2): 381β386.
4511:
4500:(3): 451β461.
4477:
4456:
4440:
4421:(1): 135β138.
4397:
4345:
4321:
4299:
4264:
4251:
4225:
4209:
4190:(3): 157β159.
4166:
4139:(3β4): 65β71.
4119:
4077:
4064:
4037:(4): 629β643.
4017:
4000:
3980:
3964:
3942:
3935:
3917:
3884:
3871:
3850:
3828:
3809:(3): 257β273.
3793:
3767:
3740:(1): 383β396.
3713:
3690:
3660:
3653:
3592:
3566:
3551:
3524:(3): 195β200.
3497:
3474:
3362:
3349:
3326:
3319:
3294:
3237:
3172:
3168:978-1555214722
3059:
3041:
3022:(2): 151β165.
2987:
2872:
2806:
2787:
2704:
2679:
2650:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2590:Lowry Park Zoo
2586:Fort Worth Zoo
2562:bull elephants
2467:
2464:
2404:
2401:
2391:
2388:
2380:Egyptian goose
2372:Sanje mangabey
2295:Nile crocodile
2273:
2270:
2250:Sus domesticus
2207:V. albigularis
2060:tree pangolins
1967:
1964:
1789:Madoqua kirkii
1785:Kirk's dik-dik
1736:
1733:
1717:Sykes' monkeys
1696:chacma baboons
1668:chacma baboons
1656:yellow baboons
1612:vervet monkeys
1386:martial eagles
1313:
1310:
1294:Komodo dragons
1278:yellow baboons
1186:
1183:
1050:
1047:
1009:kwee-kwee-kwee
963:
960:
914:montane forest
786:
783:
774:wing primaries
646:
643:
541:Lophotriorchis
459:
456:
440:Harpia harpyja
429:sooty mangabey
398:vervet monkeys
346:Royal antelope
294:member of the
274:), is a large
252:
251:
240:
239:
233:
232:
228:
227:
219:
218:
207:
196:
195:
189:
188:
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157:
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143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
122:
117:
113:
112:
107:
103:
102:
89:
88:
70:
67:
66:
61:
58:
57:
53:
52:
44:
43:
42:Crowned eagle
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6558:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6516:Stephanoaetus
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6503:
6501:
6484:
6479:
6475:
6471:
6466:
6462:
6458:
6453:
6449:
6445:
6440:
6436:
6432:
6427:
6423:
6419:
6414:
6410:
6406:
6401:
6397:
6393:
6388:
6384:
6380:
6375:
6371:
6367:
6362:
6358:
6354:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6336:
6332:
6328:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6309:
6305:
6300:
6296:
6292:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6274:
6270:
6266:
6261:
6257:
6252:
6246:
6242:
6237:
6231:
6227:
6226:
6224:
6222:
6218:
6214:
6209:
6203:
6199:
6198:
6194:
6186:
6185:
6181:ISIS (2010).
6178:
6175:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6143:
6140:
6135:
6131:
6127:
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6109:
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6098:
6089:
6084:
6080:
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6057:
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6043:
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6035:
6028:
6026:
6024:
6020:
6007:
6003:
5997:
5994:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5962:
5960:
5956:
5951:
5945:
5942:
5937:
5933:
5927:
5924:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5892:
5889:
5883:
5880:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5832:
5829:
5825:
5820:
5817:
5804:
5800:
5794:
5791:
5788:
5787:9780691152288
5784:
5780:
5776:
5771:
5768:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5724:
5721:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5685:
5682:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5664:Mammal Review
5658:
5655:
5650:
5646:
5639:
5636:
5631:
5627:
5620:
5617:
5612:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5591:
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5523:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5506:
5503:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5459:
5456:
5451:
5439:
5433:
5430:
5425:
5419:
5417:
5413:
5406:
5403:
5397:
5394:
5388:
5385:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5349:
5346:
5341:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5322:
5314:
5311:
5299:
5292:
5285:
5282:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5254:
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5239:
5237:
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5233:
5231:
5227:
5222:
5218:
5213:
5208:
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5184:
5180:
5171:
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5163:
5159:
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5144:
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5138:
5133:
5129:
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5117:
5110:
5107:
5103:
5097:
5094:
5087:
5084:
5078:
5075:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5031:
5029:
5025:
5012:
5005:
5002:
4997:
4995:0-86979-802-2
4991:
4987:
4980:
4977:
4972:
4970:0-8018-5789-9
4966:
4962:
4958:
4951:
4949:
4947:
4943:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4922:
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4906:
4902:
4895:
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4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4858:
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4830:
4826:
4822:
4818:
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4798:
4791:
4784:
4781:
4777:
4771:
4769:
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4765:
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4757:
4752:
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4740:
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4731:
4723:
4720:
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4707:
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4678:
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4670:
4668:
4664:
4659:
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4637:
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4491:
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4457:
4453:
4447:
4445:
4441:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4410:
4401:
4398:
4393:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4341:
4337:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4322:
4309:
4303:
4300:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4268:
4265:
4261:
4255:
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4239:
4235:
4229:
4226:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
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4185:
4181:
4179:
4170:
4167:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
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4134:
4130:
4123:
4120:
4107:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4068:
4065:
4060:
4054:
4045:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4021:
4018:
4015:, Ithaca, NY.
4014:
4010:
4004:
4001:
3996:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3943:
3938:
3932:
3929:. CRC Press.
3928:
3921:
3918:
3902:
3895:
3892:Hare, Alice.
3888:
3885:
3881:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3854:
3851:
3838:
3837:"Harpy Eagle"
3832:
3829:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3797:
3794:
3789:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3768:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3729:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3694:
3691:
3678:
3676:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3656:
3650:
3646:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3581:. Oiseaux.net
3580:
3578:
3570:
3567:
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3555:
3552:
3547:
3543:
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3535:
3531:
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3508:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3462:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3353:
3350:
3346:(1): 129β143.
3345:
3341:
3337:
3330:
3327:
3322:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3006:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2984:0-7136-8026-1
2981:
2977:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2953:
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2937:
2935:
2933:
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2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2868:
2862:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2791:
2788:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2773:2027.42/42089
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:Stephanoaetus
2693:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2676:1-86872-857-9
2673:
2669:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2624:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2570:San Diego Zoo
2567:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2550:
2549:martial eagle
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2488:deforestation
2481:
2477:
2476:native Makere
2472:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2459:Stephanoaetus
2455:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2428:martial eagle
2424:
2422:
2421:Martial eagle
2418:
2413:
2411:
2402:
2396:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2360:honey badgers
2355:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2163:marabou stork
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2028:sun squirrels
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1845:common duiker
1843:) and larger
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1765:red river hog
1762:
1758:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1660:olive baboons
1657:
1653:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1625:olive colobus
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1608:Cercopithecus
1605:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1560:
1559:vervet monkey
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1531:olive colobus
1528:
1527:C. petaurista
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1503:Cercopithecus
1500:
1499:Cercopithecus
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1406:Cercopithecus
1401:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1354:crested eagle
1351:
1347:
1343:
1334:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1286:vervet monkey
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1253:vervet monkey
1250:
1246:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1191:martial eagle
1184:
1182:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1096:Nyika Plateau
1093:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1074:or the early
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1043:martial eagle
1040:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
997:
993:
988:
986:
982:
978:
968:
961:
959:
957:
953:
949:
945:
944:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
920:, usually of
919:
915:
911:
910:Limpopo River
906:
901:
897:
893:
889:
888:
883:
879:
875:
870:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
800:
796:
791:
784:
782:
778:
775:
769:
767:
763:
759:
755:
754:Haast's eagle
751:
747:
746:golden eagles
743:
739:
734:
726:
721:
717:
714:
713:culmen length
710:
706:
705:martial eagle
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
667:
661:
657:
651:
644:
642:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
619:South America
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
583:
578:
577:
572:
571:nuclear genes
568:
567:mitochondrial
564:
560:
556:
555:Stephanoaetus
551:
549:
548:
543:
542:
537:
536:
531:
530:
525:
521:
520:
515:
514:
509:
508:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
486:
481:
477:
476:Carl Linnaeus
473:
464:
457:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
413:martial eagle
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
376:, as well as
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
299:Stephanoaetus
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
272:
267:
263:
259:
258:crowned eagle
250:
246:
241:
238:
234:
229:
225:
220:
215:
211:
205:
203:
197:
194:
193:Binomial name
190:
186:
185:
180:
177:
176:
173:
172:
171:Stephanoaetus
168:
165:
164:
161:
158:
155:
154:
151:
148:
145:
144:
141:
138:
135:
134:
131:
128:
125:
124:
121:
118:
115:
114:
111:
108:
105:
104:
99:
94:
90:
84:
79:
68:
64:
59:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
6220:
6182:
6177:
6152:
6148:
6142:
6125:
6121:
6111:
6097:cite journal
6078:
6074:
6068:
6044:(1): 70β87.
6041:
6037:
6010:. Retrieved
6006:the original
5996:
5971:
5967:
5944:
5935:
5926:
5901:
5897:
5891:
5882:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5831:
5819:
5807:. Retrieved
5803:the original
5793:
5774:
5770:
5740:(1): 57β63.
5737:
5733:
5723:
5698:
5694:
5684:
5667:
5663:
5657:
5648:
5644:
5638:
5629:
5625:
5619:
5596:
5567:
5560:
5551:
5547:
5541:
5532:
5528:
5522:
5510:
5505:
5472:
5468:
5458:
5448:– via
5442:. Retrieved
5432:
5405:
5396:
5387:
5362:
5358:
5348:
5320:
5313:
5301:. Retrieved
5284:
5272:. Retrieved
5268:the original
5253:
5244:
5192:
5188:
5182:
5179:Papio anubis
5178:
5170:
5153:
5149:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5109:
5101:
5096:
5086:
5077:
5044:
5040:
5015:. Retrieved
5004:
4985:
4979:
4956:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4869:(1): 37β56.
4866:
4862:
4856:
4848:
4838:27 September
4836:. Retrieved
4829:the original
4800:
4796:
4783:
4775:
4734:
4728:
4722:
4689:
4683:
4649:
4645:
4639:
4606:
4602:
4592:
4573:
4569:
4559:
4526:
4520:
4514:
4497:
4493:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4459:
4451:
4418:
4414:
4408:
4400:
4365:
4361:
4339:
4335:
4312:. Retrieved
4302:
4277:
4273:
4267:
4259:
4254:
4242:. Retrieved
4237:
4228:
4187:
4183:
4177:
4169:
4136:
4132:
4122:
4110:. Retrieved
4072:
4067:
4053:cite journal
4034:
4030:
4020:
4008:
4003:
3994:
3975:
3959:
3926:
3920:
3908:. Retrieved
3901:the original
3887:
3879:
3874:
3853:
3841:. Retrieved
3831:
3806:
3802:
3796:
3787:
3783:
3770:
3737:
3733:
3727:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3693:
3681:. Retrieved
3674:
3644:
3583:. Retrieved
3576:
3569:
3560:
3554:
3521:
3517:
3484:
3465:. Retrieved
3357:
3352:
3343:
3339:
3329:
3306:
3285:. Retrieved
3257:
3253:
3240:
3225:. Retrieved
3189:
3185:
3175:
3159:
3054:
3019:
3015:
3011:
2975:
2843:
2838:
2790:
2747:
2743:
2734:
2730:
2695:
2691:
2667:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2485:
2458:
2450:human beings
2443:
2431:
2425:
2414:
2406:
2383:
2375:
2363:
2356:
2342:
2315:Python sebae
2314:
2306:
2298:
2290:
2282:
2275:
2266:Capra hircus
2265:
2257:
2249:
2241:
2233:
2225:
2217:
2211:
2206:
2203:rock monitor
2198:
2195:Nile monitor
2178:
2166:
2150:
2124:
2119:
2112:Felis lybica
2111:
2099:
2088:Mungos mungo
2087:
2079:
2071:
2063:
2055:
2047:
2039:
2032:Heliosciurus
2031:
2023:
2015:
2007:
1999:
1987:
1979:
1969:
1955:
1923:
1920:golden eagle
1916:Aquila audax
1915:
1901:
1896:
1888:
1880:
1873:greater kudu
1859:) (the only
1856:
1848:
1840:
1828:
1821:R. melanotis
1820:
1817:Cape grysbok
1812:
1804:
1801:klipspringer
1796:
1788:
1780:
1768:
1754:
1748:
1720:
1712:
1704:
1692:South Africa
1687:
1679:
1671:
1664:Papio anubis
1663:
1649:
1637:king colobus
1607:
1590:
1581:rather than
1575:
1563:
1542:
1539:king colobus
1534:
1526:
1519:C. campbelli
1518:
1510:
1507:Diana monkey
1502:
1498:
1474:
1462:
1446:
1438:
1430:
1422:
1404:
1402:
1384:, including
1339:
1325:
1322:Diana monkey
1305:
1297:
1289:
1281:
1266:
1261:asphyxiation
1257:forest floor
1241:
1208:
1198:
1188:
1179:
1156:
1144:Chyulu Hills
1142:, the lower
1132:
1125:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1088:
1059:
1052:
1038:
1029:
1025:
1015:
1013:
1008:
1004:
1000:
995:
989:
973:
941:
885:
871:
843:Sierra Leone
804:
779:
770:
765:
757:
730:
695:
692:golden eagle
687:
680:Aquila rapax
679:
672:
637:in place of
626:
610:
602:
586:
580:
574:
558:
554:
552:
545:
539:
533:
527:
517:
511:
505:
498:booted eagle
493:
489:
483:
480:12th edition
469:
439:
433:
424:
416:
410:
374:rock hyraxes
319:
306:
298:
276:bird of prey
270:
269:
265:
261:
257:
255:
244:
243:
201:
199:
183:
182:
170:
160:Accipitridae
36:
6374:iNaturalist
6245:Wikispecies
5936:ABC Wimmera
5535:(1): 94β95.
4342:. Pretoria.
4280:(1): 5β17.
3673:"Haribon β
2566:red colobus
2558:Congo Basin
2547:. Like the
2454:Taung Child
2234:Felis catus
2004:springhares
1885:grey rhebok
1793:blue duiker
1713:P. paniscus
1701:chimpanzees
1555:blue monkey
1491:Ivory Coast
1459:blue monkey
1350:harpy eagle
1348:, only the
1237:Ivory Coast
1220:East Africa
1203:harpy eagle
1175:East Africa
1171:West Africa
1163:Congo River
1092:East Africa
918:plantations
900:East Africa
867:West Africa
807:East Africa
750:harpy eagle
742:hallux-claw
676:tawny eagle
645:Description
595:harpy eagle
436:harpy eagle
368:(and other
338:chevrotains
32:Chaco eagle
6500:Categories
6478:Xeno-canto
5651:: 468β470.
5632:(4)): 694.
5529:Honeyguide
5017:30 January
3936:9061917166
3867:0253340349
3710:(Part 19).
3654:0360003184
3340:Zoosystema
3214:10088/6276
2601:References
2351:rock hyrax
2319:chimpanzee
2258:Ovis aries
2201:) and the
2135:francolins
2131:guineafowl
2092:cusimanses
2040:Protoxerus
2024:Cricetomys
2016:Thryonomys
1984:rock hyrax
1966:Other prey
1952:bald eagle
1944:pronghorns
1829:R. sharpei
1791:) and the
1672:P. ursinus
1537:) and the
1495:TaΓ― Forest
1358:neotropics
1216:rock hyrax
1076:dry season
1072:wet season
922:eucalyptus
884:strips of
878:rainforest
839:The Gambia
797:along the
700:wing chord
631:Madagascar
605:) and the
569:and three
547:Ictinaetus
535:Polemaetus
404:and large
386:bushbabies
328:, such as
315:Madagascar
6060:1940-0829
5952:. (2019).
5762:0030-6525
5715:0005-7959
5695:Behaviour
5497:0030-6525
5379:0019-1019
5150:Behaviour
5091:History).
5061:0002-9483
4883:0370-2774
4623:0032-8332
4435:0019-1019
4308:"Hyraxes"
4204:0015-5713
4161:0030-6525
3762:1083-8155
3546:0030-6525
2861:cite book
2244:), small
2171:Hornbills
2048:Atherurus
2012:cane rats
1936:kangaroos
1757:antelopes
1688:M. sphinx
1684:mandrills
1618:and most
1616:Mangabeys
1483:mangabeys
1134:Adansonia
1120:tree. In
1084:Nelspruit
943:Adansonia
934:thornveld
874:woodlands
853:, to the
799:Dja River
627:S. mahery
615:East Asia
582:Spizaetus
559:Spizaetus
529:Lophaetus
513:Spizaetus
502:Aquilinae
394:mangabeys
362:mustelids
358:mongooses
326:ungulates
278:found in
178:Species:
116:Kingdom:
110:Eukaryota
6465:Species+
6418:22696201
6392:11213298
6304:22696201
6299:BirdLife
6230:Wikidata
6169:20335688
5874:13093539
5866:16912504
5781:(2011),
5303:2 August
5247:: 26-31.
5221:32110697
5069:19241464
4937:19923092
4825:19323238
4714:21024373
4631:21340695
4603:Primates
4551:84596174
4392:15209106
3790:: 54β66.
3287:22 April
3282:15925523
3227:23 April
3222:15737588
3036:16596589
2798:Archived
2782:19062636
2595:falconry
2572:. Among
2553:bushmeat
2529:Zimbabwe
2520:Ethiopia
2516:Tanzania
2512:Ethiopia
2492:charcoal
2436:Ethiopia
2419:and the
2339:bushpigs
2323:mandrill
2149:chicks (
1948:reindeer
1908:dik-diks
1869:bushbuck
1809:steenbok
1745:bushbuck
1735:Ungulate
1553:but the
1551:Tanzania
1511:C. diana
1475:C. wolfi
1378:mangabey
1342:primates
1274:bushbuck
1270:bushbuck
1249:savannah
1193:and the
1159:Zimbabwe
1122:Zimbabwe
1080:Zimbabwe
1049:Breeding
1035:falconry
962:Behavior
938:Zimbabwe
930:savannas
882:riparian
847:Cameroon
823:Tanzania
811:Ethiopia
653:Immature
587:Nisaetus
576:Nisaetus
519:Nisaetus
421:bushbuck
378:primates
354:meerkats
350:gazelles
309:), went
237:Synonyms
210:Linnaeus
156:Family:
130:Chordata
126:Phylum:
120:Animalia
106:Domain:
83:IUCN 3.1
6457:1094464
6366:2480391
6353:1048944
6340:crheag1
6314:crheag1
6286:Avibase
6236:Q591640
6012:15 June
5976:Bibcode
5906:Bibcode
5809:3 April
5742:Bibcode
5734:Ostrich
5554:: 1β97.
5517:, 1999.
5477:Bibcode
5469:Ostrich
5450:YouTube
5444:24 June
5274:24 June
5212:7041538
4917:Bibcode
4805:Bibcode
4797:Ecology
4739:Bibcode
4694:Bibcode
4531:Bibcode
4383:1691645
4314:24 June
4282:Bibcode
4244:24 June
4141:Bibcode
4133:Ostrich
4112:25 June
4031:The Auk
3910:24 June
3843:24 June
3823:4082683
3803:The Auk
3742:Bibcode
3683:24 June
3585:24 June
3526:Bibcode
3518:Ostrich
3467:24 June
3262:Bibcode
3194:Bibcode
2752:Bibcode
2543:by the
2537:Namibia
2496:mineral
2478:in the
2347:hyraxes
2327:baboons
2279:leopard
2260:), and
2222:turkeys
2214:chicken
2147:ostrich
2143:pigeons
2008:Pedetes
1971:Hyraxes
1861:African
1833:duikers
1727:with a
1709:bonobos
1652:baboons
1604:foliage
1595:galagos
1583:monkeys
1453:in the
1374:colobus
1356:of the
1346:monkeys
1312:Primate
1245:hyraxes
1235:in the
1148:Kibwezi
1028:) than
1022:Goshawk
985:Nairobi
956:Zambezi
835:Senegal
725:Hungary
682:) or a
639:monkeys
478:in the
472:species
406:lizards
390:colobus
382:baboons
370:rodents
334:duikers
330:dik-dik
322:mammals
311:extinct
288:forests
264:or the
166:Genus:
146:Order:
136:Class:
81: (
6511:Eagles
6431:252802
6405:563141
6273:ARKive
6167:
6058:
5872:
5864:
5785:
5760:
5713:
5607:
5575:
5511:Eagles
5495:
5410:47-55.
5377:
5336:
5219:
5209:
5067:
5059:
4992:
4967:
4935:
4881:
4823:
4712:
4629:
4621:
4549:
4433:
4390:
4380:
4202:
4159:
3933:
3865:
3821:
3760:
3651:
3544:
3491:
3317:
3280:
3220:
3166:
3034:
2982:
2780:
2674:
2533:Malawi
2525:Zambia
2368:cobras
2366:) and
2331:felids
2187:snakes
2159:storks
2155:herons
2114:) and
2104:genets
2058:) and
2050:sp.),
2042:sp.),
2034:sp.),
2026:sp.),
2018:sp.),
2010:sp.),
2002:sp.),
1960:calves
1924:Aquila
1893:impala
1891:) and
1725:tolero
1707:) and
1682:) and
1676:drills
1579:lemurs
1521:) and
1441:) and
1417:, the
1415:Uganda
1370:sloths
1212:Kenyan
1100:Malawi
1039:Aquila
1030:Aquila
1017:Aquila
1005:Aquila
948:Malawi
887:Acacia
863:Angola
827:Knysna
815:Uganda
793:Humid
738:talons
733:tarsus
635:lemurs
507:Aquila
372:) and
292:extant
6470:10062
6444:73324
6387:IRMNG
6335:eBird
6327:52BWJ
6311:BOW:
6165:S2CID
5870:S2CID
5548:Ardea
5294:(PDF)
4933:S2CID
4832:(PDF)
4793:(PDF)
4710:S2CID
4547:S2CID
3904:(PDF)
3897:(PDF)
3819:JSTOR
3780:(PDF)
3250:(PDF)
2778:S2CID
2740:(PDF)
2508:Kenya
2504:Zaire
2440:Taung
2410:eagle
2262:goats
2254:lambs
2183:Kenya
2127:birds
2102:) or
2000:Lepus
1996:hares
1928:lambs
1773:Kenya
1761:suids
1587:Potto
1409:. In
1300:) to
1167:Kenya
1064:harpy
977:Kenya
936:. In
896:Kenya
819:Kenya
813:, to
660:Kenya
494:Falco
470:This
402:Birds
296:genus
282:; in
6426:NCBI
6413:IUCN
6400:ITIS
6379:5323
6361:GBIF
6103:link
6075:Oryx
6056:ISSN
6014:2012
5862:PMID
5811:2011
5783:ISBN
5758:ISSN
5711:ISSN
5605:ISBN
5573:ISBN
5493:ISSN
5446:2013
5375:ISSN
5359:Ibis
5334:ISBN
5305:2012
5276:2013
5217:PMID
5118:)".
5065:PMID
5057:ISSN
5019:2011
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