484:. Another way is by using a rigid gas permeable lens; since most astigmatism is caused by the shape of the cornea, rigid lenses can improve vision because the front surface of the optical system is the perfectly spherical lens. Both approaches have advantages and drawbacks. Toric lenses must have the proper orientation to correct for astigmatism, so such lenses must have additional design characteristics to prevent them from rotating out of alignment. This can be done by weighting the bottom of the lens or by using other physical characteristics to rotate the lens back into position, but these mechanisms rarely work perfectly, so some misalignment is common and results in somewhat imperfect correction, and blurring of sight after blinking rotates the lens. Toric soft lenses have all the advantages of soft lenses in general, which are low initial cost, ease of fitting, and minimal adjustment period. Rigid gas permeable lenses usually provide superior optical correction but have become less popular relative to soft lenses due to higher initial costs, longer initial adjustment period, and more involved fitting.
1103:
frequently contaminated with large quantities of bacteria and, as such, should be avoided when handling lenses. Dust, lint and other debris may collect on the outside of contact lenses. Again, hand contact with this material, before handling contact lenses, may transfer it to the lenses themselves. Rinsing the case under a source of clean running water, before opening it, can help alleviate this problem. Next the lens should be removed from its case and inspected for defects (e.g. splits, folds, lint). A 'gritty' or rough appearance to the lens surface may indicate that a considerable quantity of proteins, lipids and debris has built up on it and that additional cleaning is required; this is often accompanied and felt by unusually high irritation upon insertion.
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139:
1128:(white of the eye) and then slid into place. Another finger of the same hand, or a finger of the other hand, is used to keep the eye wide open. Alternatively, the user may close their eyes and then look towards their nose, sliding the lens into place over the cornea. Problems may arise if the lens folds, turns inside-out, slides off the finger prematurely, or adheres more tightly to the finger than the eye surface. A drop of solution may help the lens adhere to the eye.
385:(FDA) in 1971. These soft lenses were soon prescribed more often than rigid ones, due to the immediate and much greater comfort (rigid lenses require a period of adaptation before full comfort is achieved). Polymers from which soft lenses are manufactured improved over the next 25 years, primarily in terms of increasing oxygen permeability, by varying the ingredients. In 1972, British optometrist Rishi Agarwal was the first to suggest disposable soft contact lenses.
47:
339:
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through proper handling: there is, unfortunately, no disinterested research on the issue of "compliance" or the length of time a user can safely wear a lens beyond its stated use. The introduction of multipurpose solutions and daily disposable lenses have helped to alleviate some of the problems observed from inadequate cleaning but new methods of combating microbial contamination are currently being developed. A
208:", the second "a mould of the cornea" that could be impressed on "some sort of transparent medium". Though Herschel reportedly never tested these ideas, they were later advanced by independent inventors, including Hungarian physician Joseph Dallos, who perfected a method of making molds from living eyes. This enabled the manufacture of lenses that, for the first time, conformed to the actual shape of the eye.
620:
1116:
898:
71:
117:, and do not collect moisture (from rain, snow, condensation, etc.) or perspiration. This can make them preferable for sports and other outdoor activities. Contact lens wearers can also wear sunglasses, goggles, or other eyewear of their choice without having to fit them with prescription lenses or worry about compatibility with glasses. Additionally, there are conditions such as
1648:
987:
1639:(AMD or age-related macular degeneration). An international collaboration of researchers was able to develop a contact lens that can shift between magnified and normal vision. Previous solutions to AMD included bulky glasses or surgical implants. But the development of this new contact lens, which is made of polymethyl methacrylate, could offer an unobtrusive solution.
570:
1140:
re-cleaning if necessary, should correct the problem. If discomfort continues, the lens should not be worn. In some cases, taking a break from lens wear for a day may correct the problem. In case of severe discomfort, or if it does not resolve by the next day, the person should be seen as soon as possible by an eye doctor to rule out potentially serious
1183:
722:
1381:
847:. While awake, the eyes are mostly open, allowing oxygen from the air to dissolve into the tears and pass through the lens to the cornea. While asleep, oxygen is supplied from the blood vessels in the back of the eyelid. A lens hindering passage of oxygen to the cornea causes corneal hypoxia which can result in serious complications, such as
924:
hold the delicate lens in reverse manner, wax is used as an adhesive. The lens' convex (outer) surface is thus cut and polished by the same process. This method can be used to shape rigid as well as soft lenses. In the case of softs, the lens is cut from a dehydrated polymer that is rigid until water is reintroduced.
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is to increase the amount of oxygen transmitted to the cornea. Although silicone-hydrogel lenses almost eliminate hypoxia in patients due to their very high levels of oxygen transmissibility, they also seem to provide a more efficient platform for bacterial contamination and corneal infiltration than
842:
A "daily wear" (DW) contact lens is designed to be worn for one day and removed before sleeping. An "extended wear" (EW) contact lens is designed for continuous overnight wear, typically for up to 6 consecutive nights. Newer materials, such as silicone hydrogels, allow for even longer wear periods of
833:
A small number of hybrid lenses exist. Typically, these contact lenses consist of a rigid center and a soft "skirt". A similar technique is the "piggybacking" of a smaller, rigid lens on the surface of a larger, soft lens. These techniques are often chosen to give the vision correction benefits of a
725:
Contact lenses, other than the cosmetic variety, become almost invisible once inserted in the eye. Most corrective contact lenses come with a light "handling tint" that renders the lens slightly more visible on the eye. Soft contact lenses extend beyond the cornea, their rim sometimes visible against
676:
Soft lenses are often used in the treatment and management of non-refractive disorders of the eye. A bandage contact lens allows the patient to see while protecting an injured or diseased cornea from the constant rubbing of blinking eyelids, thereby allowing it to heal. They are used in the treatment
514:
Monovision is the use of single-vision lenses (one focal point per lens) to focus an eye (typically the dominant one) for distance vision and the other for near work. The brain then learns to use this setup to see clearly at all distances. A technique called modified monovision uses multifocal lenses
1440:
Many complications arise when contact lenses are worn not as prescribed (improper wear schedule or lens replacement). Sleeping in lenses not designed or approved for extended wear is a common cause of complications. Many people go too long before replacing their contacts, wearing lenses designed for
1228:
Hydrogen peroxide can be used to disinfect contact lenses. Care should be taken not to get hydrogen peroxide in the eye because it is very painful and irritating. With "two-step" products, the hydrogen peroxide must be rinsed away with saline before the lenses may be worn. "One-step" systems allow
813:
Disadvantages of silicone hydrogels are that they are slightly stiffer and the lens surface can be hydrophobic, thus less "wettable" – factors that can influence comfort of lens use. New manufacturing techniques and changes to multipurpose solutions have minimized these effects. Those new techniques
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is a large, firm, transparent, oxygen-permeable contact lens that rests on the sclera and creates a tear-filled vault over the cornea. The cause of this unique positioning is usually relevant to a specific patient whose cornea is too sensitive to support the lens directly. Scleral lenses may be used
105:
or therapeutic reasons. In 2010, the worldwide market for contact lenses was estimated at $ 6.1 billion, while the US soft lens market was estimated at $ 2.1 billion. Multiple analysts estimated that the global market for contact lenses would reach $ 11.7 billion by 2015. As of 2010, the average age
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Removing contact lenses incorrectly can result in damage to the lens and injury to the eye, so certain precautions must be taken. Rigid contact lenses can best be removed by pulling the eyelid tight and then blinking, whereupon the lens drops out. With one finger on the outer corner of the eyelids,
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between that of the lens solution and the tear. This discomfort fades quickly as the solution drains away and is replaced by the natural tears. However, if irritation persists, the cause could be a dirty, damaged, or inside-out lens. Removing and inspecting it for damage and proper orientation, and
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Care should be taken to ensure the soft lens is not inserted inside-out. The edge of a lens turned inside out has a different appearance, especially when the lens is slightly folded. Insertion of an inside-out lens for a brief time (less than one minute) should not cause any damage to the eye. Some
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or for those who are prone to infection. Single-use lenses are also useful for people who wear contact lenses infrequently, or when losing a lens is likely or not easily replaced (such as when on vacation). They are also considered useful for children because cleaning or disinfecting is not needed,
809:
Current brands of soft lenses are either traditional hydrogel or silicone hydrogel. Because of drastic differences in oxygen permeability, replacement schedule, and other design characteristics, it is very important to follow the instructions of the eye care professional prescribing the lenses.When
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Contact lenses can be mechanically cleaned of more substantial protein, lipid and debris build up by rubbing them between the clean pad of a finger and the palm of a hand, using a small amount of cleaning fluid as a lubricant; and by rinsing thereafter. This "rub and rinse" method is thought to be
291:
In 1949, the first "corneal" lenses were developed. These were much smaller than the original scleral lenses, as they sat only on the cornea rather than across all of the visible ocular surface and could be worn up to 16 hours a day. PMMA corneal lenses became the first contact lenses to have mass
1165:
A soft contact lens may be removed by pinching the edge between the thumb and index finger. Moving the lens off the cornea first can improve comfort during removal and reduce risk of scratching the cornea with a fingernail. It is also possible to push or pull a soft lens far enough to the side or
927:
Molded – Molding is used to manufacture some brands of soft contact lenses. Rotating molds are used and the molten material is added and shaped by centripetal forces. Injection molding and computer control are also used to create nearly perfect lenses. The lens is kept moist throughout the entire
923:
as the cutting tool. The CNC lathe may turn at nearly 6000 RPM as the cutter removes the desired amount of material from the inside of the lens. The concave (inner) surface of the lens is then polished with some fine abrasive paste, oil, and a small polyester cotton ball turned at high speeds. To
592:
Due to their medical nature, colored contact lenses, similar to regular ones, are illegal to purchase in the United States without a valid prescription. Those with perfect vision can buy color contacts for cosmetic reasons, but they still need their eyes to be measured for a "plano" prescription,
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to fungi spores to plant pollen adhere to contact lens surfaces in high concentrations. It has been found that multipurpose solution and rubbing with fingers does not significantly clean the lenses. A group of researchers have suggested an alternative cleaning solution, PoPPR (polymer on polymer
1444:
For non
Silicone-Hydrogel lenses, one of the major factors that causes complications is that the contact lens is an oxygen barrier. The cornea needs a constant supply of oxygen to remain completely transparent and function as it should; it normally gets that oxygen from the surrounding air while
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Used to clean lenses on a daily basis. A few drops of cleaner are applied to the lens while it rests in the palm of the hand; the lens is rubbed for about 20 seconds with a clean fingertip (depending on the product) on each side. Lens must then be rinsed. This system is commonly used to care for
867:
Contact lenses are often categorized by their replacement schedule. Single use lenses (called 1-day or daily disposables) are discarded after one use. Because they do not have to stand up to the wear and tear of repeated uses, these lenses can be made thinner and lighter, greatly improving their
334:
or RGP materials or lenses. Though all the above contact lens types—sclerals, PMMAs and RGPs—could be correctly referred to as "rigid" or "hard", the latter term is now used for the original PMMAs, which are still occasionally fitted and worn, whereas "rigid" is a generic term for all these lens
1213:
The main attraction of multipurpose solutions is that the same solution can clean, rinse, disinfect and store lenses. Some multipurpose solutions also contain ingredients that improve the surface wettability and comfort of silicone hydrogel lenses. Studies showed that multipurpose solutions are
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Other disposable contact lenses are designed for replacement every two or four weeks. Quarterly or annual lenses, which used to be very common, are now much less so. Rigid gas permeable lenses are very durable and may last for several years without the need for replacement. PMMA hards were very
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and can harvest radio waves for their electric power. Bionic lenses can display information beamed from a mobile device overcoming the small display size problem. The technology involves embedding nano and microscale electronic devices in lenses. These lenses will also need to have an array of
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Another important area of contact lens research deals with patient compliance. Compliance is a major issue pertaining to the use of contact lenses because patient noncompliance often leads to contamination of the lens, storage case, or both. However, careful users can extend the wear of lenses
1273:
These devices intend to disinfect and clean contact lenses. The lenses are inserted inside the portable device (running on batteries and/or plug-in) for 2 to 6 minutes during which both the microorganisms and protein build-up are supposed to be cleaned. However these devices can not be used to
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should be avoided as these can cause eye irritation. Drying of hands using towels or tissues before handling contact lenses can transfer lint (fluff) to the hands and, subsequently, to the lenses, causing irritation upon insertion. Towels, unless freshly laundered on high temperature wash, are
805:
and the comfort and clinical performance of the conventional hydrogels. Because silicone allows more oxygen permeability than water, oxygen permeability of silicone hydrogels is not tied to the lenses' water content. Lenses have now been developed with so much oxygen permeability that they are
396:—with the comfort and clinical performance of the conventional hydrogels that had been used for the previous 30 years. These contact lenses were initially advocated primarily for extended (overnight) wear, although more recently, daily (no overnight) wear silicone hydrogels have been launched.
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Sterile saline is used for rinsing the lens after cleaning and preparing it for insertion. Saline solutions do not disinfect, so it must be used in conjunction with some type of disinfection system. One advantage to saline is that it cannot cause an allergic response, so it is well suited for
1510:
A large segment of current contact lens research is directed towards the treatment and prevention of conditions resulting from contact lens contamination and colonization by foreign organisms. Clinicians tend to agree that the most significant complication of contact lens wear is microbial
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can increase the chances of infection. When combined with improper cleaning and disinfection of the lens, a risk of infection further increases. Decreased corneal sensitivity after extended contact lens wear may cause a patient to miss some of the earliest symptoms of such complications.
888:
Lenses with different replacement schedules can be made of the same material. Although the materials are alike, differences in the manufacturing processes determine if the resulting lens will be a "daily disposable" or one recommended for two- or four-week replacement. However, sometimes
1612:
used as a lens surfactant significantly decreases bacterial adhesion. These compounds are of particular interest to contact lens manufacturers and prescribing optometrists because they do not require any patient compliance to effectively attenuate the effects of bacterial colonization.
859:—this latter condition, once it sets in, cannot be reversed and will eventually spoil vision acuity through diminishing corneal transparency. The most common complication of extended wear is giant papillary conjunctivitis (GPC), sometimes associated with a poorly fitting contact lens.
278:
introduced a hybrid lens composed of glass and plastic, and in 1937 it was reported that some 3,000 Americans were already wearing contact lenses. In 1939, Hungarian ophthalmologist Dr.István Györffy produced the first fully plastic contact lens. The following year, German optometrist
161:
power by either submerging the head in a bowl of water or wearing a water-filled glass hemisphere over the eye. Neither idea was practically implementable in da Vinci's time. He did not suggest his idea be used for correcting vision; he was more interested in exploring mechanisms of
1123:
Contact lenses are typically inserted into the eye by placing them on the pad of the index or middle finger with the concave side upward and then using that finger to place the lens on the eye. Rigid lenses should be placed directly on the cornea. Soft lenses may be placed on the
335:
types; thus, hard lenses (PMMAs) are a subset of rigid contact lenses. Occasionally, the term "gas permeable" is used to describe RGPs, which is somewhat misleading as soft contact lenses are also gas permeable in that they allow oxygen to get through to the ocular surface.
1274:
replace the manual rub and rinse method because vibration and ultrasound can not create relative motion between contact lens and solution, which is required for proper cleaning of the lens. These devices are not usually available in optic retailers but are in other stores.
789:
Soft lenses are more flexible than rigid lenses and can be gently rolled or folded without damaging the lens. While rigid lenses require a period of adaptation before comfort is achieved, new soft lens wearers typically report lens awareness rather than pain or discomfort.
762:
with a new refracting surface. This means that a spherical rigid contact lens can correct corneal astigmatism. Rigid lenses can also be made as a front-toric, back-toric, or bitoric. Rigid lenses can also correct corneas with irregular geometries, such as those with
55:
545:
ChromaGen contact lenses have been used and shown to have some limitations with vision at night although otherwise producing significant improvements in color vision. An earlier study showed very significant improvements in color vision and patient satisfaction.
212:
1330:
Water is not recommended for cleaning contact lenses. Insufficiently chlorinated tap water can lead to lens contamination, particularly by
Acanthamoeba. On the other hand, sterile water will not kill any contaminants that get in from the environment.
3161:
425:(Biofinity, CooperVision) was the first third-generation polymer. Its patent claims that the material uses two siloxy macromers of diverse sizes that, when used in combination, produce very high oxygen permeability (for a given water content).
573:
Woman wearing a cosmetic type of contact lens; enlarged detail shows the grain produced during the manufacturing process. Curving of the lines of printed dots suggests these lenses were manufactured by printing onto a flat sheet then shaping
3916:
Padzik, Marcin; Chomicz, Lidia; Szaflik, Jacek P.; Chruścikowska, Agnieszka; Perkowski, Konrad; Szaflik, Jerzy (November 2014). "In vitro effects of selected contact lens care solutions on
Acanthamoeba castellanii strains in Poland".
296:
became the first
President in the history of the United States to appear in public wearing contact lenses, under the supervision of Dr. Alan Isen, who developed the first commercially viable soft-contact lenses in the United States.
5494:
Santos L; Rodrigues D; Lira M; Oliveira R; Oliveira Real, ME; Vilar EY; Azeredo J (2007). "The effect of octylglucoside and sodium cholate in
Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa adhesion to soft contact lenses".
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that, if left untreated, can permanently decrease vision. EW and CW contact lenses typically allow for a transfer of 5–6 times more oxygen than conventional softs, allowing the cornea to remain healthy, even with closed eyelids.
596:
Some colored contact lenses completely cover the iris, thus dramatically changing eye color. Other colored contact lenses merely tint the iris, highlighting its natural color. A new trend in Japan, South Korea and China is the
1161:
that adheres the lens to the eye. The other hand is typically cupped underneath the eye to catch the lens as it drops out. For soft lenses, which have a stronger adherence to the eye surface, this technique is less suitable.
511:. Multifocal contact lenses are typically designed for constant viewing through the center of the lens, but some designs do incorporate a shift in lens position to view through the reading power (similar to bifocal glasses).
1198:
Lens care varies depending on material and wear schedule. Daily disposables are discarded after a single use and thus require no cleaning. Other lenses need regular cleaning and disinfecting to prevent surface coating and
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invade the eye and cause infection. Although the pathogenesis of microbial keratitis is not well understood, many different factors have been investigated. One group of researchers showed that corneal hypoxia exacerbated
1229:
the hydrogen peroxide to react completely, becoming pure water. Thus "one-step" hydrogen peroxide systems do not require the lenses to be rinsed before insertion, provided the solution has been given enough time to react.
1632:) in which the healing process takes several days. One experiment shows that silicone contact lenses that contain vitamin E deliver pain medication for up to seven days compared with less than two hours in usual lenses.
5161:
Santos, Lívia; Rodrigues, Diana; Lira, Madalena; Real
Oliveira, M Elisabete C. D.; Oliveira, Rosário; Vilar, Eva Yebra-Pimente; Azeredo, Joana (July 2008). "Bacterial Adhesion to Worn Silicone Hydrogel Contact Lenses".
553:
in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial showed highly significant improvements in reading ability over reading without the lenses. This system has been granted FDA approval for use in the United States.
496:(a need for a reading prescription different from the prescription needed for distance) presents an additional challenge in the fitting of contact lenses. Two main strategies exist: multifocal lenses and monovision.
1308:
This type of devices mimic digital rubbing. The lenses are sandwiched by silicone parts inside the portable device. The device applies a gentle yet high speed rubbing action on the lens surface and remove debris.
5010:
Verhelst D, Koppen C, Looveren JV, Meheus A, Tassignon M (2005). "Clinical, epidemiological and cost aspects of contact lens related infectious keratitis in
Belgium: results of a seven-year retrospective study".
1257:. This can be achieved by using a "two-step" product or a "one-step" tablet system if the catalytic tablet is not added before 2-3 hours. However, the "one-step" catalytic disk systems are not effective against
5117:
Kodjikian L, Casoli-Bergeron E, Malet F, Janin-Manificat H, Freney J, Burillon C, Colin J, Steghens JP (2008). "Bacterial adhesion to conventional hydrogel and new silicone hydrogel contact lens materials".
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that suction onto the front of the lens. Typically, these tools are used only with rigid lenses. Extreme care must be exercised when using mechanical tools or fingernails to insert or remove contact lenses.
3157:
582:. Although many brands of contact lenses are lightly tinted to make them easier to handle, cosmetic lenses worn to change eye color are far less common, accounting for only 3% of contact lens fits in 2004.
4373:
1481:(over five years) of contact lenses may "decrease the entire corneal thickness and increase the corneal curvature and surface irregularity." Long-term wear of rigid contacts is associated with decreased
560:
is another area being researched for future contact lens applications. Embedding of telescopic lenses and electronic components suggests that future uses of contact lenses may become extremely diverse.
437:
Contact lenses are classified in diverse ways: by their primary function, material, wear schedule (how long a lens can be worn), and replacement schedule (how long before a lens needs to be discarded).
5451:
Mathews SM, Spallholz JE, Grimson MJ, Dubielzig RR, Gray T, Reid TW (2006). "Prevention of bacterial colonization of contact lenses with covalently attached selenium and effects on the rabbit cornea".
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infections are the most predominant. However, another study conducted with worn and unworn silicone and conventional hydrogel contact lenses showed that worn silicone contact lenses were less prone to
1050:
to determine the proper power of the lens and an assessment of the health of the eye's anterior segment. Many eye diseases inhibit contact lens wear, such as active infections, allergies, and dry eye.
300:
Early corneal lenses of the 1950s and 1960s were relatively expensive and fragile, resulting in the development of a market for contact lens insurance. Replacement Lens
Insurance, Inc. (now known as
61:
60:
57:
56:
3147:
Harris DA, MacRow-Hill SJ "Application of ChromaGen haploscopic lenses to patients with dyslexia: a double masked placebo controlled trial" Journal of the
American Optometric Association 25/10/99.
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and those with significant phorias, who are at risk of eye misalignment under monovision. Studies have shown no adverse effect to driving performance in adapted monovision contact lens wearers.
480:
soft lenses that work essentially the same way as eyeglasses with cylindrical correction; a toric lens has a different focusing power horizontally than vertically, and as a result can correct for
62:
3867:
Johnston, Stephanie P.; Sriram, Rama; Qvarnstrom, Yvonne; Roy, Sharon; Verani, Jennifer; Yoder, Jonathan; Lorick, Suchita; Roberts, Jacquelin; Beach, Michael J.; Visvesvara, Govinda (July 2009).
1628:
Drug administration through contact lenses is also becoming an area of research. One application is a lens that releases anesthesia to the eye for post-surgery pain relief, especially after PRK (
399:
In a slightly modified molecule, a polar group is added without changing the structure of the silicone hydrogel. This is referred to as the Tanaka monomer because it was invented and patented by
824:
3rd generation (inherently wettable): A third process uses longer backbone polymer chains that results in less cross linking and increased wetting without surface alterations or additive agents.
1521:. Other organisms are also major causative factors in bacterial keratitis associated with contact lens wear, although their prevalence varies across different locations. These include both the
1495:
All contact lenses sold in the United States are studied and approved as safe by the FDA when specific handling and care procedures, wear schedules, and replacement schedules are followed.
601:, which extend the appearance of the iris onto the sclera by having a dark tinted area all around. The result is an appearance of a bigger, wider iris, a look reminiscent of dolls' eyes.
113:
or to change the appearance or color of their eyes. Others wear contact lenses for functional or optical reasons. When compared with spectacles, contact lenses typically provide better
1587:
Besides bacterial adhesion and cleaning, micro and nano pollutants (biological and manmade) is an area of contact lens research that is growing. Small physical pollutants ranging from
3294:
Alvarez-Lorenzo, Carmen; Anguiano-Igea, Soledad; Varela-García, Angela; Vivero-Lopez, María; Concheiro, Angel (January 2019). "Bioinspired hydrogels for drug-eluting contact lenses".
3206:"International Contact Lens Prescribing in 2004: An analysis of more than 17,000 contact lens fits from 14 countries in 2004 reveals the diversity of contact lens practice worldwide."
538:, it allows some color-blind people to distinguish colors better. Red-filtering contact lenses can also be an option for extreme light sensitivity in some visual deficiencies such as
1194:
Contact lenses soaking in a hydrogen peroxide-based solution. The case is part of a "one-step" system and includes a catalytic disc at the base to neutralise the peroxide over time.
3337:
Zidan, Ghada; Rupenthal, Ilva D.; Greene, Carol; Seyfoddin, Ali (2018). "Medicated ocular bandages and corneal health: potential excipients and active pharmaceutical ingredients".
793:
Hydrogel lenses rely on their water content to transmit oxygen through the lens to the cornea. As a result, higher water content lenses allowed more oxygen to the cornea. In 1998,
59:
2866:
1827:
1478:
1375:
5000:
Sharma, S, Kunimoto, D, Rao, N, Garg, P & Rao, G: Trends in antibiotic resistance of corneal pathogens: Part II. An analysis of leading bacterial keratitis isolates, 1999.
292:
appeal through the 1960s, as lens designs became more sophisticated with improving manufacturing technology. On
October 18, 1964, in a television studio in Washington, D.C.,
5287:
Yung MS, Boost M, Cho P, Yap M (2007). "Microbial contamination of contact lenses and lens care accessories of soft contact lens wearers (university students) in Hong Kong".
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was used as a preservative. In 1989, thiomersal was responsible for about 10% of problems related to contact lenses. As a result, most products no longer contain thiomersal.
1600:-impregnated lens case has been developed which helps to eradicate any potentially contaminating microbes that come in contact with the lens case. Additionally, a number of
1541:
species, among others. Microbial keratitis is a serious focal point of current research due to its potentially devastating effect on the eye, including severe vision loss.
1457:, dry eye and potential increase in myopia. Much of the research into soft and rigid contact lens materials has centered on improving oxygen transmission through the lens.
1166:
bottom of the eyeball to get it to fold then fall out, without pinching and thereby damaging it. If these techniques are used with a rigid lens, it may scratch the cornea.
843:
up to 30 consecutive nights; these longer-wear lenses are often referred to as "continuous wear" (CW). EW and CW contact lenses can be worn overnight because of their high
3670:
604:
Cosmetic lenses can have more direct medical applications. For example, some contact lenses can restore the appearance and, to some extent the function, of a damaged or
3575:
3500:
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awake, and from the blood vessels in the back of the eyelid while asleep. The most prominent risks associated with long-term, chronic low oxygen to the cornea include
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515:
and also specializes one eye for distance and the other for near, thus gaining the benefits of both systems. Care is advised for persons with a previous history of
1441:
1, 14, or 30 days of wear for multiple months or years. While this does save on the cost of lenses, it risks permanent damage to the eye and even loss of sight.
775:. Rigid lenses are more chemically inert, allowing them to be worn in more challenging environments where chemical inertia is important compared to soft lenses.
668:. Injuries to the eye such as surgical complications, distorted corneal implants, as well as chemical and burn injuries also may be treated with scleral lenses.
3803:
use plain soap without any heavy moisturizers or perfumes. Rinse well and dry your hands. Again, this is to prevent transmitting anything unwanted to your eyes.
1804:
use plain soap without any heavy moisturizers or perfumes. Rinse well and dry your hands. Again, this is to prevent transmitting anything unwanted to your eyes.
1625:
microlenses to focus the image so that it appears suspended in front of the wearer's eyes. The lens could also serve as a head-up display for pilots or gamers.
2979:
Wood, Joanne M.; Wick, Kristan; Shuley, Vicki; Pearce, Brendon; Evans, Dean (6 May 1998). "The effect of monovision contact lens wear on driving performance".
1992:
Agarwal, R. K. (1969), Contact Lens Notes, Some factors concerning patients' motivation, The Optician, 10 January, pages 32-33 (published in London, England).
415:(Acuvue Oasys, Vistakon), use the Tanaka monomer. Vistakon improved the Tanaka monomer even further and added other molecules, which serve as an internal
3417:
2669:
247:
solution. He experimented with fitting the lenses initially on rabbits, then on himself, and lastly on a small group of volunteers, publishing his work,
5057:"Hypoxia increases corneal cell expression of CFTR leading to increased Pseudomonas aeruginosa binding, internalization, and initiation of inflammation"
4830:
confocal microscopic evaluation of langerhans cell density and distribution in the corneal epithelium of healthy volunteers and contact lens wearers".
2615:
1157:, the person stretches the eyelids towards the ear; the increased tension of the eyelid margins against the edge of lens allows the blink to break the
3175:
2296:
316:
and cornea, causing a number of adverse and potentially serious clinical effects. By the end of the 1970s and through the 1980s and 1990s, a range of
3264:
1396:
from contact lens wear affect roughly 5% of wearers yearly. Factors leading to eye damage varies, and improper use of a contact lens may affect the
2192:
370:
2640:
1267:
Used for cleaning protein deposits off lenses, usually weekly, if the daily cleaner is not sufficient. Typically, this cleaner is in tablet form.
109:
People choose to wear contact lenses for many reasons. Aesthetics and cosmetics are main motivating factors for people who want to avoid wearing
2944:
Pollard, Zane F.; Greenberg, Marc F.; Bordenca, Mark; Elliott, Joshua; Hsu, Victoria (September 2011). "Strabismus Precipitated by Monovision".
2114:
1868:
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Liu, Z.; Pflugfelder, S. (January 2000). "The effects of long-term contact lens wear on corneal thickness, curvature, and surface regularity".
4602:
3096:
Swarbrick, HA; Nguyen, P; Nguyen, T; Pham, P (2001). "The ChromaGen contact lens system: Colour vision test results and subjective responses".
1837:
1190:
1075:
3517:
Haworth, Kristina; Travis, Darian; Leslie, Louis; Fuller, Daniel; Pucker, Andrew D (19 September 2023). Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group (ed.).
1592:
pollution removal). This cleaning technique takes advantage of a soft and porous polymer to physically peel pollutants off of contact lenses.
5669:
2567:
2372:
2174:
187:
fashioned a pair of basic contact lenses based on Descartes' model. He used wax to affix water-filled lenses to his eyes, neutralizing their
5551:
4746:
Liu Z, Pflugfelder SC (January 2000). "The effects of long-term contact lens wear on corneal thickness, curvature, and surface regularity".
1697:
in 1940. In the 1950s, contact lenses were starting to be used in British color horror films. An early example of this is the British actor
810:
comparing traditional hydrogel soft lens contacts with silicone hydrogel versions, there is no clear evidence to recommend a superior lens.
713:, anterior corneal dystrophy, and neurotrophic keratoconjunctivitis. Contact lenses that deliver drugs to the eye have also been developed.
58:
3233:
1288:
regardless of cleaning solution used. In 2010, the FDA recommended that manufacturers removed the "no rub" from product labeling, "because
747:, which can cause a number of adverse, and often serious, clinical events. Starting in the late 1970s, improved rigid materials which were
589:. Like any contact lens, cosmetic lenses carry risks of mild to serious complications, including ocular redness, irritation and infection.
5577:
2396:
Pearson, Richard M.; Efron, Nathan (September 1989). "Hundredth anniversary of August Müller's inaugural dissertation on contact lenses".
1471:
The way contact lenses interact with the natural tear layer is a major factor in determining lens comfort and visual clarity. People with
593:
meaning one with zero vision correction. This is for safety reasons so the lenses will fit the eye without causing irritation or redness.
2917:
Lebow, KA; Goldberg, JB (1975). "Characteristic of binocular vision found for presbyopic patients wearing single vision contact lenses".
3410:
1842:
1223:
784:
5620:
3380:
2598:
1369:
1074:
under the supervision of an eye doctor. They are typically ordered at the same office that conducts the eye exam and fitting. But the
3768:
Agarwal, R.K. (1970), Some reasons for not fitting contact lenses, The Optician, 4 December, page 623 (published in London, England).
3644:
1553:
binding to the corneal epithelium, internalization of the microbes, and induction of the inflammatory response. One way to alleviate
5727:
5654:
4351:
3712:
1285:
465:
A spherical contact lens bends light evenly in every direction (horizontally, vertically, etc.). They are typically used to correct
176:. However, the idea was impracticable, since the device was to be placed in direct contact with the cornea and thus would have made
3446:
2819:
2741:
905:
Typically, soft contact lenses are mass-produced, while rigids are custom-made to exact specifications for the individual patient.
818:
1st generation (plasma coating): A surface modification process called plasma coating alters the lens surface's hydrophobic nature;
1131:
When the lens first contacts the eye, it should be comfortable. A brief period of irritation may occur, caused by a difference in
6052:
4105:"Viability of Acanthamoeba after exposure to a multipurpose disinfecting contact lens solution and two hydrogen peroxide systems"
1683:
1475:
are particularly vulnerable to discomfort and episodes of brief blurry vision. Proper lens selection can minimize these effects.
1169:
There are also small tools specifically for removing lenses. Usually made of flexible plastic, they resemble small tweezers, or
1078:
guarantees consumers a copy of their contact lens prescription, allowing them to obtain lenses at the provider of their choice.
806:
approved for overnight wear (extended wear). Lenses approved for daily wear are also available in silicone hydrogel materials.
3447:"Qmed is the world's only directory of pre-qualified suppliers to the medical device and in vitro diagnostics industry. - Qmed"
2096:
1337:
Aside from cleaning the contact lenses, contact lens case should also be kept clean and be replaced at minimum every 3 months.
821:
2nd generation (wetting agents): Another technique incorporates internal rewetting agents to make the lens surface hydrophilic;
5215:
Burgener, Katherine; Bhamla, M. Saad (June 2021). "A polymer-based technique to remove pollutants from soft contact lenses".
3567:
2280:
2251:
1817:
665:
3497:
1568:
adhere much more strongly to unworn silicone hydrogel contact lenses than conventional hydrogel lenses and that adhesion of
1030:
may be similar but are not interchangeable. Prescribing of contact lenses is usually restricted to various combinations of
377:, which started to manufacture them in the United States. The Czech scientists' work led to the launch of the first soft (
4987:
Robertson, DM, Petroll, WM, Jester, JV & Cavanagh, HD: Current concepts: contact lens related Pseudomonas keratitis.
735:
Glass lenses were never comfortable enough to gain widespread popularity. The first lenses to do so were those made from
649:
632:
to improve vision and reduce pain and light sensitivity for people with disorders or injuries to the eye, such as severe
5700:
5340:
Midelfart J.; Midelfart A.; Bevanger L. (1996). "Microbial contamination of contact lens cases among medical students".
2002:
Sokol, JL; Mier, MG; Bloom, S; Asbell, PA (1990). "A study of patient compliance in a contact lens-wearing population".
382:
4466:"The relationship between environmental sources and the susceptibility of Acanthamoeba keratitis in the United Kingdom"
4159:"One- and two-step hydrogen peroxide contact lens disinfection solutions against Acanthamoeba: How effective are they?"
6037:
2074:
Heitz, RF and Enoch, J. M. (1987) "Leonardo da Vinci: An assessment on his discourses on image formation in the eye."
1725:
1629:
1608:
molecules have been shown to reduce bacterial colonization without adversely affecting the cornea of a rabbit eye and
304:) phased out its original flagship product in 1994 after contact lenses became more affordable and easier to replace.
138:
4939:"Recent advancements in nanomaterial-laden contact lenses for diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma, review and update"
739:(PMMA or Perspex/Plexiglas), now commonly referred to as "hard" lenses. Their main disadvantage is they do not allow
256:
3756:
919:. The lens starts out as a cylindrical disk held in the jaws of the lathe that is equipped with an industrial-grade
6042:
1604:
agents are being developed that have been embedded into contact lenses themselves. Lenses with covalently attached
1564:
1472:
1446:
856:
682:
200:
4003:
Fears, Alyssa C.; Metzinger, Rebecca C.; Killeen, Stephanie Z.; Reimers, Robert S.; Roy, Chad J. (December 2018).
3519:"Silicone hydrogel versus hydrogel soft contact lenses for differences in patient-reported eye comfort and safety"
855:
Wearing lenses designed for daily wear overnight has an increased risk for corneal infections, corneal ulcers and
429:(Avaira, CooperVision) is another third-generation material that is naturally wettable; its water content is 46%.
97:. Contact lenses are ocular prosthetic devices used by over 150 million people worldwide, and they can be worn to
2443:"Contact Lens for Eyes Now Common; It is Used as Substitute for Spectacles." Nashua (IA) Reporter, 28 April 1937.
1731:
1107:
brands of lenses have markings on the rim that make it easier to tell the front of the lens apart from the back.
690:
4056:"Comparison of Hydrogen Peroxide Contact Lens Disinfection Systems and Solutions against Acanthamoeba polyphaga"
6006:
2029:
184:
4005:"Comparative in vitro effectiveness of a novel contact lens multipurpose solution on Acanthamoeba castellanii"
3744:
970:
653:
4293:
Zhu, Hua; Bandara, Mahesh B.; Vijay, Ajay K.; Masoudi, Simin; Wu, Duojia; Willcox, Mark D. P. (August 2011).
2479:
Contact Lens History: How Contact Lenses Have Developed Through the Years. EyeHealth Central. Retrieved from
324:
played a prominent role in the development of these new oxygen-permeable contact lenses. Collectively, these
6032:
6011:
4789:
4748:
3221:
Vanderbilt University Medical Center – Vanderbilt Eye Doctors Warn of the Dangers of Cosmetic Contact Lenses
3183:
1917:
NM Farandos; AK Yetisen; MJ Monteiro; CR Lowe; SH Yun (2014). "Contact Lens Sensors in Ocular Diagnostics".
1393:
736:
271:
232:
216:
4199:
2841:
2300:
1741:. Colored custom-made contact lenses are now standard makeup for a number of special effects-based movies.
1206:
There are many ways to clean and care for contact lenses, typically called care systems or lens solutions:
5933:
2811:
1729:. Contact lenses were also used to better emphasize the sinister gaze of the demonic characters in 1968's
1517:
1431:
909:
Spin-cast lenses – A soft lens manufactured by whirling liquid silicone in a revolving mold at high speed.
661:
5037:
Burd EM, Ogawa GSH, Hyndiuk RA. Bacterial keratitis and conjunctivitis. In: Smolin G, Thoft RA, editors.
3777:
3272:
381:) contact lenses in some countries in the 1960s and the first approval of the Soflens material by the US
5989:
5720:
1832:
1621:
1345:
293:
5555:
2189:
1688:
1356:, but are better suited for individuals with an allergy or sensitivity to a preservative. In the past,
578:
A cosmetic contact lens is designed to change the appearance of the eye. These lenses may also correct
3138:
Harris D "Colouring Sight: A study of CL fittings with colour enhancing lenses" 'Optician' 8 June 1997
2323:
274:(PMMA) in the 1930s paved the way for the manufacture of plastic scleral lenses. In 1936, optometrist
5923:
4891:
4477:
3619:
2707:
1636:
1504:
946:
936:
623:
Scleral lens, with visible outer edge resting on the sclera of a patient with severe dry eye syndrome
228:
5103:
Sweeney DF, Keay L, Jalbert I. Clinical performance of silicone hydrogel lenses. In Sweeney DF, ed.
4606:
4346:
4237:
3790:
1791:
1046:
is needed to determine an individual's suitability for contact lens wear. This typically includes a
400:
5958:
5943:
5885:
5795:
3833:
The pH of contact lens solutions has been implicated in the comfort of contact lenses on insertion.
2272:
1822:
1769:
The pH of contact lens solutions has been implicated in the comfort of contact lenses on insertion.
1737:
1707:
1656:
1617:
844:
798:
752:
748:
678:
598:
393:
338:
317:
163:
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5143:
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2723:
2645:
2532:
2145:
1942:
1899:
1716:
1486:
1482:
768:
312:
One of the major disadvantages of PMMA lenses is that they allow no oxygen to get through to the
204:, posed two ideas for the visual correction: the first "a spherical capsule of glass filled with
38:
5416:
Amos CF, George MD (2006). "Clinical and laboratory testing of a silver-impregnated lens case".
4687:"Emergency Care of Corneal Abrasion: Overview, Clinical Evaluation, ED Treatment Considerations"
4200:"Clinical efficacy of standing wave and ultrasound for cleaning and disinfecting contact lenses"
3241:
1460:
Silicone-Hydrogel lenses available today have effectively eliminated hypoxia for most patients.
534:, a red-tinted "X-Chrom" contact lens may be used. Although such a lens does not restore normal
3952:
Aguiar, Ana; Oliveira Silveira, Caroline; Todero Winck, Mari; Rott, Marilise (1 January 2013).
172:
proposed a device for correcting vision consisting of a liquid-filled glass tube capped with a
5918:
5687:
5665:
5664:, vols. 11/3a, 11/3b, and 11/3c. Ostend, Belgium: Wayenborgh Publishing; Paraguay: Piribebuy.
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2170:
2137:
2011:
1934:
1891:
1760:
1554:
1154:
1001:
932:
Many companies make contact lenses. In the United States, there are five major manufacturers:
794:
710:
619:
392:
in Mexico. These new materials encapsulated the benefits of silicone which has extremely high
280:
275:
169:
150:
143:
114:
46:
5660:
Heitz, Robert (2003, 2005 and 2014). "The History of Contact Lenses". In: Julius Hirschberg,
5268:
Agarwal R.K. (1971). "A legally problematical but clinically interesting contact lens case".
4402:"FDA Letter to Firms with Marketing Clearance for No-rub Multipurpose Contact Lens Solutions"
2367:(Fifth ed.). New Delhi ; Philadelphia: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.
974:
889:
manufacturers use absolutely identical lenses and just repackage them with different labels.
239:
scleral contact lens. Approximately 18–21 mm (0.71–0.83 in) in diameter, the heavy
5900:
5842:
5837:
5800:
5765:
5713:
5512:
5504:
5460:
5425:
5388:
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5179:
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5127:
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4576:
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4495:
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4124:
4116:
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4067:
4026:
4016:
3975:
3965:
3926:
3888:
3880:
3700:
3671:"Contact Lenses – Types of Contact Lenses. Disposable (Replacement Schedule) Contact Lenses"
3538:
3530:
3388:
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3058:
2988:
2953:
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2555:
2462:
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1926:
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1464:
1158:
964:
686:
633:
579:
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Alternatively, a person may simply wear reading glasses over their distance contact lenses.
504:
499:
Multifocal contact lenses (e.g. bifocals or progressives) are comparable to spectacles with
455:
374:
358:
346:
283:
produced his own version of plastic lenses based on experiments performed during the 1930s.
188:
31:
2891:
2209:
901:
Molecular structure of silicone hydrogel used in flexible, oxygen-permeable contact lenses.
373:(NPDC) bought the American rights to produce the lenses and then sublicensed the rights to
5963:
5953:
5857:
5852:
5827:
5790:
5775:
5770:
4256:
3504:
2196:
1698:
1670:
1651:
1609:
1503:
Contact lens sensors to monitor the ocular temperature have been demonstrated. Monitoring
1313:
1220:. There is preliminary research on creating a new multipurpose solution that kills amoeba.
1063:
1043:
1031:
912:
706:
645:
531:
451:
243:
shells rested on the less sensitive rim of tissue surrounding the cornea and floated on a
224:
106:
of contact lens wearers globally was 31 years old, and two-thirds of wearers were female.
98:
4686:
1284:
the most effective method for multipurpose solutions, and is the method indicated by the
4965:
4938:
4895:
4481:
3543:
3518:
3450:
2745:
2711:
2547:
2480:
1976:
1963:
1296:
regimens help prevent microbial adhesion to the contact lens, help prevent formation of
771:. In most cases, patients with keratoconus see better through rigid lenses than through
267:
with a more convenient blown-glass scleral contact lens of his own manufacture in 1888.
5895:
5464:
5081:
5056:
4914:
4628:
4500:
4465:
4275:
4129:
4104:
4103:
Hiti, K; Walochnik, J; Haller-Schober, EM; Faschinger, C; Aspöck, H (1 February 2002).
4031:
4004:
3893:
3868:
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1674:
1523:
1349:
637:
608:
508:
354:
342:
321:
5393:
5368:
4761:
4724:
4157:
Hiti, K; Walochnik, J; Faschinger, C; Haller-Schober, E-M; Aspöck, H (December 2005).
3062:
2466:
255:. Large and unwieldy, Fick's lens could be worn only for a couple of hours at a time.
6026:
5810:
5755:
5300:
5254:
4671:
4580:
4464:
Carnt, Nicole A.; Subedi, Dinesh; Connor, Sophie; Kilvington, Simon (11 March 2020).
4215:
4080:
4055:
3869:"Resistance of Acanthamoeba Cysts to Disinfection in Multiple Contact Lens Solutions"
3109:
2409:
2149:
1903:
1847:
1601:
1588:
1537:
1454:
1413:
1013:
960:
848:
702:
557:
539:
470:
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236:
195:
90:
5480:
5201:
5147:
4937:
Baghban, R; Talebnejad, MR; Meshksar, A; Heydari, M; Khalili, MR (2 November 2023).
4861:
4328:
4071:
3366:
3323:
3125:
3083:
3008:
2339:
1946:
660:, neurotrophic keratitis (anesthetic corneas), complications post-LASIK, high order
5948:
5890:
5847:
5640:
5534:
5326:
3598:
3534:
2727:
2054:
1693:
1426:
1341:
1216:
950:
628:
535:
412:
404:
240:
3930:
3472:
3350:
3022:
Hartenbaum, NP; Stack, CM (1997). "Color vision deficiency and the X-Chrom lens".
1115:
219:
was the first to successfully fit contact lenses, which were made from blown glass
5645:
5508:
5369:"Acanthamoeba, bacterial, and fungal contamination of contact lens storage cases"
5175:
4845:
4655:
4642:
Sweeney, Deborah F. (2013). "Have Silicone Hydrogel Lenses Eliminated Hypoxia?".
4490:
4311:
4294:
3307:
2559:
797:, or Si-hy lenses became available. These materials have both the extremely high
5862:
4198:
Efron, Nathan; Lowe, Russell; Vallas, Vicky; Grusiner, Eugene (1 January 1991).
3845:
1775:
1720:
1401:
1095:
1087:
1067:
1051:
1035:
764:
641:
481:
476:
There are two ways that contact lenses can correct astigmatism. One way is with
422:
389:
313:
211:
122:
118:
5429:
5238:
4955:
4803:
4784:
2243:
897:
585:
In the United States, the FDA labels non-corrective cosmetic contact lenses as
458:. This is done by directly focusing light so it enters the eye with the proper
403:
of Menicon Co. of Japan in 1979. Second-generation silicone hydrogels, such as
153:
is frequently credited with introducing the idea of contact lenses in his 1508
70:
5872:
5785:
5131:
4021:
3970:
3953:
2957:
2492:
1678:
1449:, increased epithelial permeability, bacterial adherence, microcysts, corneal
1357:
1353:
1047:
772:
516:
493:
477:
426:
75:
4525:"Thiomersal keratoconjunctivitis, frequency, clinical spectrum and diagnosis"
4223:
3757:"The Strength of Competition in the Sale of Rx Contact Lenses: An FTC Study".
2382:
2347:
5979:
5822:
5805:
4785:"Confocal microscopy of the corneas of long-term rigid contact lens wearers"
4442:
1647:
1635:
Another study of the usage of contact lens is aimed to address the issue of
1512:
986:
885:
durable and were commonly worn for 5 to 10 years but had several drawbacks.
877:
869:
694:
301:
102:
94:
5526:
5472:
5437:
5318:
5246:
5193:
5139:
5090:
5024:
4974:
4923:
4853:
4812:
4769:
4732:
4663:
4588:
4509:
4450:
4374:"Contact Lens Care Products Labeling - Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff"
4320:
4184:
4175:
4158:
4138:
4089:
4040:
3989:
3938:
3902:
3815:
Demas GN (1989). "pH consistency and stability of contact lens solutions".
3552:
3358:
3315:
3117:
3000:
2965:
2362:
2141:
2133:
1938:
1930:
1895:
1887:
1751:
Demas GN (1989). "pH consistency and stability of contact lens solutions".
1253:(non neutralized solution) is sufficient to kill bacteria, HIV, fungi, and
569:
454:
contact lenses are designed to improve vision, most commonly by correcting
125:
that are typically corrected better with contact lenses than with glasses.
5402:
5353:
4567:
Stamler, John F. (August 1998). "The complications of contact lens wear".
4550:
4295:"Importance of Rub and Rinse in Use of Multipurpose Contact Lens Solution"
3828:
3070:
3035:
2417:
2015:
1764:
1300:, and generally reduce the microbial load on the lens and the lens case."
17:
6001:
5760:
5384:
5072:
4120:
3884:
2930:
1605:
1417:
1136:
1099:
1071:
1039:
1007:
873:
802:
657:
605:
550:
500:
378:
330:
325:
244:
177:
4541:
4524:
3980:
3954:"Susceptibility of Acanthamoeba to multipurpose lens-cleaning solutions"
1620:. These are visual displays that include built-in electric circuits and
50:
A pair of contact lenses, positioned with the concave side facing upward
5938:
5928:
5910:
5817:
5746:
5737:
5309:
4904:
3704:
1702:
1558:
other conventional hydrogel soft contact lenses. One study showed that
1297:
1182:
1170:
1027:
1017:
920:
721:
459:
205:
110:
1392:
Contact lenses are generally safe as long as they are used correctly.
1380:
1334:
Some products must be used only with certain types of contact lenses.
5582:
5517:
5184:
4832:
2719:
1712:
1597:
1507:
with contact lens sensors is another area of contact lens research.
1405:
1397:
1125:
994:
The parameters specified in a contact lens prescription may include:
940:
759:
744:
740:
466:
408:
388:
In 1998, the first silicone hydrogel contact lenses were released by
353:
The principal breakthrough in soft lenses was made by Czech chemists
320:
but rigid materials were developed to overcome this problem. Chemist
264:
158:
3597:
White, Neal; Jennings, Christopher; Pelka, Kevin (16 January 2015).
2093:
The Contact Lens Industry: Structure, Competition, and Public Policy
1660:(1958) in one of the first uses of contact lens with makeup in films
751:
were developed. Contact lenses made from these materials are called
5705:
5229:
2591:
Spectacles and Other Vision Aids: A History and Guide to Collecting
5105:
Silicone Hydrogels: The Rebirth of Continuous Wear Contact Lenses.
3381:"Eye Health Guide – Eye Diseases, Eye Problems and Eye Conditions"
2698:
Wichterle O, Lim D (1960). "Hydrophilic gels for biological use".
2113:
Moreddu, Rosalia; Vigolo, Daniele; Yetisen, Ali K. (August 2019).
1450:
1421:
1379:
1189:
1181:
985:
955:
916:
896:
720:
698:
618:
568:
337:
69:
53:
45:
3176:"Telescopic contact lens magnifies vision by 2.8 times on demand"
2867:"Advantages and Disadvantages of Various Types of Contact Lenses"
1544:
One specific research topic of interest is how microbes such as
1091:
1086:
Before touching the contact lens or the eye, it is important to
260:
173:
78:
contact lenses with blue handling tint in blister-pack packaging
5709:
2453:
Gyorgy, Salacz (January 2001). "Dr István Györffy, 1912–1999".
37:"Monovision" redirects here. For the Ray LaMontagne album, see
5552:"Contacts Release Anesthesia to Eyes of Post-Surgery Patients"
4877:"Contact lenses for continuous corneal temperature monitoring"
4406:
4378:
4629:"What's the Best Prescription for Healthy Contact Lens Wear?"
3223:. Mc.vanderbilt.edu (19 April 2010). Retrieved on 2013-07-21.
1687:
to create the effect of a character who had a blind eye. Dr.
1677:'s device for enhancing the eyes was by the innovative actor
868:
comfort. Lenses replaced frequently gather fewer deposits of
30:"Contacts" redirects here. For the software application, see
4875:
Moreddu R, Elsherif M, Butt H, Vigolo D, Yetisen AK (2019).
2115:"Contact Lens Technology: From Fundamentals to Applications"
1869:"Contact Lens Technology: From fundamentals to Applications"
4429:
Razmaria, Aria A. (2015). "Proper Care of Contact Lenses".
1132:
5045:. 3rd ed. Boston: Little, Brown, & Co, 1994. p 115–67.
876:, making these lenses preferable for patients with ocular
146:
method for neutralizing the refractive power of the cornea
5367:
Gray T.B.; Cursons R.T.; Sherwan J.F.; Rose P.R. (1995).
4826:
Zhivov A, Stave J, Vollmar B, Guthoff R (January 2007). "
2670:"Norman Gaylord, 84; helped develop type of contact lens"
1388:) is a group of inflammatory complications from lens wear
2767:
Agarwal Rishi K (1972). "Some Thoughts on Soft Lenses".
1054:
is especially important in the fitting of rigid lenses.
5606:
Silent Films, 1877–1996: A Critical Guide to 646 Movies
4644:
Eye & Contact Lens: Science & Clinical Practice
3734:. Gainesville, Florida: Triad Publishing Company, 1990.
2434:, 4th Edition. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL, 1988
1711:, which helped to emphasize his horrific looking black
1463:
Mishandling of contact lenses can also cause problems.
758:
A rigid lens is able to cover the natural shape of the
3049:
Siegel, IM (1981). "The X-Chrom lens. On seeing red".
2788:
American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics
2091:
Leonard G. Schifrin; William J. Rich (December 1984).
2481:
https://www.contactlenses.co.uk/education/history.htm
157:, wherein he described a method of directly altering
1828:
Effects of long-term contact lens wear on the cornea
1515:
and that the most predominant microbial pathogen is
1376:
Effects of long-term contact lens wear on the cornea
1319:
individuals with sensitive eyes or strong allergies.
5972:
5909:
5871:
5744:
5621:"On Film, Them There Eyes Are Often Contact Lenses"
2210:"History of Contact Lenses and Improved Technology"
2892:"A Complete Guide to Gas Permeable Contact Lenses"
2812:"Looking at Silicone Hydrogels Across Generations"
2163:Rajesh Sinha; Vijay Kumar Dada (31 January 2017).
1352:. Preservative-free products usually have shorter
928:molding process and is never dried and rehydrated.
191:, which he corrected with another pair of lenses.
3645:"The Only Difference Is When You Throw Them Away"
3084:http://www.achromatopsia.info/red-contact-lenses/
549:Later work that used these ChromaGen lenses with
4009:Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection
3411:"45 COVERAGE ISSUES – SUPPLIES – DRUGS 11–91 45"
1977:"International Contact Lens Prescribing in 2010"
1584:colonization than conventional hydrogel lenses.
5688:"Glass Disks Under Eyelids Replace Spectacles"
5578:"First Ever Switchable Telescopic Contact Lens"
4054:Hughes, Reanne; Kilvington, Simon (July 2001).
3697:Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
1404:, and, most of all, the whole structure of the
349:introduced modern soft hydrogel lenses in 1959.
4523:Wilson-Holt, N; Dart, J K G (September 1989).
2919:Journal of the American Optometric Association
2552:Design of Artificial Human Joints & Organs
5721:
2554:, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 219–249,
1270:Ultraviolet, vibration, or ultrasonic devices
8:
5043:Scientific Foundations and Clinical Practice
2324:"The invention of the contact lenses (1888)"
1673:to introduce the use of contact lenses as a
664:, complications post-corneal transplant and
308:Gas permeable and soft lenses (1959-current)
235:who in 1888 fabricated the first successful
4152:
4150:
4148:
3568:"The Evolution of Silicone Hydrogel Lenses"
3498:"new silicone hydrogel lens for daily wear"
2267:Hellemans, Alexander; Bunch, Bryan (1988).
2086:
2084:
834:rigid lens and the comfort of a soft lens.
198:, in a footnote to the 1845 edition of the
5728:
5714:
5706:
4562:
4560:
3418:Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
1691:applied them to Orson Welles for the film
814:are often broken down into 3 generations:
5516:
5392:
5308:
5228:
5183:
5080:
5055:Zaidi T, Mowrey-McKee M, Pier GB (2004).
4964:
4954:
4913:
4903:
4802:
4540:
4499:
4489:
4340:
4338:
4310:
4174:
4128:
4079:
4030:
4020:
3979:
3969:
3892:
3726:
3724:
3542:
3339:Pharmaceutical Development and Technology
2361:Sinha, Rajesh; Dada, Vijay Kumar (2017).
1958:
1956:
915:– This type is cut and polished on a CNC
5107:Woburn, Ma: Butterworth Heinemann; 2000.
3778:"Fairness to Contact Lens Consumers Act"
3695:John Wiley & Sons, Inc, ed. (2000).
3265:"Taking a second look at scleral lenses"
3234:"How Do You Find the Right Circle Lens?"
2548:"The Eye and Its Artificial Replacement"
2199:eyeTopics.com. Accessed 18 October 2006.
1867:R Moreddu; D Vigolo; AK Yetisen (2019).
1705:character in the 1958 color horror film
1646:
1616:One area of research is in the field of
1114:
210:
137:
4783:Hollingsworth JG, Efron N (June 2004).
3523:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3158:"Cision - FDA Cleared ChromaGen Lenses"
2805:
2803:
2801:
2742:"CONTACT LENS HISTORY – Otto Wichterle"
2070:
2068:
1859:
371:National Patent Development Corporation
231:in 1887, it was German ophthalmologist
134:Origins and first functional prototypes
66:Putting contacts in and taking them out
5546:
5544:
4238:"How Optical Ultrasonic Cleaners Work"
2810:Szczotka-Flynn, Loretta (1 May 2008).
2236:Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia
1838:Fungal contamination of contact lenses
1076:Fairness to Contact Lens Consumers Act
93:placed directly on the surface of the
5683:Contact lens and anterior eye journal
4060:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
3745:"Manufacture of soft contact lenses".
3578:from the original on 30 December 2016
3098:Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics
2108:
2106:
1340:Contact lens solutions often contain
1026:Prescriptions for contact lenses and
363:"Hydrophilic gels for biological use"
287:Corneal and rigid lenses (1949–1960s)
7:
4347:"How to Take Care of Contact Lenses"
3743:Manufacture of soft contact lenses.
2668:Pearce, Jeremy (23 September 2007).
2530:"New Contact Lens Fits Pupil Only",
2076:Advances in Diagnostic Visual Optics
1964:"ANNUAL REPORT: Contact Lenses 2010"
1232:An exposure time of 2-3 hours to 3%
263:, Germany, corrected his own severe
5619:Yazigi, Monique P. (17 July 1994).
5289:Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics
4603:"Do Contact Lenses Damage The Eye?"
2981:Clinical and Experimental Optometry
2614:Smith, William D. (18 April 1971).
1843:List of soft contact lens materials
1572:was 20 times stronger than that of
1224:Hydrogen peroxide contact solutions
785:List of soft contact lens materials
5465:10.1097/01.ico.0000224636.57062.90
3791:"How to Put Contacts in Your Eyes"
2993:10.1111/j.1444-0938.1998.tb06727.x
2593:. Norman Publishing. p. 379.
1792:"How to Put Contacts in Your Eyes"
1412:can lead to infections by various
1370:List of contact lens complications
1261:due to insufficient exposure time.
1200:
1141:
27:Lenses placed on the eye's surface
25:
4276:"Soft Contact Lens Care Products"
4204:International Contact Lens Clinic
3624:American Academy of Ophthalmology
3164:from the original on 3 July 2013.
2946:American Journal of Ophthalmology
2822:from the original on 19 July 2011
1286:American Academy of Ophthalmology
1094:and rinse well. Soaps containing
1062:Contact lenses are prescribed by
5301:10.1111/j.1475-1313.2006.00427.x
5120:Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol
4581:10.1097/00055735-199808000-00012
4569:Current Opinion in Ophthalmology
4257:"Caring for Soft Contact Lenses"
4109:British Journal of Ophthalmology
3873:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
3110:10.1046/j.1475-1313.2001.00583.x
3086:Red contact lenses for achromats
3024:Occupational Health & Safety
2508:, 2 September 1949, pp. 141–144.
2190:"The History of Contact Lenses."
2055:"Contact Lenses for Keratoconus"
2030:"Compare Contacts & Glasses"
1576:. This might partly explain why
1485:density and increased number of
881:leading to improved compliance.
526:Other types of vision correction
5697:Focusing on Contact Lens Safety
4685:Khan, Feras H (13 April 2023).
4345:Boyd, Kierstan (4 March 2021).
4072:10.1128/AAC.45.7.2038-2043.2001
3496:FDA Premarket Notification for
2340:10.1111/j.1755-3768.2014.3773.x
2169:. JP Medical Ltd. pp. 2–.
2097:Office of Technology Assessment
2059:National Keratoconus Foundation
1386:contact lens associated red eye
251:, in the March 1888 edition of
5692:, July 1930, left-bottom pg 31
3535:10.1002/14651858.CD014791.pub2
3263:Caceres, Vanessa (June 2009).
2589:Rosenthal, J. William (1996).
2297:"Adolf Eugen Fick (1852–1937)"
1818:Augmented reality contact lens
990:Diameter and base curve radius
636:(keratoconjunctivitis sicca),
447:Correction of refractive error
1:
5217:Contact Lens and Anterior Eye
4762:10.1016/S0161-6420(99)00027-5
4725:10.1016/S0161-6420(99)00027-5
3931:10.1016/j.exppara.2014.06.014
3732:Dictionary of Eye Terminology
3351:10.1080/10837450.2017.1377232
3063:10.1016/S0039-6257(81)80001-X
2674:(New York Times News Service)
2467:10.1016/S1367-0484(01)80040-0
2455:Contact Lens and Anterior Eye
2122:Advanced Healthcare Materials
1919:Advanced Healthcare Materials
1876:Advanced Healthcare Materials
5701:Food and Drug Administration
5649:. Elsevier Health Sciences.
5509:10.1097/opx.0b013e318058a0cc
5176:10.1097/OPX.0b013e31817c92f3
5164:Optometry and Vision Science
4943:Journal of Nanobiotechnology
4846:10.1097/ICO.0b013e31802e3b55
4656:10.1097/ICL.0b013e31827c7899
4491:10.1371/journal.pone.0229681
4312:10.1097/OPX.0b013e31821bf976
4299:Optometry and Vision Science
4216:10.1016/0892-8967(91)90040-7
3308:10.1016/j.actbio.2018.11.020
2816:www.optometricmanagement.com
2560:10.1007/978-1-4614-6255-2_14
2410:10.1016/0039-6257(89)90041-6
383:Food and Drug Administration
5604:Klepper, Robert K. (2005).
3730:Cassin, B. and Solomon, S.
3566:Chou, Brian (1 June 2008).
2521:, 9 September 1949, p. 185.
2322:Heitz, R (September 2014).
1723:wore them in the 1968 film
1630:photorefractive keratectomy
1186:Lens case to store contacts
507:because they have multiple
361:, who published their work
6069:
5430:10.1016/j.clae.2006.09.007
5239:10.1016/j.clae.2020.05.004
4956:10.1186/s12951-023-02166-w
4804:10.1016/j.clae.2004.02.002
3755:Federal Trade Commission.
2536:, 11 February 1952, p. 27.
2517:"Corneal Contact Lenses",
2364:Textbook of contact lenses
2244:10.1002/0471743984.vse2040
2166:Textbook of Contact Lenses
1975:Morgan, Philip B., et al.
1669:One of the earliest known
1654:as the title character in
1582:Staphylococcus epidermidis
1574:Staphylococcus epidermidis
1565:Staphylococcus epidermidis
1447:corneal neovascularization
1373:
1367:
857:corneal neovascularization
782:
615:Therapeutic scleral lenses
201:Encyclopedia Metropolitana
155:Codex of the eye, Manual D
36:
29:
5690:Popular Mechanics Monthly
5608:. McFarland. p. 373.
5132:10.1007/s00417-007-0703-5
5061:Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci
4605:. Lensite. Archived from
4022:10.1186/s12348-018-0161-8
3971:10.2478/s11686-013-0143-9
3919:Experimental Parasitology
2958:10.1016/j.ajo.2011.02.008
2495:, filed 28 February 1948.
2269:The Timetables of Science
1962:Nichols, Jason J., et al
1409:
587:decorative contact lenses
253:Archiv für Augenheilkunde
5662:History of Ophthalmology
5013:Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol
4631:. Contact Lens Spectrum.
1304:Physical rubbing devices
1119:Inserting a contact lens
1070:, or specially licensed
971:X-Cel Specialty Contacts
677:of conditions including
650:Stevens–Johnson syndrome
488:Correction of presbyopia
6053:19th-century inventions
4443:10.1001/jama.2015.12468
3051:Survey of Ophthalmology
2398:Survey of Ophthalmology
2195:11 October 2008 at the
2078:19—26, Springer-Verlag.
743:to pass through to the
737:polymethyl methacrylate
672:Therapeutic soft lenses
565:Cosmetic contact lenses
530:For those with certain
411:Advance, Vistakon) and
272:polymethyl methacrylate
233:Adolf Gaston Eugen Fick
217:Adolf Gaston Eugen Fick
142:Artist's impression of
5418:Cont Lens Anterior Eye
4989:Cont Lens Anterior Eye
4790:Cont Lens Anterior Eye
4176:10.1038/sj.eye.6701752
3503:3 October 2008 at the
3473:"Rigid contact lenses"
3209:Contact Lens Spectrum.
2134:10.1002/adhm.201900368
1931:10.1002/adhm.201400504
1888:10.1002/adhm.201900368
1661:
1570:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
1560:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
1546:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
1518:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
1389:
1210:Multipurpose solutions
1195:
1187:
1120:
991:
902:
727:
662:aberrations of the eye
624:
575:
350:
220:
147:
79:
67:
51:
5646:Contact Lens Practice
4280:Contact Lens Spectrum
3599:"Hybrid contact lens"
2546:Pal, Subrata (2014),
2432:Contact Lens Practice
2214:Master Eye Associates
1981:Contact Lens Spectrum
1833:Eyeglass prescription
1650:
1622:light-emitting diodes
1383:
1374:Further information:
1346:benzalkonium chloride
1193:
1185:
1118:
1022:Center thickness (CT)
998:Material / Brand name
989:
937:Johnson & Johnson
900:
724:
666:pellucid degeneration
622:
572:
341:
294:Lyndon Baines Johnson
214:
141:
73:
65:
49:
5385:10.1136/bjo.79.6.601
5073:10.1167/iovs.04-0627
4121:10.1136/bjo.86.2.144
3885:10.1128/JCM.00575-09
3620:"Contact Lens Types"
2504:"The Corneal Lens",
2328:Acta Ophthalmologica
2273:Simon & Schuster
1726:The Boston Strangler
1684:The Road to Mandalay
1637:macular degeneration
1505:intraocular pressure
1279:Rub and rinse method
1214:ineffective against
947:The Cooper Companies
863:Replacement schedule
551:people with dyslexia
229:scleral contact lens
4991:, 30: 94–107, 2007.
4896:2019RSCAd...911433M
4890:(20): 11433–11442.
4542:10.1038/eye.1989.91
4482:2020PLoSO..1529681C
3958:Acta Parasitologica
3275:on 28 February 2019
3244:on 13 December 2013
2712:1960Natur.185..117W
2430:Robert B. Mandell.
2061:. 21 February 2018.
2034:ACUVUE® Middle East
1823:Bionic contact lens
845:oxygen permeability
799:oxygen permeability
753:rigid gas permeable
679:bullous keratopathy
599:circle contact lens
394:oxygen permeability
331:rigid gas permeable
328:are referred to as
270:The development of
6038:1965 introductions
4905:10.1039/C9RA00601J
4691:Medscape Reference
3780:. 15 October 2003.
3705:10.1002/0471238961
3572:www.clspectrum.com
3453:on 5 December 2008
3296:Acta Biomaterialia
2786:"Editorial note".
2748:on 29 January 2015
2646:The New York Times
2620:The New York Times
2616:"Soft-Lens Clamor"
2533:The New York Times
2234:"Contact Lenses".
1662:
1643:In popular culture
1483:corneal keratocyte
1390:
1196:
1188:
1121:
992:
903:
755:lenses or 'RGPs'.
728:
654:Sjögren's syndrome
625:
576:
532:color deficiencies
505:progressive lenses
462:for clear vision.
369:in 1959. In 1965,
351:
221:
148:
80:
68:
52:
39:Monovision (album)
6043:Corrective lenses
6020:
6019:
5670:978-90-6299-463-2
4609:on 2 October 2018
4169:(12): 1301–1305.
3160:(Press release).
2952:(3): 479–482.e1.
2898:. 26 January 2013
2706:(4706): 117–118.
2649:. 6 December 1964
2641:"nytimes archive"
2569:978-1-4614-6254-5
2374:978-93-86150-44-8
2176:978-93-86150-44-8
1689:Rueben Greenspoon
1681:in the 1926 film
1465:Corneal abrasions
1264:Enzymatic cleaner
1002:Base curve radius
965:Bausch & Lomb
795:silicone hydrogel
767:or post surgical
687:corneal abrasions
375:Bausch & Lomb
276:William Feinbloom
151:Leonardo da Vinci
115:peripheral vision
63:
16:(Redirected from
6060:
5730:
5723:
5716:
5707:
5629:
5628:
5616:
5610:
5609:
5601:
5595:
5594:
5592:
5590:
5574:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5563:
5558:on 21 April 2013
5554:. Archived from
5548:
5539:
5538:
5520:
5491:
5485:
5484:
5448:
5442:
5441:
5413:
5407:
5406:
5396:
5364:
5358:
5357:
5337:
5331:
5330:
5312:
5284:
5278:
5277:
5270:The Contact Lens
5265:
5259:
5258:
5232:
5212:
5206:
5205:
5187:
5158:
5152:
5151:
5114:
5108:
5101:
5095:
5094:
5084:
5052:
5046:
5035:
5029:
5028:
5007:
5001:
4998:
4992:
4985:
4979:
4978:
4968:
4958:
4934:
4928:
4927:
4917:
4907:
4881:
4872:
4866:
4865:
4823:
4817:
4816:
4806:
4780:
4774:
4773:
4743:
4737:
4736:
4708:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4682:
4676:
4675:
4639:
4633:
4632:
4625:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4614:
4599:
4593:
4592:
4564:
4555:
4554:
4544:
4520:
4514:
4513:
4503:
4493:
4461:
4455:
4454:
4426:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4382:. 15 August 2010
4370:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4359:
4342:
4333:
4332:
4314:
4290:
4284:
4283:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4261:All About Vision
4252:
4246:
4245:
4234:
4228:
4227:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4178:
4154:
4143:
4142:
4132:
4100:
4094:
4093:
4083:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4034:
4024:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3983:
3973:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3913:
3907:
3906:
3896:
3879:(7): 2040–2045.
3864:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3817:J Am Optom Assoc
3812:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3798:
3787:
3781:
3775:
3769:
3766:
3760:
3753:
3747:
3741:
3735:
3728:
3719:
3718:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3546:
3514:
3508:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3449:. Archived from
3443:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3426:
3420:. Archived from
3415:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3387:. Archived from
3385:All About Vision
3377:
3371:
3370:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3271:. Archived from
3260:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3240:. Archived from
3230:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3204:Morgan PB et al.
3202:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3182:. Archived from
3172:
3166:
3165:
3154:
3148:
3145:
3139:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3093:
3087:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3030:(9): 36–40, 42.
3019:
3013:
3012:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2896:EyeHealthWeb.com
2888:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2807:
2796:
2795:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2769:The Contact Lens
2764:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2744:. Archived from
2738:
2732:
2731:
2720:10.1038/185117a0
2695:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2678:The Boston Globe
2665:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2543:
2537:
2528:
2522:
2515:
2509:
2502:
2496:
2491:U.S. Patent No.
2489:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2450:
2444:
2441:
2435:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2299:. Archived from
2293:
2287:
2286:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2206:
2200:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2119:
2110:
2101:
2100:
2095:. United States
2088:
2079:
2072:
2063:
2062:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2026:
2020:
2019:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1984:
1973:
1967:
1960:
1951:
1950:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1873:
1864:
1806:
1801:
1799:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1771:
1753:J Am Optom Assoc
1499:Current research
1490:Langerhans cells
1295:
1291:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1242:
1241:
1159:capillary action
1090:thoroughly with
1064:ophthalmologists
1032:ophthalmologists
749:oxygen-permeable
634:dry eye syndrome
580:refractive error
456:refractive error
318:oxygen-permeable
189:refractive power
64:
32:Contacts (Apple)
21:
6068:
6067:
6063:
6062:
6061:
6059:
6058:
6057:
6023:
6022:
6021:
6016:
5968:
5905:
5867:
5740:
5734:
5679:
5637:
5635:Further reading
5632:
5618:
5617:
5613:
5603:
5602:
5598:
5588:
5586:
5576:
5575:
5571:
5561:
5559:
5550:
5549:
5542:
5493:
5492:
5488:
5450:
5449:
5445:
5415:
5414:
5410:
5373:Br J Ophthalmol
5366:
5365:
5361:
5339:
5338:
5334:
5286:
5285:
5281:
5267:
5266:
5262:
5214:
5213:
5209:
5160:
5159:
5155:
5116:
5115:
5111:
5102:
5098:
5067:(11): 4066–74.
5054:
5053:
5049:
5036:
5032:
5009:
5008:
5004:
4999:
4995:
4986:
4982:
4936:
4935:
4931:
4879:
4874:
4873:
4869:
4825:
4824:
4820:
4782:
4781:
4777:
4745:
4744:
4740:
4710:
4709:
4705:
4695:
4693:
4684:
4683:
4679:
4641:
4640:
4636:
4627:
4626:
4622:
4612:
4610:
4601:
4600:
4596:
4566:
4565:
4558:
4522:
4521:
4517:
4476:(3): e0229681.
4463:
4462:
4458:
4428:
4427:
4423:
4413:
4411:
4400:
4399:
4395:
4385:
4383:
4372:
4371:
4367:
4357:
4355:
4344:
4343:
4336:
4292:
4291:
4287:
4274:Ward, Michael.
4273:
4272:
4268:
4254:
4253:
4249:
4244:. 6 April 2019.
4236:
4235:
4231:
4197:
4196:
4192:
4156:
4155:
4146:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3951:
3950:
3946:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3866:
3865:
3861:
3851:
3849:
3844:
3843:
3839:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3796:
3794:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3776:
3772:
3767:
3763:
3754:
3750:
3742:
3738:
3729:
3722:
3715:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3679:
3677:
3669:
3668:
3664:
3654:
3652:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3628:
3626:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3603:
3601:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3581:
3579:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3529:(9): CD014791.
3516:
3515:
3511:
3505:Wayback Machine
3495:
3491:
3481:
3479:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3456:
3454:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3430:
3428:
3427:on 4 March 2006
3424:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3394:
3392:
3391:on 9 April 2008
3379:
3378:
3374:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3278:
3276:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3247:
3245:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3219:
3215:
3203:
3199:
3189:
3187:
3186:on 2 April 2015
3174:
3173:
3169:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3146:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3082:
3078:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3021:
3020:
3016:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2925:(11): 1116–23.
2916:
2915:
2911:
2901:
2899:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2875:
2873:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2850:
2848:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2825:
2823:
2809:
2808:
2799:
2794:(9): 744. 1988.
2785:
2784:
2780:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2751:
2749:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2682:
2680:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2652:
2650:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2624:
2622:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2601:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2529:
2525:
2516:
2512:
2503:
2499:
2490:
2486:
2478:
2474:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2429:
2425:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2375:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2306:
2304:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2283:
2275:. p. 367.
2266:
2265:
2261:
2254:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2218:
2216:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2197:Wayback Machine
2188:
2184:
2177:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2128:(15): 1900368.
2117:
2112:
2111:
2104:
2090:
2089:
2082:
2073:
2066:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2038:
2036:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1983:. October 2011.
1974:
1970:
1966:. January 2011.
1961:
1954:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1882:(15): 1900368.
1871:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1813:
1797:
1795:
1790:
1781:
1779:
1774:
1750:
1747:
1745:Further reading
1732:Rosemary's Baby
1699:Christopher Lee
1671:motion pictures
1667:
1652:Christopher Lee
1645:
1610:octyl glucoside
1501:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1314:Saline solution
1306:
1293:
1289:
1281:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1180:
1150:
1113:
1084:
1060:
1044:eye examination
984:
913:Diamond turning
895:
865:
840:
831:
787:
781:
733:
719:
707:corneal ectasia
674:
646:corneal ectasia
617:
567:
528:
490:
449:
444:
435:
365:in the journal
345:(pictured) and
310:
289:
249:"Contactbrille"
225:Louis J. Girard
136:
131:
54:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6066:
6064:
6056:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6033:Contact lenses
6025:
6024:
6018:
6017:
6015:
6014:
6009:
6007:Shutter system
6004:
5999:
5994:
5993:
5992:
5987:
5976:
5974:
5970:
5969:
5967:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5915:
5913:
5907:
5906:
5904:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5877:
5875:
5869:
5868:
5866:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5814:
5813:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5752:
5750:
5742:
5741:
5735:
5733:
5732:
5725:
5718:
5710:
5704:
5703:
5694:
5685:
5678:
5677:External links
5675:
5674:
5673:
5658:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5630:
5625:New York Times
5611:
5596:
5569:
5540:
5486:
5443:
5408:
5379:(6): 601–605.
5359:
5332:
5279:
5260:
5207:
5170:(7): 520–525.
5153:
5109:
5096:
5047:
5030:
5002:
4993:
4980:
4929:
4867:
4818:
4775:
4738:
4719:(1): 105–111.
4703:
4677:
4634:
4620:
4594:
4556:
4535:(5): 581–587.
4515:
4456:
4421:
4393:
4365:
4334:
4305:(8): 967–972.
4285:
4266:
4247:
4229:
4190:
4144:
4115:(2): 144–146.
4095:
4066:(7): 2038–43.
4046:
3995:
3964:(3): 304–308.
3944:
3908:
3859:
3837:
3807:
3793:. CooperVision
3782:
3770:
3761:
3759:February 2005.
3748:
3736:
3720:
3713:
3687:
3662:
3651:. 12 July 1993
3636:
3611:
3589:
3558:
3509:
3489:
3464:
3438:
3402:
3372:
3345:(3): 255–260.
3329:
3286:
3269:ASCRS EyeWorld
3255:
3225:
3213:
3197:
3167:
3149:
3140:
3131:
3088:
3076:
3041:
3014:
2987:(3): 100–103.
2971:
2936:
2909:
2883:
2858:
2833:
2797:
2778:
2759:
2733:
2690:
2660:
2632:
2606:
2600:978-0930405717
2599:
2581:
2568:
2538:
2523:
2510:
2497:
2484:
2472:
2461:(4): 180–182.
2445:
2436:
2423:
2404:(2): 133–141.
2388:
2373:
2353:
2314:
2303:on 17 May 2015
2288:
2281:
2259:
2252:
2226:
2201:
2182:
2175:
2155:
2102:
2080:
2064:
2046:
2021:
1994:
1985:
1968:
1952:
1925:(6): 792–810.
1909:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1794:. CooperVision
1788:
1772:
1746:
1743:
1717:bloodshot eyes
1675:make-up artist
1666:
1663:
1644:
1641:
1524:Staphylococcus
1500:
1497:
1479:Long-term wear
1453:, endothelial
1414:microorganisms
1368:Main article:
1365:
1362:
1350:benzyl alcohol
1328:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1305:
1302:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1247:
1238:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1211:
1179:
1176:
1149:
1146:
1112:
1109:
1083:
1080:
1059:
1056:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1011:
1005:
999:
983:
980:
979:
978:
968:
963:: through its
958:
953:
949:: through its
944:
930:
929:
925:
910:
894:
891:
864:
861:
839:
836:
830:
827:
826:
825:
822:
819:
780:
777:
732:
729:
718:
715:
711:Mooren's ulcer
673:
670:
638:microphthalmia
616:
613:
566:
563:
527:
524:
492:Correction of
489:
486:
448:
445:
443:
440:
434:
431:
401:Kyoichi Tanaka
355:Otto Wichterle
343:Otto Wichterle
322:Norman Gaylord
309:
306:
288:
285:
281:Heinrich Wöhlk
135:
132:
130:
127:
99:correct vision
83:Contact lenses
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6065:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6030:
6028:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5982:
5981:
5978:
5977:
5975:
5971:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5916:
5914:
5912:
5908:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5878:
5876:
5874:
5870:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5812:
5809:
5808:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5743:
5739:
5731:
5726:
5724:
5719:
5717:
5712:
5711:
5708:
5702:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5691:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5680:
5676:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5656:
5655:0-7506-4690-X
5652:
5648:
5647:
5642:
5641:Efron, Nathan
5639:
5638:
5634:
5626:
5622:
5615:
5612:
5607:
5600:
5597:
5585:
5584:
5579:
5573:
5570:
5557:
5553:
5547:
5545:
5541:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5503:(5): 429–34.
5502:
5498:
5497:Optom Vis Sci
5490:
5487:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5459:(7): 806–14.
5458:
5454:
5447:
5444:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5424:(5): 247–55.
5423:
5419:
5412:
5409:
5404:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5363:
5360:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5336:
5333:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5283:
5280:
5275:
5271:
5264:
5261:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5223:(3): 101335.
5222:
5218:
5211:
5208:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5157:
5154:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5126:(2): 267–73.
5125:
5121:
5113:
5110:
5106:
5100:
5097:
5092:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5051:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5034:
5031:
5026:
5022:
5019:(297): 7–15.
5018:
5014:
5006:
5003:
4997:
4994:
4990:
4984:
4981:
4976:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4933:
4930:
4925:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4878:
4871:
4868:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4834:
4829:
4822:
4819:
4814:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4791:
4786:
4779:
4776:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4756:(1): 105–11.
4755:
4751:
4750:
4749:Ophthalmology
4742:
4739:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4713:Ophthalmology
4707:
4704:
4692:
4688:
4681:
4678:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4638:
4635:
4630:
4624:
4621:
4608:
4604:
4598:
4595:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4563:
4561:
4557:
4552:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4519:
4516:
4511:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4460:
4457:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4425:
4422:
4410:. 19 May 2009
4409:
4408:
4403:
4397:
4394:
4381:
4380:
4375:
4369:
4366:
4354:
4353:
4348:
4341:
4339:
4335:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4289:
4286:
4281:
4277:
4270:
4267:
4262:
4258:
4255:White, Gina.
4251:
4248:
4243:
4239:
4233:
4230:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4194:
4191:
4186:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4140:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4099:
4096:
4091:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4050:
4047:
4042:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
3999:
3996:
3991:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3948:
3945:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3912:
3909:
3904:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3863:
3860:
3847:
3841:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3823:(10): 732–4.
3822:
3818:
3811:
3808:
3804:
3792:
3786:
3783:
3779:
3774:
3771:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3740:
3737:
3733:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3716:
3714:9780471484943
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3691:
3688:
3676:
3672:
3666:
3663:
3650:
3649:Bloomberg.com
3646:
3640:
3637:
3625:
3621:
3615:
3612:
3600:
3593:
3590:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3562:
3559:
3554:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3513:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3499:
3493:
3490:
3478:
3477:Eagle Eyes UK
3474:
3468:
3465:
3452:
3448:
3442:
3439:
3423:
3419:
3412:
3406:
3403:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3376:
3373:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3333:
3330:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3290:
3287:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3259:
3256:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3229:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3214:
3211:January 2005.
3210:
3207:
3201:
3198:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3171:
3168:
3163:
3159:
3153:
3150:
3144:
3141:
3135:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3104:(3): 182–96.
3103:
3099:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3057:(5): 312–24.
3056:
3052:
3045:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3018:
3015:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2975:
2972:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2940:
2937:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2913:
2910:
2897:
2893:
2887:
2884:
2872:
2868:
2862:
2859:
2847:
2843:
2842:"Astigmatism"
2837:
2834:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2782:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2763:
2760:
2747:
2743:
2737:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2694:
2691:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2664:
2661:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2621:
2617:
2610:
2607:
2602:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2582:
2571:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2449:
2446:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2392:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2370:
2366:
2365:
2357:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2315:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2289:
2284:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2263:
2260:
2255:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2227:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2186:
2183:
2178:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2159:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2116:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2010:(3): 209–13.
2009:
2005:
1998:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1860:
1854:
1849:
1848:Visual acuity
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1793:
1789:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1759:(10): 732–4.
1758:
1754:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1664:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1633:
1631:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1618:bionic lenses
1614:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1602:antimicrobial
1599:
1593:
1590:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1538:Streptococcus
1534:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1508:
1506:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1474:
1469:
1466:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1455:polymegethism
1452:
1448:
1442:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1394:Complications
1387:
1382:
1377:
1371:
1364:Complications
1363:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1342:preservatives
1338:
1335:
1332:
1326:rigid lenses.
1324:
1322:Daily cleaner
1321:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1292:rub-and-rinse
1287:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1231:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1217:Acanthamoebae
1212:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1192:
1184:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1142:complications
1138:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1117:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1058:United States
1057:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
996:
995:
988:
982:Prescriptions
981:
976:
972:
969:
966:
962:
961:Bausch Health
959:
957:
954:
952:
948:
945:
942:
938:
935:
934:
933:
926:
922:
918:
914:
911:
908:
907:
906:
899:
893:Manufacturing
892:
890:
886:
882:
879:
875:
871:
862:
860:
858:
853:
850:
849:corneal ulcer
846:
838:Wear schedule
837:
835:
828:
823:
820:
817:
816:
815:
811:
807:
804:
800:
796:
791:
786:
778:
776:
774:
770:
766:
761:
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
730:
723:
716:
714:
712:
708:
704:
703:descemetocele
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
671:
669:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
630:
621:
614:
612:
610:
607:
602:
600:
594:
590:
588:
583:
581:
571:
564:
562:
559:
558:Magnification
555:
552:
547:
543:
541:
540:achromatopsia
537:
533:
525:
523:
520:
518:
512:
510:
506:
502:
497:
495:
487:
485:
483:
479:
474:
472:
471:hypermetropia
468:
463:
461:
457:
453:
446:
441:
439:
432:
430:
428:
424:
420:
418:
417:wetting agent
414:
410:
406:
402:
397:
395:
391:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
359:Drahoslav Lím
356:
348:
347:Drahoslav Lím
344:
340:
336:
333:
332:
327:
323:
319:
315:
307:
305:
303:
298:
295:
286:
284:
282:
277:
273:
268:
266:
262:
258:
257:August Müller
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
218:
213:
209:
207:
203:
202:
197:
196:John Herschel
192:
190:
186:
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
165:
164:accommodation
160:
156:
152:
145:
140:
133:
128:
126:
124:
120:
116:
112:
107:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
77:
72:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
5996:
5944:Night-vision
5934:Fatal Vision
5924:Dark adaptor
5891:Solar viewer
5749:/ spectacles
5689:
5661:
5644:
5624:
5614:
5605:
5599:
5587:. Retrieved
5581:
5572:
5560:. Retrieved
5556:the original
5500:
5496:
5489:
5456:
5452:
5446:
5421:
5417:
5411:
5376:
5372:
5362:
5348:(1): 21–24.
5345:
5341:
5335:
5295:(1): 11–21.
5292:
5288:
5282:
5273:
5269:
5263:
5220:
5216:
5210:
5167:
5163:
5156:
5123:
5119:
5112:
5104:
5099:
5064:
5060:
5050:
5042:
5038:
5033:
5016:
5012:
5005:
4996:
4988:
4983:
4946:
4942:
4932:
4887:
4884:RSC Advances
4883:
4870:
4840:(1): 47–54.
4837:
4831:
4827:
4821:
4797:(2): 57–64.
4794:
4788:
4778:
4753:
4747:
4741:
4716:
4712:
4706:
4694:. Retrieved
4690:
4680:
4650:(1): 53–60.
4647:
4643:
4637:
4623:
4611:. Retrieved
4607:the original
4597:
4575:(4): 66–71.
4572:
4568:
4532:
4528:
4518:
4473:
4469:
4459:
4437:(14): 1534.
4434:
4430:
4424:
4412:. Retrieved
4405:
4396:
4384:. Retrieved
4377:
4368:
4356:. Retrieved
4350:
4302:
4298:
4288:
4279:
4269:
4260:
4250:
4242:The Tech-FAQ
4241:
4232:
4210:(1): 24–29.
4207:
4203:
4193:
4166:
4162:
4112:
4108:
4098:
4063:
4059:
4049:
4012:
4008:
3998:
3981:10183/179379
3961:
3957:
3947:
3925:: S98–S101.
3922:
3918:
3911:
3876:
3872:
3862:
3850:. Retrieved
3840:
3832:
3820:
3816:
3810:
3802:
3795:. Retrieved
3785:
3773:
3764:
3751:
3739:
3731:
3696:
3690:
3678:. Retrieved
3674:
3665:
3653:. Retrieved
3648:
3639:
3627:. Retrieved
3623:
3614:
3602:. Retrieved
3592:
3580:. Retrieved
3571:
3561:
3526:
3522:
3512:
3492:
3480:. Retrieved
3476:
3467:
3455:. Retrieved
3451:the original
3441:
3429:. Retrieved
3422:the original
3405:
3393:. Retrieved
3389:the original
3384:
3375:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3299:
3295:
3289:
3277:. Retrieved
3273:the original
3268:
3258:
3246:. Retrieved
3242:the original
3237:
3228:
3216:
3208:
3200:
3188:. Retrieved
3184:the original
3179:
3170:
3152:
3143:
3134:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3079:
3054:
3050:
3044:
3027:
3023:
3017:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2949:
2945:
2939:
2922:
2918:
2912:
2900:. Retrieved
2895:
2886:
2874:. Retrieved
2870:
2861:
2849:. Retrieved
2845:
2836:
2824:. Retrieved
2815:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2750:. Retrieved
2746:the original
2736:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2681:. Retrieved
2673:
2663:
2651:. Retrieved
2644:
2635:
2623:. Retrieved
2619:
2609:
2590:
2584:
2573:, retrieved
2551:
2541:
2531:
2526:
2519:The Optician
2518:
2513:
2506:The Optician
2505:
2500:
2487:
2475:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2439:
2431:
2426:
2401:
2397:
2391:
2363:
2356:
2331:
2327:
2317:
2305:. Retrieved
2301:the original
2291:
2268:
2262:
2235:
2229:
2219:14 September
2217:. Retrieved
2213:
2204:
2185:
2165:
2158:
2125:
2121:
2092:
2075:
2058:
2049:
2037:. Retrieved
2033:
2024:
2007:
2004:CLAO Journal
2003:
1997:
1988:
1980:
1971:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1879:
1875:
1862:
1803:
1796:. Retrieved
1780:. Retrieved
1768:
1756:
1752:
1738:The Exorcist
1736:
1730:
1724:
1706:
1694:Citizen Kane
1692:
1682:
1668:
1655:
1634:
1627:
1615:
1594:
1589:nanoplastics
1586:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1563:
1559:
1550:
1545:
1543:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1509:
1502:
1494:
1477:
1470:
1462:
1459:
1443:
1439:
1433:Acanthamoeba
1432:
1427:Acanthamoeba
1425:
1391:
1385:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1307:
1282:
1259:Acanthamoeba
1258:
1255:Acanthamoeba
1254:
1215:
1205:
1197:
1168:
1164:
1151:
1130:
1122:
1105:
1096:moisturizers
1085:
1068:optometrists
1061:
1036:optometrists
1025:
993:
951:CooperVision
931:
904:
887:
883:
866:
854:
841:
832:
812:
808:
792:
788:
757:
734:
731:Rigid lenses
675:
629:scleral lens
626:
603:
595:
591:
586:
584:
577:
556:
548:
544:
536:color vision
529:
521:
513:
509:focal points
498:
491:
475:
464:
450:
436:
421:
413:senofilcon A
405:galyfilcon A
398:
387:
366:
362:
352:
329:
311:
299:
290:
269:
252:
248:
222:
206:animal jelly
199:
193:
185:Thomas Young
182:
180:impossible.
168:
154:
149:
108:
86:
85:, or simply
82:
81:
43:
5959:Upside down
5796:Horn-rimmed
5310:10397/22844
4407:www.fda.gov
4379:www.fda.gov
4352:www.aao.org
3852:20 November
3797:20 November
3680:26 December
3675:www.fda.gov
3655:26 December
3604:28 February
3507:'July 2008.
2871:www.aoa.org
2846:www.aoa.org
2625:29 November
2334:(s253): 0.
2039:22 November
1798:20 November
1782:20 November
1735:and 1973's
1721:Tony Curtis
1578:Pseudomonas
1551:Pseudomonas
1533:epidermidis
1402:conjunctiva
1354:shelf lives
1153:or lateral
1052:Keratometry
973:; maker of
939:; maker of
779:Soft lenses
765:keratoconus
726:the sclera.
642:keratoconus
482:astigmatism
423:Comfilcon A
390:Ciba Vision
314:conjunctiva
241:blown-glass
227:invented a
123:aniseikonia
119:keratoconus
89:, are thin
6027:Categories
6012:VR headset
5873:Sunglasses
5230:2005.08732
5039:The Cornea
4949:(1): 402.
3846:"Eye Care"
3238:EyeCandy's
2282:0671621300
2253:0471743984
1855:References
1776:"Eye Care"
1679:Lon Chaney
1535:) and the
1487:epithelial
1416:including
1358:thiomersal
1201:infections
1088:wash hands
1048:refraction
967:subsidiary
783:See also:
697:, corneal
517:strabismus
494:presbyopia
452:Corrective
427:Enfilcon A
144:Leonardo's
76:disposable
18:Monovision
6048:Optometry
5980:Blindfold
5919:Ballistic
5853:Trifocals
5823:Pince-nez
5806:Lorgnette
5736:Types of
5518:1822/6663
5255:218673928
5185:1822/8740
4696:25 August
4672:205659587
4414:5 October
4386:5 October
4358:5 October
4224:0892-8967
4015:(1): 19.
3582:5 October
3302:: 49–62.
2826:5 October
2683:6 October
2653:24 August
2575:29 August
2493:2,510,438
2383:962009998
2348:1755-375X
2150:184488183
1904:184488183
1527:species (
1513:keratitis
1435:keratitis
1410:lens care
1111:Insertion
1100:allergens
1072:opticians
1040:opticians
1004:(BC, BCR)
878:allergies
870:allergens
717:Materials
695:keratitis
442:Functions
302:RLI Corp.
223:Although
215:In 1888,
183:In 1801,
170:Descartes
6002:Eyepatch
5901:Wayfarer
5886:Mirrored
5843:Shooting
5838:Scissors
5801:Lensless
5766:Browline
5761:Bifocals
5643:(2002).
5589:23 March
5527:17502827
5481:25006245
5473:17068458
5438:17084102
5319:17239186
5276:(3): 13.
5247:32444249
5202:10171270
5194:18594343
5148:23218590
5140:17987309
5091:15505057
5025:16281729
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