318:), sent a Novgorodian army to oust the new establishment, but the new bishopric, with the help of the city of Ustyug, was able to defeat it. In 1386, Stephen visited Novgorod, and the city and its archbishop formally acknowledged the new situation. Subsequently, the region's tribute became the luxury of Moscow. These events had immense repercussions for the future of northern Russia, and formed but one part of a larger trend which saw more and more of the
212:
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361:, signified "the Russian spiritual and cultural revival of the late fourteenth and early fifteenth century". Indeed, Stephen's life encapsulates both the political and religious expansion of "Muscovite" Russia. Stephen's life was in fact commemorated in the writings of the aforementioned Epiphanius, who famously wrote the
279:
on the indigenous pagan populace, as all the contemporary missionaries did, Stephen learnt their language and traditions and worked out a distinct writing system for their use, creating the second oldest writing system for a Uralic language. Although his destruction of pagan idols (e.g., holy
256:) and later Stephen as well. He also befriended Sergius, though he would not become a disciple of his. Around 1370, Stephen began creating an alphabet for the Zyrians, without the influence of Russian on it, despite the prevalence of the
195:, which makes him the founding father of Permian written tradition. "The Enlightener of Perm" or the "Apostle of the Permians", as he is sometimes called, is commemorated by the Catholic and Orthodox Churches on 26 April.
230:, also known as Zyrians or western Permians, with a minority of Russians. His father was a cathedral cleric in the town. Early on, Stephen mastered the reading and writing of the Russian language and became a lector.
902:
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176:. He is known as being one of the most successful missionaries of the Russian Orthodox Church. Stephen is credited with the conversion of the
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365:, a text that praises Stephen for his evangelical activities, and styles him the "creator of Permian letters".
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rivers, and it was then that he engaged in the conversion of the
Zyrians (Komi peoples). Rather than imposing
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169:
134:
89:
308:
238:
763:
Ferguson, Charles. 1971. St. Stefan of Perm and applied linguistics. (Originally published in 1967, in
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Parry, Ken; Melling, David J.; Brady, Dimitri; Griffith, Sidney H.; Healey, John F. (8 November 2000).
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767:, ed. by Morris Halle, pp. 643–653. The Hague: Mouton. Also reprinted in 1968
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783:, ed. by Answar S. Dil, pp. 197–218. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
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292:, created the bishopric of Perm in 1383 and consecrated Stephen as its first
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790:
Orthodox
Christianity in Imperial Russia: A Source Book on Lived Religion
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had been enjoying over the region's tribute. In 1385, Aleksei, the
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23:
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Language
Structure and Language Use: Essays by Charles Ferguson
451:
The Oxford
Handbook of Early Modern European History, 1350-1750
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and its precious pelts passing from the control of
Novgorod to
779:, and J. Das Gupta, pp. 27–35. New York Wiley and Sons.)
837:
A chapter from "The Saints of
Ancient Rus", by Georgy Fedotov
226:
in northern Russia. The region was populated by the native
748:
299:
The effect of the new bishopric and the conversion of the
558:
Saints: Becoming an Image of Christ Every Day of the Year
531:
The Book of Saints: A Day-By-Day
Illustrated Encyclopedia
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818:, Revised Edition, (New York, 1974), pp. 259–62
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99:
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241:and learned his trade as a copyist. He befriended
218:icon painted by Stephen of Perm, late 14th-century
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16:Russian painter, missionary, and saint (1340–1396)
585:The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity
329:Stephen died in Moscow on 26 April 1396. He was
816:Medieval Russia's Epics, Chronicles, and Tales
793:. Indiana University Press. pp. 139–151.
712:Medieval Russia's Epics, Chronicles, and Tales
903:Russian saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church
684:Butler, Alban; Burns, Paul (1 January 1999).
284:) earned him the wrath of some Permians, the
188:and became the first bishop of Perm in 1383.
44:, illumination from a 17th-century manuscript
8:
222:Stephen was born around 1340 in the town of
756:Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary
714:, Revised Edition, (New York, 1974), p. 259
663:. Cambridge University Press. p. 250.
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639:
637:
635:
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631:
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534:. Weldon Owen International. p. 112.
35:
18:
845:Life of Saint Stephen, with illustrations
454:. Oxford University Press. p. 759.
421:Johnston, William M. (4 December 2013).
769:Language Problems of Developing Nations
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349:wrote that Stephen of Perm, along with
263:In 1376, he voyaged to lands along the
260:in some Byzantine and Russian circles.
933:Bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church
787:Greene, Robert H. (3 September 2014).
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687:Butler's Lives of the Saints: April
499:The Churches of Eastern Christendom
363:Panegyric to Saint Stephen of Perm
233:Stephen took his monastic vows in
42:Saint Stephen on his way to Moscow
14:
657:Martin, Janet (6 December 2007).
829:Medieval "Life" of Saint Stephen
740:
561:. Ignatius Press. p. 171.
528:Owen, Weldon (9 October 2012).
313:
245:, who became the biographer of
690:. A&C Black. p. 189.
347:Serge Aleksandrovich Zenkovsky
1:
918:Eastern Orthodox missionaries
873:14th-century Christian saints
496:Kidd, B. J. (6 August 2013).
250:
162:
60:
555:Beutner, Dawn Marie (2020).
381:Martyrologium Romanum (2004)
303:threatened the control that
913:Creators of writing systems
878:14th-century Russian clergy
814:Zenkovsky, Serge A. (ed.),
427:. Routledge. p. 1202.
424:Encyclopedia of Monasticism
394:, (Cambridge, 1995), p. 225
201:The Life of Stephen of Perm
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140:
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502:. Routledge. p. 377.
888:People from Veliky Ustyug
883:Medieval Russian painters
809:Medieval Russia, 980-1584
660:Medieval Russia, 980-1584
588:. John Wiley & Sons.
448:Scott, Hamish M. (2015).
392:Medieval Russia, 980-1584
191:Stephen also created the
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129:
34:
357:, and the great painter
199:wrote about his life in
908:Eastern Catholic saints
765:To Honor Roman Jakobson
750:"Стефан Пермский"
476:"Saint Stephen of Perm"
335:Russian Orthodox Church
168:– 26 April 1396) was a
90:Eastern Orthodox Church
50:The Enlightener of Perm
309:archbishop of Novgorod
219:
710:Serge A. Zenkovsky,
214:
94:Roman Catholic Church
928:Missionary linguists
286:metropolitan of Kiev
172:bishop, painter and
759:(in Russian). 1906.
355:Sergius of Radonezh
351:Epiphanius the Wise
247:Sergius of Radonezh
237:, where he learned
197:Epiphanius the Wise
480:www.britannica.com
333:as a saint by the
220:
923:Russian inventors
898:Russian explorers
800:978-0-253-01318-7
697:978-0-86012-253-1
670:978-0-521-85916-5
595:978-0-631-18966-4
568:978-1-62164-341-8
541:978-1-68188-719-7
509:978-1-136-21278-9
461:978-0-19-959725-3
434:978-1-136-78716-4
258:trilingual heresy
193:Old Permic script
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86:Venerated in
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150:Перымса Степан
141:Stefan Permsky
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182:Christianity
178:Komi peoples
121:
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41:
893:Komi people
868:1396 deaths
863:1340 births
609:Greene 2014
166: 1340
64: 1340
857:Categories
369:References
174:missionary
771:, ed. by
646:loc. cit.
337:in 1549.
331:canonized
243:Epihanius
135:romanized
101:Canonized
726:, p. 261
724:op. cit.
623:, p. 226
621:op. cit.
305:Novgorod
265:Vychegda
115:26 April
282:birches
186:Ust-Vym
137::
126:Russian
797:
745:
694:
667:
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538:
506:
458:
431:
341:Legacy
324:Moscow
294:bishop
235:Rostov
224:Ustyug
80:Moscow
68:Ustyug
290:Pimen
273:Latin
239:Greek
111:Feast
24:Saint
795:ISBN
692:ISBN
665:ISBN
590:ISBN
563:ISBN
536:ISBN
504:ISBN
456:ISBN
429:ISBN
267:and
228:Komi
207:Life
146:Komi
105:1549
74:Died
57:Born
275:or
269:Vym
180:to
859::
775:,
753:.
628:^
518:^
488:^
478:.
399:^
353:,
326:.
314:r.
296:.
288:,
251:c.
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61:c.
803:.
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249:(
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