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The sternalis was first reported by
Carbolius in 1604 and the name was first given by Turner in 1867. Different terminologies have been given to the sternalis due to its highly varied morphology and the disagreement on its embryonic origin. The sternalis was referred to as the
193:
that runs along the anterior aspect of the body of the sternum. It lies superficially and parallel to the sternum. Its origin and insertion are variable. The sternalis muscle often originates from the upper part of the sternum and can display varying insertions such as the
225:
in 43% of the cases, while the remaining cases were supplied by both nerves. However, innervation by the pectoral nerves has also been reported. This appears to indicate that the sternalis is not always derived from the same embryonic origin.
355:
408:
Raikos, Athanasios; Paraskevas, George K.; Yusuf, Faisal; Kordali, Panagiota; Ioannidis, Orestis; Brand-Saberi, Beate (2011-12-01). "Sternalis muscle: a new crossed subtype, classification, and surgical applications".
896:
Young Lee, Bae; Young Byun, Jae; Hee Kim, Hak; Sook Kim, Hyun; Mee Cho, Song; Hoon Lee, Kang; Sup Song, Kyung; Soo Kim, Bum; Mun Lee, Jae (2006-08-01). "The sternalis muscles: incidence and imaging findings on MDCT".
343:
234:
Cadaveric studies showed that the sternalis muscle has a mean prevalence of around 7.8% in the population, with a slightly higher incidence in females. The prevalence ranges from 0.5% to 23.5%, depending on the
375:
239:
it has been proposed that the possible reason for the sizable range could be the fact of the existence of small, ill-defined, or tendinous fibres which may or may not be accepted as being a sternalis muscle.
674:
Ge, Zufeng; Tong, Yunlong; Zhu, Shiqiang; Fang, Xiong; Zhuo, Lang; Gong, Xiangyang (2014-04-01). "Prevalence and variance of the sternalis muscle: a study in the
Chinese population using multi-detector CT".
327:
sternalis brutorum, musculus sternalis, episternalis, parasternalis, presternalis, rectus sterni, rectus thoracis, rectus thoracicus superficialis, superficial rectus abdominis, japonicas, and thoracicus
1029:
Bradley, F. M.; Hoover, H. C.; Hulka, C. A.; Whitman, G. J.; McCarthy, K. A.; Hall, D. A.; Moore, R.; Kopans, D. B. (1996-01-01). "The sternalis muscle: an unusual normal finding seen on mammography".
1101:
134:
1094:
1087:
289:
775:
Dudgeon, Sarah N.; Marcotte, Kayla M.; Fox, Glenn M.; Alsup, B. Kathleen (2017-12-01). "A previously unclassified variant of sternalis muscle".
110:
273:
There is no apparent physiological function of the sternalis muscle. However, there are many theories for a function. It may function as a
1348:
1343:
262:
Type I, the single head and single belly was seen in the majority of reported cases (58.5%), type II in 18.1%, and type III in 23.4%.
221:
In a review, it was reported that the muscle was innervated by the external or internal thoracic nerves in 55% of the cases, by the
211:
626:
Snosek, Michael; Tubbs, R. Shane; Loukas, Marios (2014-09-01). "Sternalis muscle, what every anatomist and clinician should know".
584:
452:
Georgiev, Georgi P.; Jelev, Lazar; Ovtscharoff, Vladimir A. (2009-09-01). "On the clinical significance of the sternalis muscle".
1466:
1441:
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The presence of the sternalis is asymptomatic but aesthetic complaints have been reported as it was reported to cause chest
1451:
129:
1318:
1313:
1308:
943:
Bailey, P. M.; Tzarnas, C. D. (1999-04-01). "The sternalis muscle: a normal finding encountered during breast surgery".
1330:
818:
Snosek, M; Tubbs, RS; Loukas, M (September 2014). "Sternalis muscle, what every anatomist and clinician should know".
1335:
141:
60:
44:
1446:
293:
The presence of the sternalis in sagittal plane on CT (left) and on volume rendered CT 3D reconstruction (right).
33:
Sternalis muscle, in line with rectus abdominis and sternomastoid, was found in 6% of 535 cadavera (R. N. Barlow)
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Natsis, Konstantinos; Totlis, Trifon (2007-11-01). "A rare accessory muscle of the anterior thoracic wall".
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105:
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In addition to the above classification, triple-bellied/double-headed sternalis has also been reported.
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Arráez-Aybar, L. A.; Sobrado-Perez, J.; Merida-Velasco, J. R. (2003-07-01). "Left musculus sternalis".
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or deviation of the nipple-areola complex. The presence of the sternalis may cause alterations in the
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Kida, M. Y.; Izumi, A.; Tanaka, S. (2000-01-01). "Sternalis muscle: topic for debate".
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309:. However, there is a potential benefit of the muscle as it can be used as a flap in a
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274:
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956:
207:
81:
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Harper WF. The sternalis muscle in the anencephalous foetus. Anat Notes 1936;317-20.
516:"Case report: bilateral sternalis muscles with a bilateral pectoralis major anomaly"
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422:
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sensor for thoracic wall movements. It may also take part in the movement of the
1171:
306:
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A 2014 study classified the sternalis into three types depending on morphology.
720:"The sternalis muscle in the Bulgarian population: classification of sternales"
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1118:
1042:
788:
688:
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Sternalis muscle visible in an individual who also has an accessory abdominal
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1007:
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177:. The sternalis muscle may be a variation of the pectoralis major or of the
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Turner W (1867) On the musculus sternalis. J Anat
Physiol 1(2):246–378
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10.1002/(SICI)1098-2353(2000)13:2<138::AID-CA8>3.0.CO;2-4
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The sternalis muscle as it lies on top the pectoralis major.
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or have an additional role in elevation of the chest wall.
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Musculus sternalis seen at axial CT and volume rendering.
214:. There is still a great deal of disagreement about its
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718:JELEV, L.; GEORGIEV, G.; SURCHEV, L. (2001-09-01).
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313:of the head and neck and the anterior chest wall.
514:O'NEILL, M. N.; FOLAN-CURRAN, J. (1998-08-01).
488:"Anatomy 2008; 2: 67-71 [Case Report]"
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169:that lies in front of the sternal end of the
8:
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258:Type III (double-bellied/multi-bellied)
1031:AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology
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18:
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252:Type I (single head and single belly)
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255:Type II (double-headed/multi-headed)
736:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19930359.x
532:10.1046/j.1469-7580.1998.19320289.x
945:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
911:10.1097/01.rti.0000208287.04490.db
14:
212:abdominal external oblique muscle
957:10.1097/00006534-199904040-00013
374:
354:
342:
777:Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy
677:Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy
365:, and an axillary arch of the
173:parallel to the margin of the
1:
423:10.1097/SAP.0b013e31820d688b
899:Journal of Thoracic Imaging
1483:
218:and its embryonic origin.
142:Anatomical terms of muscle
16:Muscle seen in some humans
1299:
1043:10.2214/ajr.166.1.8571900
789:10.1007/s00276-017-1883-2
689:10.1007/s00276-013-1175-4
411:Annals of Plastic Surgery
140:
26:
1467:Thorax (human anatomy)
311:reconstructive surgery
294:
1442:Anatomical variations
292:
285:Clinical significance
210:, aponeurosis of the
1452:Muscles of the torso
1417:clavipectoral fascia
1331:transversus thoracis
1278:thoracolumbar fascia
329:depending on studies
167:anatomical variation
50:Manubrium of sternum
1340:serratus posterior
1304:Intercostal muscles
189:The sternalis is a
1356:thoracic diaphragm
1336:levatores costarum
1215:intertransversarii
1187:Transversospinales
724:Journal of Anatomy
520:Journal of Anatomy
492:www.anatomy.org.tr
295:
223:intercostal nerves
99:musculus sternalis
1429:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1389:serratus anterior
1286:
1285:
783:(12): 1417–1419.
730:(Pt 3): 359–363.
526:(Pt 2): 289–292.
336:Additional images
324:rectus sternalis,
303:electrocardiogram
204:costal cartilages
156:
155:
151:
78:costal cartilages
1474:
1447:Accessory muscle
1379:pectoralis minor
1374:pectoralis major
1297:
1260:levator scapulae
1238:latissimus dorsi
1225:Vertebral column
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988:Clinical Anatomy
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951:(4): 1189–1190.
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867:10.1002/ca.20534
855:Clinical Anatomy
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820:Clinical Anatomy
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367:latissimus dorsi
363:pectoralis major
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305:or confusion in
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179:rectus abdominis
171:pectoralis major
148:edit on Wikidata
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861:(8): 980–981.
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683:(3): 219–224.
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1195:semispinalis
1167:iliocostalis
1037:(1): 33–36.
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495:. Retrieved
491:
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460:(3): 53–56.
457:
454:Folia Medica
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111:A04.4.01.001
98:
1326:subcostalis
1172:longissimus
307:mammography
216:innervation
88:Identifiers
1436:Categories
1384:subclavius
1200:multifidus
497:2015-09-05
387:References
244:Variations
230:Prevalence
200:lower ribs
74:lower ribs
1394:sternalis
1319:innermost
1233:trapezius
1205:rotatores
1051:0361-803X
1008:0897-3806
965:0032-1052
919:0883-5993
875:0897-3806
797:0930-1038
744:0021-8782
697:1279-8517
648:1098-2353
593:0897-3806
540:0021-8782
466:0204-8043
431:1536-3708
299:asymmetry
185:Structure
160:sternalis
61:Insertion
22:Sternalis
1349:superior
1344:inferior
1314:internal
1309:external
1243:rhomboid
1177:spinalis
1149:cervicis
1136:splenius
1016:12794922
973:10088505
927:16915061
883:17948292
840:24431029
805:28593340
762:11554516
705:23912561
656:24431029
601:10679858
474:19957564
439:21407048
269:Function
54:clavicle
1144:capitis
1113:of the
1111:Muscles
1059:8571900
753:1468341
558:9827645
549:1467849
317:History
237:
175:sternum
39:Details
1404:Fascia
1292:Thorax
1270:Fascia
1115:thorax
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191:muscle
165:is an
163:muscle
45:Origin
1253:minor
1248:major
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1127:Back
1119:back
1117:and
1055:PMID
1047:ISSN
1012:PMID
1004:ISSN
969:PMID
961:ISSN
923:PMID
915:ISSN
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953:doi
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863:doi
828:doi
785:doi
748:PMC
732:doi
728:199
685:doi
636:doi
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