392:
338:
435:
46:
920:
were sleeping and storage platforms were built into the walls. Multiple families, generally part of the same extended family, would live together in different sections of the house. Each family in a house owned the roof planks which covered their section. Winter longhouses were built by professional carpenters, who masterfully crafted the planks with specialized tools. 40-50 men could build a longhouse in about 3–4 months.
307:, many others resisted moving and stayed in their homelands along the Stillaguamish River. Some of those who moved to Tulalip were prevented from settling there, in part due to rampant disease at Tulalip, as well as a lack of land for all the people there, and eventually returned to their homelands. In 1881, only 3 Stillaguamish had remained at Tulalip, whose descendants make up the Stillaguamish community of Tulalip.
1515:
774:. In modern times, usage of the language has decreased to the point where there are no longer native speakers, and it is generally used in ceremonies. Despite this, there are still many second-language speakers and the Stillaguamish Tribe is engaging in revitalizing the language. The Stillaguamish Tribe has a YouTube channel where they post language-learning material.
706:, there was possibly the most important of these sites. In the alpine meadows there was a large longhouse used seasonally, as well as many drying racks and a large fireplace. People from all over the Stillaguamish River valley would come to this camp in great numbers to hunt bear, deer, elk, and mountain goat, as well as gather many types of berries.
794:). The vast majority of people were upper class, with a small minority of commoners, made up of freed slaves, refugees, orphans, and others who were otherwise ostracized from society. The slave class was by far the smallest. Slaves were former prisoners of war, and war was relatively infrequent. Only the wealthiest and most prestigious owned slaves.
285:, listed as the "Stoluck-wa-mish." Although the Stillaguamish attended the signing and were listed on the treaty, they, along with one-third of the other tribes, were not included as signatories. The Stillaguamish were not included as signatories on the treaty because they were purposely placed as subjects of the Snoqualmie and their leader
326:, and Skykomish peoples. Only one family remained, because they were too sick to leave. However, with the lack of food and water, and growing sickness on the Holmes Harbor reservation, the Stillaguamish had returned to their homelands by July, refusing to return to a reservation until the government negotiated a better deal.
810:
The primary food resource for the
Stillaguamish is salmon. Salmon were once plentiful in the rivers, and were caught at fishing stations, with traps, or with spears. Each village would have a fishing station, such as a weir or large fish trap, where salmon and other fish were caught for eating fresh,
797:
Society was traditionally dominated by the village and the family. There was no formal social organization higher the village until the colonial period, when extended villages and modern tribes arose as powerful leaders consolidated power. One would identify primarily with the village they were from,
411:
The understanding of territory was constantly in flux, as kinship rights between individuals would repeatedly be redefined. Despite this, boundaries were well understood, especially around villages and certain important harvesting sites. Fishing stations and certain important gathering areas close to
407:
Territorial rights also differed between the seasons. During the winter months, the exclusive rights to fishing stations along a river would be held by the local village. During the summer, the rights would be extended to those who were not from the village, but were tied in kinship to members of the
932:
The traditional primary vessel of the
Stillaguamish is the river canoe. As they live on the swift-flowing Stillaguamish, they were experts at navigating the currents. Canoes were poled upriver and would ride the current downriver. The North Fork, having many settlements up and down the whole river
919:
The winter lodgings of the
Stillaguamish were large cedar plank longhouses, furnished from long cedar boards and rope made from cedar bark, with the interior walls covered with large woven cattail mats. On the inside, longhouses had large fire pits for heating and cooking in the center, and there
423:
Like other Coast Salish cultures, the
Stillaguamish were not migratory; they had permanent villages and structures which sometimes hundreds of people would live in. A village was made up of several winter longhouses, seasonal cattail mat houses, and various structures such as drying racks or fire
742:
epidemic in the 18th century, the
Quadsack population was decimated while the upriver Stillaguamish were slightly less affected, and thus, over the coming century, effectively became part of the Stillaguamish proper. Anthropologist Sally Snyder, expert witness for the Stillaguamish in their case
399:
The traditional territory of the
Stillaguamish extends along the drainage of the Stillaguamish River, including the North and South forks, and the main course. The Stillaguamish also utilized the coastline of Skagit Bay and Camano Island, along with members from other non-Stillaguamish villages.
242:
The
Stillaguamish people and their ancestors have lived in the region for thousands of years. Although the first humans could have arrived in the Pacific Northwest as early as 30,000 years ago, the first permanent human habitation of western Washington began 12,000 to 13,000 years ago after the
430:
Traditionally, Stillaguamish villages were autonomous, loosely bound together in culture, language, kinship, and geography. During times of crisis, war, or simply for large social activities, closely allied villages might band together, sometimes under the leadership of one or several powerful
412:
a village were closely controlled by their owners. However, the farther one traveled from a village, the less defined the boundaries became. Rural hunting and gathering areas were not tightly controlled and open to most, and many different groups would socialize and intermingle in those areas.
806:
Both in ancient and modern times, cedar is one of the most important resources of the
Stillaguamish. The bark, wood, and roots of cedar can all be used. Cedar wood is used for crafting house posts, canoes, houses, storage, and more. The bark is used for making rope, and weaving baskets, hats,
667:
During the summer, Stillaguamish people from villages along the whole river would traditionally use certain areas as base camps for summer activities like hunting and fishing. Some of these locations were built around villages, while others were purely seasonal campgrounds. The villages at
314:, temporary reservations were created to further pacify the Indigenous peoples. The Stillaguamish were overlooked in the process, and a reservation was not set up for the Stillaguamish. In May 1856, the Stillaguamish were forced to move to the temporary reservation at Holmes Harbor on
900:
Potatoes began being planted after their introduction. They were first planted at the village between
Florence and Silvana, and soon after they had spread to many of the Stillaguamish villages where they were maintained around the village, and planted at prairies like at
819:. Early settlers and visitors to the territory of the Stillaguamish thought their talent for fishing in even the most turbulent waters was remarkable. Even today, many Stillaguamish people largely rely on fishing salmon as a means of gathering food and for economic gain.
857:, shaving them for their wool. They were kept separate from other animals in special areas, and highly cared for so as to maintain their coat. Both mountain goat wool and dog wool was used for weaving blankets and clothing, both of which were highly valuable in trading.
275:. Some Stillaguamish people were allied with peoples as far south as the Duwamish or even over the mountains from the plateau peoples. Warfare was uncommon, and generally defensive, as a retaliation for murder, broken promises, territory violations, or raiding.
822:
The
Stillaguamish traditionally both hunted and domesticated animals. Animals were traditionally hunted primarily for food and clothing, as well as trading with other groups. The primary animals hunted were deer, elk, bear, and mountain goat. The area north of
178:, settling what is now the Stillaguamish River valley after the ice melted. For thousands of years, the Stillaguamish have lived along the Stillaguamish River. The modern Stillaguamish nation descends from the aboriginal Stillaguamish peoples who signed the
833:
were prime places for getting deer. Stillaguamish people also traveled to areas used by other tribes, like the Snohomish, Skykomish, and Sauk, to hunt. The Stillaguamish were famed for their skills in hunting mountain goat up on Three Fingers Mountain
923:
The Stillaguamish also built large fortified longhouses called stronghouses, where trade goods and other valuables were kept. The village at Cubial had a 150-foot-long stronghouse that was fortified with spikes and traps along the entire perimeter.
403:
Traditionally, there was limited private property ownership, and territorial rights were dominated by the idea of land use, extending to individuals based on the location of their village and usual and accustomed hunting and gathering areas.
262:
For thousands of years, the Stillaguamish have lived along the Stillaguamish River, fishing in it and its tributaries and hunting the surrounding country. The Stillaguamish were historically closely tied with neighboring peoples, such as the
915:
The Stillaguamish traditionally had several types of housing. During the summer, temporary houses made of cattail mats or small, temporary longhouses were erected, while during the winter, the Stillaguamish lived in great cedar longhouses.
687:, were general areas which anyone could use. The campgrounds at Oso were used as a launching spot for expeditions into the mountains and forests for hunting and berry picking. There were many of these such places between Pilchuck Creek and
860:
The Stillaguamish maintain a tradition of gathering plants in the forests, prairies, and alpine meadows in their territory. Traditionally, prairies were maintained and plants growing there were semi-domesticated.
408:
village. Land rights were also granted to those who were not tied in kinship but had express permission to use hunting and gathering sites. These requests were often a formality, and were rarely denied.
376:
In 2014, the Stillaguamish Tribe was granted a reservation specifically for the Stillaguamish. The 64-acre reservation was established near the Stillaguamish River, downriver from the former village at
190:
was granted federal recognition, with a reservation being created in 2014. Today, most Stillaguamish people are enrolled in the Stillaguamish Tribe, while others are enrolled in the
354:
In 1974, the Stillaguamish Tribe petitioned for recognition from the United States' government. The Stillaguamish Tribe achieved federal recognition and treaty on October 27, 1976.
865:
techniques were used to encourage new growth of plants and facilitate animal species. One of the most prolific prairies used by the Stillaguamish was at what is now Kent Prairie (
1817:
1174:
723:, often anglicized as Quadsak or Quadsack, is the name which was given to those living along the lowest reaches of the Stillaguamish River. The name means "yellow people," from
329:
The Stillaguamish continued their traditional lifestyle for at least 15 years after they refused to leave to a reservation, until the 1870s, when settlers began encroaching.
415:
Territory sharing between tribes was common and reciprocal, and Stillaguamish people who shared their land with their neighbors would be sure to use their neighbors' land.
749:
was a mixed village of the Stillaguamish, Quadsack, and Snohomish. According to anthropologist Colin Tweddell, the Quadsack as a whole were a subgroup of the Snohomish.
303:, no reservation was originally established in their homeland. Instead, the Stillaguamish were instructed to move to the Tulalip Reservation. While some moved to the
182:
in 1855 as the Stoluck-wa-mish River Tribe. Although they were promised a reservation in the treaty, they were not given one, so while some Stillaguamish moved to
881:, as well as various berries, grasses, and weeds and the only prairie within the core territory of the Stillaguamish. The Stillaguamish who were allied with the
885:
would also travel to Sauk Prairie to gather roots there. The Stillaguamish also gathered berries with their Snohomish allies at Kellogg Marsh, in what is now
743:
before the Indian Claims Commission, testified that the Quadsack villages were mixed-use by the Stillaguamish and Quadsack after the epidemic. The village at
1439:
357:
In 2003, the enrolled population of the Stillaguamish Tribe was 237. The Stillaguamish Tribe manages the salmon populations in the Stillaguamish River
351:
The Stillaguamish Tribe of Washington ratified its constitution on January 31, 1953, establishing a democratically elected, six-member tribal council.
293:, the Territorial Governor at the time. It was Stevens' policy to lump together as many tribes as possible, so as to sign as few treaties as possible.
289:. Anthropologist Barbara Lane concluded that, during the hastily conducted treaty negotiations, the Stillaguamish were likely completely overlooked by
674:
and what is now Hazel had campgrounds for people visiting from all along the river, as well as for people visiting from other tribes. The village at
995:
These population and housing statistics were originally taken around the mid-to-late 1800s, during the lifetime of Stillaguamish Chief James Dorsey.
882:
268:
278:
Because of the Stillaguamish River's remoteness, the Stillaguamish did not have much contact from Europeans prior to the signing of the Treaty.
1157:
171:, a Coast Salish language. Although usage of the language has declined, there are ongoing revitalization efforts by the Stillaguamish Tribe.
1561:
121:
391:
1348:
1110:
1709:
427:
Each village along the Stillaguamish River had fish traps of some sort in the nearby river, which were owned privately by a family.
134:
1432:
1765:
1704:
1102:
346:
187:
20:
1264:
A Cultural Resources Assessment of the Amber Grove Development (TPN 31051400101800), Arlington, Snohomish County, Washington
738:
Originally, the Quadsack were a separate group from (but very closely-tied with) the Stillaguamish proper. After the first
735:
meaning "people." The name refers to their unique practice of painting themselves yellow, rather than the traditional red.
1240:
962:
489:
1425:
1262:
361:
with the help of Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife. As part of this effort, the Stillaguamish Tribe has a
1699:
1539:
830:
234:
is a drainage term, referring not to a central village but to all the people living along the Stillaguamish River.
1734:
1694:
950:
300:
272:
1529:
946:
1603:
1320:
1822:
1724:
1149:
958:
934:
282:
179:
954:
886:
644:
1812:
1770:
1760:
1236:
A Cultural Resource Overview: Prehistory, Ethnography, and History: Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest
874:
556:
164:
1339:
Bailey, Garrick Alan; Sturtevant, William C. (2008). Garrick Alan Bailey, William C. Sturtevant (ed.).
1744:
1500:
890:
866:
843:
835:
812:
811:
smoking, or drying. There were two large weirs on the Stillaguamish at the villages at what are now
519:
473:
244:
175:
140:
108:
1481:
850:), and commonly invited other tribes to hunt with them in return for hunting privileges elsewhere.
816:
590:
534:
337:
304:
156:
680:
had many small cabins which would be utilized by families visiting the lower Stillaguamish River.
45:
1454:
207:
160:
152:
71:
1322:
Anthropological Report on the Identity, Treaty Status and Fisheries of the Stillaguamish Indians
1022:
1664:
1634:
1417:
1344:
1153:
1106:
605:
323:
248:
1133:. Handbook of North American Indians. Vol. 7. Smithsonian Institution. pp. 485–502.
1791:
1669:
1649:
1639:
1629:
1613:
1598:
1588:
652:
319:
264:
91:
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clothing, and mats. The bark is also used in medicine, food, and some weaving of textiles.
1739:
1719:
1659:
1644:
1413:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services - Indian Health Service - Stillaguamish Tribe
854:
684:
434:
311:
1412:
933:
and always being full of canoes, was called a sort of highway between Skagit Bay and the
1786:
1714:
1578:
862:
366:
358:
315:
252:
945:, canoes would be picked up and carried. There were several commonly used portages at
186:, the majority of Stillaguamish remained in their traditional territory. In 1976, the
1806:
966:
782:
The Stillaguamish traditionally had a class society with three classes: upper class (
703:
290:
256:
203:
75:
1583:
1234:
938:
768:
The Stillaguamish traditionally speak a subdialect of Northern Lushootseed, called
297:
148:
104:
1729:
1534:
1464:
1448:
1261:
Baldwin, Garth L.; Hillstrom, Jefferey K.; Austin, Stephen F. (March 21, 2023).
763:
424:
pits. Longhouses were communally occupied by large groups of extended families.
370:
168:
87:
1514:
1674:
1368:"sdaʔdaʔ gʷəɬ dibəɬ dxʷləšucid ʔaciɬtalbixʷ - Puget Sound Geographical Names"
431:
figures. However, this was only temporary and villages remained independent.
1654:
1063:
19:
This article is about the people. For the federally-recognized tribe, see
1367:
878:
739:
362:
286:
1593:
942:
251:
retreated. Archaeological sites dating back to the Olcott Phase (~9000
216:. The Lushootseed name means "people of the river," from the root word
191:
183:
1549:
1401:
1407:
336:
1421:
1395:
259:
ancestors have been discovered in Arlington and Granite Falls.
1146:
A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples
1408:
Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians Natural Resources Department
281:
On January 22, 1855, the Stillaguamish were party to the
651:
According to anthropologist Colin Tweddell, this was a
649:
1 longhouse, several smaller cedar houses for visitors
395:
The Administration Building of the Stillaguamish Tribe
135:
1779:
1753:
1687:
1622:
1571:
1560:
1522:
1490:
1474:
1463:
877:. It was a plentiful source of many crops, such as
114:
97:
81:
65:
55:
36:
16:
Lushootseed-speaking people from Western Washington
798:and beyond that, their family was most important.
902:
824:
789:
783:
769:
744:
730:
724:
718:
710:
697:
688:
675:
669:
633:
615:
567:
559:, at the confluence of the North and South Forks
545:
462:
378:
229:
223:
217:
211:
505:Florence Island, 3/4 mile upriver from previous
457:Approximate population and number of longhouses
373:, running educational activities about salmon.
174:The Stillaguamish emerged after the end of the
978:James Dorsey (~1850-1935), Stillaguamish chief
472:Across river from the site of present city of
1433:
1267:. Blaine: Drayton Archaeology. pp. 8–10.
1097:Bates, Dawn; Hess, Thom; Hilbert, Vi (1994).
296:Despite being promised a reservation by then-
8:
1818:Native American tribes in Washington (state)
1026:Northwest Portland Area Indian Health Board.
31:
1343:. Government Printing Office. p. 116.
1243:, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region.
1568:
1513:
1471:
1440:
1426:
1418:
683:Other locations, such as near what is now
341:Flag of the Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians
44:
30:
628:2 houses, approximately about 100 people
441:
433:
390:
50:Stillaguamish territory in 1855 and 2023
1008:
988:
610:2 houses, approximately 150-200 people
562:2 houses, approximately 200-300 people
163:in the United States, near the city of
1129:Suttles, Wayne; Lane, Barbara (1990).
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1016:
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438:North Fork of the Stillaguamish River
7:
1292:
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1052:
1050:
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1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
66:Regions with significant populations
853:The Stillaguamish domesticated the
595:4 houses, approximately 200 people
524:3 houses, approximately 200 people
478:3 houses, approximately 250 people
729:meaning "yellow" and the suffixes
540:1 house, approximately 100 people
508:1 house, approximately 5 families
14:
1710:Swinomish Indian Tribal Community
1175:"The Coast Salish of Puget Sound"
577:Near Arlington, along Jim Creek
318:, which was established for the
103:Traditional tribal religion and
1766:Port Madison Indian Reservation
1341:Indians in Contemporary Society
1185:(2): 197–211 – via JSTOR.
965:was used for travel across the
589:Along the river at what is now
443:List of Stillaguamish villages
222:meaning "river" and the suffix
202:The name "Stillaguamish" is an
1705:Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians
1103:University of Washington Press
625:Along the banks of Hat Slough
347:Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians
255:) attributed to Stillaguamish
188:Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians
21:Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians
1:
1028:Retrieved September 16, 2013.
1761:Swinomish Indian Reservation
1715:Tulalip Tribes of Washington
1241:US Department of Agriculture
122:Lushootseed-speaking peoples
1688:Federally recognized tribes
1233:Hollenbeck, Jan L. (1987).
1144:Pritzker, Barry M. (2000).
842:) and Whitehorse Mountain (
492:, across from Church Creek
228:meaning "people." The name
1839:
1700:Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe
788:), commoners, and slaves (
761:
344:
167:. The Stillaguamish speak
18:
1735:Puyallup Tribe of Indians
1695:Upper Skagit Indian Tribe
1511:
1173:Smith, Marian W. (1941).
829:up to Pilchuck Creek and
555:Near the present city of
495:Approximately 400 people
119:
102:
86:
70:
60:
43:
37:
1730:Muckleshoot Indian Tribe
1530:Salishan oral narratives
802:Resources and sustenance
387:Territory and land usage
1725:Snoqualmie Indian Tribe
1179:American Anthropologist
1150:Oxford University Press
903:
894:
870:
847:
839:
825:
790:
784:
770:
745:
731:
725:
719:
711:
698:
689:
676:
670:
634:
616:
604:At or near what is now
568:
546:
463:
379:
230:
224:
218:
212:
159:valley in northwestern
144:
1740:Nisqually Indian Tribe
1319:Lane, Barbara (1973).
1099:Lushootseed Dictionary
1023:"Stillaguamish Tribe."
702:, known in English as
663:Summer camping grounds
439:
396:
342:
283:Treaty of Point Elliot
180:Treaty of Point Elliot
1780:Non-recognized groups
1771:Nisqually Reservation
1453:-speaking peoples of
1131:Southern Coast Salish
973:Notable Stillaguamish
961:between the Sauk and
937:by early mountaineer
437:
394:
340:
206:of their Lushootseed
165:Arlington, Washington
149:Southern Coast Salish
115:Related ethnic groups
1745:Squaxin Island Tribe
1466:Lushootseed language
245:last glacial maximum
176:last glacial maximum
169:Northern Lushootseed
131:Stillaguamish people
1540:Transformer/Changer
1482:Lushootseed grammar
1396:Stillaguamish Tribe
1372:Tulalip Lushootseed
1068:Stillaguamish Tribe
753:Culture and society
643:At present site of
444:
333:Federal recognition
305:Tulalip Reservation
157:Stillaguamish River
33:
1404:, official website
1398:, official website
943:traveling overland
778:Societal structure
622:Quadsack, Quadsak
442:
440:
397:
343:
136:still-uh-GWAH-mish
1800:
1799:
1683:
1682:
1509:
1508:
1159:978-0-19-513877-1
660:
659:
451:Anglicization(s)
127:
126:
1830:
1792:Steilacoom Tribe
1623:Southern peoples
1572:Northern peoples
1569:
1564:
1517:
1472:
1467:
1457:
1451:
1442:
1435:
1428:
1419:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1364:
1355:
1354:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1316:
1269:
1268:
1258:
1245:
1244:
1230:
1187:
1186:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1126:
1117:
1116:
1094:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1060:
1029:
1020:
996:
993:
906:
828:
793:
787:
773:
748:
734:
728:
722:
714:
701:
692:
679:
673:
637:
619:
571:
549:
488:Northern tip of
466:
445:
382:
233:
227:
221:
215:
161:Washington State
56:Total population
48:
34:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1775:
1749:
1720:Suquamish Tribe
1679:
1618:
1562:
1556:
1518:
1505:
1486:
1465:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1446:
1392:
1387:
1386:
1376:
1374:
1366:
1365:
1358:
1351:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1325:
1318:
1317:
1272:
1260:
1259:
1248:
1232:
1231:
1190:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1152:. p. 197.
1143:
1142:
1138:
1128:
1127:
1120:
1113:
1096:
1095:
1082:
1072:
1070:
1062:
1061:
1032:
1021:
1010:
1005:
1000:
999:
994:
990:
985:
975:
930:
913:
855:Salish Wool Dog
804:
780:
766:
760:
755:
716:
665:
490:Florence Island
421:
389:
365:which releases
349:
335:
312:Puget Sound War
301:Michael Simmons
240:
200:
109:syncretic forms
51:
39:
29:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1836:
1834:
1826:
1825:
1823:Tulalip Tribes
1820:
1815:
1805:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1794:
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1787:Duwamish Tribe
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1375:. Retrieved
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105:Christianity
28:Ethnic group
25:
1456:Puget Sound
1450:Lushootseed
1377:October 27,
1101:. Seattle:
1073:January 23,
959:Indian Pass
953:, and near
947:Barlow Pass
891:Lushootseed
867:Lushootseed
844:Lushootseed
836:Lushootseed
764:Lushootseed
699:sx̌ədəlwaʔs
371:coho salmon
310:During the
141:Lushootseed
88:Lushootseed
1807:Categories
1675:Sahewamish
1665:Steilacoom
1635:Snoqualmie
1064:"About Us"
1003:References
955:Darrington
935:Sauk River
887:Marysville
746:dxʷtux̌ʷub
732:=aʔkʷ=bixʷ
677:dxʷtux̌ʷub
671:dxʷtux̌ʷub
645:Warm Beach
635:dxʷtux̌ʷub
324:Snoqualmie
231:stuləgʷabš
213:stuləgʷabš
153:Indigenous
145:stuləgʷabš
72:Washington
38:stuləgʷabš
1670:Nisqually
1655:Suquamish
1650:Sammamish
1640:Shilshole
1630:Skykomish
1614:Snohomish
1599:Kikiallus
1589:Swinomish
875:Arlington
848:čubaliali
653:Snohomish
569:kʷəbɬqʷuʔ
557:Arlington
552:Skabalko
518:North of
464:sdᶻəlgʷas
454:Location
359:watershed
320:Snohomish
265:Snohomish
82:Languages
1660:Puyallup
1645:Duwamish
1535:dukʷibəɬ
1501:Southern
1497:Northern
1491:Dialects
967:Cascades
904:xʷbaqʷab
871:xʷbaqʷab
840:gʷistalb
813:Florence
791:stətudəq
758:Language
740:Smallpox
655:village
640:Splatum
617:qʷacaʔkʷ
574:Klatsko
533:Between
520:Florence
515:Seltach
474:Stanwood
469:Sulgwas
419:Villages
363:hatchery
287:Patkanim
147:) are a
107:, incl.
98:Religion
1594:Nuwhaha
1563:Peoples
1523:Culture
1475:Grammar
941:. When
895:sɬəp̓qs
817:Trafton
785:siʔiʔab
591:Trafton
535:Silvana
502:Loalko
485:Cubial
367:Chinook
238:History
219:stuləkʷ
208:endonym
184:Tulalip
155:to the
151:people
92:English
1584:Skagit
1550:Ayahos
1347:
1156:
1109:
911:Houses
873:), in
273:Skagit
271:, and
120:other
1326:(PDF)
983:Notes
879:camas
726:√qʷac
606:Hazel
448:Name
1604:Sauk
1379:2023
1345:ISBN
1154:ISBN
1107:ISBN
1075:2022
883:Sauk
815:and
369:and
269:Sauk
225:=abš
198:Name
129:The
897:).
696:On
685:Oso
253:YBP
61:237
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