1698:
1889:
1827:
437:, and traditional lime mortars and grouts. Sometimes modern cements, mastics, and epoxy resins are used, usually on specialist applications such as stone cladding. Metal fixings, from simple dowels and cramps to specialized single application fixings, are also used. The precise tolerances necessarily make this a highly skilled job. This type of masons has specialized into fixing the stones onto the buildings. A fixer mason is responsible for traveling to a job site to fit and lay pre-prepared stone or cladding for buildings. They might do this with grouts, mortars, and lifting tackle. They might also use things like single application specialized fixings, simple cramps, and dowels as well as stone cladding with things like epoxy resins, mastics, and modern cements.
411:, to required size with saws. The resulting block if ordered for a specific component is known as sawn six sides (SSS). A sawyer mason is similar to a banker mason (see below) in that they work with rough pieces of stone and shape them according to certain standards. The main difference between a sawyer mason and a banker mason is the size of the stone they work with – a sawyer mason typically works with much larger pieces and uses diamond-coated tools. Sawyer masons may work in quarries or be found in tile or flooring stores, possessing a range of specific skills, such as examining grain patterns to determine cleavage, creating smaller stones from larger pieces, and carving precise outlines and drilling holes using various tools like chisels.
563:
1156:
903:
1013:
198:
140:
1485:
which teach not only the manual skills but also related fields such as drafting and blueprint reading or construction conservation. Electronic
Stonemasonry training resources enhance traditional delivery techniques. Hands-on workshops are a good way to learn about stonemasonry also. Those wishing to become stonemasons should have little problem working at heights, possess reasonable hand-eye coordination, be moderately physically fit, and have basic mathematical ability. Most of these things can be developed while learning.
171:
1905:
427:
some stones need to be oriented correctly for the application; this includes voussoirs, jambs, copings, and cornices. The stone's size and shape are usually predetermined by builders or other parties involved in a project, and the banker mason works according to a brief or a set of designs provided for that project. Once the stone has been crafted to the required specifications, it is transported to the construction site or another location for use in a building or other structure.
1021:
466:
182:
1857:
574:
1842:
1873:
1932:
190:
1944:
1507:
1425:
1328:
1259:
952:
43:
1568:
1815:
586:
384:
1029:
369:
160:
1320:
1762:
831:
resilience: "With regard to the current
Algerian seismic design regulation, the results obtained in terms of time period, frequency, storey drifts and displacements showed that the… (Diar Es Saada massive precut stone)… tower can be considered as an earthquake-resistant building fulfilling the required structural safety conditions."
418:, sometimes referred to as a bank mason, is workshop-based, and specializes in working the stones into the shapes required by a building's design, this set out on templets and a bed mould. A banker mason uses various hand and power tools to cut, carve, and shape stone. They can produce anything from stones with simple
858:
development and popularization of massive precut stone construction techniques. His pioneering work laid the foundation for subsequent architects to build upon and innovate, leading to the resurgence and expansion of this construction method in the 2020s, with the rise of interest in low-carbon durable construction.
1488:
The modern stonemason undergoes comprehensive training, both in the classroom and in the working environment. Hands-on skill is complemented by an intimate knowledge of each stone type, its application, and best uses, and how to work and fix each stone in place. The mason may be skilled and competent
1484:
A modern apprenticeship lasts three years. This combines on-site learning through personal experience, the experience of the tradesmen, and college work where apprentices are given an overall experience of the building, hewing and theory work involved in masonry. In some areas, colleges offer courses
924:
methods starting around 1888. Such tension-reinforced concrete applications combine compressive strength with pre-stressed tensile compression for combined strength much greater than either of the individual components, and have been in wide use for decades. As for concrete, post-tensioning maintains
539:. Stone walls built without mortar, using the shape of the stones, compression, and friction for stability. This technique encompasses cyclopean masonry and other mortar-less methods, but is conventionally used to describe agricultural walls used to mark boundaries, contain livestock, and retain soil.
426:
windows, detailed mouldings and the more classical architectural building masonry. When working a stone from a sawn block, the mason ensures that the stone is bedded in the right way, so the finished work sits in the building in the same orientation as it was formed on the ground. Occasionally though
1655:
is a fine, easily worked stone, that comes in various colours, but mainly white. It has traditionally been used for carving statues, and for facings of many
Byzantine and Italian Renaissance buildings. Prominent Greek sculptors, such as Antenor (6th century BC), Phidias and Critias (5th century BC),
1358:
Chisels come in a variety of sizes and shapes, dependent upon the function for which they are being used and have many different names depending on locality. There are different chisels for different materials and sizes of material being worked, for removing large amounts of material and for putting
681:
Stone bricks. Small stone ashlars that are cut by the quarry to brick sizing to allow their use in standardized brick-laying workflows. Cost is similar to clay composite bricks, but with greatly reduced carbon emissions. As stone does not change size like fired clay bricks, brick-sized stone ashlars
347:
While stone was important traditionally, it fell out of use in the modern era, in favor of brick and steel-reinforced concrete. This is despite the advantages of stone over concrete. Those advantages include: (1) many types of stone are stronger than concrete in compression; (2) stone uses much less
1209:
When
Europeans settled the Americas, they brought the stonemasonry techniques of their respective homelands with them. Settlers used what materials were available, and in some areas, stone was the material of choice. In the first waves, building mimicked that of Europe, to eventually be replaced by
710:
is a variation of
Cyclopean concrete stone-wall construction that uses formwork to contain the rocks and mortar while keeping the walls straight. Short forms, up to two feet tall, are placed on both sides of the wall to serve as a guide for the stonework. Stones are placed inside the forms with the
1410:
are much used: these save time and money, but are hazardous and require just as much skill as the hand tools that they augment. But many of the basic tools of stonemasonry have remained virtually the same throughout vast amounts of time, even thousands of years, for instance when comparing chisels
928:
Post-tensioning is achieved steel tendons either threaded through ducts within the stone elements or along their surface. Once the stone components are in place, the tendons are tensioned using hydraulic jacks, and the force is transferred to the stone through anchorages located at the ends of the
1492:
Today's stonemasons undergo training that is quite comprehensive and is done both in the work environment and in the classroom. It isn't enough to have hands-on skills only. One must also have knowledge of the types of stones as well as its best uses and how to work it as well as how to fix it in
882:
Post-tensioned stone ("PT stone") could consist of a single piece, but drill limitations and other considerations mean it is typically an assembly of multiple components with mortar between pieces. PT stone has been used in both vertical columns (posts), and in horizontal beams (lintels). It has
857:
pioneered the use of massive precut stone in modern architecture. During the post-war period, his innovative approach to stone construction led to the development of numerous noteworthy projects, with a particular focus on housing. Throughout his long career, Pouillon played a crucial role in the
1121:, and there was a resulting increase in timber-based construction. Stonework experienced a resurgence in the 9th and 10th centuries in Europe, and by the 12th-century religious fervour resulted in the construction of thousands of impressive churches and cathedrals in stone across Western Europe.
837:
Environmental
Benefits. The use of a material with lower embedded carbon contributes to a more sustainable building process, minimizing the environmental impact. Lower carbon emissions: load-bearing stone construction emits around one-tenth the carbon as a comparable concrete building. As 80% of
830:
Durability. Buildings constructed using massive precut stone maintain the inherent durability and longevity of stone construction, offering long-lasting and low-maintenance structures. At least one study of a modern 20-storey unreinforced MP-stone tower has suggested this method has good seismic
766:
The key technique of massive precut (MP) stone is to cut stone ashlars to precise dimensions that match the architect's plan such that the stones can be dropped into place by crane for rapid construction. The blocks may be numbered so that the masons can follow the plan procedurally. The use of
613:
is used as a protective and decorative covering for interior or exterior walls and surfaces. The veneer is typically 1 in (25.4 mm) thick and must weigh less than 15 lb per square foot (73 kg m) so that no additional structural supports are required. The structural wall is put up
782:
Massive block sizes. The heuristic definition of 'massive stone' is a block that is too heavy to be lifted by hand. Using massive dimensions has three critical benefits: (1) minimizing cuts, which lowers cost and shortens production time, (2) increases the thermal mass of walls for temperature
910:"Post-tensioned stone increases the failure load of stone in bending, but also the stiffness of a structure by reducing joint cracking. This method of construction is widely used for concrete structures, but the advantages of using similar techniques with stone are only just being realised".
455:
crosses the line from craft to art. They use their artistic ability to carve stone into foliage, figures, animals or abstract designs. Carver masons are the artists of stonemasonry, responsible for creating designs and/or patterns from stone, as well as on stones. This work can include stone
786:
Precise offsite dimension cuts. Precutting can be done at the quarry, or at a masonry workshop by sawyer and banker masons. The precision amounts to a form of prefabrication, such that the masons do not have to make adjustments onsite, and construction is an assembly process. Precise ashlar
762:
in postwar period who referred to the method as "pierre de taille" or "pré-taille" stone. It became possible through innovations by
Pouillon and Paul Marcerou, a masonry engineer at a quarry in Fontvieille, to adapt high-precision saws from the timber industry to quarrying and stone sawing.
348:
energy to produce, and hence its production emits less carbon dioxide than either brick or concrete, and (3) stone is widely considered aesthetically pleasing, while concrete is often painted or clad. Modern stonemasonry is in the process of reinventing itself for automation, modern
1668:
marble. Their work was preceded by older sculptors from
Mesopotamia and Egypt, but the Greeks were unmatched in plasticity and realistic (re)presentation, either of Gods (Apollo, Aphrodite, Hermes, Zeus, etc.), or humans (Pythagoras, Socrates, Plato, Phryne, etc.). The famous
937:
Stone is 'natural precast concrete' so only needs to be cut (and strength tested) and post-tensioned prior to use in construction. Compared to concrete and steel, post-tensioned stone production has dramatically lower energy costs, with concomitant lower carbon emissions.
817:
Build speed. The use of precisely cut and numbered ashlars, combined with crane-assisted assembly, significantly reduces construction time compared to traditional stone-masonry techniques. Compared to concrete construction, MP stone is faster as there is no setting wait
1826:
803:
Massive cyclopean concrete blocks. Developed by IBAVI in
Mallorca, rough stones are placed in a mold and saturated with concrete. The concrete is sawn into massive ashlars for crane assembly. Enables reuse of rough plum stones from traditional stone
522:
systems, which are two ancient methods for creating a void below a stone span (either a lintel or an arch). Note that the
Knowledge (XXG) page on stone arches is about stone-arch bridges exclusively, and the arch page is about all arches, including
1140:. Apprentices were indentured to their masters as the price for their training, journeymen were qualified craftsmen who were paid by the day, and master masons were considered freemen who could travel as they wished to work on the projects of the
711:
good faces against the formwork. Concrete is poured behind the rocks. Rebar is added for strength, to make a wall that is approximately half reinforced concrete and half stonework. The wall can be faced with stone on one side or both sides.
838:
energy is non-grid fossil fuel, and construction is responsible for 8% of carbon emissions, the replacement of coal-burning concrete production with lower-energy dimension-stone production could have a substantial impact on net-zero goals.
718:
for pouring concrete. These are left in place after the concrete sets. This is the inverse procedure to stone cladding, where the stone tiles are attached to the concrete after the temporary shuttering has been removed. Developed by
657:
and computer models of load, modern designers are able to cut complex vaults, arches, and other arrangements of precisely cut ashlars. Antecedents to this discipline include curved vaults, and also flat vaults that use a concentric
1610:
is one of the hardest stones, and requires such different techniques to sedimentary stones that it is virtually a separate trade. With great persistence, simple mouldings can and have been carved from granite, for example in many
3188:
1373:
is used for the application of the mortar between and around the stones as they are set into place. Filling in the gaps (joints) with mortar is referred to as pointing. Pointing in smaller joints can be accomplished using
2487:"An examination of the three districts in Algiers by Fernand Pouillon as Moorish architecture: Research on dwelling practice around the "bidonville (Shantytown)" project in Algiers during the Late Colonial Period, Part 2"
1888:
614:
first, and thin, flat stones are mortared onto the face of the wall. Metal tabs in the structural wall are mortared between the stones to tie everything together, to prevent the stonework from separating from the wall.
844:
Thermal Performance. As with traditional stone construction, massive precut stone buildings benefit from excellent thermal mass, helping to regulate indoor temperatures and reduce energy consumption for heating and
677:
method: the ends of the posts and lintels are precisely precut offsite prior to assembly by crane. At least two more trabeated stone exoskeleton high-rise buildings are underway, one in London, and another in
639:. A high-performance composite construction material consisting of stone held in compression with tension elements. The tension elements can be connected to the outside of the stone, but more typically uses
243:
The basic tools, methods and skills of the banker mason have existed as a trade for thousands of years. It is one of the oldest activities and professions in human history. Many of the long-lasting, ancient
821:
Cost reduction. Compared to brick masonry or smaller ashlars, using larger stone blocks and thereby minimizing sawing and fixer-masonry costs, the overall expense of constructing a building can be reduced.
767:
massive blocks reduces costs by minimizing sawing and fixer-masonry costs. The use of a crane reduces labor, accelerates construction, and allows the masons to precisely and quickly position the blocks.
1687:
is a popular choice of stone for memorials and inscriptions, as its fine grain and hardness means it leaves details very sharp. Its tendency to split into thin plates has also made it a popular roofing
755:
construction method that uses large machine-cut stone blocks with precisely defined dimensions to rapidly assemble buildings in which stone is used as a major or the primary load-bearing material.
650:. Using an epoxy shear connector, early experiments have shown that it is possible to pre-tension stone, maintaining the tendon under tension while the liquid epoxy is injected and allowed to set.
875:
is a high-performance composite construction material: stone held in compression with tension elements. The tension elements can be connected to the outside of the stone, but more typically uses
456:
sculptures of figures or animals, or other projects of a similar nature. Throughout history, carver masons have been renowned for their exceptional skills in crafting beautiful pieces from stone.
666:
flat vault. Using digital design and machining, such compression structures can be shapes into complex compressive structures. Leaders in this area include Giuseppe Fallacara and Philippe Block.
3173:
400:
splits or cuts rock in the quarry, and extracts the resulting blocks of stone. The cut or split pieces are collected and transported away from the extraction surface for further refinement.
1697:
477:
Stone has been used in construction for thousands of years, in many contexts. Listed below are six types of classical stonemasonry techniques, some of which still see widespread use.
779:
Load-bearing stone. This distinguishes it from cosmetic precut stone, which is used for cladding decoration. Historically, load-bearing stone is the most durable construction method.
834:
Aesthetics. Compared to concrete and other materials, massive precut stone construction yields visually striking and distinctive buildings that showcase the natural beauty of stone.
929:
tendons. The tensioning process imparts a compressive force to the stone, which improves its capacity to resist tensile stresses that could otherwise cause cracking or failure.
824:
Labor Efficiency. The use of cranes and a well-organized construction plan reduces the labor required, lowering costs and reducing the wait time for skilled mason availability.
700:'s 'desert masonry' and Institut Balear de l'Habitatge's cyclopean concrete blocks, which are cast in a large slab and precisely sawn for use as prefabricated masonry in the
696:: boulders and or rubble are placed in a form (or in a ditch), and concrete is poured on top to bind the stones together before removing the form. Variations of this include
531:. Use of rubble in masonry: antonymous to ashlar masonry. Can be infill in an ashlar wall, used in cyclopean concrete, and other contexts. The term is antonymous to "ashlar".
1213:
In the 20th century, stonemasonry saw its most radical changes in the way the work is accomplished. Prior to the first half of the century, most heavy work was executed by
2356:
2598:
2328:
2189:
783:
regulation in the building, and (3) makes use of crane construction, thereby lowering manual labor, shortening assembly time, reducing mortar, labor, and cost.
2728:
2546:"Assessment of the seismic behaviour of heritage masonry buildings using numerical modelling: A study of Fernand Pouillon's Totem Tower in Algiers, Algeria"
2135:
1489:
to carry out one or all of the various branches of stonemasonry. In some areas, the trend is towards specialization, in other areas towards adaptability.
1856:
1904:
597:. This is despite its wide historical use in large compressive structures: 50-m bridges and colosseums in Roman times, ~65-m tall cathedrals since the
1225:
have made moving and laying heavy stones relatively easy for the stonemasons. Motor powered mortar mixers have saved much in time and energy as well.
917:. However, it has relatively weak flexural strength (compared to steel or wood), so in isolation cannot be safely used in wide spans under tension.
827:
Design efficiency. The precision of machine-cut ashlars allows for more modularity in design, enabling architects to create building designs quickly.
3183:
1841:
3178:
2747:
2705:
2381:
2784:
902:
797:
Massive precut ashlars. Blocks cut precisely on four to six sides, used to assemble walls, lintels over windows and doors, and in flat arches.
2469:
2271:
800:
End-shaped massive precut posts and lintels. Quarry-finished blocks with precisely shaped ends for assembly into post-and-lintel frameworks.
1872:
562:
1389:
A mason's hammer has a long thin head and is called a Punch Hammer. It would be used with a chisel or splitter for a variety of purposes
1152:; fraternal groups which observe the traditional culture of stonemasons but are not typically involved in modern construction projects.
1784:
1619:. Generally, however, it is used for purposes that require its strength and durability, such as kerbstones, countertops, flooring, and
1155:
1012:
841:
Reusability. When a building has reached the end of its usefulness, massive rectilinear ashlars are easily reused in new construction.
1171:
onto their block to differentiate their work from that of other stonemasons. This also provided a simple ‘quality assurance’ system.
669:
Trabeated stone exoskeleton. In the modern era, post-and-lintel construction was adapted use as a stone exoskeleton in the design of
1798:
1554:
1464:
1306:
999:
126:
2659:
1705:
1070:
The Ancients heavily relied on the stonemason to build the most impressive and long-lasting monuments to their civilizations. The
197:
1392:
A walling hammer (catchy hammer) can be used in place of a hammer and chisel or pincher to produce rubble or pinnings or snecks.
1366:
Mixing mortar is normally done today with mortar mixers which usually use a rotating drum or rotating paddles to mix the mortar.
883:
also been used in more unusual engineering applications: arch stabilization, flexible foot bridges, and cantilevered sculptures.
751:
is also known as "prefabricated", or "pre-sized" stone is a modern method of building with load-bearing stone. Precut stone is a
3028:
1182:
gave people the ambition to create marvelous works of art. The centre stage for the Renaissance would prove to be Italy, where
2047:
2684:
2119:
1532:
1446:
1284:
977:
593:
In the modern era, stone has been largely relegated as a cosmetic element of buildings, often used as decorative cladding on
64:
107:
2284:
1528:
1442:
1280:
1195:
973:
60:
1776:
1411:
that can be bought today with chisels found at the pyramids of Giza the common sizes and shapes are virtually unchanged.
79:
3193:
920:
For concrete, this problem has been long solved: in addition to conventional tensile reinforcement, engineers developed
31:
2020:
1673:
is said to be constructed using the Pentelicon marble. The traditional home of the marble industry is the area around
1931:
1517:
1269:
962:
86:
2938:
2812:
2777:
2009:
1218:
388:
2079:
1536:
1521:
1435:
1288:
1273:
981:
966:
53:
3018:
2898:
2725:
1396:
1095:
594:
434:
2757:
2342:
1148:, the stonemason's guild admitted members who were not stonemasons, and eventually evolved into the Society of
1067:, and mortars. They used these to fashion homes for themselves with mud, straw or stone, and masonry was born.
93:
1943:
2948:
1814:
1717:
1203:
144:
139:
3038:
2545:
1620:
1037:
257:
232:
as the primary material. Stonemasonry is the craft of shaping and arranging stones, often together with
75:
3214:
2862:
2770:
1986:
1961:
724:
707:
685:
333:
2842:
2837:
2583:
1179:
1160:
1114:
1079:
1052:
921:
906:
Pavilion of the Future, Seville Expo'92: the first completed new building using post-tensioned stone.
887:
876:
747:
741:
701:
674:
670:
640:
629:
617:
578:
566:
353:
349:
152:
1020:
3003:
2710:
2357:"Amin Taha on LinkedIn: Stone bricks will help decarbonise construction Same price or cheaper and…"
1670:
1383:
1183:
1175:
621:
329:
2683:
Groupwork; Jackson Coles; Eight Associates; Webb Yates; The Stonemasonry Company; Polycor (2020).
2414:
2369:
2310:
2006: – Product and process of planning, designing and constructing buildings and other structures
181:
170:
2965:
2847:
2637:
2565:
2508:
2296:
2239:
2170:
1780:
1199:
1191:
1091:
697:
445:
337:
245:
1102:
made entire cities characterized by stone architecture. Among the famous ancient stonemasons is
2209:
1323:
The foreground tool with serrated blades is a stonemason's French drag, used on soft limestone.
573:
3127:
3074:
2465:
2257:
2115:
1083:
1075:
689:
549:
543:
465:
281:
3033:
2955:
2883:
2629:
2557:
2498:
2229:
2221:
2162:
1745:
1713:
1702:
1595:
1238:
854:
759:
720:
377:
233:
148:
166:, early monumental Neolithic stonemasonry using flint-carved limestone columns (~9500 BCE).
3147:
2903:
2867:
2857:
2732:
2396:
2061:
1974:
1833:
1400:
1379:
867:
813:
MP stone construction has advantages over conventional masonry and concrete construction.
647:
636:
547:. Dry wall construction using massive boulders that may have been shaped to fit together.
515:
499:
494:
408:
357:
100:
1168:
470:
277:
2427:
1241:-tipped chisels can stand up to much more abuse than the steel and iron chisels made by
1221:, many of these hard aspects of the trade have been made simpler and easier. Cranes and
553:
is a subtype of cyclopean masonry where the boulders are shaped into polygonal profiles.
3094:
3023:
2852:
2827:
2285:
http://www.atelierfallacara.it/_download/Monografie/21_Architectural_stone_elements.pdf
1737:
1478:
1370:
1222:
1118:
1087:
693:
663:
527:
229:
189:
2329:"Taha's Groupwork starts construction of 10-storey flats with load-bearing lava stone"
2166:
3208:
3157:
3059:
3013:
2993:
2817:
2641:
2569:
2512:
2243:
2174:
1968:
1712:
Many of the world's most famous buildings have been built of sedimentary stone, from
1407:
1071:
1060:
1056:
625:
293:
261:
2150:
1174:
The Renaissance saw stonemasonry return to the prominence and sophistication of the
3089:
3043:
2977:
2208:
Lecci, Francesca; Mazzoli, Cecilia; Bartolomei, Cristiana; Gulli, Riccardo (2021).
2003:
1879:
1375:
1360:
1352:
1234:
1103:
1048:
610:
313:
163:
2599:"The miracle new sustainable product that's revolutionising architecture – stone!"
913:
Stone has great compressive strength, so is ideal in compressive structures like
727:
in that the former uses rectilinear tiles, while the latter uses boulders and/or
2998:
2933:
2000: – Building of structures from individual units of stone, bricks, or blocks
1591:
1587:
1506:
1424:
1343:) and slabs into finished articles. The basic tools for shaping the stone are a
1327:
1258:
1237:
can cut through stone much faster and with more precision than chiseling alone.
1214:
1149:
1145:
951:
914:
728:
598:
506:, and refined versions were used by the Egyptians, Persians, Greeks, and Romans.
237:
42:
2561:
2382:"Cyclopean Concrete and Its Many Diverse Uses and Applications in Architecture"
2225:
1681:, from where a bright and fine, whitish marble is extracted in vast quantities.
1567:
1319:
1144:
and could operate as self-employed craftsmen and train apprentices. During the
3152:
3079:
2908:
2893:
1991:
1980:
1919:
1832:
Three different stonemason's marks, which can be seen in the Chapter House of
1733:
1665:
1242:
1226:
1133:
1129:
1113:
Castle building was an entire industry for the medieval stonemasons. When the
1041:
585:
503:
383:
341:
325:
317:
301:
175:
1664:
islands, and the whitest and brightest of all (although not the finest), the
3136:
3132:
3099:
3084:
3064:
2960:
2913:
2822:
2503:
2486:
1994: – Craftsperson and tradesperson who lays bricks to construct brickwork
1848:
1741:
1729:
1725:
1137:
1099:
1028:
659:
535:
519:
368:
321:
309:
305:
285:
225:
206:
159:
714:
Formwork stone. "Pierre banchée" in French. Uses stone tiles or ashlars as
17:
2526:
1355:. With these one can make a flat surface – the basis of all stonemasonry.
3069:
2618:"Stone as a structural material. Part 3: Post-tensioned stone structures"
2080:"Banker masons vs fixer masons: the key differences | Indeed.com UK"
1616:
1612:
1572:
1406:
Today power tools such as compressed-air chisels, abrasive spinners, and
1187:
1107:
715:
253:
221:
202:
2272:"» Armadillo Vault by ETH Zurich's Block Research Group, Venice – Italy"
2234:
2923:
2832:
2706:"Long-Hidden "Pyramid" Found in Indonesia Was Likely an Ancient Temple"
1997:
1915:
1674:
1661:
1607:
1583:
1576:
1449: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1064:
423:
419:
2633:
1724:. There are two main types of sedimentary stone used in masonry work,
879:
threaded internally through a duct formed from aligned drilled holes.
3142:
3122:
3008:
2943:
2918:
2807:
2660:"Why the time is ripe for a return to stone as a structural material"
1911:
1895:
1863:
1652:
1639:
1631:
1627:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1230:
1141:
1124:
Medieval stonemasons' skills were in high demand, and members of the
1033:
643:
threaded internally through a duct formed from aligned drilled holes.
486:
373:
269:
249:
2617:
2048:"What are the different types of stonemason? MMS Memorials Brisbane"
3189:
Operative Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association
3104:
2972:
2928:
2888:
2752:
1923:
1696:
1684:
1678:
1657:
1566:
1326:
1318:
1154:
1125:
1090:
their temples, and the Romans their public works and wonders (See
1027:
1019:
1011:
901:
584:
572:
561:
464:
382:
367:
289:
196:
188:
180:
169:
158:
138:
1656:
Praxiteles (4th century BC) and others used mainly the marble of
1721:
1635:
1336:
752:
510:
502:(beam) laid across stone posts or columns. This method predates
297:
273:
265:
2766:
2762:
2370:
https://www.ft.com/content/7f7b6e67-c528-406f-94e4-2b00987e6bf9
2191:
Stereotomy: modern stone architecture and its historical legacy
1755:
1500:
1418:
1252:
1229:
powered tools have made working of stone less time-intensive.
945:
758:
Massive precut stone construction was originally developed by
654:
36:
2343:"Latest on new 26-storey tower block planned for Castle Park"
1331:
Stonemason dressing stone on a fountain with pneumatic tools.
2210:"Design of Flat Vaults with Topological Interlocking Solids"
723:
to accelerate construction. Formwork stone is distinct from
27:
Creation of buildings, structures, and sculpture using stone
3174:
International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers
2112:
Stone Architecture: Ancient and Modern Construction Skills
433:
specializes in the fixing of stones onto buildings, using
276:
were built of stone. Famous works of stonemasonry include
1771:
contains an unencyclopedic or excessive gallery of images
1708:
constructed from massive blocks of sedimentary limestone.
1403:
or block and tackle to hoist building stones into place.
356:, and integration with other sustainable materials, like
628:", "pre-sized stone", or "pré-taille" stone. Main page:
2748:
History Extra interview with Stonemason Andrew Ziminski
1477:
Traditionally medieval stonemasons served a seven-year
925:
stone in compression, thereby increasing its strength.
601:, and 12-story apartment buildings built in the 1690s.
589:
A stone sculpture constructed using digital stereotomy.
498:. One of the oldest forms of stone construction uses a
484:. Stone masonry using dressed (cut) stones is known as
1016:
Gunung Padang, West Java. Stonemasonry retaining wall.
2758:
A Return To Form: The Renaissance Of Structural Stone
2151:"Tests on prototype pretensioned natural stone beams"
1117:
fell, building in dressed stone decreased in much of
787:
interfaces also reduce the amount of mortar required.
3166:
3115:
3052:
2986:
2876:
2800:
1363:is used for smoothing off roughly finished stones.
673:. The stone exoskeleton method is a variant of the
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1626:Igneous stone ranges from very soft rocks such as
30:"Stonecutter" redirects here. For other uses, see
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
1078:, the civilizations of Central America had their
2395:Foundation, Frank Lloyd Wright (16 March 2017).
2012: – Museum in the village of Alsenz, Germany
1847:A modern stonemason's workbench with a block of
1575:city street showing the widespread use of local
891:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
1217:or human muscle power. With the arrival of the
1032:Stonemasonry on 16th c. Ottoman made bridge in
775:MP stone is defined by four design attributes.
2415:"Stone Masonry Construction: A Brief Overview"
2188:Fallacara, Giuseppe; Stigliano, Marco (2012).
1047:Stonemasonry is one of the earliest trades in
2778:
1783:beside adjacent text, in accordance with the
1128:, gave rise to three classes of stonemasons:
886:Tensioned stone has a close affiliation with
809:Benefits of massive precut stone construction
185:Diamond-wire saw in use for quarrying marble.
8:
2653:
2651:
1582:Stonemasons use all types of natural stone:
1965:- 2020 non-fiction book by Andrew Ziminski
1777:removing excessive or indiscriminate images
1535:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1287:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1059:, people learned how to use fire to create
980:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2785:
2771:
2763:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
1971: – The act of shaping stone materials
1167:A medieval stonemason would often carve a
792:Types of massive precut stone construction
2502:
2233:
1866:with wooden hilt, used for soft limestone
1799:Learn how and when to remove this message
1638:to the hardest rocks such as granite and
1555:Learn how and when to remove this message
1481:. A similar system still operates today.
1465:Learn how and when to remove this message
1307:Learn how and when to remove this message
1000:Learn how and when to remove this message
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
3184:Mason Contractors Association of America
1206:, a famous sculptor of the Renaissance.
1190:erected great structures, including the
407:stonemason cuts these stone blocks into
3179:Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland
2149:Sebastian, Wendel; Webb, Steve (2021).
2032:
1810:
771:Design features of massive precut stone
569:in London uses a trabeated exoskeleton.
193:Stonemason working with medieval tools.
2311:"The pros and cons of stone buildings"
1748:are the most commonly used sandstone.
391:with a selection of tools of the trade
240:, to wall or cover formed structures.
7:
1533:adding citations to reliable sources
1447:adding citations to reliable sources
1285:adding citations to reliable sources
978:adding citations to reliable sources
688:. This method uses a combination of
65:adding citations to reliable sources
2597:Wainwright, Oliver (4 March 2020).
2464:. les presses du reel. p. 64.
2462:Constructing in massive stone today
2155:Construction and Building Materials
1983: – Masonry structural division
1775:Please help improve the section by
1051:'s history. During the time of the
449:carve gravestones and inscriptions.
2616:Boote, Scott; Lynes, Alex (2020).
1339:to handle and shape stone blocks (
1335:Stonemasons use a wide variety of
1057:domestication of non-human animals
143:A 15-storey apartment building in
25:
2527:"El Croquis 219, IBAVI 2019–2023"
2167:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121555
1977: – Sculpture made from stone
1732:. Examples of limestones include
1634:to somewhat harder rocks such as
1202:, which was planned and built by
461:Classical stonemasonry techniques
1942:
1930:
1903:
1887:
1871:
1855:
1840:
1825:
1813:
1785:Manual of Style on use of images
1760:
1505:
1423:
1257:
950:
682:do not require expansion joints.
41:
3029:Non-explosive demolition agents
2550:Journal of Building Engineering
2544:Mohammedi, Louiza (June 2021).
1434:needs additional citations for
933:Energy use and carbon emissions
850:History of massive precut stone
469:Precisely interfaced blocks at
52:needs additional citations for
2685:"Stone Tower Research Project"
2258:"The Flat Vault / AAU ANASTAS"
1894:A left-handed stonemason with
1820:An apprentice carving a block
1359:a fine finish on the stone. A
1210:unique architecture later on.
605:Modern stonemasonry techniques
1:
2401:Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation
1024:Bavarian stonemasons, c. 1505
890:as two central techniques of
174:12th-century stonemasonry at
3194:Worshipful Company of Masons
2417:, Accessed October 10, 2018.
2062:"Definition of BANKER MASON"
1878:A French stonemason using a
1615:churches and in the city of
577:Southwark Gateway Needle, a
32:Stonecutter (disambiguation)
2397:"Rebuilding Desert Masonry"
558:Modern stonemasonry systems
3231:
2562:10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102183
2491:Japan Architectural Review
2485:Matsubara, Kosuke (2022).
2460:Perraudin, Gilles (2013).
2226:10.1007/s00004-020-00541-w
2110:Acocella, Alfonso (2006).
2010:Palatine Stonemason Museum
1937:A stonemason and his tools
1219:internal combustion engine
1110:, who was a stone-cutter.
865:
739:
653:Digital stereotomy. Using
389:Eglinton Tournament Bridge
29:
3019:Lewis (lifting appliance)
2726:"History of Stonemasonry"
1159:Stone apartment complex,
1096:Indus Valley civilization
595:steel-reinforced concrete
352:construction, innovative
2753:The Stone Foundation Org
364:Stonemasonry disciplines
354:reinforcement techniques
151:. Constructed using the
2622:The Structural Engineer
2504:10.1002/2475-8876.12279
2066:www.merriam-webster.com
1204:Michelangelo Buonarroti
942:History of stonemasonry
145:La Tourette (Marseille)
2584:"AR April 2022: Stone"
2297:"Block Research Group"
1949:The Guild Coat of Arms
1781:moving relevant images
1709:
1594:; while some also use
1579:
1332:
1324:
1164:
1163:, El Madania, Algeria.
1044:
1038:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1025:
1017:
907:
590:
582:
570:
474:
473:citadel in Cusco, Peru
392:
380:
210:
194:
186:
178:
167:
156:
2214:Nexus Network Journal
1987:Slipform stonemasonry
1700:
1570:
1386:, among other tools.
1330:
1322:
1233:and electric-powered
1158:
1031:
1023:
1015:
905:
708:Slipform stonemasonry
588:
576:
565:
468:
386:
372:Splitting a block of
371:
334:Mesoamerican pyramids
236:and even the ancient
200:
192:
184:
173:
162:
142:
2843:Massive precut stone
2838:Post-tensioned stone
2658:Webb, Steve (2020).
1529:improve this section
1443:improve this article
1281:improve this section
1115:Western Roman Empire
1053:Neolithic Revolution
974:improve this section
922:prestressed concrete
888:massive precut stone
873:Post-tensioned stone
748:Massive precut stone
742:Massive precut stone
736:Massive precut stone
702:massive precut stone
675:massive precut stone
671:15 Clerkenwell Close
630:Massive precut stone
618:Massive precut stone
579:post-tensioned stone
567:15 Clerkenwell Close
153:massive precut stone
61:improve this article
3039:Stonemason's hammer
3004:Ceramic tile cutter
2711:Scientific American
2692:The Building Centre
1706:residential complex
1671:Acropolis of Athens
1196:Fountain of Neptune
1184:Italian city-states
1180:humanist philosophy
1086:their palaces, the
892:modern stonemasonry
622:prefabricated stone
518:" in contrast with
330:Great Wall of China
220:is the creation of
2731:2015-09-30 at the
2428:"Marseille_Banche"
2331:. 3 November 2021.
2136:"Stone Specialist"
2021:Stonemasonry tools
1710:
1580:
1395:Stonemasons use a
1333:
1325:
1200:Laurentian Library
1192:Florence Cathedral
1178:. The rise of the
1165:
1092:Roman Architecture
1045:
1026:
1018:
908:
725:cyclopean concrete
698:Frank Lloyd Wright
686:Cyclopean concrete
591:
583:
571:
475:
393:
381:
350:load-bearing stone
338:Chartres Cathedral
290:Cusco's Incan Wall
224:, structures, and
211:
201:Stonemasonry with
195:
187:
179:
168:
157:
3202:
3201:
3128:Hardstone carving
3075:Polygonal masonry
2899:Decorative stones
2634:10.56330/FZDA2725
2471:978-2-84066-680-6
2413:Elpel, Thomas J.
2345:. 20 August 2022.
2260:. 3 October 2018.
1809:
1808:
1801:
1565:
1564:
1557:
1475:
1474:
1467:
1317:
1316:
1309:
1094:). People of the
1010:
1009:
1002:
690:cyclopean masonry
620:. Also known as "
550:Polygonal masonry
544:Cyclopean masonry
495:Trabeated systems
378:plug and feathers
282:Egyptian pyramids
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
3222:
3034:Plug and feather
2884:Artificial stone
2787:
2780:
2773:
2764:
2735:
2724:Walters Masonry
2722:
2716:
2715:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2689:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2664:The RIBA Journal
2655:
2646:
2645:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2506:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2457:
2432:
2431:
2424:
2418:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2378:
2372:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2293:
2287:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2237:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2114:. Skira, Milan.
2107:
2084:
2083:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2044:
1946:
1934:
1907:
1891:
1875:
1859:
1844:
1829:
1817:
1804:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1764:
1763:
1756:
1746:Sydney sandstone
1714:Durham Cathedral
1703:Fernand Pouillon
1596:artificial stone
1560:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1540:
1509:
1501:
1470:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1450:
1427:
1419:
1399:together with a
1380:pointing trowels
1312:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1292:
1261:
1253:
1239:Cemented carbide
1106:, the father of
1005:
998:
994:
991:
985:
954:
946:
855:Fernand Pouillon
760:Fernand Pouillon
721:Fernand Pouillon
516:arcuated systems
446:monumental mason
387:A stonemason at
149:Fernand Pouillon
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3162:
3111:
3048:
2982:
2904:Dimension stone
2872:
2796:
2791:
2744:
2739:
2738:
2733:Wayback Machine
2723:
2719:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2687:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2668:
2666:
2657:
2656:
2649:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2586:. 4 April 2022.
2582:
2581:
2577:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2459:
2458:
2435:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2412:
2408:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2368:
2364:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2317:. 17 June 2022.
2315:Financial Times
2309:
2308:
2304:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2283:
2279:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2194:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2138:. 29 June 2020.
2134:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2109:
2108:
2087:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2046:
2045:
2034:
2029:
1975:Stone sculpture
1957:
1950:
1947:
1938:
1935:
1926:
1908:
1899:
1892:
1883:
1876:
1867:
1862:Typical French
1860:
1851:
1845:
1836:
1834:Fountains Abbey
1830:
1821:
1818:
1805:
1794:
1788:
1774:
1765:
1761:
1754:
1695:
1649:
1604:
1561:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1526:
1510:
1499:
1471:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1440:
1428:
1417:
1313:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1278:
1262:
1251:
1169:personal symbol
1161:Diar El Mahçoul
1006:
995:
989:
986:
971:
955:
944:
935:
900:
870:
868:Tensioned stone
864:
862:Tensioned stone
852:
811:
794:
773:
744:
738:
648:tensioned stone
637:tensioned stone
607:
560:
514:. Also called "
463:
409:dimension stone
366:
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3228:
3226:
3218:
3217:
3207:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3130:
3125:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2958:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2828:Letter cutting
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2743:
2742:External links
2740:
2737:
2736:
2717:
2697:
2675:
2647:
2608:
2589:
2575:
2536:
2518:
2497:(4): 458–473.
2477:
2470:
2433:
2419:
2406:
2387:
2384:. 8 June 2021.
2373:
2362:
2348:
2334:
2320:
2302:
2288:
2277:
2263:
2249:
2220:(3): 607–627.
2200:
2180:
2141:
2127:
2120:
2085:
2071:
2053:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2014:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1962:The Stonemason
1956:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1929:
1927:
1909:
1902:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1868:
1861:
1854:
1852:
1846:
1839:
1837:
1831:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1812:
1807:
1806:
1768:
1766:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1738:Portland stone
1694:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1682:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1624:
1603:
1602:Igneous stones
1600:
1563:
1562:
1513:
1511:
1504:
1498:
1497:Types of stone
1495:
1479:apprenticeship
1473:
1472:
1431:
1429:
1422:
1416:
1413:
1408:angle grinders
1384:margin trowels
1371:masonry trowel
1351:, and a metal
1315:
1314:
1265:
1263:
1256:
1250:
1247:
1227:Compressed-air
1119:Western Europe
1008:
1007:
958:
956:
949:
943:
940:
934:
931:
899:
896:
866:Main article:
863:
860:
851:
848:
847:
846:
842:
839:
835:
832:
828:
825:
822:
819:
810:
807:
806:
805:
801:
798:
793:
790:
789:
788:
784:
780:
772:
769:
740:Main article:
737:
734:
733:
732:
712:
705:
694:rubble masonry
683:
679:
667:
662:vault and the
651:
644:
633:
615:
606:
603:
559:
556:
555:
554:
540:
532:
528:Rubble masonry
524:
507:
491:
482:Ashlar masonry
462:
459:
458:
457:
450:
441:Memorial mason
438:
435:lifting tackle
428:
412:
401:
365:
362:
262:fortifications
147:, designed by
135:
134:
76:"Stonemasonry"
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3227:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3167:Organizations
3165:
3159:
3158:Machicolation
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3014:Diamond blade
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2994:Angle grinder
2992:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2788:
2783:
2781:
2776:
2774:
2769:
2768:
2765:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2701:
2698:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2676:
2665:
2661:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2612:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2590:
2585:
2579:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2478:
2473:
2467:
2463:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2391:
2388:
2383:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2366:
2363:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2344:
2338:
2335:
2330:
2324:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2303:
2298:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2281:
2278:
2273:
2267:
2264:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2204:
2201:
2193:
2192:
2184:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2142:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2123:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2075:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2049:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1969:Stone carving
1967:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1945:
1940:
1933:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1910:Stonemason's
1906:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1858:
1853:
1850:
1843:
1838:
1835:
1828:
1823:
1816:
1811:
1803:
1800:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1769:This section
1767:
1758:
1757:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1707:
1704:
1699:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1559:
1556:
1548:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1514:This section
1512:
1508:
1503:
1502:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1480:
1469:
1466:
1458:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1432:This section
1430:
1426:
1421:
1420:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1376:tuck pointers
1372:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1356:
1354:
1353:straight edge
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1329:
1321:
1311:
1308:
1300:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1266:This section
1264:
1260:
1255:
1254:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1235:abrasive saws
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1215:draft animals
1211:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1176:Classical age
1172:
1170:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1138:master masons
1135:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1098:, such as at
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1080:step pyramids
1077:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1022:
1014:
1004:
1001:
993:
983:
979:
975:
969:
968:
964:
959:This section
957:
953:
948:
947:
941:
939:
932:
930:
926:
923:
918:
916:
911:
904:
897:
895:
893:
889:
884:
880:
878:
874:
869:
861:
859:
856:
849:
843:
840:
836:
833:
829:
826:
823:
820:
816:
815:
814:
808:
802:
799:
796:
795:
791:
785:
781:
778:
777:
776:
770:
768:
764:
761:
756:
754:
750:
749:
743:
735:
730:
726:
722:
717:
713:
709:
706:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
665:
661:
656:
652:
649:
645:
642:
638:
634:
631:
627:
626:massive stone
623:
619:
616:
612:
609:
608:
604:
602:
600:
596:
587:
580:
575:
568:
564:
557:
552:
551:
546:
545:
541:
538:
537:
533:
530:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
512:
508:
505:
501:
497:
496:
492:
489:
488:
483:
480:
479:
478:
472:
467:
460:
454:
451:
448:
447:
442:
439:
436:
432:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
410:
406:
402:
399:
395:
394:
390:
385:
379:
375:
370:
363:
361:
359:
355:
351:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
294:Easter Island
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
272:, and entire
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
208:
204:
199:
191:
183:
177:
172:
165:
161:
154:
150:
146:
141:
131:
128:
120:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
3215:Stonemasonry
3090:Tuckpointing
3044:Straightedge
2978:Stone veneer
2794:Stonemasonry
2793:
2720:
2709:
2700:
2691:
2678:
2667:. Retrieved
2663:
2628:(8): 22–28.
2625:
2621:
2611:
2603:The Guardian
2602:
2592:
2578:
2553:
2549:
2539:
2533:(219). 2023.
2530:
2521:
2494:
2490:
2480:
2461:
2422:
2409:
2400:
2390:
2376:
2365:
2351:
2337:
2323:
2314:
2305:
2291:
2280:
2266:
2252:
2235:11585/779788
2217:
2213:
2203:
2190:
2183:
2158:
2154:
2144:
2130:
2111:
2074:
2065:
2056:
2016:Categories:
2015:
2004:Architecture
1960:
1880:straightedge
1795:
1789:
1770:
1711:
1581:
1551:
1545:October 2017
1542:
1527:Please help
1515:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1461:
1455:October 2017
1452:
1441:Please help
1436:verification
1433:
1405:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1368:
1365:
1361:drove chisel
1357:
1334:
1303:
1297:October 2017
1294:
1279:Please help
1267:
1212:
1208:
1173:
1166:
1123:
1112:
1104:Sophroniscus
1074:built their
1069:
1049:civilization
1046:
996:
987:
972:Please help
960:
936:
927:
919:
915:stone arches
912:
909:
885:
881:
872:
871:
853:
812:
774:
765:
757:
746:
745:
611:Stone veneer
592:
548:
542:
534:
526:
511:Arch masonry
509:
493:
485:
481:
476:
471:Sacsayhuamán
453:Carver mason
452:
444:
440:
430:
416:banker mason
415:
404:
397:
346:
314:Tenochtitlan
278:Göbekli Tepe
242:
217:
214:Stonemasonry
213:
212:
209:, Indonesia.
164:Gobekli Tepe
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
2999:Bush hammer
2934:Lime mortar
2813:Rustication
1882:and chisels
1790:(June 2017)
1693:Sedimentary
1647:Metamorphic
1621:breakwaters
1592:sedimentary
1588:metamorphic
1243:blacksmiths
1150:Freemasonry
1146:Renaissance
1130:apprentices
729:cobblestone
599:middle ages
431:Fixer mason
238:lime mortar
18:Stonecutter
3153:Stone wall
3080:Repointing
3053:Techniques
2909:Fieldstone
2894:Cast stone
2848:Monumental
2669:2023-05-02
2556:: 102183.
2531:El Croquis
2161:: 121555.
2121:8876246967
2027:References
1992:Bricklayer
1981:Stone wall
1898:and chisel
1730:sandstones
1726:limestones
1718:St Peter's
1701:Part of a
1666:Pentelikon
1198:, and the
1134:journeymen
1042:Stari Most
990:April 2023
716:shuttering
581:structure.
523:non-stone.
504:Stonehenge
342:Stari Most
340:, and the
326:Stonehenge
318:Persepolis
302:Angkor Wat
218:stonecraft
176:Angkor Wat
117:April 2008
87:newspapers
3148:Sculpture
3137:Footstone
3133:Headstone
3100:Brickwork
3085:Scabbling
3065:Flushwork
2961:Sandstone
2939:Limestone
2914:Flagstone
2877:Materials
2858:Sculpture
2823:Dry stone
2642:226721423
2570:233564739
2513:252864125
2244:229204189
2175:234318783
1920:beechwood
1849:limestone
1742:Yorkstone
1688:material.
1598:as well.
1516:does not
1268:does not
1223:forklifts
1100:Dholavira
1072:Egyptians
1061:quicklime
961:does not
898:Rationale
660:flat arch
536:Dry stone
520:trabeated
398:quarryman
322:Parthenon
310:Tihuanaco
306:Borobudur
286:Taj Mahal
258:artifacts
254:monuments
226:sculpture
222:buildings
207:Borobudur
3209:Category
3116:Products
3070:Knapping
2863:Slipform
2729:Archived
1955:See also
1617:Aberdeen
1573:Aberdeen
1571:Typical
1415:Training
1245:of old.
1188:Florence
1186:such as
1108:Socrates
1084:Persians
1076:pyramids
1065:plasters
845:cooling.
804:masonry.
678:Bristol.
490:masonry.
420:chamfers
246:shelters
203:andesite
3060:Flaming
2924:Granite
2868:Snecked
2833:Masonry
2818:Carving
1998:Masonry
1916:plastic
1912:mallets
1864:chisels
1752:Gallery
1675:Carrara
1662:Thassos
1613:Cornish
1608:Granite
1584:igneous
1577:granite
1537:removed
1522:sources
1493:place.
1349:chisels
1289:removed
1274:sources
1142:patrons
982:removed
967:sources
877:tendons
704:system.
664:Abeille
641:tendons
424:tracery
298:statues
270:bridges
250:temples
155:method.
101:scholar
3143:Mosaic
3123:Castle
3095:Veneer
3024:Trowel
3009:Chisel
2956:Mortar
2944:Marble
2919:Gabion
2853:Rubble
2808:Ashlar
2640:
2568:
2511:
2468:
2242:
2173:
2118:
1896:mallet
1779:or by
1653:Marble
1640:basalt
1632:scoria
1628:pumice
1382:, and
1345:mallet
1341:ashlar
1231:Petrol
1194:, the
1136:, and
1088:Greeks
1082:, the
1034:Mostar
500:lintel
487:ashlar
405:sawyer
374:marble
332:, the
328:, the
320:, the
284:, the
280:, the
274:cities
234:mortar
228:using
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
3105:Wythe
2987:Tools
2973:Slate
2949:Types
2929:Grout
2889:Brick
2801:Types
2688:(PDF)
2638:S2CID
2566:S2CID
2509:S2CID
2240:S2CID
2195:(PDF)
2171:S2CID
1924:steel
1685:Slate
1679:Italy
1658:Paros
1401:crane
1397:lewis
1337:tools
1249:Tools
1126:guild
818:time.
635:Post-
376:with
266:roads
230:stone
108:JSTOR
94:books
2966:List
2466:ISBN
2116:ISBN
1922:and
1744:and
1736:and
1734:Bath
1728:and
1722:Rome
1660:and
1636:tuff
1630:and
1590:and
1520:any
1518:cite
1369:The
1272:any
1270:cite
1055:and
965:any
963:cite
753:DFMA
692:and
646:Pre-
624:", "
358:wood
80:news
2630:doi
2558:doi
2499:doi
2230:hdl
2222:doi
2163:doi
2159:271
1914:of
1720:in
1716:to
1677:in
1531:by
1445:by
1283:by
976:by
655:CAD
443:or
422:to
296:'s
216:or
63:by
3211::
2708:.
2690:.
2662:.
2650:^
2636:.
2626:98
2624:.
2620:.
2601:.
2564:.
2554:38
2552:.
2548:.
2529:.
2507:.
2493:.
2489:.
2436:^
2399:.
2313:.
2238:.
2228:.
2218:23
2216:.
2212:.
2169:.
2157:.
2153:.
2088:^
2064:.
2035:^
1918:,
1787:.
1740:.
1586:,
1378:,
1347:,
1132:,
1063:,
1040:-
1036:,
894:.
414:A
403:A
396:A
360:.
344:.
336:,
324:,
316:,
312:,
308:,
304:,
300:,
292:,
288:,
268:,
264:,
260:,
256:,
252:,
248:,
205:,
3139:)
3135:(
2786:e
2779:t
2772:v
2714:.
2694:.
2672:.
2644:.
2632::
2605:.
2572:.
2560::
2515:.
2501::
2495:5
2474:.
2430:.
2403:.
2359:.
2299:.
2274:.
2246:.
2232::
2224::
2197:.
2177:.
2165::
2124:.
2082:.
2068:.
2050:.
1802:)
1796:(
1773:.
1642:.
1623:.
1558:)
1552:(
1547:)
1543:(
1539:.
1525:.
1468:)
1462:(
1457:)
1453:(
1439:.
1310:)
1304:(
1299:)
1295:(
1291:.
1277:.
1003:)
997:(
992:)
988:(
984:.
970:.
731:.
632:.
130:)
124:(
119:)
115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
57:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
