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is used widely for this purpose and has the advantage that for the uninitiated the object shape is unknown. It is made of random small pattern elements; depth can be created only in multiples of elements and therefore may not reach the small threshold disparity which is the purpose of stereoacuity
53:
Stereoacuity is most simply explained by considering one of its earliest test, a two-peg device, named Howard-Dolman test after its inventors: The observer is shown a black peg at a distance of 6m (=20 feet). A second peg, below it, can be moved back and forth until it is just detectably nearer than
325:
More than other such visual capabilities, the limits of stereopsis depend on the observer's familiarity with the situation. Stereo thresholds almost always improve, often several-fold, with training and involve perceptual factors, differing in their particulars for each test. This is most vividly
230:
For the average interocular distance of 6.5 cm, a target distance of 6m and a typical stereoacuity of 0.5 minute of arc, the just detectable depth interval is 8 cm. As targets come closer, this interval gets smaller by the inverse square of the distance, so that an equivalent detectable
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visual acuity chart, in which one letter in each row differs in depth (front or behind) sequentially increasing in difficulty. For children the fly test is ideal: the image of a fly is transilluminated by polarized light; wearing polarizing glasses the wing appears at a different depth and allows
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There is no equivalent in stereoacuity of the normal 20/20 visual acuity standard. In every case, the numerical score, even if expressed in disparity angle, depends to some extent on the test being used. Superior observers under ideal conditions can achieve 0.1 arc min or even better.
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The distinction between screening for the presence of stereopsis and a measurement of stereoacuity is valuable. To ascertain that depth can be seen in a binocular views, a test must be easily administered and not subject to deception. The
231:
depth interval at ¼ meter is 0.01 cm or the depth of impression of the head on a coin. These very small values of normal stereoacuity, expressed in differences of either object distances, or angle of disparity, makes it a
54:
the fixed one. Stereoacuity is defined as the minimum angle detectable, calculated as the difference between the angles subtended by both positions, A and B. Stereoacuity is possible due to
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A population study revealed a surprisingly high incidence of good stereoacuity. Out of 188 biology students, 97.3% could perform at 2.3 minutes of arc or better.
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must be in the same units, say, feet, inches, cm or meters. Note: some authors have added another approximation to this formula, considering
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using prisms or goggles with color or polarizing filters or alternating occlusion. A good procedure is a chart, analogous to the familiar
65:
Taking into account that a small angle expressed in radians can be approximated by its tangent, the formula to calculate stereoacuity
326:
evident in the time it takes to "solve" a random-dot stereogram rapidly decreases between the first exposure and subsequent views
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Fendick M, Westheimer G. (1983) Effects of practice and the separation of test targets on foveal and peripheral stereoacuity.
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Westheimer G, Pettet MW (1990) Contrast and duration of exposure differentially affect vernier and stereoscopic acuity.
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McKee SP, Taylor DG (2010) The precision of binocular and monocular depth judgments in natural settings.
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Harwerth RS, Rawlings SC (1977) Viewing time and stereoscopic threshold with random-dot stereograms.
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Since the Howard-Dolman test described above is cumbersome, stereoacuity is usually measured using a
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Optimum stereoacuity requires that the following mitigating factors be avoided:
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The
Ferrier Lecture (1994) Seeing depth with two eyes: stereopsis.
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Coutant BE(1993) Population distribution of stereoscopic ability.
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into the usual unit of minutes of arc, a multiplicative constant
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stereopsis to be demonstrated by trying to pull on it.
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Howard HJ (1919) A test for the judgment of distance.
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Uncorrected or unequally corrected refractive errors (
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Short duration exposures (less than 500 milliseconds)
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156:the distance of the fixed peg from the eye and
152:is the interocular separation of the observer,
386:"Three-dimensional displays and stereo vision"
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138:{\displaystyle d\gamma =c\,a\,dz/(z\,(z-dz))}
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58:, i.e., the difference in their binocular
309:Fuzzy or closely spaced pattern elements.
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516:Review of 3D displays and stereo vision
362:. Vol. 1I. Chapter 19 Porteous, Toronto
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1000:Stereoscopic Displays and Applications
168:is inserted whose value is 3437.75 (1
160:the position difference. To transfer
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253:Example of a Snellen-like depth test
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321:Perceptual training in stereopsis
295:Factors influencing stereoacuity
640:Vergence-accommodation conflict
388:, Proc. R. Soc. B.2782241–2248
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806:Stereo photography techniques
398:Kalloniatis, Michael (1995).
41:Specification and measurement
816:Stereoscopic depth rendition
358:Howard IP, Rogers BJ (2002)
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462:Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci
446:Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci
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192:neglectable compared with
831:Stereoscopic video coding
826:Stereoscopic spectroscopy
590:Convergence insufficiency
384:Westheimer Gerald (2011)
927:Fujifilm FinePix Real 3D
864:3D-enabled mobile phones
821:Stereoscopic rangefinder
658:Active shutter 3D system
899:Virtual reality headset
894:Stereoscopic video game
743:Virtual retinal display
176:). In the calculation
791:Multiview Video Coding
786:Computer stereo vision
595:Correspondence problem
501:Am J Optom Physiol Opt
433:Ophthalmic Physiol Opt
406:. University of Utah.
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400:"Perception of Depth"
285:random-dot stereogram
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216:{\displaystyle z^{2}}
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1036:3D computer graphics
683:Head-mounted display
615:Kinetic depth effect
373:Amer. J. Ophthalmol.
274:Expected performance
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771:2D to 3D conversion
723:Specular holography
718:Polarized 3D system
635:Stereoscopic acuity
630:Stereopsis recovery
196:, i.e. dividing by
56:binocular disparity
49:Howard-Dolman test.
31:Stereoscopic acuity
753:Wiggle stereoscopy
748:Volumetric display
713:Parallax scrolling
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969:Sharp Actius RD3D
889:Stereo microscope
796:Parallax scanning
610:Epipolar geometry
600:Peripheral vision
575:Binocular rivalry
27:Measure of vision
16:(Redirected from
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954:Nvidia 3D Vision
708:Parallax barrier
693:Integral imaging
605:Depth perception
585:Chromostereopsis
580:Binocular vision
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974:View-Master
801:Pseudoscope
733:Stereoscope
663:Anaglyph 3D
552:Stereoscopy
448:, 241, 42-6
263:stereoscope
233:hyperacuity
1015:Categories
988:Miscellany
879:Digital 3D
874:Blu-ray 3D
738:Vectograph
703:Multiscopy
688:Holography
678:Bubblegram
625:Stereopsis
563:Perception
556:3D display
435:, 13, 3-7.
347:References
314:monovision
259:stereogram
243:See also:
174:arcminutes
1031:Optometry
488:J. Vision
121:−
83:γ
69:is this:
979:XpanD 3D
964:RealD 3D
922:Dolby 3D
917:AMD HD3D
910:products
412:21413376
330:See also
60:parallax
947:New 3DS
932:Infitec
908:Notable
869:4D film
854:3D film
840:Product
649:Display
490:, 10, 5
417:9 April
267:Snellen
33:, also
1041:Vision
410:
225:(z-dz)
170:radian
148:where
842:types
762:Other
239:Tests
554:and
419:2012
408:PMID
184:and
1046:Eye
172:in
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453:^
402:.
235:.
190:dz
182:dz
180:,
162:dγ
158:dz
67:dγ
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