564:, have the ability to detect and produce red bioluminescence. This is made possible by far-red emitting photophores located under the eye and rhodopsins that are sensitive to long-wave emissions. This red bioluminescence is used to illuminate prey and to detect other far-red dragonfishes, because it goes undetected by most other species. The species with far-red emitting photophores differ in morphology and behavior from most other dragonfish species. For example, the barbels of these species are more simple in structure than those of other dragonfishes. They also differ in foraging strategies. While most dragonfishes that produce shortwave blue bioluminescence undergo regular diel vertical migrations, this is not seen in those with far-red emissions. The foraging strategy they undergo involves remaining in the deep-sea and emitting far-red bioluminescence to illuminate a small area and search for prey. Although
429:
to communicate, lure prey, distract predators, and camouflage themselves. The stomiidae family has many unique adaptations to their sensory organs for the deep sea. Most deep-sea organisms have only a single visual pigment sensitive to the absorbance ranges of 470–490 nm. This type of optical system is commonly found in the stomiidae family. However, three genera of dragonfish evolved the ability to produce both long-wave and short-wave bioluminescence. In addition, deep-sea dragon fishes evolved retinas with far-red emitting photophores and rhodopsins. These far-red emitting properties produce long-wave bioluminescence greater than 650 nm. This unique evolutionary trait was first seen around 15.4 Ma and had a single evolutionary origin within the stomiidae family.
408:
resistive forces to lower jaw adduction compared to fish with shorter jaws; however, due to decreased surface area of the lower jaw, dragonfish are able to lower the mechanical advantage of adduction and increase adduction velocity through the reduction of resistive forces. Additionally, it is seen that the adductor mass of the lower jaw of deep-sea dragonfish is significantly decreased, allowing for increased ability to attain high adduction velocity. This makes the deep-sea dragonfish significantly more competitive when hunting for prey due to its ability to capture large prey quickly and efficiently.
649:
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In some taxa the first to tenth anterior vertebrae are reduced or entirely absent. This gap is the result of notochord elongation in this specific area. Functionally, the gap allows deep-sea dragonfish to pull back their cranium and open their mouths up to 120°, which is significantly farther than other taxa that lack such a head joint. This is what allows deep-sea dragonfish to engulf such large prey, resulting in improved survival through the ability to consume more organisms in an extremely food limited environment.
697:
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This means the refraction index of their teeth is nearly identical to that of the sea water they inhabit. The transparency is due to a nanoscale structure of hydroxyapatite and collagen, while the tips of the transparent teeth of deep-sea dragonfish were found to emit more red light in seawater which further contributes to its transparency as red light is close to invisible at the depths that the deep-sea dragonfish reside due to a lack of light penetration.
53:
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681:
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photophores that emit red bioluminescence are particularly helpful for finding prey, since many organisms in the deep sea can only see blue light, it appears as though this red light emission by dragonfish is not directly associated with prey choice, and it is thus hypothesized that it may be used for intraspecific communication. This raises an interesting question of to what extent the red bioluminescence determines dragonfish prey choice.
399:
blue-green light, the wavelengths of which can travel the farthest in the ocean. The deep-sea dragonfish waves its barbel back and forth and produces flashing lights on and off to attract prey and potential mates. Many of the species they prey upon also produce light themselves, which is why they have evolved to have black stomach walls to keep the lights concealed while digesting their meal in order to stay hidden from their predators.
777:
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498:. It is proposed that the specificity of bioluminescent barbel structure to certain species allows for advantageous same-species recognition that promotes genetic isolation, in addition to allowing scientists to more easily identify distinct species due to anatomical barbel differences. The diversity of Stomiidae species is exceptional for their clade age thanks largely to the species-specific barbels. Further,
539:
cylindrical muscles, blood vessels and nervous fibers, and the bulb of the barbel has a single photophore. The catecholamine adrenaline is found in the connective tissue within the stem. One hypothesis regarding barbel control is that adrenaline innervation may control both the movement of the barbel and its production of bioluminescence. Data from a study performed on specimens of the
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31:
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vision have evolved to allow them to thrive in the deep sea. Dragonfish use far-red emitting photophores and rhodopsins to detect prey and navigate their habitats. Additionally, dragonfish use chlorophyll in their eyes to detect the weak bioluminescence of their prey, which is an unusual adaptation for a vertebrate.
455:
Egg-laying, which predominantly occurs in
October, is preceded by a distinctive whirling behavior driven by the male prodding the side of the female's abdomen. Additionally, dragonfish possess a unique adaptation of being able to see using chlorophyll in their eyes, which may allow them to detect the
428:
The deep-sea dragonfishes are part of the stomiidae family, making up a clade of 28 genera and 290 species. The dragonfish possess unique adaptations to help them thrive in the deepest parts of the ocean. This family species have been discovered to use certain long-wave and short-wave bioluminescence
419:
On top of an extremely well adapted jaw, members of the
Stomiidae family also have teeth that are adapted for hunting in deep sea. Their teeth are sharp, hard, stiff, and transparent when wet, making their teeth dangerous weapons as these teeth become basically invisible in the light absent deep sea.
415:
Additionally, members of this family have a unique head joint that contribute to its ability to open its 'loosejaw' so wide. Deep-sea dragonfish have a flexible connection between the base of the skull and first vertebrae called the occipito-vertebral gap where only the flexible notochord is present.
354:
Brian Coad, ichthyologist from the Canada Museum of Nature once observed that there are "64 reported from Canada, 5 of which reach the Arctic". These species are most commonly found in the mesopelagic to bathypelagic regions at a depth of 1000m-4000m, and in the Arctic, most samples of these species
477:
Teleost fishes exhibit a wide range of visual signals, including color, texture, form, and motion, that are used to find mates, establish dominance, defend territory, and coordinate group behavior. Dragonfish have specialized bioluminescent organs that produce red light to communicate with potential
398:
at the tip, attached to their chin. They also have photophores attached along the sides of their body. A specific species of
Stomiidae, the Chauliodus, cannot luminesce longer than 30 minutes without adrenaline. However, in presence of adrenaline, it can produce light for many hours. They produce
468:
One study focuses on the stomiid family, which includes loosejaws and dragonfishes, analyzing the genetic makeup of the visual pigments in these fish and how they have adapted to the unique light conditions of the deep-sea environment. The research helps us understand how dragonfish behavior and
446:
Dragonfish are a type of teleost fish that inhabit the deep sea and use bioluminescence to detect prey and communicate with potential mates. They possess far-red emitting photophores and rhodopsins that are sensitive to long-wave emissions greater than 650 nm, and have adapted to the unique
437:
Dragonfish females exhibit two distinct cohorts oocytes, one which is a white cream color during the first growing stage and the other which is orange-reddish in vitellogenesis. The orange-reddish ovaries are released in the current spawning season, while the other batch is in the growing stage.
407:
The jaw of members in the
Stomiidae family is adapted extremely well for survival and predation in the deep sea. Although small in size, the dragonfish jaw is adapted to capture large prey that are up to 50% the body mass of themselves. The long "loosejaw" of the dragonfish exhibits increased
529:
also have a unique red light emitting photophore in the suborbital region. It is thought that the mechanism of red bioluminescence produced by the suborbital photophore is facilitated by energy transmission and is chemically similar to the blue bioluminescence of the barbel. While suborbital
538:
Species of the
Stomiidae family use blue bioluminescence for communication, camouflage, and as a luring mechanism. They emit shortwave blue bioluminescence from postorbital photophores and from a long, slender appendage on the chin, called the barbel. The shaft of the barbel is composed of
323:
and have enormous jaws filled with fang-like teeth. They are also able to hinge the neurocranium and upper-jaw system, which leads to the opening of the jaw to more than 100 degrees. This ability allows them to consume extremely large prey, often 50% greater than their standard length.
456:
weak bioluminescence of their prey and navigate their dark habitats more effectively. This research sheds light on the reproductive behavior and early life stages of the naked dragonfish and contributes to our understanding of the ecology and behavior of dragonfish species.
1807:
411:
An important distinction in jaw morphology between an adult dragonfish and its larvae are the shape of the mouth. The adult fish have an elongated snout-like face with a protruding jaw, while the larvae have a rounder shaped mouth and a lower jaw that does not protrude.
365:
Species of
Antarctic dragonfish are found in the Southern Ocean. There are 16 species in the Antarctic, all belonging to the suborder Notothenioidei. Two species in this region that are currently generating interest in further scientific study are sister species
459:
Dragonfish also display a parental care behavior, where they guard their nest, staying within close proximity and resting on its pelvic fins. This guarding behavior has been documented in all the major clades of
Antarctic notothenoids, except Artedidraconidae.
1423:
Kenaley, Christopher P.; Devaney, Shannon C.; Fjeran, Taylor T. (April 2014). "The complex evolutionary history of seeing red: molecular phylogeny and the evolution of an adaptive visual system in deep-sea dragonfishes (Stomiiformes: Stomiidae)".
880:
Desvignes, T.; Postlethwait, J. H.; Konstantinidis, P. (2020). "Biogeography of the antarctic dragonfishes
Acanthodraco dewitti and Psilodraco breviceps with re-description of Acanthodraco dewitti (Notothenioidei: Bathydraconidae)".
438:
Stomiids are gonochoristic, allowing them to increase their reproductive fitness by using their energy to produce gametes instead of reconfiguring the reproductive system. The female adult stomiids are also larger than the males.
502:
of bioluminescence in dragonfish contributes to even greater diversity within the species, but the greater abundance of immature specimens within research collections makes studying sexual dimorphism challenging.
572:
all have suborbital photophores that produce red bioluminescence, there are differences in the suborbital photophores between these three genera, in their shape, color, flash duration, and maximum emission.
490:
barbels, which act as lures for prey and are a species-specific structure. These barbels extend anteriorly off the bottom jaw, and prey attracted to its bioluminescence include
390:
helps produce this light. The deep-sea dragonfishes have large heads, and mouths equipped with many sharp fang-like teeth. They have a long stringlike structure known as a
1138:"Exploring feeding behaviour in deep-sea dragonfishes (Teleostei: Stomiidae): jaw biomechanics and functional significance of a loosejaw: DRAGONFISH FEEDING BIOMECHANICS"
478:
mates and prey. Understanding the visual communication and behavior of teleost fishes is essential to understanding the behavior of dragonfish in their natural habitats.
355:
have been captured along the Davis Strait. The average temperature in these waters is approximately 3–4 °C Some examples of species discovered in that region are:
1538:"Long–wave sensitivity in deep–sea stomiid dragonfish with far–red bioluminescence: evidence for a dietary origin of the chlorophyll–derived retinal photosensitizer of
1984:"The Complex Evolutionary History of Seeing Red: Molecular Phylogeny and the Evolution of an Adaptive Visual System in Deep-Sea Dragonfishes (Stomiiformes: Stomiidae)"
2366:
2405:
1742:
Douglas, R. H.; Partridge, J. C.; Dulai, K.; Hunt, D.; Mullineaux, C. W.; Tauber, A. Y.; Hynninen, P. H. (June 1998). "Dragon fish see using chlorophyll".
1597:
Novillo, Manuel; Moreira, Eugenia; Macchi, Gustavo; Barrera-Oro, Esteban (2018-11-01). "Reproductive biology in the
Antarctic bathydraconid dragonfish
340:, depending on the water's ideal feeding and breeding conditions. There is also some evidence that certain species within the family Stomiidae exhibit
2340:
2379:
1786:
979:
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species agree with this hypothesis because the barbels of the dragonfish produced light emissions following exposure to external adrenaline.
844:"Exploring Feeding Behavior In Deep-sea Dragonfishes (Teleostei: Stomiidae): Jaw Biomechanics and Functional Significance of a Loosejaw"
648:
1039:
Mallefet, Jérôme; Duchatelet, Laurent; Hermans, Claire; Baguet, Fernand (2019-01-01). "Luminescence control of
Stomiidae photophores".
728:
2510:
1294:"New insights into the complex structure and ontogeny of the occipito-vertebral gap in barbeled dragonfishes (Stomiidae, Teleostei)"
2477:
336:
can be found in all oceans. They also exist at a wide range of depths between the surface and thousands of meters deep into the
2384:
2169:
908:
Eduardo, L. N.; Lucena-Frédou, F.; Mincarone, M. M.; Soares, A.; Le Loc'h, F.; Frédou, T.; Ménard, F.; Bertrand, A. (2020).
664:
2392:
1695:
Barrera-Oro, Esteban R.; Lagger, Cristian (2010-11-01). "Egg-guarding behaviour in the Antarctic bathydraconid dragonfish
1137:
1377:
Velasco-Hogan, Audrey; Deheyn, Dimitri D.; Koch, Marcus; Nothdurft, Birgit; Arzt, Eduard; Meyers, Marc A. (July 2019).
2301:
2288:
1469:"Localisation and origin of the bacteriochlorophyll-derived photosensitizer in the retina of the deep-sea dragon fish
910:"Trophic ecology, habitat, and migratory behaviour of the viperfish Chauliodus sloani reveal a key mesopelagic player"
712:
680:
696:
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600:
382:
It is one of the many species of deep-sea fish that can produce their own light through a chemical process known as
2410:
52:
1467:
Douglas, Ronald H.; Genner, Martin J.; Hudson, Alan G.; Partridge, Julian C.; Wagner, Hans-Joachim (2016-12-20).
776:
744:
671:
632:
344:. Temperature, salinity, oxygen, and fluorescence profiles of an area can affect some species' (like Sloane's
2063:"Red bioluminescence in fishes: on the suborbital photophores of Malacosteus, Pachystomias and Aristostomias"
1930:"Red bioluminescence in fishes: on the suborbital photophores of Malacosteus, Pachystomias and Aristostomias"
792:
584:
361:
richardsoni; Borostomia antarcticus; Chauliodus sloani; Malacosteus niger; Rhadinesthes decimus; Stomias boa.
2191:
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719:
687:
2441:
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767:
616:
607:
1536:
Douglas, R. H.; Mullineaux, C. W.; Partridge, J. C. (2000-09-29). Collin, S.P.; Marshall, N.J. (eds.).
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2112:
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Davis, Matthew P.; Holcroft, Nancy I.; Wiley, Edward O.; Sparks, John S.; Leo Smith, W. (2014-05-01).
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In addition to a bioluminescent barbel, members of the Stomiidae family have a blue light emitting
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1072:
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47:
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966:. Toronto: Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. Chapter 25 "Stomiidae: Dragonfishes".
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Evans, Clive W.; Cziko, Paul; Cheng, Chi-Hing Christina; Devries, Arthur L. (September 2005).
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1808:"REVIEW. Sex with the lights on? A review of bioluminescent sexual dimorphism in the sea"
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1546:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences
1488:
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1898:
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1537:
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1223:
1172:"Spawning behaviour and early development in the naked dragonfish Gymnodraco acuticeps"
934:
495:
94:
2111:
Mallefet, Jérôme; Duchatelet, Laurent; Hermans, Claire; Baguet, Fernand (2019-01-01).
1656:"Reproductive Ecology of Dragonfishes (Stomiiformes: Stomiidae) in the Gulf of Mexico"
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2174:
1153:
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548:
320:
240:
228:
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138:
2152:
1335:"Histological data on bone and teeth in two dragonfishes (Stomiidae; Stomiiformes):
1076:
319:. They are quite small, usually around 15 cm, up to 26 cm. These fish are
1654:
Marks, Alex D.; Kerstetter, David W.; Wyanski, David M.; Sutton, Tracey T. (2020).
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1982:
Kenaley, Christopher P.; DeVaney, Shannon C.; Fjeran, Taylor T. (2014-01-30).
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64:
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2015:
1907:
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1333:
Germain, Damien; Schnell, Nalani K.; Meunier, François J. (February 2019).
1319:
1275:
1068:
943:
971:
30:
2245:
2183:
1858:"Species-specific bioluminescence facilitates speciation in the deep sea"
84:
2196:
961:
506:
1631:
1310:
1293:
276:
1999:
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1437:
486:
Dragonfish of the Stomiidae family are largely characterized by their
2358:
1224:"Evolution of a Functional Head Joint in Deep-Sea Fishes (Stomiidae)"
74:
2345:
2222:
2201:
1983:
1379:"On the Nature of the Transparent Teeth of the Deep-Sea Dragonfish,
960:
Coad, B.; Reist, J. (2017). Coad, Brian W.; Reist, James D. (eds.).
2454:
1812:
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
1763:
505:
2226:
2332:
510:
A red photophore is visible in the suborbital region of this
1292:
Schnell, Nalani K.; Britz, Ralf; Johnson, G. David (2010).
1095:
Gilbert, Pupa U. P. A.; Stifler, Cayla A. (2019-07-10).
525:
in the postorbital region. Some dragonfish, such as the
351:) preferred habitat changes from day to night with DVM.
546:
The loose jaw dragonfishes, which include species from
1222:
Schnell, Nalani K.; Johnson, G. David (2017-02-01).
2235:
2113:"Luminescence control of Stomiidae photophores"
464:Evolution and adaptations of the visual system
447:light conditions of the deep-sea environment.
2061:Herring, Peter J.; Cope, Celia (2005-12-01).
1928:Herring, Peter J.; Cope, Celia (2005-09-28).
8:
2223:
1000:"It Can Bite You Even if You Can't See It"
29:
20:
1897:
1671:
1630:
1573:
1512:
1398:
1358:
1309:
1265:
1247:
1195:
1142:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
1112:
1015:
933:
859:
848:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
837:
835:
833:
1787:"Communication Behavior: Visual Signals"
998:Carmichael, Stephen W. (November 2019).
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2104:
2056:
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2029:
2027:
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829:
580:
1977:
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1801:
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1370:
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1285:
1217:
1215:
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1163:
1090:
1088:
1086:
955:
953:
7:
2460:AC642D14-3A59-FFDA-34F2-FBD8DEC72E50
2421:bd7e43c5-f598-45c7-8785-e483435f887f
1136:Kenaley, Christopher P. (May 2012).
993:
991:
875:
873:
871:
14:
2192:Review of the Astronesthid Fishes
1806:Herring, Peter J. (August 2007).
473:Visual communication and behavior
1154:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.01854.x
861:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.01854.x
842:Kenaley, Christopher P. (2012).
807:
791:
775:
759:
743:
727:
711:
695:
679:
663:
647:
631:
615:
599:
583:
51:
1339:Regan & Trewavas, 1929 and
963:Marine Fishes of Arctic Canada
577:Representative species gallery
1:
386:. A special organ known as a
2129:10.1016/j.acthis.2018.10.001
1360:10.26028/cybium/2019-431-010
1249:10.1371/journal.pone.0170224
1097:"See-Through Teeth, Clearly"
1053:10.1016/j.acthis.2018.10.001
482:Bioluminescence in Stomiidae
1660:Frontiers in Marine Science
424:Evolution of sensory organs
2527:
2202:The Deep Sea ocean biology
1400:10.1016/j.matt.2019.05.010
1114:10.1016/j.matt.2019.06.015
926:10.1038/s41598-020-77222-8
895:10.1007/s00300-020-02661-y
2087:10.1007/s00227-005-0085-3
1954:10.1007/s00227-005-0085-3
1882:10.1007/s00227-014-2406-x
1832:10.1017/S0025315407056433
1721:10.1007/s00300-010-0847-3
1697:Parachaenichthys charcoti
1623:10.1007/s00300-018-2359-5
1599:Parachaenichthys charcoti
1381:Aristostomias scintillans
1197:10.1017/S0954102005002749
1017:10.1017/S1551929519001056
566:Malacosteus, Pachystomias
394:, with a light-producing
135:
130:
48:Scientific classification
46:
37:
28:
23:
2511:Ray-finned fish families
2177:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
1673:10.3389/fmars.2020.00101
672:Grammatostomias dentatus
2187:. January 2006 version.
2035:"Splendor in the Dark"
1558:10.1098/rstb.2000.0681
1337:Borostomias panamensis
720:Melanostomias melanops
688:Idiacanthus atlanticus
518:
2442:Paleobiology Database
2207:Science and the Sea,
1298:Journal of Morphology
972:10.3138/9781442667297
768:Pachystomias microdon
608:Bathophilus vaillanti
509:
451:Reproductive behavior
433:Reproductive features
317:barbeled dragonfishes
784:Photonectes gracilis
752:Photostomias guernei
656:Eustomias trewavasae
534:Lure bioluminescence
372:Psilodraco breviceps
368:Acanthodraco dewitti
40:Photostomias guernei
2079:2005MarBi.148..383H
1946:2005MarBi.148..383H
1874:2014MarBi.161.1139D
1824:2007JMBUK..87..829H
1756:1998Natur.393..423D
1713:2010PoBio..33.1585B
1615:2018PoBio..41.2239N
1552:(1401): 1269–1272.
1489:2016NatSR...639395D
1240:2017PLoSO..1270224S
1188:2005AntSc..17..319E
736:Neonesthes capensis
640:Echiostoma barbatum
2197:Malacosteus niger
2179:"Family Stomiidae"
1477:Scientific Reports
1311:10.1002/jmor.10858
914:Scientific Reports
800:Photostomias atrox
592:Astronesthes niger
527:Malacosteus niger,
519:
342:migratory behavior
2493:
2492:
2429:Open Tree of Life
2229:Taxon identifiers
2117:Acta Histochemica
2039:Discover Magazine
2000:10.1111/evo.12322
1750:(6684): 423–424.
1707:(11): 1585–1587.
1609:(11): 2239–2248.
1540:Malacosteus niger
1497:10.1038/srep39395
1471:Malacosteus niger
1438:10.1111/evo.12322
1176:Antarctic Science
1041:Acta Histochemica
981:978-1-4426-6729-7
816:Stomias nebulosus
704:Malacosteus niger
500:sexual dimorphism
349:Chauliodus sloani
338:bathypelagic zone
302:
301:
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2485:
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2462:
2450:
2449:
2437:
2436:
2424:
2423:
2414:
2413:
2401:
2400:
2398:NHMSYS0000329067
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2387:
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2374:
2362:
2361:
2349:
2348:
2336:
2335:
2323:
2322:
2310:
2309:
2297:
2296:
2284:
2283:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2224:
2188:
2157:
2156:
2108:
2099:
2098:
2058:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2031:
2020:
2019:
1979:
1966:
1965:
1925:
1912:
1911:
1901:
1868:(5): 1139–1148.
1853:
1844:
1843:
1803:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1785:Marshall, N. J.
1782:
1776:
1775:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1675:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1634:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1577:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1516:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1420:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1374:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1343:Reinhardt, 1842"
1330:
1324:
1323:
1313:
1304:(8): 1006–1022.
1289:
1280:
1279:
1269:
1251:
1219:
1210:
1209:
1199:
1167:
1158:
1157:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1116:
1092:
1081:
1080:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1019:
1004:Microscopy Today
995:
986:
985:
957:
948:
947:
937:
905:
899:
898:
877:
866:
865:
863:
839:
811:
795:
779:
763:
747:
731:
715:
699:
683:
667:
651:
635:
624:Chauliodus danae
619:
603:
587:
315:, including the
56:
55:
33:
21:
16:Family of fishes
2526:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2481:
2476:
2468:
2466:
2458:
2453:
2445:
2440:
2432:
2427:
2419:
2417:
2409:
2404:
2396:
2391:
2383:
2378:
2370:
2365:
2357:
2352:
2344:
2339:
2331:
2326:
2318:
2313:
2305:
2300:
2292:
2287:
2279:
2274:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2231:
2173:
2166:
2161:
2160:
2110:
2109:
2102:
2060:
2059:
2052:
2043:
2041:
2033:
2032:
2023:
1994:(4): 996–1013.
1981:
1980:
1969:
1927:
1926:
1915:
1855:
1854:
1847:
1805:
1804:
1797:
1789:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1432:(4): 996–1013.
1422:
1421:
1408:
1376:
1375:
1368:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1291:
1290:
1283:
1234:(2). e0170224.
1221:
1220:
1213:
1169:
1168:
1161:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1094:
1093:
1084:
1038:
1037:
1033:
997:
996:
989:
982:
959:
958:
951:
907:
906:
902:
879:
878:
869:
841:
840:
831:
826:
819:
812:
803:
796:
787:
780:
771:
764:
755:
748:
739:
732:
723:
716:
707:
700:
691:
684:
675:
668:
659:
652:
643:
636:
627:
620:
611:
604:
595:
588:
579:
536:
484:
475:
466:
453:
444:
435:
426:
405:
384:bioluminescence
380:
330:
313:ray-finned fish
292:
286:
280:
274:
268:
262:
256:
250:
244:
238:
232:
226:
220:
214:
208:
202:
199:Grammatostomias
196:
193:Flagellostomias
190:
184:
178:
172:
166:
160:
154:
148:
142:
115:Phosichthyoidei
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2524:
2522:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2498:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2474:
2464:
2451:
2438:
2425:
2415:
2402:
2389:
2376:
2363:
2350:
2337:
2324:
2311:
2298:
2285:
2272:
2257:
2241:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2212:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2175:Froese, Rainer
2171:
2165:
2164:External links
2162:
2159:
2158:
2100:
2073:(2): 383–394.
2067:Marine Biology
2050:
2021:
1967:
1940:(2): 383–394.
1934:Marine Biology
1913:
1862:Marine Biology
1845:
1818:(4): 829–842.
1795:
1777:
1734:
1687:
1646:
1589:
1528:
1459:
1406:
1393:(1): 235–249.
1366:
1353:(1): 103–107.
1325:
1281:
1211:
1182:(3): 319–327.
1159:
1148:(1): 224–240.
1128:
1082:
1031:
987:
980:
949:
900:
889:(5): 565–572.
867:
854:(1): 224–240.
828:
827:
825:
822:
821:
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797:
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488:bioluminescent
483:
480:
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449:
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440:
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404:
403:Jaw morphology
401:
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321:apex predators
300:
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95:Actinopterygii
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2017:
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1931:
1924:
1922:
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1918:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
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1800:
1796:
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1778:
1773:
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1764:10.1038/30871
1761:
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1745:
1738:
1735:
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1718:
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1701:Polar Biology
1698:
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1647:
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1620:
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1608:
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1603:Polar Biology
1600:
1593:
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1455:
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1447:
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1435:
1431:
1427:
1419:
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1415:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1382:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1329:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1132:
1129:
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1120:
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1106:
1102:
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1089:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1074:
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1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
994:
992:
988:
983:
977:
973:
969:
965:
964:
956:
954:
950:
945:
941:
936:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
904:
901:
896:
892:
888:
884:
883:Polar Biology
876:
874:
872:
868:
862:
857:
853:
849:
845:
838:
836:
834:
830:
823:
818:
817:
810:
805:
802:
801:
794:
789:
786:
785:
778:
773:
770:
769:
762:
757:
754:
753:
746:
741:
738:
737:
730:
725:
722:
721:
714:
709:
706:
705:
698:
693:
690:
689:
682:
677:
674:
673:
666:
661:
658:
657:
650:
645:
642:
641:
634:
629:
626:
625:
618:
613:
610:
609:
602:
597:
594:
593:
586:
581:
576:
574:
571:
570:Aristostomias
567:
563:
562:
557:
556:
551:
550:
549:Aristostomias
544:
542:
533:
531:
528:
524:
517:
513:
508:
504:
501:
497:
496:bristlemouths
493:
489:
481:
479:
472:
470:
463:
461:
457:
450:
448:
441:
439:
432:
430:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
402:
400:
397:
393:
389:
385:
377:
375:
373:
369:
363:
362:
358:
352:
350:
347:
343:
339:
335:
327:
325:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
298:
297:
296:
291:
290:
285:
284:
279:
278:
273:
272:
267:
266:
261:
260:
255:
254:
249:
248:
243:
242:
241:Odontostomias
237:
236:
231:
230:
229:Melanostomias
225:
224:
219:
218:
213:
212:
207:
206:
201:
200:
195:
194:
189:
188:
183:
182:
181:Eupogonesthes
177:
176:
171:
170:
165:
164:
159:
158:
153:
152:
147:
146:
141:
140:
139:Aristostomias
134:
129:
126:
123:
120:
119:
116:
113:
110:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
96:
93:
90:
89:
86:
83:
80:
79:
76:
73:
70:
69:
66:
63:
60:
59:
54:
49:
45:
42:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2236:
2216:
2208:
2182:
2120:
2116:
2070:
2066:
2042:. Retrieved
2038:
1991:
1987:
1937:
1933:
1865:
1861:
1815:
1811:
1780:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1690:
1663:
1659:
1649:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1531:
1483:(1): 39395.
1480:
1476:
1470:
1462:
1429:
1425:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1350:
1346:
1340:
1336:
1328:
1301:
1297:
1231:
1227:
1179:
1175:
1145:
1141:
1131:
1107:(1): 27–29.
1104:
1100:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1007:
1003:
962:
920:(1): 20996.
917:
913:
903:
886:
882:
851:
847:
814:
798:
782:
766:
750:
734:
718:
702:
686:
670:
654:
638:
622:
606:
590:
569:
565:
561:Pachystomias
559:
553:
547:
545:
540:
537:
526:
520:
515:
511:
485:
476:
467:
458:
454:
445:
436:
427:
418:
414:
410:
406:
381:
371:
367:
364:
360:
357:Astronesthes
356:
353:
348:
333:
331:
316:
311:of deep-sea
304:
303:
295:Trigonolampa
293:
287:
281:
275:
271:Rhadinesthes
269:
265:Photostomias
263:
257:
253:Pachystomias
251:
245:
239:
233:
227:
221:
217:Leptostomias
215:
209:
205:Heterophotus
203:
197:
191:
185:
179:
173:
169:Chirostomias
167:
161:
155:
149:
145:Astronesthes
143:
137:
136:
124:
105:Stomiiformes
38:
18:
2354:iNaturalist
2261:Wikispecies
2123:(1): 7–15.
1632:11336/85287
1341:Stomias boa
1047:(1): 7–15.
1010:(6): 8–10.
555:Malacosteus
541:Stomias boa
512:Malacosteus
492:lanternfish
332:The family
289:Thysanactis
259:Photonectes
223:Malacosteus
211:Idiacanthus
157:Borostomias
151:Bathophilus
2500:Categories
2217:dragonfish
2209:Dragonfish
2044:2023-04-12
824:References
523:photophore
396:photophore
388:photophore
283:Tactostoma
247:Opostomias
235:Neonesthes
175:Echiostoma
163:Chauliodus
111:Suborder:
24:Stomiidae
2506:Stomiidae
2294:Stomiidae
2281:Stomiidae
2267:Stomiidae
2237:Stomiidae
2137:0065-1281
2095:1432-1793
2008:0014-3820
1988:Evolution
1962:0025-3162
1890:1432-1793
1840:1469-7769
1772:1476-4687
1729:1432-2056
1682:2296-7745
1641:1432-2056
1566:0962-8436
1505:2045-2322
1446:1558-5646
1426:Evolution
1258:1932-6203
1206:1365-2079
1123:2590-2385
1061:0065-1281
1026:1551-9295
514:rendering
346:viperfish
334:Stomiidae
305:Stomiidae
187:Eustomias
125:Stomiidae
71:Kingdom:
65:Eukaryota
2246:Wikidata
2215:Seasky,
2184:FishBase
2153:53505749
2145:30322809
2016:24274363
1908:24771948
1584:11079412
1523:27996027
1454:24274363
1320:20623652
1276:28146571
1228:PLOS ONE
1077:53505749
1069:30322809
944:33268805
442:Behavior
378:Features
121:Family:
85:Chordata
81:Phylum:
75:Animalia
61:Domain:
2252:Q283200
2075:Bibcode
1942:Bibcode
1899:3996283
1870:Bibcode
1820:Bibcode
1752:Bibcode
1709:Bibcode
1611:Bibcode
1575:1692851
1514:5171636
1485:Bibcode
1267:5287460
1236:Bibcode
1184:Bibcode
935:7710699
328:Habitat
277:Stomias
131:Genera
101:Order:
91:Class:
2483:125604
2470:114392
2467:uBio:
2447:265829
2434:734459
2418:NZOR:
2411:123351
2385:162282
2372:114910
2151:
2143:
2135:
2093:
2014:
2006:
1960:
1906:
1896:
1888:
1838:
1770:
1744:Nature
1727:
1680:
1639:
1582:
1572:
1564:
1521:
1511:
1503:
1452:
1444:
1387:Matter
1347:Cybium
1318:
1274:
1264:
1256:
1204:
1121:
1101:Matter
1075:
1067:
1059:
1024:
978:
942:
932:
568:, and
558:, and
392:barbel
309:family
2478:WoRMS
2455:Plazi
2367:IRMNG
2359:86082
2307:33952
2149:S2CID
1790:(PDF)
1073:S2CID
307:is a
2406:NCBI
2380:ITIS
2346:2225
2341:GBIF
2333:5074
2302:BOLD
2141:PMID
2133:ISSN
2091:ISSN
2012:PMID
2004:ISSN
1958:ISSN
1904:PMID
1886:ISSN
1836:ISSN
1768:ISSN
1725:ISSN
1678:ISSN
1637:ISSN
1580:PMID
1562:ISSN
1519:PMID
1501:ISSN
1450:PMID
1442:ISSN
1316:PMID
1272:PMID
1254:ISSN
1202:ISSN
1119:ISSN
1065:PMID
1057:ISSN
1022:ISSN
976:ISBN
940:PMID
494:and
370:and
359:cf.
2393:NBN
2328:EoL
2320:GQ8
2315:CoL
2289:AFD
2276:ADW
2125:doi
2121:121
2083:doi
2071:148
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