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of consumption, especially on
Colonial produce, resulting in an increase in the cost of living, and thus also of production. For example, sugar duties in the Zollverein were 9 thalers per quintal (i.e. a hundredweight or 50 kg), but only 3 thalers in the Steuerverein. The Zollverein duty on wine was 48 thalers per hogshead (this Hanoverian measure being equal to 234 litres), while in the Steuerverein it was only 18 thalers. The same disparity existed between the duties on raw and manufactured iron. The Hanoverian and Prussian thaler (or dollar) was equivalent to 2s 10¾d sterling.
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the "praecipium" was 767,000 thalers (£115,000 sterling). This was to compensate for the loss of profits from the transit trade, and as a consideration for the greater consumption of taxed articles, such as foreign wines and colonial produce, compare with the
Zollverein. Also, import duties on wine, coffee, molasses, tea, and brandy were reduced (by 50% in the case of brandy). Another concession was that British iron could be imported free of duty, for the completion of the Hanoverian railway lines, for a limited period.
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was hitherto a prohibitive tariff, whilst the
Zollverein had a protective tariff and the Steuerverein a financial tariff (i.e. tax raising rather than protecting domestic industry). This scheme if realised would change the tariff of the Zollverein towards higher duties, rather than cause it to be assimilated to the lower tariff of the Steuerverein. Thus the proposal was received with little favour in the Steuerverein, especially the government and press of Hanover.
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171:, Ministerial-Director of the Prussian Ministry of Commerce and Dr. Otto Klenze, General-Director for Indirect Taxes in the Hanoverian Interior Ministry. As both states wanted to avoid Austria frustrating their progress, this was kept secret. A treaty was soon agreed between Prussia and Hanover on 7 September 1851, by which Hanover joined the Zollverein on 1 January 1854.
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resulting in extensive smuggling along interlacing portions of
Hanoverian and Brunswick territory. So the two unions agreed by treaty in 1845 that the Hartz and Weser districts of Brunswick were reincorporated in the Steuerverein. This treaty and six supplementary agreements facilitated trade across their mutual customs border.
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Steuerverein took measures to suppress smuggling into the
Zollverein, including adjustments of outlying territory to provide a more easily policed customs cordon. Parts of the Steuerverein member states did not belong to the Steuerverein territory. Provinces of Oldenburg situated in other parts of Germany, namely the Duchy of
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and a common customs administration. The customs revenue was divided according to their respective populations. The external tariffs on materials imported from overseas and on finished goods were below the rates of the
Deutscher Zollverein. Like the previous agreement, salt was excluded from internal
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and
Brunswick concluded the Einbeck Treaty as a supplement to the Central German Commercial Union. This provided for tariff free trade between the contracting parties and a common customs administration and external tariff. Excluded from the regulation were the trade in salt (a state monopoly). Since
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The
Prussian government district of Minden formed a salient into the territory of the Steuerverein. By agreement with Hanover, Oldenburg and Brunswick, the Prussian government joined various parts of the district of Minden to the Steuerverein (1841). Due to the geographical location, the inhabitants
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The
Steuerverein did not arise from hostility to the Prussian customs unions, but rather from the requirements of a population upon which the higher duties of the Zollverein external tariff would have been injurious because of import duties on articles of consumption, especially colonial produce, of
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Hanover negotiated most favourable terms. As well as her share of the
Zollverein customs and tax revenues in proportion to her population, Hanover received an annual "praecipium", which was a bonus amounting to two-thirds of her entitlement to net receipts of the Zollverein. The initial estimate of
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In 1850, Austria proposed an amalgamation of the three customs unions in Germany, that of the Austrian Empire, the Zollverein and the Steuerverein (the first two including territories beyond the German Confederation). However the tariff regimes of the three unions were quite different. The Austrian
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At this time Steuerverein production was mainly agricultural and largely exported, whilst the consumption of imports per capita was reckoned to be more than double that of the Zollverein. Accession to the Zollverein, under the external tariff then in force, would raise the import duties on articles
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Brunswick defected to the Zollverein in 1841, causing much bad feeling with Hanover. At the same time a treaty for the prolongation of the Steuerverein was contracted by Hanover, Oldenburg, and Schaumburg-Lippe. Brunswick insisted upon its outlying dependencies being included with the Zollverein,
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This treaty was signed only by Prussia and Hanover. Prussia had not consulted any member of the Zollverein and Hanover had not consulted Oldenburg or Schaumburg-Lippe, who were both forced to follow Hanover into the Zollverein. By an agreement between Hanover and Schaumburg-Lippe on 25 September
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In 1837 a Convention between the Zollverein and Steuerverein was signed which greatly reduced Zollverein import duties on imports from the Steuerverein States, such as corn, hops, butter, leather, iron, glass, and earthenware; duties on linen and linen-yarn were entirely removed. In return, the
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The detached part of Electoral Hesse known as the County of Schaumburg (which bordered independent Schaumburg Lippe) remained outside of the Steuerverein. Negotiations took place between Hanover and Prussia, prior to the defection of Brunswick, but Electoral Hesse vetoed this prospect.
121:, were not included. Likewise some exclaves of Brunswick and Hanover. Many of these excluded areas were included in the Prussian customs administration. Conversely, some Prussian exclaves and the county Minden in Prussia were connected to the Steuerverein. The Principality of
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of the neighbouring parts of the Steuerverein habitually used the town of Minden for the sale of their arable and livestock farming products. Prussia allowed this trade to continue duty free so that Minden could continue to benefit as a market centre for the region.
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The Zollverein and the Formation of a Customs Union, by Florian Ploeckl; Discussion Paper no. 84 in Economic and Social History series, Nuffield College, Oxford, p. 23. Retrieved from www.nuff.ox.ac.uk/Economics/History March
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However, Prussia decided to draw in the Steuerverein states into the Zollverein, even at the cost of large concessions, which might risk the defection of south German states from the Zollverein. Negotiations were held between
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Throughout Hanover, where the benefit of low tariffs were greatly valued, the accession to the Zollverein caused much dissatisfaction and a ministerial crisis. However, the treaty was ratified by the legislature in 1852.
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A new attempt to forge a north German customs union was made and an agreement between Hanover and Brunswick came into force on 1 June 1835. The two states agreed a customs union with internal tariff free trade, a
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Verhandlungen der vierten General Konferenz in Zollvereins-Angelegenheiten, publ. Deckerschen Geheimen Ober-Hofbuchdruckerei, Berlin, 1841 (retrieved on books.google.com Jan 2017); p. 50
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the contracting parties could not reach an agreement on the amount of the external customs duties, the contract did not come into force. In addition, Electoral Hesse joined the
243:, Secretary of the British Legation in Hanover,dated15 July 15, 1860. Publ. In UK Parliamentary Papers, House of Commons Session 5 Feb – 6 Aug 1861, Vol LXIII. See pp 163-165
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Wirtschaftliche Integration im 19. Jahrhundert: Die hessischen Staaten und der Deutsche Zollverein, by Hans-Werner Hahn, publ. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1997; pp . 227-230
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1851, the latter adhered to the arrangements in the Prussia-Hanover treaty. Oldenburg acceded by means of a treaty with Hanover and Prussia (jointly) dated 1 March 1, 1852.
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In 1846 Hanover reached a trade agreement making important tariff concessions to the United States of America. Oldenburg followed suit in 1847.
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Both the Zollverein and Steuerverein treaties were due to expire in 1853, which provided the opportunity to negotiate new terms.
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Hof & Staats Handbuch für das Königreich Hannover; p. 297 in 1847 edition (Google Books)
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Facing isolation, Oldenburg followed suit in 1854, thus ending the Steuerverein.
43:(German Customs Union) in 1854, after negotiating advantageous conditions with
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Moves to a north German customs alliance occurred in 1830, when Hanover, the
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Henderson, William. The Zollverein. Publ Cambridge University Press, 1939
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215:Deutscher Zollverein article in German Knowledge
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109:which Hanover was a large importer.
23:(Tax Union) was formed in 1834 as a
72:Special arrangements in Minden area
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89:Prussian-Hessian Customs Union
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39:in 1836. Hanover joined the
16:Former German customs union
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104:Relations with Zollverein
63:Steuerverein in the 1840s
84:Grand Duchy of Oldenburg
37:Grand Duchy of Oldenburg
339:19th century in Germany
162:End of the Steuerverein
137:Defection of Brunswick
119:Principality of Lübeck
97:common external tariff
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270:Henderson, pp.157-158
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66:Orange: Steuerverein
41:Deutscher Zollverein
239:Hanover: Report by
169:Rudolf von Delbrück
100:tariff free trade.
80:Electorate of Hesse
344:Kingdom of Hanover
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35:and then with the
33:Kingdom of Hanover
29:Duchy of Brunswick
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125:joined in 1838.
123:Schaumburg-Lippe
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68:Blue: Zollverein
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146:Tariff Regime
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27:first of the
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21:Steuerverein
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241:G. G. Petre
333:Categories
320:References
115:Birkenfeld
54:Beginnings
91:instead.
117:and the
31:and the
45:Prussia
82:, the
190:Notes
203:2017
19:The
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305:^
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